360:
distinct yet related subdimensions: one related to aspects of attention and consciousness assessed by the facets of fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings; the other related to intellectual curiosity and social/political liberalism as assessed by the remaining three facets. However, all of these have a common theme of ‘openness’ in some sense. This two-dimensional view of openness to experience is particularly pertinent to hypnotisability. However, when considering external criteria other than hypnotisability, it is possible that a different dimensional structure may be apparent, e.g. intellectual curiosity may be unrelated to social/political liberalism in certain contexts.
300:=.07 respectively). Meta-analyses have also found the ideas, curiosity, and need for cognition facets (i.e., facets most associated with the intellect aspect of openness) to be positive correlates of fluid abilities with correlations ranging from .18 to .21. Fluid abilities may come more easily for people who tend to be curious and open to learning. Alternatively, people with strong fluid abilities may find it more enjoyable to ponder and explore ideas. Several studies have found positive associations between openness to experience and
128:. L. R. Goldberg developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word Big Five markers. G. Saucier developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found suboptimal for samples outside of North America. As a result, a systematically revised measure, the International English Mini-Markers, was developed and has proven to have good psychometric validity for assessing
436:(the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a stronger (negative) relationship with prejudice than the other five-factor model traits (agreeableness has a more modest negative association, and the other traits have negligible associations). However, right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are each more strongly (positively) associated with prejudice than openness or any of the other five-factor model traits.
633:
neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. In eight cultures, men were significantly higher than women in openness, but in four cultures women were significantly higher than men. Previous research found that women tend to be higher on the feelings facet of openness, whereas men tend to be higher on the ideas facet, although the 55-nation study did not assess individual facets.
796:. Openness was defined in these studies as high creativity, adventuresomeness, internal sensation novelty seeking, and low authoritarianism. Several correlational studies confirmed that young people who score high on this cluster of traits are more likely to use marijuana. More recent research replicated this finding using contemporary measures of openness.
403:(MBTI) measures the preference of "intuition," which is related to openness to experience. Robert McCrae pointed out that the MBTI sensation versus intuition scale "contrasts a preference for the factual, simple, and conventional with a preference for the possible, complex, and original," and is therefore similar to measures of openness.
455:=−.23). Economic conservatism is based more on ideology whereas cultural conservatism seems to be more psychological than ideological and may reflect a preference for simple, stable, and familiar mores. Some research indicates that within-person changes in levels of openness do not predict changes in conservatism.
380:, particularly, the experience seeking facet. In spite of this, it has been argued that openness to experience is still an independent personality dimension from these other traits because most of the variance in the trait cannot be explained by its overlap with these other constructs. A study comparing the
732:
tended to be less open to experience than those living on the nearby mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the islands for twenty generations tended to be less open to experience than more recent arrivals. Additionally, people who emigrated from the islands to the mainland tended to
665:
Openness is related to many aspects of sexuality. Men and women high in openness are more well-informed about sex and have wider sexual experience, stronger sex drives, and more liberal sexual attitudes. In married couples, wives' but not husbands' level of openness is related to sexual satisfaction.
359:
shows that the fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings facets of openness are closely related to absorption and predict hypnotisability, whereas the remaining three facets of ideas, actions, and values are largely unrelated to these constructs. This finding suggests that openness to experience may have two
239:
Openness to experience has both motivational and structural components. People high in openness are motivated to seek new experiences and to engage in self-examination. Structurally, they have a fluid style of consciousness that allows them to make novel associations between remotely connected ideas.
819:
of
Openness (all except Actions) showed this pattern of increase associated with having a mystical experience. Increases in Openness (including facets as well as total score) among those whose had a complete mystical experience were maintained more than a year after taking the drug. Participants who
814:
while taking psilocybin were correlated with increases in
Openness. Participants who met criteria for a 'complete mystical experience' experienced a significant mean increase in Openness, whereas those participants who did not meet the criteria experienced no mean change in Openness. Five of the six
231:, it is possible to assess openness by examining people's homes and work spaces. People who are highly open to experience tend to have distinctive and unconventional decorations. They are also likely to have books on a wide variety of topics, a diverse music collection, and works of art on display.
439:
The relationship between openness and prejudice may be more complex, as the prejudice examined was prejudice against conventional minority groups (for example sexual and ethnic minorities) and that people who are high in openness can still be intolerant of those with conflicting worldviews.
284:. Some studies have found moderate associations with crystallized intelligence but only weak associations with fluid intelligence. In contrast, more recent meta-analyses have found more similar relations for crystallized and fluid abilities (.20 and .19, respectively). A study examining the
632:
A study examining gender differences in big-five personality traits in 55 nations found that across nations there were negligible average differences between men and women in openness to experience. By contrast, across nations women were found to be significantly higher than men in average
863:
Six aspects of mystical experience were assessed: unity, transcendence of time and space, ineffability and paradoxicality, sacredness, noetic quality, and positive mood. Participants were deemed to have a 'complete' mystical experience if they scored 60% or higher on all six
411:
There are social and political implications to this personality trait. People who are highly open to experience tend to be liberal and tolerant of diversity. As a consequence, they are generally more open to different cultures and lifestyles. They are lower in
276:=.45. These relations vary significantly based on which component of intelligence is examined. For example, meta-analyses have found relations ranging from .08 with processing speed abilities to .29 with verbal abilities. Another common distinction is between
353:. A person's openness to becoming absorbed in experiences seems to require a more general openness to new and unusual experiences. Openness to experience, like absorption, has modest positive correlations with individual differences in hypnotisability.
215:
has two major subcomponents, one related to intellectual dispositions, the other related to the experiential aspects of openness, such as aesthetic appreciation and openness to sensory experiences. These subcomponents have been referred to as
54:
research has demonstrated that these facets or qualities are significantly correlated. Thus, openness can be viewed as a global personality trait consisting of a set of specific traits, habits, and tendencies that cluster together.
2143:
803:, although a study at the individual level in the Netherlands found no differences in openness levels between users and non-users. MDMA users tended to be higher in extroversion and lower in conscientiousness than non-users.
512:
A meta-analysis of the relationships between five-factor model traits and symptoms of psychological disorders found that none of the diagnostic groups examined differed from healthy controls on openness to experience.
256:. Openness has been linked to both artistic and scientific creativity as professional artists, musicians, and scientists have been found to score higher in openness compared to members of the general population.
304:, especially verbal knowledge. People high in openness may be more motivated to engage in intellectual pursuits that increase their knowledge. Openness to experience, especially the Ideas facet, is related to
713:. Openness is the only personality trait that correlates with neuropsychological tests of dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function, supporting theoretical links among openness, cognitive functioning, and
666:
This might be because open wives are more willing to explore a variety of new sexual experiences, leading to greater satisfaction for both spouses. Compared to heterosexuals, people who are homosexual,
147:) scale of Goldberg's International Personality Item Pool is 45 words, compared to Saucier or Thompson's (2008) 8-word lexical scale for Openness. Examples of statement measure items used, from the
565:(sensitivity to external hostility). Lack of insight (shows low openness) is characteristic to all personality disorders and could explain the persistence of maladaptive behavioral patterns.
451:
was unrelated to total openness, and only weakly negatively related to the
Aesthetics and values facets. The strongest personality predictor of economic conservatism was low agreeableness (
96:
or based on statements. Which measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.
432:
has a modest positive association, and the other traits have negligible associations). Openness has a somewhat smaller (negative) association with social dominance orientation than (low)
645:
found that openness to experience was the only big-five personality trait related to dream recall. Dream recall frequency has also been related to similar personality traits, such as
516:
Openness to experience may contribute to graceful aging, facilitating healthy memory and verbal abilities as well as a number of other significant cognitive features in older adults.
657:. People who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day, such as those who are high in these traits, tend to have more memorable dream content and hence better dream recall.
330:, defined as "a disposition for having episodes of 'total' attention that fully engage one's representational (i.e. perceptual, enactive, imaginative, and ideational) resources.”
66:. They tend to be conventional and traditional in their outlook and behavior. They prefer familiar routines to new experiences, and generally have a narrower range of interests.
686:) show similar scores on openness to experience, even when they have been adopted into different families and raised in very different environments. A meta-analysis by
92:
Openness to experience is usually assessed with self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation are also used. Self-report measures are either
62:
with a small number of people scoring extremely high or low on the trait, and most people scoring moderately. People who score low on openness are considered to be
580:
is the most obvious aspect of (low) openness among personality disorders; it shows lack of knowledge of one's emotional experiences. It is most characteristic of
73:, and like absorption has a modest relationship to individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility. Openness has more modest relationships with aspects of
2081:"A comparative study of Zuckerman's three structural models for personality through the NEO-PI-R, ZKPQ-III-R, EPQ-RS and Goldberg's 50-bipolar adjectives"
132:
and other five-factor personality model dimensions, both within and, especially, without
American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the
2384:
3490:"The relations among personality, symptoms of alcohol and marijuana abuse, and symptoms of comorbid psychopathology: Results from a community sample"
69:
Openness has moderate positive relationships with creativity, intelligence, and knowledge. Openness is related to the psychological trait of
3445:
2594:"Does Openness to Experience predict changes in conservatism? A nine-wave longitudinal investigation into the personality roots to ideology"
736:
People living in the eastern and western parts of the United States tend to score higher on openness to experience than those living in the
3495:
1410:
139:
Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence take up more research instrument space, than lexical measures. For example, the
617:
3811:
3462:
581:
939:
3858:
568:
Problems associated with low openness are difficulties adapting to change, low tolerance for different worldview or lifestyles,
2575:
1973:
1667:
1314:"Introducing the Special Section on Openness to Experience: Review of Openness Taxonomies, Measurement, and Nomological Net"
428:. Openness has a stronger (negative) relationship with right-wing authoritarianism than the other five-factor model traits (
792:
Psychologists in the early 1960s used the concept of openness to experience to describe people who are more likely to use
3843:
3663:
381:
3535:"Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness"
3599:
1659:
159:, are "Love to think up new ways of doing things" and "Have difficulty understanding abstract ideas". In these tests,
3711:
3673:
1373:
824:
points between baseline and follow up. By comparison, Openness has been found to normally decrease with aging by one
558:
342:
3668:
2475:"Bounded openness: The effect of openness to experience on intolerance is moderated by target group conventionality"
506:
Openness to experience correlates with life satisfaction in older adults after controlling for confounding factors.
2950:"Using the Five-Factor Model to Identify a New Personality Disorder Domain: The Case for Experiential Permeability"
1107:"The relationship between the five-factor model of personality and symptoms of clinical disorders: a meta-analysis"
554:
2037:
Glisky, Martha L.; Tataryn, Douglas J.; Tobias, Betsy A.; Kihlstrom, John F.; McConkey, Kevin M. (February 1991).
1828:
Fleischhauer, Monica; Enge, Sören; Brocke, Burkhard; Ullrich, Johannes; Strobel, Alexander; Strobel, Anja (2010).
4153:
3356:"A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics"
2947:
Piedmont, Ralph L.; Sherman, Martin F.; Sherman, Nancy C.; Dy-Liacco, Gabriel S.; Williams, Joseph E. G. (2009).
593:
400:
309:
1992:"Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences ('absorption'), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility"
733:
be more open to experience than people who stayed on the islands, and than those who immigrated to the islands.
542:. Problems related to high openness that can cause issues with social or professional functioning are excessive
3796:
3247:"Sources of openness/intellect: cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the fifth factor of personality"
2558:
McCrae, Robert; Sutin, Angelina R. (2009). "Openness to
Experience". In Leary, Mark R.; Hoyle, Rick H. (eds.).
2323:
2270:
1427:
799:
Cross-cultural studies found that cultures high in
Openness to experience have higher rates of use of the drug
710:
588:(here: an aspect of openness that shows a tendency to behave unusually or autistically), is characteristic of
376:
have a substantial positive correlation. Openness to experience also has a moderate positive correlation with
3632:
2816:"Openness to experience and activity engagement facilitate the maintenance of verbal ability in older adults"
562:
2112:
1451:
Feist, G. J. (1998). "A meta-analysis of the impact of personality on scientific and artistic creativity".
421:
3067:
2990:
2858:
2634:
2593:
2167:"Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character and the Five-Factor Model of Personality"
2166:
2080:
1912:
1880:"Relation Between Typical Intellectual Engagement and Openness : Comment on Goff and Ackerman (1992)"
1746:
1719:
1692:
1547:
1491:"Musical expertise and personality – differences related to occupational choice and instrument categories"
1490:
1190:
1154:
1001:
308:, a motivational tendency to think about ideas, scrutinize information, and enjoy solving puzzles, and to
4800:
3608:
3446:"Undergraduate marijuana use as related to internal sensation novelty seeking and openness to experience"
3149:
3027:"Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in big five personality traits across 55 cultures"
2711:
Terry, Douglas P.; Puente, Antonio N.; Brown, Courtney L.; Faraco, Carlos C.; Miller, L. Stephen (2013).
2199:
1952:
679:
417:
384:
with the Five Factor model found that
Openness to experience had a substantial positive correlation with
156:
78:
27:
4660:
4178:
3966:
2905:
2714:"Openness to experience is related to better memory ability in older adults with questionable dementia"
2472:
Brandt, Mark J.; Chambers, John R.; Crawford, Jarret T.; Wetherell, Geoffrey; Reyna, Christine (2015).
1052:
3489:
3026:
2670:
2340:
2039:
1879:
1831:"Same or Different? Clarifying the Relationship of Need for Cognition to Personality and Intelligence"
3894:
3100:
2813:
Hogan, Michael J.; Staff, Roger T.; Bunting, Brendan P.; Deary, Ian J.; Whalley, Lawrence J. (2012).
2635:"Openness to experience and active older adults' life satisfaction: A trait and facet-level analysis"
886:
810:, an effect that held even after 14 months. The study found that individual differences in levels of
650:
368:
Although the factors in the Big Five model are assumed to be independent, openness to experience and
277:
42:
sensitivity, attentiveness to inner feelings, preference for variety (adventurousness), intellectual
3355:
1231:
447:, studies have found that cultural conservatism was related to low openness and all its facets, but
4677:
4245:
3853:
3778:
2713:
1313:
737:
3332:
1789:
1784:
1687:
1272:
646:
334:
325:
70:
1965:
4587:
4325:
4111:
4016:
3734:
3592:
2567:
2474:
843:
741:
687:
569:
23:
1191:"The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures"
1106:
392:(conceptually similar to sensation seeking). It also had a moderate negative correlation with
4260:
3704:
577:
531:
525:
484:
448:
74:
47:
4480:
3410:
3333:"The United States of Mind. Researchers Identify Regional Personality Traits Across America"
3289:"The adaptive value of personality differences revealed by small island population dynamics"
2949:
2815:
2422:
1991:
1830:
653:. The relationship between dream recall and these traits has been considered as evidence of
2762:
Sharp, Emily
Schoenhofen; Reynolds, Chandra A.; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Gatz, Margaret (2010).
1598:
543:
288:
of openness found that the Ideas and
Actions facets had modest positive correlations with
240:
Closed people by contrast are more comfortable with familiar and traditional experiences.
8:
4315:
4255:
4116:
3848:
3751:
811:
59:
1790:"Cognitive ability, learning approaches and personality correlates of general knowledge"
1627:
1602:
1586:
846: – Personality trait concerning separateness between mental functions and processes
530:
At least three aspects of openness are relevant to understanding personality disorders:
84:
On the whole, openness appears to be largely unrelated to symptoms of mental disorders.
4280:
3909:
3816:
3745:
3658:
3559:
3534:
3384:
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3178:
3166:
3129:
2796:
2763:
2750:
2614:
2530:
2451:
2262:
2220:
2135:
1958:
1913:"Epistemic curiosity and related constructs: Lacking evidence of discriminant validity"
1859:
1810:
1652:
1519:
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1362:
1342:
1252:
1211:
1127:
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967:
955:
915:
821:
816:
757:
385:
333:
The construct of absorption was developed in order to relate individual differences in
305:
289:
285:
281:
253:
93:
31:
3084:
3007:
2183:
2097:
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and McCrae's development of the concept of "openness to experience" in their original
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4076:
3934:
3627:
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3121:
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2879:
2844:
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2801:
2783:
2742:
2734:
2699:
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2618:
2571:
2560:
2534:
2495:
2443:
2361:
2315:
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2216:
2060:
2012:
1969:
1851:
1814:
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1632:
1614:
1523:
1511:
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1369:
1334:
1293:
1256:
1131:
1083:
1033:
1021:
959:
907:
496:
476:
429:
377:
301:
228:
152:
4544:
3388:
3182:
3150:"Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study"
3133:
2754:
2224:
2139:
1863:
1744:
Furnham, Adrian; Christopher, Andrew N.; Garwood, Jeanette; Martin, G. Neil (2007).
1480:
1346:
1215:
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919:
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3697:
3554:
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3458:
3423:
3368:
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3258:
3209:
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3003:
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2775:
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2520:
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2455:
2435:
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2353:
2307:
2254:
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2179:
2127:
2093:
2052:
2004:
1925:
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1802:
1759:
1732:
1705:
1622:
1606:
1560:
1503:
1460:
1419:
1326:
1285:
1244:
1203:
1167:
1119:
1073:
1065:
1013:
951:
899:
745:
3117:
3101:"Personality and Sexual Orientation: Extension to Asexuality and the HEXACO Model"
4742:
4455:
4389:
4310:
3739:
2730:
1709:
1564:
1548:"What facets of openness and conscientiousness predict fluid intelligence score?"
1330:
480:
472:
468:
389:
356:
2509:"The Psychology of Intolerance: Unpacking Diverse Understandings of Intolerance"
2311:
1464:
1423:
1069:
224:
respectively, and have a strong positive correlation (r = .55) with each other.
4501:
3879:
3508:
3043:
2875:
2687:
2651:
2357:
2131:
2056:
1929:
1896:
1763:
1736:
1507:
1289:
1171:
726:
613:
483:, and overall affect in people in general. These relationships with aspects of
393:
3577:
2610:
1806:
1207:
1155:"Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers"
1123:
903:
806:
A 2011 study found
Openness (and not other traits) increased after the use of
682:, is believed to have a genetic component. Identical twins (who have the same
4794:
4686:
4300:
4285:
4265:
4066:
4051:
4036:
3949:
3944:
3838:
3822:
3761:
3637:
3550:
3463:
10.1002/1097-4679(198010)36:4<1013::AID-JCLP2270360434>3.0.CO;2-0
3223:
2906:"Maladaptively high and low openness: the case for experiential permeability"
2883:
2840:
2787:
2738:
2695:
2525:
2508:
2439:
1847:
1618:
1515:
1248:
1025:
753:
500:
433:
413:
338:
4628:
4552:
2401:
1610:
1002:"Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity"
4522:
4358:
4320:
4270:
4240:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4106:
4086:
4006:
3806:
3785:
3756:
3678:
3568:
3516:
3380:
3272:
3231:
3125:
3051:
2974:
2930:
2903:
Piedmont, Ralph L.; Sherman, Martin F.; Sherman, Nancy C. (December 2012).
2848:
2805:
2746:
2499:
2447:
2365:
2258:
1855:
1654:
The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence
1636:
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706:
695:
609:
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369:
346:
265:
51:
3470:
3435:
3174:
2703:
2319:
2064:
2016:
1297:
963:
911:
612:. General religiosity has a weak association with low openness. Religious
337:
to broader aspects of personality. The construct of absorption influenced
4340:
4230:
4148:
4071:
4021:
3924:
3642:
3198:"Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences"
3068:"To dream, perchance to remember: Individual differences in dream recall"
2671:"Openness to experience, identity flexibility, and life change in adults"
1053:"Refining the relationship between personality and Subjective well-being"
605:
589:
585:
573:
539:
492:
487:
tend to be weaker than those of other five-factor model traits, that is,
350:
35:
3286:
Camperio Ciani, A. S.; Capiluppi, C.; Veronese, A.; Sartori, G. (2006).
2491:
1717:
Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; Furnham, Adrian; Ackerman, Phillip L. (2006).
1273:"Mini-Markers – a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers"
4653:
4462:
4430:
4295:
4220:
4188:
4168:
4041:
4031:
3991:
3971:
3929:
807:
761:
691:
667:
624:
were found to increase openness significantly (see 'Drug Use,' below).
621:
604:
Openness to experience has mixed relationships with different types of
249:
3285:
3214:
3197:
2991:"Religion and the five-factors of personality: A meta-analytic review"
1488:
Kuckelkorn, Karen L.; De Manzano, Örjan; Ullén, Fredrik (2021-04-01).
1104:
Malouff, John M.; Thorsteinsson, Einar B.; Schutte, Nicola S. (2005).
1078:
163:
is one of the five/six measured personality dimensions. In both tests
4701:
4447:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4413:
4290:
4123:
4101:
4091:
4046:
4026:
3996:
3986:
3961:
3884:
3833:
3487:
Flory, K.; Lynam, D.; Milich, R.; Leukefeld, C.; Clayton, R. (2002).
3427:
2966:
2832:
2779:
2385:"Personality and emotional correlates of right-wing authoritarianism"
2008:
793:
781:
510:
Openness appears to be unrelated to the presence of mental disorders.
464:
425:
101:
43:
39:
4573:
3305:
2295:
2242:
1405:
744:. The highest average scores on openness are found in the states of
642:
463:
Openness to experience has modest yet significant correlations with
4694:
4515:
4423:
4305:
4225:
4183:
4158:
4133:
4081:
4011:
3956:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3245:
DeYoung, Colin G.; Peterson, Jordan B.; Higgins, Daniel M. (2005).
2764:"Cognitive engagement and cognitive aging: Is openness protective?"
2423:"Personality and prejudice: a meta-analysis and theoretical review"
2111:
García, Luis F.; Aluja, Anton; García, Óscar; Cuevas, Lara (2005).
1587:"Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability"
373:
148:
4773:
4635:
3411:"Openness to experience and marijuana use in high school students"
4749:
4735:
4668:
4601:
4566:
4494:
4250:
4173:
4143:
4096:
4056:
3981:
3939:
3338:
2163:
2113:"Is Openness to Experience an Independent Personality Dimension?"
1747:"Approaches to learning and the acquisition of general knowledge"
777:
769:
670:, or bisexual—particularly bisexuals—average higher in openness.
535:
4608:
4529:
1716:
616:
has a somewhat more substantial relationship with low openness.
167:
has a number of facets. The NEO PI-R assesses six facets called
136:
measure is 0.84 for both native and non-native English-speakers.
4717:
4709:
4580:
4559:
4508:
4487:
4330:
4061:
3720:
2946:
2471:
1743:
1188:
Goldberg, L.R.; Johnson, J.A.; Eber, H.W.; et al. (2006).
940:"An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications"
773:
749:
729:
2243:"Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V"
1232:"The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure"
4594:
4536:
4415:
4407:
4203:
4163:
4001:
3863:
3353:
Rentfrow, Peter J.; Gosling, Samuel D.; Potter, Jeff (2008).
2859:"Openness to experience, intelligence, and successful ageing"
2507:
Verkuyten, Maykel; Adelman, Levi; Yogeeswaran, Kumar (2020).
1827:
3024:
Schmitt, David P.; Realo, A; Voracek, M.; Allik, J. (2008).
2036:
1406:"Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience"
4765:
4757:
4215:
4138:
3976:
2506:
1103:
800:
547:
363:
3689:
2164:
De Fruyt, F.; Van De Wiele, L.; Van Heeringen, C. (2000).
820:
had a complete mystical experience changed more than four
458:
191:
respectively. The HEXACO-PI-R assesses four facets called
4335:
3533:
MacLean, K. A.; Johnson, M. W.; Griffiths, R. R. (2011).
3486:
3442:
2761:
2040:"Absorption, openness to experience, and hypnotizability"
1720:"Ability and personality correlates of general knowledge"
1487:
1311:
Connelly, B.S.; Ones, D. S.; Chernyshenko, O. S. (2014).
683:
3023:
2856:
Gregory, Tess; Nettelbeck, Ted; Wilson, Carlene (2010).
1782:
1685:
1310:
3532:
2855:
2110:
714:
4542:
3407:
3244:
2902:
2812:
2710:
1545:
Moutafi, Joanna; Furnham, Adrian; Crump, John (2006).
694:, of four twin studies, found openness to be the most
641:
A study on individual differences in the frequency of
4379:
4356:
3443:
Eisenman, R.; Grossman, J. C.; Goldstein, R. (1980).
3408:
Victor, H. R.; Grossman, J. C.; Eisenman, R. (1973).
3352:
2562:
Handbook of Individual Differences in Social Behavior
2078:
Aluja, Anton; García, Óscar; García, Luis F. (2002).
1050:
Steel, Piers; Schmidt, Joseph; Shultz, Jonas (2008).
678:
Openness to experience, like the other traits in the
550:, and nonconformity with the demands of the society.
2719:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
1112:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
1099:
1097:
1544:
1389:McRae, Tobert R. (2004). "Openness to Experience".
1187:
3488:
3444:
3409:
3354:
3331:
3287:
3148:
3099:
3066:
3025:
2989:
2948:
2904:
2857:
2814:
2712:
2669:
2633:
2592:
2559:
2473:
2421:
2383:
2339:
2198:
2165:
2079:
2038:
1990:
1957:
1951:
1911:
1878:
1829:
1788:
1745:
1718:
1693:"Personality, intelligence, and general knowledge"
1691:
1651:
1546:
1489:
1361:
1312:
1271:
1230:
1189:
1153:
1105:
1051:
1049:
989:, Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources
885:
840: – Approach to the study of human personality
3147:Jang, K. L.; Livesly, W. J.; Vemon, P.A. (1996).
2566:. New York/London: The Guildford Press. pp.
2077:
1821:
1094:
406:
315:
22:is one of the domains which are used to describe
4792:
3146:
1988:
887:"The structure of phenotypic personality traits"
725:An Italian study found that people who lived on
546:, peculiar thinking, diffuse identity, unstable
3607:
1989:Tellegen, Auke; Atkinson, Gilbert (June 1974).
1591:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1585:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2023-06-06).
1304:
599:
2296:"Social consequences of experiential openness"
1778:
1776:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1183:
1181:
268:, correlation coefficients ranging from about
4771:
4755:
3705:
3593:
3528:
3526:
3416:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
3195:
2590:
2419:
2236:
2234:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1949:
999:
987:NEO personality Inventory professional manual
388:(a "spiritual" trait) and to a lesser extent
345:, due to the independence of absorption from
312:(a similar construct to need for cognition).
259:
3496:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
3032:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3019:
3017:
2955:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2676:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2480:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2415:
2413:
2411:
2045:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1411:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
50:(psychological liberalism). A great deal of
4707:
4684:
4675:
4666:
2942:
2940:
2898:
2896:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2513:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2196:
1964:(4th ed.). New York: Longman. p.
1773:
1533:
1453:Personality and Social Psychological Review
1178:
984:
3812:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
3712:
3698:
3600:
3586:
3523:
2667:
2231:
2197:Costa, Paul T.; McCrae, Robert R. (1992).
2023:
1836:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1584:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
937:
3558:
3262:
3213:
3196:Bouchard, Thomas J.; McGue, Matt (2003).
3014:
2795:
2591:Osborne, Danny; Sibley, Chris G. (2020).
2524:
2408:
2190:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1626:
1077:
582:obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
2987:
2981:
2937:
2893:
2544:
2428:Personality and Social Psychology Review
2420:Sibley, Chris G.; Duckitt, John (2000).
1228:
1151:
933:
931:
929:
883:
519:
364:Relationship to other personality traits
234:
3859:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
3097:
2631:
2157:
1909:
1903:
1876:
1870:
1359:
1269:
1138:
1045:
1043:
673:
459:Subjective well-being and mental health
264:Openness to experience correlates with
248:Openness to experience correlates with
4793:
3073:Personality and Individual Differences
3064:
3058:
2996:Personality and Individual Differences
2864:Personality and Individual Differences
2640:Personality and Individual Differences
2381:
2293:
2240:
2205:Personality and Individual Differences
2172:Personality and Individual Differences
2086:Personality and Individual Differences
1936:
1918:Personality and Individual Differences
1752:Personality and Individual Differences
1725:Personality and Individual Differences
1496:Personality and Individual Differences
1403:
1160:Personality and Individual Differences
1006:Personality and Individual Differences
655:the continuity theory of consciousness
3693:
3581:
3361:Perspectives on Psychological Science
3329:
1649:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1450:
1388:
1382:
1364:Snoop: What your stuff says about you
926:
698:(mean = 57%) of the Big Five traits.
2337:
1950:Phares, E.J.; Chaplin, W.F. (1997).
1040:
985:Costa, P. T.; McCrae, R. R. (1992),
211:A number of studies have found that
3844:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
3664:International Personality Item Pool
2375:
1698:Learning and Individual Differences
1553:Learning and Individual Differences
1000:Aitken Harris, Julie (March 2004).
938:McCrae, R. R.; John, O. P. (1992).
576:, and a narrow range of interests.
553:High openness is characteristic to
382:Temperament and Character Inventory
155:, and the HEXACO-PI-R based on the
13:
3167:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00522.x
2599:Journal of Research in Personality
2200:"Four ways five factors are basic"
1660:American Psychological Association
1571:
1391:Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology
1196:Journal of Research in Personality
956:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
764:. Lowest average scores come from
14:
4812:
3674:Revised NEO Personality Inventory
2120:Journal of Individual Differences
1885:Journal of Educational Psychology
1319:Journal of Personality Assessment
1278:Journal of Personality Assessment
559:narcissistic personality disorder
3373:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x
3264:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00330.x
2923:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00777.x
2341:"The end of the end of ideology"
594:borderline personality disorders
561:(excessive self-valuation), and
555:schizotypal personality disorder
100:Lexical measures use individual
3480:
3398:
3330:Simon, Stephanie (2008-09-23).
3320:
3294:European Journal of Personality
3279:
3238:
3189:
3140:
3091:
2658:
2625:
2584:
2462:
2390:Social Behavior and Personality
2326:from the original on 2019-12-16
2284:
2273:from the original on 2021-01-27
2247:European Journal of Personality
2146:from the original on 2021-01-27
2104:
2071:
1982:
1676:
1643:
1441:
1430:from the original on 2020-08-18
1397:
1353:
1263:
1152:Thompson, E.R. (October 2008).
857:
636:
557:(odd and fragmented thinking),
324:the psychological construct of
310:typical intellectual engagement
3797:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
3451:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1997:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1222:
993:
978:
877:
711:dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
407:Social and political attitudes
316:Absorption and hypnotisability
87:
1:
3539:Journal of Psychopharmacology
3118:10.1080/00224499.2017.1287844
3085:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00114-9
3008:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6
2668:Whitbourne, Susan K. (1986).
2184:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00204-4
2098:10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00186-6
1018:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00161-2
871:
563:paranoid personality disorder
243:
4446:
4437:
4414:
2731:10.1080/13803395.2013.795932
2217:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
1710:10.1016/j.lindif.2005.07.002
1565:10.1016/j.lindif.2005.06.003
1331:10.1080/00223891.2013.830620
720:
703:have been linked to activity
660:
600:Religiosity and spirituality
422:social dominance orientation
7:
4543:
4380:
4357:
3719:
3609:Big Five personality traits
3106:The Journal of Sex Research
3098:Bogaert, Anthony F (2017).
2988:Saroglou, Vassilis (2002).
2312:10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.323
1960:Introduction to personality
1953:"Personality and Intellect"
1465:10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_5
1424:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258
1070:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
831:
787:
418:right-wing authoritarianism
401:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
157:HEXACO model of personality
10:
4817:
3509:10.1037/1064-1297.10.4.425
3044:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168
2876:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.017
2688:10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.163
2652:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.025
2358:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
2241:McCrae, Robert R. (1994).
2132:10.1027/1614-0001.26.3.132
2057:10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.263
1930:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.014
1897:10.1037/0022-0663.86.1.145
1764:10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.013
1737:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.036
1508:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110573
1290:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
1172:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
701:Higher levels of openness
523:
320:Openness to experience is
260:Intelligence and knowledge
252:, as measured by tests of
4727:
4645:
4472:
4399:
4349:
3872:
3770:
3727:
3651:
3615:
2632:Stephan, Yannick (2009).
2611:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103979
1910:Mussell, Patrick (2010).
1807:10.1080/01443410701727376
1368:. New York: Basic Books.
1208:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007
1124:10.1007/s10862-005-5384-y
904:10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
828:-score point per decade.
627:
620:occasioned by the use of
584:. Its opposite, known as
278:crystallized intelligence
227:According to research by
3551:10.1177/0269881111420188
2526:10.1177/0963721420924763
2440:10.1177/1088868308319226
1877:Rocklin, Thomas (1994).
1848:10.1177/0146167209351886
1785:Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas
1688:Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas
1393:. Vol. 2. Elsevier.
1249:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26
1237:Psychological Assessment
1229:Goldberg, L. R. (1992).
884:Goldberg, L. R. (1993).
850:
738:Midwestern United States
34:, or dimensions: active
30:. Openness involves six
3202:Journal of Neurobiology
2402:10.2224/sbp.2000.28.1.1
1611:10.1073/pnas.2212794120
4772:
4756:
4708:
4685:
4676:
4667:
3623:Openness to experience
3251:Journal of Personality
3155:Journal of Personality
3065:Watson, David (2003).
2911:Journal of Personality
2382:Butler, J. C. (2000).
2300:Psychological Bulletin
2294:McCrae, R. R. (1996).
2259:10.1002/per.2410080404
1795:Educational Psychology
1404:McCrae, R. R. (1987).
1058:Psychological Bulletin
944:Journal of Personality
844:Boundaries of the mind
742:Southern United States
475:, but is unrelated to
213:openness to experience
201:aesthetic appreciation
165:openness to experience
161:openness to experience
134:openness to experience
130:openness to experience
106:openness to experience
20:Openness to experience
4261:Righteous indignation
2346:American Psychologist
2338:Jost, John T (2006).
1650:Geary, D. C. (2005).
1360:Gosling, Sam (2008).
892:American Psychologist
532:cognitive distortions
526:Personality disorders
520:Personality disorders
485:subjective well-being
449:economic conservatism
235:Psychological aspects
222:experiencing openness
75:subjective well-being
58:Openness tends to be
48:challenging authority
3779:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
3669:Personality theories
2821:Psychology and Aging
2768:Psychology and Aging
1270:Saucier, G. (1994).
674:Genes and physiology
618:Mystical experiences
570:emotional flattening
81:personality traits.
64:closed to experience
60:normally distributed
3849:Theological virtues
3752:Positive psychology
2492:10.1037/pspp0000055
1603:2023PNAS..12012794S
1597:(23): e2212794120.
812:mystical experience
372:as assessed in the
322:strongly related to
4801:Personality traits
4281:Self-transcendence
3873:Individual virtues
3817:Nine Noble Virtues
3746:Nicomachean Ethics
3659:Facet (psychology)
1658:. Washington, DC:
386:self-transcendence
306:need for cognition
290:fluid intelligence
282:fluid intelligence
254:divergent thinking
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
3935:Conscientiousness
3802:Epistemic virtues
3687:
3686:
3628:Conscientiousness
3545:(11): 1453–1461.
3215:10.1002/neu.10160
2577:978-1-59385-647-2
1975:978-0-673-99456-1
1783:Furnham, Adrian;
1686:Furnham, Adrian;
1669:978-1-59147-181-3
705:in the ascending
680:five-factor model
497:conscientiousness
477:life satisfaction
430:conscientiousness
378:sensation-seeking
302:general knowledge
205:unconventionality
169:openness to ideas
153:Five Factor Model
79:Five Factor Model
28:Five Factor Model
24:human personality
16:Personality trait
4808:
4777:
4761:
4713:
4690:
4681:
4672:
4548:
4451:
4442:
4419:
4385:
4362:
4347:
4346:
4276:Self-cultivation
3829:Prussian virtues
3792:Cardinal virtues
3714:
3707:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3492:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3457:(4): 1013–1019.
3448:
3439:
3428:10.1037/h0035646
3413:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3217:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3079:(7): 1271–1286.
3070:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2967:10.1037/a0015368
2961:(6): 1245–1258.
2952:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2887:
2861:
2852:
2833:10.1037/a0029066
2818:
2809:
2799:
2780:10.1037/a0018748
2758:
2716:
2707:
2673:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2565:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2503:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2425:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2042:
2034:
2021:
2020:
2009:10.1037/h0036681
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1915:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1792:
1780:
1771:
1767:
1758:(6): 1563–1571.
1749:
1740:
1722:
1713:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1630:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1493:
1484:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1418:(6): 1258–1265.
1401:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1316:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1157:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1109:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1037:
997:
991:
990:
982:
976:
975:
935:
924:
923:
889:
881:
865:
861:
704:
656:
511:
323:
108:traits, such as
4816:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4780:
4723:
4641:
4468:
4395:
4345:
3868:
3854:Three Treasures
3771:Virtue families
3766:
3740:Moral character
3723:
3718:
3688:
3683:
3647:
3611:
3606:
3576:
3531:
3524:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3344:
3342:
3325:
3321:
3306:10.1002/per.595
3284:
3280:
3243:
3239:
3194:
3190:
3145:
3141:
3096:
3092:
3063:
3059:
3022:
3015:
2986:
2982:
2945:
2938:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2663:
2659:
2630:
2626:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2556:
2545:
2541:
2467:
2463:
2418:
2409:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2329:
2327:
2289:
2285:
2276:
2274:
2239:
2232:
2195:
2191:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2076:
2072:
2035:
2024:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1948:
1937:
1908:
1904:
1875:
1871:
1826:
1822:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1648:
1644:
1583:
1572:
1543:
1534:
1530:
1446:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1354:
1309:
1305:
1268:
1264:
1227:
1223:
1186:
1179:
1150:
1139:
1102:
1095:
1048:
1041:
998:
994:
983:
979:
936:
927:
882:
878:
874:
869:
868:
862:
858:
853:
834:
790:
723:
709:system and the
702:
676:
663:
654:
639:
630:
602:
528:
522:
509:
481:negative affect
473:quality of life
469:positive affect
461:
409:
390:novelty seeking
366:
357:Factor analysis
335:hypnotisability
321:
318:
262:
246:
237:
193:inquisitiveness
151:, based on the
90:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4769:
4762:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4411:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Accountability
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3574:
3522:
3503:(4): 425–434.
3479:
3476:
3475:
3440:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3367:(5): 339–369.
3350:
3326:
3319:
3278:
3257:(4): 825–858.
3237:
3188:
3161:(3): 577–592.
3139:
3112:(8): 951–961.
3090:
3057:
3038:(1): 168–182.
3013:
2980:
2936:
2917:(6): 1641–68.
2892:
2889:
2888:
2870:(8): 895–899.
2853:
2827:(4): 849–854.
2810:
2759:
2725:(5): 509–517.
2708:
2682:(1): 163–168.
2664:
2657:
2646:(6): 637–641.
2624:
2583:
2576:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2519:(5): 467–472.
2504:
2486:(3): 549–568.
2468:
2461:
2434:(3): 248–279.
2407:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2352:(7): 651–670.
2335:
2306:(3): 323–337.
2290:
2283:
2253:(4): 251–272.
2230:
2211:(6): 653–665.
2189:
2178:(3): 441–452.
2156:
2126:(3): 132–138.
2103:
2092:(5): 713–725.
2070:
2022:
1981:
1974:
1935:
1924:(5): 506–510.
1902:
1891:(1): 145–149.
1869:
1820:
1801:(4): 427–437.
1772:
1769:
1768:
1741:
1731:(3): 419–429.
1714:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1642:
1570:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1485:
1459:(4): 290–309.
1447:
1440:
1396:
1381:
1374:
1352:
1303:
1284:(3): 506–516.
1262:
1221:
1177:
1166:(6): 542–548.
1137:
1118:(2): 101–114.
1093:
1064:(1): 138–161.
1039:
1012:(4): 913–929.
992:
977:
950:(2): 175–215.
925:
875:
873:
870:
867:
866:
855:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
841:
833:
830:
789:
786:
722:
719:
675:
672:
662:
659:
638:
635:
629:
626:
614:fundamentalism
601:
598:
524:Main article:
521:
518:
460:
457:
408:
405:
394:harm avoidance
365:
362:
317:
314:
261:
258:
245:
242:
236:
233:
209:
208:
137:
89:
86:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4813:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:Sportsmanship
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Righteousness
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Nonattachment
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Seven virtues
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3786:Brahmavihārās
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3762:Virtue ethics
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:About virtues
3726:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Agreeableness
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:(2): 263–72.
2050:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:(3): 268–77.
2002:
1998:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1375:9780465027811
1371:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
932:
930:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
880:
876:
860:
856:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
818:
813:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Massachusetts
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
728:
718:
716:
712:
708:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
671:
669:
658:
652:
648:
644:
634:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
527:
517:
514:
507:
504:
502:
501:agreeableness
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
437:
435:
434:agreeableness
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:ethnocentrism
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
361:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
328:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
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4271:Self-control
4241:Renunciation
4199:Philanthropy
4194:Perspicacity
4154:Magnificence
4107:Intelligence
4087:Impartiality
4007:Faithfulness
3895:Authenticity
3821:
3807:Five virtues
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3679:Trait theory
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825:
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766:North Dakota
735:
724:
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700:
677:
664:
651:dissociation
643:dream recall
640:
637:Dream recall
631:
610:spirituality
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567:
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529:
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508:
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489:extraversion
462:
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114:intellectual
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109:
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83:
68:
63:
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52:psychometric
19:
18:
4341:Workmanship
4231:Punctuality
4149:Magnanimity
4072:Hospitality
4022:Forgiveness
3967:Discernment
3925:Cleanliness
3643:Neuroticism
3208:(1): 4–45.
1325:(1): 1–16.
606:religiosity
590:schizotypal
586:impulsivity
574:alexithymia
544:fantasizing
540:impulsivity
493:neuroticism
351:neuroticism
229:Sam Gosling
88:Measurement
77:than other
38:(fantasy),
36:imagination
4654:Auctoritas
4502:Aparigraha
4481:Adhiṭṭhāna
4463:Sophrosyne
4431:Eutrapelia
4316:Temperance
4296:Solidarity
4286:Simplicity
4246:Resilience
4221:Politeness
4189:Patriotism
4169:Moderation
4042:Good faith
4032:Generosity
3992:Equanimity
3972:Discipline
3930:Compassion
3345:2017-08-08
2330:2019-12-13
2277:2019-09-11
2150:2019-12-13
1502:: 110573.
1434:2020-09-05
1079:1880/47915
872:References
808:psilocybin
762:California
758:Washington
727:Tyrrhenian
647:absorption
622:psilocybin
534:, lack of
443:Regarding
327:absorption
250:creativity
244:Creativity
197:creativity
185:aesthetics
102:adjectives
71:absorption
4702:Humanitas
4448:Phronesis
4439:Philotimo
4291:Sincerity
4256:Reverence
4124:Judgement
4112:Emotional
4102:Integrity
4092:Innocence
4047:Gratitude
4027:Frugality
4017:Foresight
3997:Etiquette
3987:Endurance
3962:Diligence
3885:Alertness
3834:Scout Law
3735:Endowment
3314:143581786
3224:1097-4695
3002:: 15–25.
2884:0191-8869
2841:1939-1498
2788:1939-1498
2739:1380-3395
2696:1939-1315
2619:225474743
2535:222179633
2267:144576220
1815:144132702
1704:: 79–90.
1619:0027-8424
1559:: 31–42.
1524:233521386
1516:0191-8869
1257:144709415
1132:145806896
1034:144326478
1026:0191-8869
794:marijuana
782:Wisconsin
721:Geography
696:heritable
661:Sexuality
465:happiness
426:prejudice
343:NEO model
296:=.20 and
218:intellect
145:intellect
44:curiosity
40:aesthetic
4795:Category
4695:Gravitas
4678:Dignitas
4424:Ataraxia
4306:Sympathy
4236:Religion
4226:Prudence
4184:Patience
4159:Meekness
4134:Kindness
4082:Humility
4077:Humanity
4012:Fidelity
3957:Courtesy
3920:Chivalry
3915:Chastity
3905:Charisma
3900:Calmness
3890:Altruism
3569:21956378
3517:12498340
3389:17059908
3381:26158954
3300:: 3–22.
3273:15958136
3232:12486697
3183:35488176
3134:40027879
3126:28276935
3052:18179326
2975:19469599
2931:22320184
2849:22708538
2806:20230128
2755:11675462
2747:23663093
2500:26167801
2448:18641385
2396:: 1–14.
2366:17032067
2324:Archived
2271:Archived
2225:86867568
2144:Archived
2140:56268785
1864:28728034
1856:19901274
1787:(2008).
1690:(2006).
1637:37252971
1628:10266031
1481:24067985
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1428:Archived
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1339:24073877
1216:13274640
1088:18193998
972:10596836
920:20595956
864:aspects.
832:See also
788:Drug use
746:New York
740:and the
688:Bouchard
578:Rigidity
374:NEO-PI-R
272:=.30 to
173:feelings
149:NEO PI-R
141:openness
118:artistic
110:creative
4750:Sadaqah
4736:Ganbaru
4669:Decorum
4661:Caritas
4616:Śraddhā
4602:Shaucha
4567:Kshanti
4495:Akrodha
4350:Chinese
4251:Respect
4174:Modesty
4144:Loyalty
4129:Justice
4097:Insight
4057:Honesty
4052:Heroism
3982:Empathy
3940:Courage
3910:Charity
3823:Pāramīs
3721:Virtues
3652:Related
3560:3537171
3471:7440728
3436:4726715
3339:WSJ.com
3175:8776880
2797:2853722
2704:3701571
2456:5156899
2320:8900080
2065:2016669
2017:4844914
1599:Bibcode
1298:7844738
964:1635039
912:8427480
822:T-score
778:Alabama
770:Wyoming
730:islands
668:asexual
536:insight
189:actions
181:fantasy
94:lexical
26:in the
4718:Virtus
4710:Pietas
4629:Upekṣā
4622:Saddhā
4588:Prajñā
4581:Muditā
4560:Kshama
4553:Karuṇā
4516:Asteya
4509:Ārjava
4488:Ahimsa
4473:Indian
4456:Sophia
4331:Wisdom
4209:Filial
4117:Social
4062:Honour
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760:, and
750:Oregon
628:Gender
538:, and
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424:, and
286:facets
203:, and
187:, and
177:values
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4774:Virtù
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4687:Fides
4646:Latin
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4574:Mettā
4537:Dhṛti
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4408:Agape
4400:Greek
4326:Trust
4311:Taste
4204:Piety
4164:Mercy
4037:Glory
4002:Faith
3950:Moral
3945:Civil
3864:Yamas
3385:S2CID
3310:S2CID
3179:S2CID
3130:S2CID
2751:S2CID
2615:S2CID
2531:S2CID
2452:S2CID
2263:S2CID
2221:S2CID
2136:S2CID
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1520:S2CID
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1212:S2CID
1128:S2CID
1030:S2CID
968:S2CID
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4758:Seny
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4139:Love
4067:Hope
3977:Duty
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4382:Ren
4336:Wit
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