2717:
2554:
2065:
1926:, and by the end of 1941, Hitler had nearly exhausted Germany's reserves, which left him with only two significant sources of oil, the country's own synthetic production and the Romanian oilfields, with the latter supplying 75% of Germany's oil imports in 1941. Aware of his declining oil resources, and fearful of enemy air attacks on Romania (Germany's main source of crude oil), Hitler's strategy was increasingly driven by the need to protect Romania and acquire new resources, essential if he wanted to continue waging a prolonged war against a growing list of enemies. In late 1941, the Romanians warned Hitler that their stocks were exhausted and they were unable to meet German demands. For these reasons, the Soviet oilfields were extremely important to Germany's industry and armed forces as the war became global, the power of the Allies grew, and shortages started to occur in Axis resources.
56:
1940:
3433:
3482:
3145:
3239:
3065:
3359:
3467:
attempt was made with Hoth turning his forces west directly through the center of 64th Army. The attack was unexpectedly successful and Fourth Panzer Army got behind 62nd and 64th Armies with the chance to encircle and cut off 62nd Army. Weichs ordered Sixth Army to complete the encirclement; a Soviet counter-attack held up the advance for three days and the
Soviets escaped and retreated towards Stalingrad. The rapid German advance caused a slump in morale among the Soviet troops, who retreated in chaos, abandoning the outer defences of the city. After defeating the last Soviet counterattacks, Sixth Army resumed its offensive on 2 September, linking up with Fourth Panzer Army the following day. On 12 September, the Germans entered Stalingrad.
3331:
ready. Nevertheless, the force could still deliver damaging blows. Attacks on the refineries reminded
Richthofen of the attacks on Sevastopol several months earlier. Thick black smoke rose from the refineries to a height of 5,500 m (18,000 ft). On 12 October, further raids caused even more destruction. It had been a strategic mistake not to have made greater efforts to hit the oil refineries at Grozny and Baku sooner, as their destruction would have been a greater blow to the Soviets than the loss of Stalingrad, where most of the air fleet was deployed. On 19 November, the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad compelled Richthofen to once more withdraw his units north to the Volga and bring an end to the aerial offensive.
2053:
631:
613:
602:
591:
580:
567:
556:
545:
527:
508:
497:
479:
466:
453:
440:
242:
3136:(VVS) brought in about 800 bombers, a third of which were operational. With the transfer of air cover and flak units, Soviet bombers were free to harass the German advance. The quality of the Soviet resistance increased, with many of the forces used coming from local levies, who Kleist thought were willing to fight harder for their homeland. German units were especially bogged down by fighting Georgian alpine and mountain troops, who greatly contributed to stalling their advance. The quantity of replacements and supplies the Soviets committed increased, and faced with these difficulties, the Axis advance slowed after 28 August.
2988:
752:
347:
179:
2370:
731:
664:
3648:
unable to hold the Volga line, Soviet offensives almost cut off Army Group A in the
Caucasus and it was forced to withdraw. The surrender of Sixth Army was a huge blow to German morale and it came as a great shock to Hitler. Despite the destruction of Sixth Army, the Soviets were able to only force the German Army back from the Caucasus, delaying the final decision on the Eastern Front. The Soviet command overestimated its capabilities and pushed its forces forward to the limit of its supply lines, which led to defeat at the Third Battle of Kharkov and left the Germans able to fight the
778:
209:
674:
415:
404:
393:
380:
369:
325:
314:
303:
290:
277:
264:
148:
224:
3518:, a two-pronged counter-offensive against the flanks of Sixth Army. With the battle for the city and the exhaustion of Fourth Panzer Army, the flanks were mainly guarded by Romanian, Hungarian and Italian soldiers. Third Romanian Army, on the Don River west of Stalingrad, and Fourth Romanian Army, south-east of Stalingrad, had been under constant Soviet attack since September. Third Romanian Army had been transferred from Caucasus on 10 September to take over Italian positions on the Don, opposite the Soviet bridgeheads. The Romanians were understrength and had only around six
765:
358:
194:
3209:
The port fell on 10 September, after a four-day battle, the final German victory in the
Caucasus. It left the heights south of the port and several coast roads in the hands of 47th Soviet Army. Attempts to push out of Novorossiysk were costly failures and the Axis also failed to break the defences on the coastal plain from Novorossiysk to Tuapse, having only the strength to stabilize the line. Romanian Army losses were particularly high and the Romanian 3rd Mountain Division was nearly wiped out by a Soviet counter-attack from 25–26 September.
3033:, Chief of the General Staff, or anyone else, about the directive until August 1942. The new directive created enormous logistical difficulties, with Hitler expecting both Army Groups to advance along different routes. Logistics lines were already at breaking point with ammunition and fuel shortages most apparent and it would be impossible to advance using the conservative supply rates he demanded. The divergence of the Army Groups would also open a dangerous gap between the Armies, which could be exploited by the Soviets. The
2869:
8575:
8630:
3569:
2954:, commander of Army Group South, argued over the next steps in the operation. The heated debate, and continuing Soviet counterattacks, which tied down Fourth Panzer Army until 13 July, caused Hitler to lose his temper and dismiss Bock on 17 July. As part of the second phase of the operation, on 9 July, Army Group South was split into Army Group A and Army Group B, with Wilhelm List appointed as commander of Army Group A and Army Group B commanded by Maximillian von Weichs.
2030:
2716:
2729:
1778:(November/December 1941). Although the Germans had captured vast areas of land and important industrial centers, the Soviet Union remained in the war. In the winter of 1941–42, the Soviets struck back in a series of successful counteroffensives, pushing back the German threat to Moscow. Despite these setbacks, Hitler wanted complete destruction of Russia, for which he required the oil resources of the Caucasus. By February 1942 the German Army High Command (
744:
687:
426:
336:
164:
8618:
3335:
Maikop produced only ten per cent of Soviet oil. The main fields at Baku were out of German fighter range. German bombers could have reached them, but it meant flying the most direct, thus most predictable route without protection. In August it may have been possible to carry out these operations owing to the weakness of Soviet air power in the region, but by
October it had been considerably strengthened.
2946:. Stalin and the Soviet command still expected the main German thrust in the north against Moscow, and believed the Germans would turn north after Voronezh to threaten the capital. As a result, the Soviets rushed reinforcements into the town to hold it at all costs and counterattacked the Germans' northern flank in an effort to cut off the German spearheads. 5th Tank Army, commanded by Major General
3045:
Fourth Panzer Army south to assist the First Panzer Army to cross the lower Don river. This assistance was not needed and Kleist later complained that Fourth Panzer Army clogged the roads and that if they had carried on toward
Stalingrad, they could have taken it in July. When it turned north again two weeks later, the Soviets had gathered enough forces together at Stalingrad to check its advance.
1591:, and he was also aware that Germany was running low on fuel supply and would not be able to continue attacking deeper into enemy territory without more stock. With this in mind, Hitler ordered for the preparation of offensive plans for summer 1942 to secure the Soviet oil fields in the Caucasus. The operation involved a two-pronged attack: one from the Axis right flank against the
2475:. With about 1 million soldiers at the front line and another 1.7 million in reserve armies, their forces accounted for about one quarter of all Soviet troops. Following the disastrous start of Case Blue for the Soviets, they reorganized their frontlines several times. Over the course of the campaign, the Soviets also fielded the
3409:. The Soviet defence at the Don forced the Germans to commit more and more troops to an increasingly vulnerable front, leaving few reserves to back up the Axis divisions on either flank. The Soviets made several counter-attacks on the northern flank of Army Group B, between Stalingrad and Voronezh. From 20–28 August, the
3128:
oil had to be brought up on camels. With the
Soviets often retreating instead of fighting, the number of prisoners fell short of expectations and only 83,000 were taken. As Hitler and OKH began to concentrate on Stalingrad, some of Kleist's mobile forces were diverted. Kleist lost his flak corps and most of the
2566:
3613:
and then towards the Sea of Azov, to cut off the German forces east of
Donetsk. The operations began simultaneously at the end of January. The Soviets broke through quickly and in the north, Kursk fell on 18 February and Kharkov on 16 February after a German withdrawal, while in the south the Germans
3580:
to cut off Army Group A and all troops east of Rostov. During the German relief operation at
Stalingrad, Soviet forces had been redeployed, lesser objectives substituted, and the operation renamed "Little Saturn". The attack fell on Eighth Italian Army and the remnants of Third Romanian Army, and led
3094:
to
Zymlianskaya (today Zymlyansk). The German Seventeenth Army, along with elements of the Eleventh Army and the Romanian Third Army, manoeuvred west towards the east coast of the Black Sea, while the First Panzer Army attacked to the south-east. The Seventeenth Army made a slow advance but the First
3592:
began on 12 January and destroyed large parts of the Second Hungarian Army and the remnants of Eighth Italian Army at the Don south-east of Voronezh. With the southern flank in danger, Second German Army was forced to withdraw from Voronezh and the Don. The operations continued until January and led
3466:
and Fourth Panzer Army came up from the south through Kotelnikovo. In the first few days, the XIV Panzer Corps opened a corridor between the main body of Sixth Army and the northern Stalingrad suburbs at the Volga. In the south, Soviet resistance repulsed the Fourth Panzer Army. On 29 August another
3330:
4 (4th Air Corps of Fourth Air Fleet) was ordered to send every available bomber against the oilfields at Grozny. Fourth Air Fleet was in poor shape by this time – Richthofen had begun Case Blue with 323 serviceable bombers out of a total of 480. He was now down to 232, of which only 129 were combat
3208:
Axis ships transported 30,605 men, 13,254 horses and 6,265 motor vehicles across the Black Sea from Romania, from 1–2 September. With the reinforcements, the Germans captured most of the Black Sea naval bases but were held up at Novorossiysk, where the Soviet 47th Army had prepared for a long siege.
3044:
The splitting of Army Group South enabled the launching of Operation Edelweiss and Operation Fischreiher, the two main thrusts of the Army Groups. Both groups had to achieve their objectives simultaneously, instead of consecutively. The success of the initial advance was such that Hitler ordered the
2979:
strength of the units, which were forced to leave fighting vehicles behind. Nevertheless, the Luftwaffe flew in 200 tons of fuel per day to keep the army supplied. Despite this impressive performance in keeping the army mobile, Löhr was replaced by the more impetuous and offensive-minded Richthofen.
3647:
Overextension reduced the capabilities of the German Army and its allies to defend this territory and the Soviets mounted a decisive offensive at Stalingrad, encircling a German army. Soon both sides concentrated on the battle for the city, making the Caucasus a secondary theatre. With Army Group B
3554:
was launched from the South by fresh reinforcements of the 4th Panzer Army. The offensive surprised the Soviets and the Germans were able to penetrate the Soviet line for 50 km (31 mi) towards Stalingrad. Despite these gains, the Sixth Army was not allowed to attempt to break out and link
3489:
The advance into Stalingrad against the 62nd Army was carried out by Sixth Army, while Fourth Panzer Army secured the southern flank. The city was a 24 km (15 mi) ribbon along the west bank of the Volga, which forced the Germans to conduct a frontal assault, and the ruins of the city gave
3127:
The length of the German advance created chronic supply difficulties, particularly of petrol; the Black Sea was judged too dangerous and fuel was brought by rail through Rostov or delivered by air, but panzer divisions were sometimes at a standstill for weeks. Even petrol trucks ran out of fuel and
3086:
had air superiority in the early phase of the operation, which was of great help to the ground forces. With the Don crossing secured and Sixth Army's advance flagging on the Volga front, Hitler transferred the Fourth Panzer Army to Army Group B and sent it back to the Volga. The redeployment used
3621:
led by Rokossovsky, with the forces freed after the surrender of the Germans in Stalingrad on 2 February. The operations were aimed at Army Group Center in the north and timed to coincide with the expected successes of the Soviet operations in the south. Army Group South escaped encirclement and
2957:
Only two weeks into the operation, on 11 July, the Germans began to suffer logistical difficulties, which slowed the advance. The German Sixth Army was continually delayed by fuel shortages. Eight days later, on 20 July, shortages of fuel were still undermining operations, leaving many
3334:
Much damage was done at Grozny, but the remaining oilfields were beyond the logistical reach of the German Army as well as of the fighter aircraft of the Luftwaffe. Grozny was within range of German bombers from 4th Air Corps, based near the Terek River. But Grozny and the captured oilfields at
3204:
army that far forward and Soviet aviation attacked bridges and supply routes virtually unopposed. The Germans crossed the river on 2 September but made only slow progress. At the beginning of September, Hitler had a major argument with the High Command and specifically List, as he perceived the
3643:
to simultaneously achieve several goals. Opposition and minor setbacks led to Hitler sacking dissenters and interfering more in command, constantly changing plans and orders, which led to confusion, delays and wastage of precious resources like fuel as the German army struggled to keep up with
2918:
operations, and provided interdiction through attacks on airfields and Soviet defence lines. At times, the German air arm acted as a spearhead rather than a support force, ranging on ahead of the tanks and infantry to disrupt and destroy defensive positions. As many as 100 German aircraft were
2978:
transport fleet flew in supplies to keep the army going. The situation remained difficult with German troops forced to recover fuel from damaged or abandoned vehicles, and in some cases, leave behind tanks and vehicles with heavy fuel consumption to continue their advance. This undermined the
3502:
suppressed Soviet artillery on the east bank of the Volga and caused many casualties during Soviet attempts to reinforce the defenders on the west bank. From mid-September until early November the Germans made three big attacks on the city and ground forward in mutually-costly fighting. By
3111:
On 9 August, the First Panzer Army reached Maikop in the foothills of the Caucasus mountains, having advanced more than 480 kilometers (300 mi) in fewer than two weeks. The western oil fields near Maikop were seized in a commando operation from 8–9 August, but the oil fields had been
3298:
remained inside the gap, guarding the left flank of the First Panzer Army by securing the road towards Astrakhan. On 22 November, after several Soviet counter-attacks, Hitler appointed Kleist as Group commander with orders to hold his position and prepare to resume the offensive if
1725:
coast. Heavy Soviet resistance and the long distances from Axis sources of supply reduced the Axis offensive to local advances only and prevented the Germans from completing their strategic objective of capturing the main Caucasus oilfield at Baku. Luftwaffe bombers destroyed the
3638:
Due to the initial success of the German summer offensive in 1942, Hitler became more ambitious, putting great strain on the German army. Hitler did not expect the Soviets to be able to launch a counter-offensive as big as Operation Uranus and sent troops elsewhere, ordering the
3107:
on 5 August. Although the army group made a quick advance, by 3 August the vanguard comprised only light mobile forces and most of the tanks lagged behind, due to lack of fuel and supply breakdowns, despite the efforts of 4th Air Corps, which flew in supplies around the clock.
3311:
In the first week of October 1942, Hitler came to recognize that the capture of the Caucasus oil fields was unlikely before winter, which forced the Germans to take up defensive positions. Unable to capture them, he was determined to deny them to the enemy and ordered the
3394:, reaching the town by 2 August. Soviet resistance convinced Paulus that Sixth Army was not strong enough to cross the Don by itself, so he waited for Fourth Panzer Army to fight its way north. On 4 August, the Germans were still 97 km (60 mi) from Stalingrad.
3192:, operating behind Soviet lines. German mountain troops failed to secure the Black Sea ports and the advance fell short of Grozny as supply difficulties arose once more. The Soviets dug in the 9th and 44th armies of the North Transcaucasian Front along the rocky
2919:
concentrated on a single Soviet division in the path of the spearhead during this phase. General Kazakov, the Bryansk Front's chief of staff, noted the strength and effectiveness of the Axis aviation. Within 26 days, the Soviets lost 783 aircraft from the
2441:, Major Joachim Reichel, was shot down over Soviet-held territory while flying an observation aircraft over the front near Kharkov. The Soviets recovered maps from his aircraft detailing the exact German plans for Case Blue. The plans were handed over to
622:
3458:
attacked the city, turning much of it to rubble. The Soviets reported that civilian casualties from 23–26 August were 955 dead and 1,181 wounded (a preliminary total; later reports of casualties in the tens of thousands were probably exaggerations).
2950:, managed to achieve some minor successes when it began its attack on 6 July, but was forced back to its starting positions by 15 July, losing about half of its tanks in the process. Although the battle was a success, Hitler and
3041:, did not arrive in the Caucasus Mountains with Army Group A, instead remaining with Sixth Army. Army Group A was expected to operate in mountain terrain with only three mountain divisions and two infantry divisions unsuited to the task.
488:
1890:, in Transcaucasia, formed the richest single source in the world, yielding 1.5 million tons of manganese ore annually, half of the Soviet Union's total production. The Kuban region of the Caucasus also produced large amounts of
1921:
to supply the resource. An indication of German reliance on Romania is evident from its oil consumption; in 1938, just one-third of the 7,500,000 tons consumed by Germany came from domestic stocks. Oil had always been Germany's
3581:
to the destruction of most of Eighth Army. On the verge of collapse, Army Groups B and Don were able to prevent a Soviet breakthrough but Army Group A was ordered to withdraw from the Caucasus on 28 December.
3533:
Hitler ordered Sixth Army to remain on the defensive, rather than try to break out. It was intended the army would be supplied by air, but the quantity of supplies necessary was far beyond the ability of the
2459:), a German deception plan aimed at the city. As a result, the majority of Red Army troops were deployed there, although the direction from which the Case Blue offensive would come was still defended by the
2553:
1705:
fire and street-to-street combat completely destroyed the city and inflicted heavy casualties on the opposing forces. After three months of battle, the Germans controlled 90% of Stalingrad on 19 November.
3095:
Panzer Army had freedom of action. On 29 July the Germans cut the last direct railway between central Russia and the Caucasus, causing considerable panic to Stalin and Stavka, which led to the passing of
3778:
held by an officer of one of Stumme's panzer divisions fell into Soviet hands on 19 June. Furious at this breach, Hitler relieved Stumme 21 July and had him court-martialed. Stumme was reassigned to the
3321:
On 8 October, Hitler called for the air offensive to be carried out no later than 14 October, as he required air assets for a major effort at Stalingrad. As a result, on 10 October 1942,
2007:
The strategic objectives of the operation were the oilfields at Maykop, Grozny and Baku. As in Barbarossa, these movements were expected to result in a series of grand encirclements of Soviet troops.
2900:
The German offensive commenced on 28 June 1942, with Fourth Panzer Army starting its drive towards Voronezh. Due to a chaotic Soviet retreat, the Germans were able to advance rapidly, restoring
2437:) failed to discern the direction of the main German strategic offensive anticipated in 1942, even though they were in possession of the German plans. On 19 June, the chief of operations of the
1867:. This heavily industrialized and densely populated area contained some of the largest oilfields in the world. Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, was one of the richest, producing 80 percent of the
536:
2995:
Believing that the main Soviet threat had been eliminated, desperately short of oil and needing to meet all the ambitious objectives of Case Blue, Hitler made a series of changes to the plan in
3447:
On 23 August, Sixth Army crossed the Don and Army Group B established a defensive line on one of its bends. Sixth Army reached the northern suburbs of Stalingrad later that day, beginning the
2502:
planned several local offensives in the south to weaken the Germans. The most important of these was aimed at the city of Kharkov and would be conducted mainly by the Southwestern Front under
3231:, north-east of Grozny, marking the farthest advance of the German forces towards the Caspian Sea. In the south, the First Panzer Army advance on Grozny was stopped by the Red Army and the
1917:. When war broke out in September 1939, the British naval blockade cut Germany off from the Americas and the Middle East, leaving the country reliant on oil-rich European countries such as
1413:
1774:
which was expected to last only 3 months. The Axis offensive had met with initial success and the Red Army had suffered some major defeats before halting the Axis units just short of
8690:
8675:
3503:
mid-November, the Soviets were penned into four shallow bridgeheads, with the front line only 180 m (200 yd) from the river. Anticipating victory, substantial numbers of
2356:
German air strength in the east numbered 2,644 aircraft on 20 June 1942, over 20% more than a month earlier. Whereas in 1941 most units fought on the central front supporting
8695:
8685:
3734:
Not all of those tanks were serviceable at the beginning of the offensive, as tanks were in repair, already engaged in combat, refitting, or not present at the frontline.
3294:
line reached became the farthest German advance in the south. By this time, the gap between Army Groups A and B had left them vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Only the
1905:
These resources were of immense importance to the German war effort. Of the three million tons of oil Germany consumed per year, 85 percent was imported, mainly from the
8700:
7139:
6884:
3366:
On 23 July, the main body of Army Group B started its advance toward the Don. The Germans met with increasing Soviet resistance from the new Stalingrad Front, with the
6485:
4491:
3626:
and the stabilization of the front. The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the
3614:
were pushed back to a line west of Voroshilovgrad. Army Groups Don, B and parts of Army Group A were renamed Army Group South, commanded by Manstein, on 12 February.
8497:
6501:
3397:
By 10 August, the Red Army had been cleared from most of the west bank of the Don, but Soviet resistance continued in some areas, further delaying Army Group B. The
836:
3429:, extending its bridgehead. These and several other bridgeheads across the Don, opposed by the Eighth Italian and Second Hungarian armies, were a constant danger.
6828:
6424:
6396:
5540:
3699:
1406:
8476:
7148:
6835:
5962:
3707:
3405:
sent an ad-hoc force of 300 Ju 52 transport aircraft, enabling the Germans to advance; some bombers were diverted from operations to supply flights under the
7451:
6814:
6116:
5741:
3426:
6457:
6403:
5589:
3164:, the other important petroleum centers. More installations and industrial centers fell into German hands, many intact or only slightly damaged during the
6921:
6410:
6026:
483:
8655:
5436:
2064:
1399:
1661:, the 1,570,287-man Army Group South began the offensive on 28 June, advancing 48 kilometers on the first day and easily brushing aside the 1,715,000
6807:
6247:
6123:
1749:
in order to avoid getting cut off by the Red Army, which was now advancing from Stalingrad towards Rostov in order to achieve the cut-off. Only the
6100:
5480:
3538:
to carry. Sixth Army's strength diminished and the Soviets gained the upper hand inside the city. To stabilize the situation on the Eastern Front,
617:
6537:
5849:
1812:
2991:
German motorcycle infantry cross the Don River on a timber bridge, July 1942. Abandoned Soviet vehicles and supplies are seen in the background.
6356:
5658:
2451:, however, believed it to be a German ruse, remaining convinced that the primary German strategic goal in 1942 would be Moscow, in part due to
1471:
531:
8369:
3847:
After the successful completion of the battle for the Kerch Peninsula, 11th Army was split and only parts of it were assigned to Army Group A.
3555:
up, so this led to nothing. The failure was followed by a siege that lasted for almost two months, during which the Sixth Army was destroyed.
8680:
7155:
7118:
7095:
6609:
5531:
5501:
3205:
advance of the German forces as too slow. As a result, Hitler dismissed List on 9 September and took direct command of Army Group A himself.
829:
6870:
3386:
Tank Armies conducted several futile counter-attacks by inexperienced troops. In the south, Fourth Panzer Army made better progress against
7248:
7104:
7088:
7060:
6301:
5508:
55:
5269:
Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/1943 ". In Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.).
3235:. By late September, supply failures and the resistance of the Red Army slowed the Axis advance. The Germans took Nakchik on 26 October.
3189:
8012:
7072:
6984:
6928:
6891:
6166:
3213:
1939:
6977:
5702:
5282:
1003:
3839:
The Third Romanian Army was later assigned to Army Group B and was one of the two Romanian armies heavily engaged in Operation Uranus.
8490:
7111:
5494:
5452:
3451:. The Hungarian, Italian and Romanian armies were 60 km (37 mi) from Stalingrad, which was in range of forward air bases.
8339:
6144:
5918:
5681:
5547:
5358:
3185:
1163:
1158:
822:
7227:
7024:
6676:
6054:
5554:
5466:
5402:
3481:
3295:
873:
3432:
1851:, about halfway between the Black and the Caspian Seas, produced about 10 percent of all Soviet oil. South of the mountains lay
1592:
7430:
6942:
5785:
5323:
2138:
1153:
8033:
7938:
7458:
7204:
7079:
6158:
6132:
5989:
5695:
5612:
5212:
5076:
5050:
5031:
5012:
4936:
4495:
3064:
1685:
near Stalingrad on 26 July. Army Group B's approach toward Stalingrad slowed in late July and early August owing to constant
1141:
3144:
1819:, and the capture of the Caucasus region for Army Group South. The main focus was to be the capture of the Caucasus region.
8266:
7666:
7552:
6717:
6177:
6173:
6151:
5755:
3585:
3278:. Up to 10,000 prisoners were captured in two days, before the advance toward Grozny was stopped again west of the city at
3238:
1555:
998:
863:
8181:
7638:
6970:
6956:
6162:
3379:
3275:
1254:
964:
868:
3630:
on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 19 October 1943.
1991:
and move in parallel with Fourth Panzer Army, to reach the Volga at Stalingrad (whose capture was not deemed necessary).
8650:
8390:
8259:
8137:
7708:
7423:
7374:
7132:
6687:
5932:
5771:
5619:
5473:
5231:
3691:
1224:
757:
184:
3358:
8506:
7381:
7353:
7170:
6752:
6464:
6431:
5292:
5250:
5133:
5097:
4993:
4972:
3589:
2743:
2464:
1786:
as its principal objective. On 5 April 1942, Hitler laid out the elements of the plan now known as "Case Blue" (
1493:
1488:
1229:
1119:
1020:
5647:
3530:. The two Romanian armies were routed and Sixth Army with parts of Fourth Panzer Army were encircled in Stalingrad.
8543:
7694:
7631:
6766:
6595:
5718:
5278:
3038:
2438:
1689:
by newly deployed Red Army reserves and overstretched German supply lines. The Germans defeated the Soviets in the
1209:
1204:
974:
6272:
2522:, which lasted until July, weakened the Soviets further and allowed the Germans to supply Army Group A across the
897:
8067:
7908:
7897:
7726:
7485:
7444:
7337:
7275:
6655:
5925:
5794:
5762:
2510:. The operation was scheduled for 12 May, just prior to a planned German offensive in the area. The ensuing
2337:
783:
340:
214:
6442:
6010:
4582:
8453:
8425:
8303:
8096:
7326:
6777:
6703:
6492:
5863:
5582:
5487:
5372:
5193:
3422:
2492:
1280:
1124:
17:
4612:"WorldWar2.ro – Romanian Armed Forces in the Second World War – The 3rd Army in the Caucasus – 1942"
8513:
8446:
8397:
8328:
8153:
7652:
7603:
7367:
7360:
6963:
6724:
6508:
5561:
3391:
2515:
2468:
2192:
2134:
1361:
1351:
1241:
993:
3274:
and also the farthest point of Axis advance into the Caucasus. This victory earned the Romanian General the
3082:, List's Army Group A recaptured Rostov, the "gate to the Caucasus", on 23 July 1942 relatively easily. The
1566:
for two purposes: to enable the Germans to re-supply their low fuel stock and also to deny their use to the
8587:
8483:
7858:
7812:
6731:
6559:
6544:
6471:
6450:
6268:
5946:
5732:
5725:
5709:
5420:
5379:
5351:
3671:
3661:
3618:
1800:
1314:
1069:
1032:
937:
846:
397:
229:
43:
3593:
Stavka to believe that they could deal a fatal blow to the Germans and decide the war in southern Russia.
3218:
8550:
7874:
7819:
7437:
7409:
7262:
6877:
6856:
6370:
6033:
5939:
5429:
3784:
3401:
advance on Stalingrad was also impeded by supply shortages caused by the poor state of Soviet roads. The
3090:
After crossing the Don on 25 July, Army Group A fanned out on a 200 km (120 mi) front from the
2218:
2208:
2198:
2154:
2052:
1827:
The Caucasus, a large, culturally diverse region traversed by its eponymous mountains, is bounded by the
1742:
5243:
Last Victory in Russia: The SS-Panzerkorps and Manstein's Kharkov Counteroffensive – February–March 1943
8660:
8608:
8348:
7837:
7756:
7701:
7589:
7545:
7195:
6821:
6745:
6640:
6517:
6389:
6382:
6342:
6315:
6047:
5980:
5575:
5386:
5316:
5177:
Javrishvili K., Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists, Translated by Michael P. Willis, 2017.
3314:
3120:
was captured and German mountain troops hoisted the Nazi flag on the highest mountain of the Caucasus,
1346:
1308:
1074:
2514:
ended in disaster for the Soviets, severely weakening their mobile forces. At the same time, the Axis
8250:
8167:
7952:
7805:
7777:
7610:
7515:
7305:
6738:
5805:
5459:
2943:
2188:
2114:
2110:
1782:) had begun to develop plans for a follow-up campaign to the aborted Barbarossa offensive – with the
1444:
1341:
949:
917:
892:
6003:
8670:
7989:
7966:
7211:
7012:
7005:
6662:
6322:
6294:
6287:
5674:
4946:
Axworthy, Mark (September–October 1999). "Flank Guard: Romania's Advance on Stalingrad, Part Two".
3550:
was created to fill the gap between Army Groups A and B. On 12 December, a relief operation called
3414:
3410:
3367:
3184:
was taken on 13 August. In the south, the German advance was stopped north of Grozny, after taking
2809:
2775:
2758:
2655:
2608:
2595:
2511:
1260:
1052:
6019:
5996:
8665:
8411:
8355:
8225:
8085:
7763:
7416:
7312:
7218:
6786:
6647:
6617:
6581:
6566:
6438:
6330:
6308:
6254:
6240:
6222:
5886:
5667:
5395:
5344:
3623:
3507:
aircraft were withdrawn to the Mediterranean in early November to support the Axis operations in
3078:
2792:
2642:
2349:
2344:
1738:
1622:
1512:
1481:
1449:
1427:
1319:
1136:
1098:
1086:
969:
954:
2987:
8103:
7996:
7791:
7742:
7645:
7538:
7508:
7291:
7179:
6905:
6696:
6280:
6261:
6231:
5778:
5748:
3703:
3666:
3551:
3258:
3112:
sufficiently destroyed by the Red Army to take about a year to be repaired. Shortly afterwards
3059:
3007:
2676:
2 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 1 rifle brigade, 20 tank brigades (2 Guards), 6 cavalry divisions
2281:
1713:
on 23 July and swept south from the Don to the Caucasus, capturing the demolished oilfields at
1677:
commenced. The Soviet collapse in the south allowed the Germans to capture the western part of
1454:
1214:
1187:
1064:
907:
806:
795:
679:
653:
373:
8594:
8317:
8160:
8056:
8026:
7982:
7851:
7715:
7680:
7673:
7596:
7494:
6935:
6912:
6759:
6363:
5900:
5640:
5626:
5309:
5124:
3353:
3022:
2472:
2418:
2408:
2369:
2272:
2231:
2144:
2092:
1698:
1608:
1459:
1192:
1181:
932:
295:
6198:
5271:
Der globale Krieg: Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel zur Initiative 1941 bis 1943
5112:
Too Little Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production
3011:
560:
8418:
8273:
7924:
7881:
7844:
7770:
7580:
7559:
6478:
5955:
5633:
3695:
3476:
3448:
2963:
2959:
2519:
2488:
2413:
2167:
2099:
2003:, with Seventeenth Army on the western flank and Fourth Romanian Army on the eastern flank.
1767:
1694:
1574:
1476:
1247:
1129:
1080:
886:
458:
1975:
and continue the advance, anchoring the northern flank of the offensive towards the Volga.
912:
8:
8634:
8536:
8310:
8188:
8144:
7659:
6793:
6552:
6079:
5909:
5893:
5842:
3418:
3018:
2910:
from the Luftwaffe also played an important role in this early success. It contained the
2246:
2222:
1727:
1596:
1577:
failed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political and military threat the previous year,
1324:
1290:
1235:
4611:
1792:
8529:
8362:
8287:
8241:
8211:
8119:
7959:
7617:
7501:
7395:
7346:
7284:
7040:
6991:
6800:
6417:
6072:
5870:
5181:
5087:
3547:
3387:
3271:
2967:
2947:
2939:
2797:
2630:
2000:
1746:
1682:
1642:
1334:
1295:
1275:
1270:
1168:
943:
743:
686:
606:
512:
419:
169:
5275:
The Global War: The expansion of the war into a world war and the change of initiative
1599:, and one from the left flank to protect the first attack, moving in the direction of
8520:
8404:
8294:
8234:
8195:
8128:
8110:
8076:
8019:
7973:
7917:
7735:
7473:
7465:
7402:
7255:
6849:
6374:
5835:
5814:
5524:
5288:
5246:
5227:
5208:
5189:
5159:
5129:
5093:
5072:
5046:
5027:
5008:
4989:
4968:
4951:
4932:
3523:
3133:
2966:
both became stranded during the opening phase. Once again, as it had done during the
2907:
2780:
2751:
2507:
2503:
2452:
2357:
2236:
2178:
1964:
1856:
1804:
1730:
but attacks on Baku were prevented by the insufficient range of the German fighters.
1666:
1588:
1219:
1047:
595:
572:
351:
3212:
Further east, the Axis enjoyed greater success and on 1 September, the Germans took
2328:
8439:
8432:
8376:
8040:
7798:
7784:
7687:
7624:
7575:
7388:
7241:
7188:
6998:
6949:
6863:
6086:
6063:
5596:
5060:
3627:
3602:
3577:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3383:
3375:
3349:
3132:
supporting the southern front, only reconnaissance aircraft being left behind. The
2868:
2846:
2763:
2692:
2660:
2602:
4 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades, 1 cavalry division
2484:
2172:
2104:
1984:
1816:
1775:
1734:
1690:
1614:
1498:
1466:
1373:
1367:
1356:
1329:
1265:
1173:
1026:
1015:
988:
980:
959:
902:
635:
584:
549:
516:
430:
329:
318:
5605:
3498:, ordered his troops to "hug" the Germans, negating German tactical mobility. The
27:
1942 German plan to further invade the Soviet Union following Operation Barbarossa
8462:
8174:
8089:
8047:
7945:
7888:
7749:
7531:
7522:
7051:
6626:
6602:
5856:
4983:
4243:
3649:
3371:
3263:
3169:
2915:
2523:
2403:
2290:
2123:
1967:) and the Second Army, supported by the Second Hungarian Army, would attack from
1799:. The directive outlined the main goals of the 1942 summer campaign on Germany's
1543:
1378:
1285:
1147:
1112:
1037:
927:
362:
111:
8574:
4962:
3244:
1645:
to reach the Baku oil fields, while Army Group B protected its flanks along the
8622:
8469:
8005:
7931:
5969:
5828:
5125:
Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942–1943
5064:
3606:
3594:
3539:
3495:
3463:
2951:
2613:
2588:
2476:
2307:
2300:
1899:
1733:
However, the Red Army defeated the Germans at Stalingrad, following Operations
1641:). Army Group A was tasked with fulfilling Operation Edelweiss by crossing the
1505:
1091:
922:
501:
471:
282:
5069:
To the Gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942
8644:
8280:
6191:
6040:
5879:
5163:
5114:. Lawrence, KS: The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 94–135.
5071:. The Stalingrad Trilogy. Vol. I. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
4955:
4585:
World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (5 volumes)
3568:
3437:
3232:
3096:
2975:
2911:
2625:
2580:
2460:
2448:
2158:
1923:
1906:
1852:
1710:
1686:
770:
673:
445:
408:
199:
95:
4965:
Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945
8579:
8383:
6669:
6574:
6205:
5568:
5332:
5119:
5107:
3780:
3527:
3452:
3173:
3121:
3030:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2838:
2684:
2397:
2389:
2319:
2258:
2212:
2202:
2182:
2148:
2128:
2084:
1960:
1868:
1835:
to the east. The region north of the mountains was a production center for
1630:
1626:
1578:
1567:
1547:
1391:
1042:
730:
663:
385:
307:
269:
247:
153:
115:
47:
5205:
Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943
3795:
Captured at Stalingrad 31 January 1943, died in captivity 9 February 1944.
2529:
The Red Army order of battle at the start of the campaign was as follows:
8218:
8204:
7866:
6528:
6349:
6334:
5688:
3617:
The Kharkov and Donbas operations were started on 25 February by the new
3279:
3193:
3091:
3069:
2029:
1832:
1722:
1658:
1570:, thereby bringing about the complete collapse of the Soviet war effort.
65:
3227:. During August and September, German patrols raided the railway around
3029:
There is no evidence Hitler was opposed by, or received complaints from
2852:
Aviation divisions: 5 fighter, 2 ground attack, 2 bomber, 2 night bomber
2728:
2698:
Aviation divisions: 3 fighter, 4 ground attack, 2 bomber, 1 night bomber
7566:
7319:
7298:
6184:
5517:
5445:
5224:
Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe
3300:
3113:
2938:
By 5 July, forward elements of Fourth Panzer Army had reached the
1860:
1771:
1600:
99:
5144:
2010:
The offensive was to be conducted across the southern Russian (Kuban)
7234:
7031:
6842:
6633:
6588:
5262:
Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945 Teilband II
3871:
The Seventeenth Army of Army Group A stayed in the Kuban bridgehead.
3726:
from 10 September 1942 until 22 November 1942, when Kleist took over.
3224:
3117:
3104:
2480:
1943:
1910:
1883:
1828:
1808:
1702:
1650:
1604:
1535:
6109:
3823:
Executed by firing squad in Yugoslavia for war crimes February 1947.
3750:
Took command upon Weichs being raised to army group command 17 July.
3584:
The Soviets launched several follow-up offensives, later called the
1583:
6093:
5821:
3598:
3597:, conducted by the Voronezh Front, was aimed at Kharkov, Kursk and
3291:
3003:
reorganized Army Group South into two smaller Army Groups, A and B;
2830:
8 tank brigades, 2 independent tank battalions, 3 cavalry divisions
2565:
1972:
1887:
1783:
1678:
1662:
107:
91:
5145:"The Slovak Army: 1939–1945 Part 2: The Russian Campaign 1940–43"
3812:
3610:
3267:
3249:
3228:
3201:
1988:
1918:
1864:
3766:
Surrendered remains of Sixth Army at Stalingrad 31 January 1943.
3248:
operating a 2 cm anti-aircraft gun in the Central Caucasus near
2786:
8 rifle divisions, 7 tank brigades, 1 independent tank battalion
814:
794:
350,000 (excluding 150,000 casualties in the first phase of the
6710:
5301:
5152:
Journal of the Czechoslovak Philatelic Society of Great Britain
4382:
4298:
3287:
3283:
3181:
3177:
3165:
3087:
enormous amounts of fuel to transfer the army by air and road.
3034:
2433:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1718:
1714:
1670:
1563:
1559:
4408:
4406:
3576:
Following the success of Operation Uranus, the Red Army began
1999:: First Panzer Army would then strike south towards the lower
6898:
4963:
Axworthy, Mark; Scafes, Cornel; Craciunoiu, Cristian (1995).
3855:
Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned March 1943.
3100:
2011:
1968:
1895:
1891:
1836:
1750:
1646:
1587:
of Nazi Germany, recognized that Germany was now locked in a
103:
1902:, and sugar beets, all essential in the production of food.
4403:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3161:
2817:
1914:
1879:
1875:
1843:
and heavy farm machinery, while its two main oilfields, at
1654:
1551:
61:
5024:
Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943
3863:
Relieved for military incompetence and reassigned 22 July.
4519:
4137:
3831:
Died of a brain tumor in American captivity 12 July 1945.
3494:
air superiority, the commander of the 62nd Army, General
1779:
8691:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Romania
8676:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Hungary
4206:
4116:
3942:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3894:
3892:
3742:
Took command upon Bock being relieved by Hitler 17 July.
3511:. Sixth Army had captured about 90 percent of the city.
3176:
naval base were captured. The Germans continued towards
2769:
7 rifle divisions (1 Guards), 5 tank brigades (1 Guards)
1649:
by fulfilling Operation Fischreiher. Supported by 2,035
5059:
5043:
Stalingrad 1942–43 (I): The German Advance to the Volga
3811:
Committed suicide October 1944 following arrest by the
3522:
per division. The bulk of the German tank reserve, the
3010:
to advance to the Caucasus and capture the oil fields (
8696:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Italy
5963:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
4449:
4447:
4445:
4363:
4361:
3803:
Executed by firing squad for war crimes November 1947.
2803:
8 rifle divisions, 1 tank brigade, 3 cavalry divisions
1770:
with the intention of defeating the Soviet Union in a
8606:
4492:"'Die Brandenburger' Kommandotruppe und Frontverband"
4023:
3904:
3889:
3072:
armored half-track on the Russian steppe, August 1942
1753:
region remained tentatively occupied by Axis troops.
1697:
to the city itself in late August. Nonstop Luftwaffe
5259:
5089:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
4494:(in German). German Federal Archives. Archived from
3526:, consisted of about 180 tanks, half being obsolete
3421:, forcing the Italian Eighth Army to fall back. The
2666:
6 rifle divisions, 3 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades
2649:
6 rifle divisions, 2 rifle brigades, 2 tank brigades
5240:
5005:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
4489:
4442:
4358:
4246:indicates these units were mainly in combat during
2872:The German advance from 7 May to 18 November 1942.
2360:, 1,610 aircraft (61%), supported Army Group South.
8701:Battles involving the Independent State of Croatia
5264:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen.
4597:Schramm (1963), p. 65. and Hayward (2001), p. 174.
3390:. After crossing the Don, the Germans advanced on
2619:5 rifle divisions, 1 rifle brigade, 1 tank brigade
1546:between 28 June and 24 November 1942, during
3605:was conducted by the South-western Front against
3378:broke through and reached the Don, where the new
1550:. The objective was to capture the oil fields of
8642:
5085:
3758:KIA 3 October at Storoshewoje on the Middle Don.
2982:
1950:The German plan involved a three-staged attack:
1542:plan for the 1942 strategic summer offensive in
805:(including casualties in the first phase of the
8686:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
5287:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 761–1094.
4427:Battle of Caucasus: Case for Georgian Alpinists
3622:prepared a counter-offensive, which led to the
2935:Air Armies, compared to a German total of 175.
2506:, supported by the Southern Front commanded by
3256:On 2 November 1942, Romanian mountain troops (
3188:on 25 August. German paratroopers assisted an
2498:With the German thrust expected in the north,
60:German troops take cover behind a knocked out
5317:
5118:
5106:
4926:
4242:Bergström 2007, p. 60, list of Red Air Force
3722:Army Group A was under direct command of the
3318:(OKL) to inflict as much damage as possible.
3053:
2904:confidence for the upcoming major offensive.
1407:
830:
82:(4 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
5180:
4876:Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas
4412:
4388:
4304:
3572:Soviet forces during Operation Little Saturn
3021:to attack towards the Volga and Stalingrad (
1871:'s oil—about 24 million tons in 1942 alone.
1421:
4424:
4109:
4107:
3282:. On 5 November, Alagir was seized and the
3139:
2495:, though not all existed at the same time.
5324:
5310:
5221:
3955:
3306:
2958:units unable to execute their orders. The
2942:near Voronezh and became embroiled in the
2014:utilizing the following Army Group units:
1414:
1400:
837:
823:
774:
205:
8656:Battles of World War II involving Hungary
5021:
4605:
4603:
3262:) under the command of Brigadier General
3048:
2820:motorized rifle division, 3 tank brigades
1946:infantry and armor advancing, Summer 1942
1882:, as well as nonferrous and rare metals.
748:
220:
175:
160:
144:
5128:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
5092:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
4985:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943
4945:
4861:
4859:
4849:
4847:
4104:
4079:
4077:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3567:
3480:
3431:
3357:
3237:
3143:
3063:
2986:
2867:
1938:
803:4,862 tanks and SPG destroyed or damaged
5202:
5040:
5002:
4342:
4340:
4212:
4122:
3998:
3996:
3915:
3898:
3783:and was killed in action 12 October at
3490:the defenders an advantage. To counter
3470:
3462:Sixth Army advanced from the north via
3296:German 16th Motorized Infantry Division
3223:(Хулхута́), halfway between Elista and
3196:bank in front (north) of the city. The
3180:on the Black Sea coast and in the east
1766:On 22 June 1941, Germany launched
761:
190:
14:
8643:
7178:
7156:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5268:
4981:
4878:(MPG Books Ltd, London, 2003), p. 278.
4693:
4691:
4600:
4525:
4375:
4373:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4143:
4029:
3338:
3160:headed in the direction of Grozny and
1874:The Caucasus also possessed plentiful
8034:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
7459:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
7105:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7061:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6159:Rape during the occupation of Germany
5305:
4908:
4856:
4844:
4609:
4074:
4040:
4038:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3926:
3924:
3514:On 19 November, the Soviets launched
3485:Street fighting in the destroyed city
3362:Advance towards Stalingrad at the Don
1395:
818:
8681:Military campaigns involving Germany
7149:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
6174:Rape during the liberation of France
5284:Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt
5142:
4881:
4868:
4337:
4289:
4128:
3993:
3586:Voronezh-Kharkov Strategic Offensive
3168:retreat. From August–September, the
3076:With air support from the Ju 87s of
1709:In the south, Army Group A captured
5245:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing.
4967:. London: Arms & Armour Press.
4688:
4370:
4188:
4176:
3563:
2999:Directive No. 45 on July 23, 1942:
2383:Southern Sector (Caucasus campaign)
1959:: Fourth Panzer Army, commanded by
24:
7375:German invasion of the Netherlands
5648:Weather events during World War II
4062:Hayward (2001), pp. xvii, 2–5, 18.
4035:
3961:
3921:
1681:on 6 July and reach and cross the
25:
8712:
8013:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3407:Stalingrad Transport Region force
844:
8628:
8616:
8573:
5331:
5279:Germany and the Second World War
4769:Glantz (1995), pp. 122–123, 149.
3276:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
3039:Italian Army in the Soviet Union
2863:
2858:
2727:
2715:
2564:
2552:
2533:Northern Sector (Volga campaign)
2426:
2368:
2078:Northern Sector (Volga campaign)
2063:
2051:
2028:
1822:
1756:
913:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
776:
763:
750:
742:
729:
685:
672:
662:
629:
611:
600:
589:
578:
565:
554:
543:
525:
506:
495:
477:
464:
451:
438:
424:
413:
402:
391:
378:
367:
356:
345:
334:
323:
312:
301:
288:
275:
262:
240:
222:
207:
192:
177:
162:
146:
54:
4920:
4899:
4890:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4700:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4591:
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4510:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4433:
4418:
4394:
4349:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4167:
4158:
4149:
4095:
4086:
4065:
4056:
4047:
4014:
4005:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3716:
2537:Armies deployed north to south:
2516:clearing of the Kerch Peninsula
2338:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
2070:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
8260:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
5956:Territorial changes of Germany
5864:Indonesian National Revolution
3933:
3880:
3684:
3116:was taken. On 12 August,
1934:
13:
1:
7653:Japanese invasion of Thailand
7604:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
7368:German invasion of Luxembourg
5742:Mediterranean and Middle East
5260:Schramm, Percy Ernst (1963).
5026:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan.
4931:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
4610:Pusca, Dragos; Nitu, Victor.
4564:Schramm (1963), pp. 639, 671.
4286:Hayward (2001), pp. 147, 149.
3874:
3590:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive
2983:Splitting of Army Group South
2707:Southwestern Front ground and
1761:
1625:was divided into Army Groups
7560:Invasion of the Soviet Union
7249:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
6560:Independent State of Croatia
5241:Nipe, George M. Jr. (2000).
5022:Bergström, Christer (2007).
4865:Nipe (2000), pp. 54–64, 100.
4667:Hayward (2001), pp. 179–180.
4631:Schramm (1963), pp. 719–723.
3672:Reichskommissariat Kaukasien
3662:Oil campaign of World War II
3558:
3103:was captured on 31 July and
2245:VII Army Corps (Wehrmacht) (
7:
8551:End of World War II in Asia
8391:Western invasion of Germany
7898:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
7875:Second Battle of El Alamein
7438:Hundred Regiments Offensive
7410:Battle of the Mediterranean
7263:Italian invasion of Albania
5430:Air warfare of World War II
5281:(in German). Vol. VI.
5222:Mercatante, Steven (2012).
4853:Glantz (1995), pp. 143–147.
4814:Glantz (1995), pp. 140–141.
4778:Axworthy (1995), pp. 85–89.
4742:Beevor (1999), pp. 115–118.
4259:Glantz (2009), pp. 149–153.
4113:Glantz (1995), pp. 111–113.
4020:Glantz (1995), pp. 108–110.
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3717:
3655:
3633:
3443:dive bomber over Stalingrad
3374:Soviet Armies. On 26 July,
3343:
2139:W. Langermann und Erlenkamp
1983:: Sixth Army, commanded by
1929:
652:1,570,287-1.805.000 (incl.
10:
8717:
8477:Naval bombardment of Japan
7838:First Battle of El Alamein
7757:Battle of Christmas Island
7702:Japanese invasion of Burma
7466:Italian invasion of Greece
7382:German invasion of Belgium
7354:German invasion of Denmark
7327:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
7196:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
5453:Comparative military ranks
3939:Bergström 2007, pp. 49–50.
3474:
3347:
3315:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe
3200:was unable to support the
3057:
3054:Breaking into the Caucasus
2944:battle to capture the city
2171:(General der Panzertruppe
1847:, near the Black Sea, and
80:28 June – 24 November 1942
8651:Battles involving Hungary
8566:
8398:Bratislava–Brno offensive
8338:
8329:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
8066:
7953:Allied invasion of Sicily
7907:
7806:Aleutian Islands campaign
7778:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
7725:
7716:Greek famine of 1941–1944
7611:Second Battle of Changsha
7516:German invasion of Greece
7484:
7361:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
7336:
7274:
7169:
7050:
6776:
6686:
6527:
6230:
6221:
5979:
5804:
5696:North and Central Pacific
5657:
5419:
5412:
5339:
5203:Liedtke, Gregory (2016).
5182:Liddell Hart, Basil Henry
5143:Holt, David (June 2009).
5086:Glantz, David M. (1995).
4988:. London: Penguin Books.
4914:Antill (2007), pp. 24–25.
4787:Antill (2007), pp. 73–75.
4760:Antill (2007), pp. 51–67.
4733:Antill (2007), pp. 45–51.
4685:Antill (2007), pp. 44–45.
4676:Hayward 1995, pp. 94–135.
4587:, ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 1422
4490:German Federal Archives.
4462:Antill (2007), pp. 13–14.
4083:Antill (2007), pp. 31–32.
4002:Antill (2007), pp. 87–88.
3644:Hitler's indecisiveness.
2974:in 1941, the Luftwaffe's
2431:The Soviet army command (
1741:. This defeat forced the
1435:
854:
722:
642:
254:
134:
72:
53:
41:
36:
7990:Allied invasion of Italy
7967:Solomon Islands campaign
7709:Third Battle of Changsha
7306:First Battle of Changsha
7212:Second Sino-Japanese War
6145:German military brothels
6011:United States war crimes
5186:The German Generals Talk
5041:Forczyk, Robert (2021).
4841:Schramm (1963), p. 1318.
4425:Javrishvili, K. (2017).
4011:Antill (2007), pp. 7–12.
3690:Around 6,000 men of the
3677:
3140:Battle for the oilfields
2544:Bryansk Front ground and
2512:Second Battle of Kharkov
2193:W. von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
126:Axis operational failure
64:light tank and beside a
8412:Second Guangxi campaign
8267:Philippines (1944–1945)
7764:Battle of the Coral Sea
7667:Fall of the Philippines
7313:Battle of South Guangxi
7219:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
6618:Italian Social Republic
5003:Bellamy, Chris (2007).
4982:Beevor, Antony (1999).
4832:Nipe (2000), pp. 18–21.
4649:Hayward (2001), p. 179.
4640:Hayward (2001), p. 172.
4573:Hayward (2001), p. 171.
4555:Schramm (1963), p. 667.
4546:Hayward (2001), p. 170.
4537:Hayward (2001), p. 169.
4516:Hayward (2001), p. 167.
4480:Schramm (1963), p. 639.
4471:Schramm (1963), p. 583.
4400:Hayward (2001), p. 147.
4355:Hayward (2001), p. 152.
4346:Hayward (2001), p. 156.
4316:Hayward (2001), p. 145.
4277:Hayward (2001), p. 143.
4268:Hayward (2001), p. 142.
4233:Hayward (2001), p. 135.
4155:Bellamy (2007), p. 498.
4134:Hayward (2001), p. 129.
4101:Hayward (2001), p. 131.
4053:Axworthy (1995), p. 19.
3708:Light Transport Brigade
3700:369th Infantry Regiment
3624:Third Battle of Kharkov
3307:Luftwaffe oil offensive
3156:In the south-east, the
3134:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily
3079:Sturzkampfgeschwader 77
2296:II Corps (G. Zanghieri)
2242:III Corps (G. Rakovsky)
711:16,500 artillery pieces
341:C. Constantinescu-Claps
7997:Armistice of Cassibile
7792:Battle of Dutch Harbor
7743:Battle of the Java Sea
7646:Attack on Pearl Harbor
7546:Syria–Lebanon campaign
7539:Battle of South Shanxi
7509:Invasion of Yugoslavia
7292:Battle of the Atlantic
6906:Korean Liberation Army
6612:(until September 1943)
6569:(until September 1944)
6547:(until September 1944)
5207:. Helion and Company.
4927:Antill, Peter (2007).
4896:Glantz (1995), p. 132.
4887:Glantz (1995), p. 141.
4796:Glantz (1995), p. 134.
4724:Bergström 2007, p. 73.
4715:Beevor (1999), p. 106.
4697:Bergström 2007, p. 62.
4658:Bergström 2007, p. 84.
4453:Glantz (1995), p. 122.
4439:Glantz (1995), p. 120.
4367:Glantz (1995), p. 121.
4325:Bergström 2007, p. 67.
4295:Glantz (1995), p. 119.
4164:Glantz (1995), p. 301.
4092:Glantz (1995), p. 110.
3667:Operation Braunschweig
3573:
3552:Operation Winter Storm
3546:) under Field Marshal
3486:
3444:
3417:counter-attacked near
3363:
3253:
3190:insurgency in Chechnya
3153:
3073:
3060:Battle of the Caucasus
3049:Army Group A: Caucasus
2992:
2897:
2473:North Caucasian Fronts
2264:VII Corps (E. Gyimesi)
2035:Maximillian von Weichs
1947:
1805:Army Group (AG) Centre
1803:: holding attacks for
1721:on 13 August near the
1669:a German offensive on
807:Battle of the Caucasus
796:Battle of the Caucasus
374:Wolfram von Richthofen
255:Commanders and leaders
68:halftrack, summer 1942
8161:Second Battle of Guam
8057:Bengal famine of 1943
8027:Second Battle of Kiev
7983:Battle of the Dnieper
7852:Kokoda Track campaign
7681:Battle of Wake Island
7553:East African campaign
7495:Battle of South Henan
7140:atrocities by Germans
6913:Korean Volunteer Army
5887:Occupation of Germany
5641:Music in World War II
5007:. London: Pan Books.
4905:Antill (2007), p. 43.
4823:Antill (2007), p. 78.
4751:Antill (2007), p. 55.
4379:Antill (2007), p. 39.
4334:Antill (2007), p. 41.
4224:Beevor (1999), p. 75.
4203:Antill (2007), p. 49.
4185:Antill (2007), p. 37.
4173:Antill (2007), p. 34.
4071:Bellamy 2007, p. 497.
4044:Hayward (2001), p. 2.
3976:Antill (2007), p. 40.
3930:Antill (2007), p. 29.
3571:
3520:modern anti-tank guns
3484:
3435:
3361:
3354:Bombing of Stalingrad
3348:Further information:
3241:
3147:
3067:
3023:Operation Fischreiher
2990:
2871:
2816:5 rifle divisions, 1
2395:Generalfeldmarschall
2335:Generalfeldmarschall
2232:Hungarian Second Army
2145:XXXXVIII Panzer Corps
2093:Maximilian von Weichs
2090:Generalfeldmarschall
1942:
1811:and the link-up with
1665:troops opposite, who
1609:Operation Fischreiher
723:Casualties and losses
296:Maximilian von Weichs
8447:Surrender of Germany
7925:Battle of West Hubei
7882:Guadalcanal campaign
7845:Battle of Stalingrad
7771:Battle of Madagascar
6538:Albania protectorate
6325:(formerly Swaziland)
6034:Wehrmacht war crimes
5850:Expulsion of Germans
5634:Art and World War II
5532:British contribution
5481:Governments in exile
5188:. New York: Morrow.
3477:Battle of Stalingrad
3471:Battle of Stalingrad
3449:Battle of Stalingrad
3099:"Not a step back!".
3068:German troops and a
3035:Italian Alpine Corps
2964:24th Panzer Division
2960:23rd Panzer Division
2895: to 18 November
2752:Semyon K. Timoshenko
2722:Semyon K. Timoshenko
2520:Battle of Sevastopol
2489:Transcaucasian Front
2439:23rd Panzer Division
2287:Arrived 11–15 August
2273:Romanian Fourth Army
2045:Luftwaffe commanders
1987:, would attack from
1831:to the west and the
1768:Operation Barbarossa
1745:to retreat from the
1575:Operation Barbarossa
1494:Voronezh-Kastornensk
459:Aleksandr Vasilevsky
8537:Potsdam Declaration
8426:Italy (Spring 1945)
8189:Liberation of Paris
7639:Siege of Sevastopol
6650:(until August 1944)
6553:Wang Jingwei regime
6375:from September 1943
6335:from September 1944
6273:from September 1944
6133:Romanian war crimes
6124:Persecution of Jews
6110:Croatian war crimes
6080:Japanese war crimes
5894:Occupation of Japan
5843:First Indochina War
5555:Military production
5467:Declarations of war
4805:Nipe (2000), p. 15.
4583:Spencer C. Tucker,
4528:, pp. 942–953.
4498:on 10 November 2011
4391:, pp. 201–203.
4307:, pp. 204–205.
4146:, pp. 868–869.
3990:Nipe (2000), p. 33.
3886:Holt (2009), p. 47.
3774:A set of plans for
3692:Croatian Home Guard
3427:Novo-Grigoryevskaja
3339:Army Group B: Volga
2970:in April 1940, and
2847:Timofei T. Khriukin
2734:Timofei T. Khriukin
2709:aviation commanders
2693:Stepan Y. Krasovsky
2571:Stepan Y. Krasovsky
2546:aviation commanders
2526:through the Kuban.
2414:Third Romanian Army
2282:Italian Eighth Army
2253:Arrived 21–25 July:
1728:oilfields at Grozny
1653:aircraft and 1,934
1597:Operation Edelweiss
1489:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
1120:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
1021:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
739:700 tanks destroyed
680:Italian Eighth Army
656:from early August)
654:Italian Eighth Army
8530:Surrender of Japan
8363:Battle of Iwo Jima
8212:Belgrade offensive
7618:Siege of Leningrad
7502:Battle of Shanggao
7431:British Somaliland
7396:Dunkirk evacuation
7347:Norwegian campaign
7285:Invasion of Poland
7112:Japanese prisoners
6073:Italian war crimes
6004:British war crimes
5919:Soviet occupations
5703:South-West Pacific
5590:Allied cooperation
5548:Military equipment
5045:. Oxford: Osprey.
3574:
3548:Erich von Manstein
3487:
3445:
3364:
3272:Kabardino-Balkaria
3254:
3172:and a part of the
3154:
3074:
3012:Operation Edelweiß
2993:
2968:Norwegian Campaign
2898:
2744:Southwestern Front
2518:together with the
2237:Vitéz Gusztáv Jány
2124:Fourth Panzer Army
1963:(transferred from
1948:
1643:Caucasus Mountains
1593:oil fields of Baku
1315:Western Carpathian
1255:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
1225:1st Jassy–Kishinev
1210:Leningrad–Novgorod
1205:Dnieper–Carpathian
607:Feofan Parkhomenko
513:Alexander Lizyukov
420:Erich von Manstein
8661:Conflicts in 1942
8604:
8603:
8562:
8561:
8405:Battle of Okinawa
8304:Burma (1944–1945)
8138:Mariana and Palau
7918:Tunisian campaign
7736:Fall of Singapore
7660:Fall of Hong Kong
7403:Battle of Britain
7256:Operation Himmler
7165:
7164:
6829:Dutch East Indies
6465:Southern Rhodesia
6217:
6216:
6117:Genocide of Serbs
6020:German war crimes
5997:Soviet war crimes
5990:Allied war crimes
5836:Division of Korea
5815:Chinese Civil War
5613:Strategic bombing
5525:Manhattan Project
5214:978-0-313-39592-5
5078:978-0-7006-1630-5
5065:Jonathan M. House
5052:978-1-47284-265-7
5033:978-1-85780-276-4
5014:978-0-330-48808-2
4938:978-1-84603-028-4
4413:Liddell Hart 1948
4389:Liddell Hart 1948
4305:Liddell Hart 1948
4215:, pp. 24–26.
4125:, pp. 26–27.
3524:48th Panzer Corps
3270:, the capital of
3259:Vânători de munte
2908:Close air support
2889: to 1 August
2599:(G.A. Khaliuzin)
2589:Filipp I. Golikov
2559:Filipp I. Golikov
2508:Rodion Malinovsky
2504:Semyon Timoshenko
2453:Operation Kremlin
2404:First Panzer Army
2358:Army Group Centre
2235:(Colonel-General
2223:H. von Obstfelder
2179:XXXX Panzer Corps
2135:XXIV Panzer Corps
1965:Army Group Centre
1807:, the capture of
1521:
1520:
1389:
1388:
813:
812:
707:2,959–3,720 tanks
705:
596:Kirill Moskalenko
573:Semyon Timoshenko
561:Stepan Kraskovsky
484:Grigory Khalyuzin
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
8708:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8612:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8580:World portal
8578:
8577:
8553:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8523:
8516:
8509:
8500:
8493:
8486:
8479:
8472:
8465:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8440:Prague offensive
8435:
8433:Battle of Berlin
8428:
8421:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8379:
8377:Vienna offensive
8372:
8365:
8358:
8356:Battle of Manila
8351:
8331:
8322:
8313:
8306:
8297:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8255:
8246:
8237:
8230:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8140:
8133:
8124:
8115:
8106:
8099:
8097:Korsun–Cherkassy
8092:
8081:
8059:
8050:
8043:
8036:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8008:
7999:
7992:
7985:
7978:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7939:Bombing of Gorky
7934:
7927:
7920:
7900:
7893:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7822:
7815:
7808:
7801:
7799:Battle of Midway
7794:
7787:
7785:Battle of Gazala
7780:
7773:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7718:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7695:Battle of Borneo
7690:
7688:Malayan campaign
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7632:Bombing of Gorky
7627:
7625:Battle of Moscow
7620:
7613:
7606:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7525:
7518:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7477:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7389:Battle of France
7384:
7377:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7301:
7294:
7287:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7242:Munich Agreement
7237:
7230:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7198:
7191:
7176:
7175:
7158:
7151:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7127:Soviet prisoners
7121:
7114:
7107:
7098:
7091:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7067:German prisoners
7063:
7043:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6938:
6931:
6924:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6741:
6734:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6598:
6596:French Indochina
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6540:
6520:
6511:
6504:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6443:from August 1944
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6326:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6228:
6227:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6169:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6087:Nanjing Massacre
6082:
6075:
6066:
6064:Nuremberg trials
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5905:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5797:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5668:Asia and Pacific
5650:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5597:Mulberry harbour
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5439:
5432:
5417:
5416:
5405:
5398:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5265:
5256:
5237:
5218:
5199:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5149:
5139:
5115:
5103:
5082:
5061:Glantz, David M.
5056:
5037:
5018:
4999:
4978:
4959:
4942:
4915:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4854:
4851:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4607:
4598:
4595:
4589:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4440:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4368:
4365:
4356:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4335:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4186:
4183:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3991:
3988:
3977:
3974:
3959:
3953:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3919:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3887:
3884:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3721:
3710:
3704:Italian 8th Army
3688:
3628:Kuban bridgehead
3603:Operation Gallop
3578:Operation Saturn
3564:Operation Saturn
3544:Heeresgruppe Don
3516:Operation Uranus
3376:XIV Panzer Corps
3350:Battle of Kalach
3303:could be taken.
3252:, September 1942
3222:
2894:
2888:
2883: to 22 July
2882:
2876:
2798:F.A. Parkhomenko
2731:
2719:
2633:) (KIA 23 July)
2586:Generalleutnant
2568:
2556:
2485:Stalingrad Front
2409:Seventeenth Army
2372:
2173:Friedrich Paulus
2105:Hans von Salmuth
2067:
2055:
2032:
1985:Friedrich Paulus
1793:Führer Directive
1717:on 9 August and
1691:Battle of Kalach
1667:wrongly expected
1619:Heeresgruppe Süd
1615:Army Group South
1589:war of attrition
1541:
1430:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1281:Petsamo–Kirkenes
1159:Belgorod-Kharkov
1125:Voronezh–Kharkov
849:
839:
832:
825:
816:
815:
786:
782:
780:
779:
773:
769:
767:
766:
760:
756:
754:
753:
747:
746:
734:
733:
703:
690:
689:
677:
676:
667:
666:
638:
636:Timofei Khriukin
634:
633:
632:
626:
616:
615:
614:
605:
604:
603:
594:
593:
592:
585:Dmitry Ryabyshev
583:
582:
581:
570:
569:
568:
559:
558:
557:
550:Mikhail Parsegov
548:
547:
546:
540:
530:
529:
528:
521:
511:
510:
509:
500:
499:
498:
492:
482:
481:
480:
469:
468:
467:
456:
455:
454:
443:
442:
441:
433:
431:Petre Dumitrescu
429:
428:
427:
418:
417:
416:
407:
406:
405:
398:Ewald von Kleist
396:
395:
394:
383:
382:
381:
372:
371:
370:
361:
360:
359:
350:
349:
348:
339:
338:
337:
330:Friedrich Paulus
328:
327:
326:
319:Hans von Salmuth
317:
316:
315:
306:
305:
304:
293:
292:
291:
280:
279:
278:
267:
266:
265:
246:
244:
243:
232:
228:
226:
225:
217:
213:
211:
210:
202:
198:
196:
195:
187:
183:
181:
180:
172:
168:
166:
165:
156:
152:
150:
149:
74:
73:
58:
34:
33:
21:
8716:
8715:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8706:
8705:
8671:1942 in Ukraine
8641:
8640:
8639:
8629:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8607:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8586:
8572:
8570:
8558:
8549:
8542:
8535:
8528:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8496:
8491:Atomic bombings
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8431:
8424:
8417:
8410:
8403:
8396:
8389:
8382:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8347:
8334:
8327:
8316:
8309:
8302:
8293:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8249:
8240:
8233:
8224:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8194:
8187:
8182:Eastern Romania
8180:
8175:Warsaw Uprising
8173:
8168:Tannenberg Line
8166:
8159:
8154:Western Ukraine
8152:
8143:
8136:
8127:
8118:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8084:
8075:
8062:
8055:
8046:
8039:
8032:
8025:
8018:
8011:
8004:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7972:
7965:
7958:
7951:
7946:Battle of Kursk
7944:
7937:
7930:
7923:
7916:
7903:
7896:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7827:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7750:St Nazaire Raid
7748:
7741:
7734:
7721:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7595:
7588:
7574:
7565:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7532:Anglo-Iraqi War
7530:
7523:Battle of Crete
7521:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7493:
7480:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7452:Eastern Romania
7450:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7332:
7325:
7318:
7311:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7270:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7233:
7226:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7194:
7187:
7161:
7154:
7147:
7138:
7131:
7126:
7117:
7110:
7103:
7094:
7087:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7059:
7046:
7039:
7030:
7023:
7018:
7013:Western Ukraine
7011:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6957:Northeast China
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6656:Slovak Republic
6654:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6627:Empire of Japan
6625:
6616:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6543:
6536:
6523:
6516:
6507:
6500:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6369:
6362:
6355:
6348:
6341:
6329:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6213:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6172:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6139:Sexual violence
6138:
6131:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6099:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5908:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5869:
5862:
5857:Greek Civil War
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5682:South-East Asia
5680:
5673:
5666:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5541:Military awards
5539:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5435:
5428:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5366:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5330:
5295:
5253:
5234:
5215:
5196:
5168:
5166:
5147:
5136:
5100:
5079:
5053:
5034:
5015:
4996:
4975:
4939:
4929:Stalingrad 1942
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4874:Vego, Milan N.
4873:
4869:
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4840:
4836:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4443:
4438:
4434:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4244:order of battle
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3980:
3975:
3962:
3956:Mercatante 2012
3954:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3905:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3696:German 6th Army
3689:
3685:
3680:
3658:
3650:Battle of Kursk
3636:
3566:
3561:
3479:
3473:
3423:1st Guards Army
3356:
3346:
3341:
3309:
3264:Ioan Dumitrache
3216:
3170:Taman Peninsula
3152:in the Caucasus
3142:
3062:
3056:
3051:
2985:
2916:air superiority
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877: to 7 July
2874:
2866:
2861:
2839:Eighth Air Army
2813:(A.I. Danilov)
2781:K.S. Moskalenko
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2685:Second Air Army
2636:7 tank brigades
2576:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2535:
2524:Kerch Peninsula
2493:Caucasian Front
2429:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2341:(from 20 July)
2291:Italo Gariboldi
2219:XXIX Army Corps
2209:XVII Army Corps
2199:VIII Army Corps
2155:XIII Army Corps
2127:(Generaloberst
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2021:
1937:
1932:
1900:sunflower seeds
1825:
1772:quick offensive
1764:
1759:
1693:and the combat
1544:southern Russia
1539:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1431:
1422:
1420:
1390:
1385:
1379:Prague uprising
1362:Bratislava–Brno
1352:Moravia–Ostrava
1242:Lvov–Sandomierz
1070:Rzhev–Sychyovka
898:Białystok–Minsk
850:
845:
843:
804:
802:
790:
788:
777:
775:
764:
762:
751:
749:
741:
740:
738:
736:
728:
717:
712:
710:
708:
706:
701:
694:
684:
671:
661:
630:
628:
627:
620:
612:
610:
609:
601:
599:
598:
590:
588:
587:
579:
577:
576:
566:
564:
563:
555:
553:
552:
544:
542:
541:
534:
526:
524:
523:
517:
507:
505:
504:
496:
494:
493:
486:
478:
476:
475:
465:
463:
462:
452:
450:
449:
439:
437:
436:
425:
423:
422:
414:
412:
411:
403:
401:
400:
392:
390:
389:
379:
377:
376:
368:
366:
365:
363:Italo Gariboldi
357:
355:
354:
346:
344:
343:
335:
333:
332:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
310:
302:
300:
299:
289:
287:
286:
276:
274:
273:
263:
261:
260:
241:
239:
235:
223:
221:
208:
206:
193:
191:
178:
176:
163:
161:
147:
145:
118:
112:Southern Russia
81:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8714:
8704:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8666:1942 in Russia
8663:
8658:
8653:
8638:
8637:
8625:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8598:
8591:
8584:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8559:
8557:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8547:
8540:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8510:
8507:South Sakhalin
8503:
8502:
8501:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8443:
8436:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8401:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8352:
8344:
8342:
8336:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8307:
8300:
8299:
8298:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8247:
8238:
8231:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8192:
8185:
8178:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8141:
8134:
8125:
8116:
8107:
8100:
8093:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8061:
8060:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8044:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8009:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7986:
7979:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7932:Battle of Attu
7928:
7921:
7913:
7911:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7894:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7862:
7855:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7823:
7816:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7781:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7746:
7739:
7731:
7729:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7705:
7698:
7691:
7684:
7677:
7674:Battle of Guam
7670:
7663:
7656:
7649:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7597:Battle of Kiev
7593:
7586:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7535:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7490:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7441:
7434:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7350:
7342:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7280:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7259:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7215:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7184:
7182:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7152:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7136:
7124:
7123:
7122:
7108:
7101:
7100:
7099:
7096:United Kingdom
7092:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7064:
7056:
7054:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7028:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6909:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6692:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6578:
6571:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6541:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6493:British Empire
6486:United Kingdom
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6339:
6327:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6302:Czechoslovakia
6298:
6291:
6284:
6277:
6265:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6234:
6225:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6202:
6199:Rape of Manila
6195:
6188:
6181:
6170:
6155:
6148:
6136:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6076:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6037:
6030:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5970:United Nations
5966:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5867:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5829:Decolonization
5825:
5818:
5810:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5775:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5663:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5593:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5521:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5502:United Kingdom
5498:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5425:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5348:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5266:
5257:
5251:
5238:
5233:978-1910777756
5232:
5219:
5213:
5200:
5194:
5178:
5175:
5140:
5134:
5116:
5104:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5057:
5051:
5038:
5032:
5019:
5013:
5000:
4994:
4979:
4973:
4960:
4948:Air Enthusiast
4943:
4937:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4880:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4708:
4699:
4687:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4633:
4624:
4599:
4590:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4518:
4509:
4482:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4441:
4432:
4417:
4415:, p. 202.
4402:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4348:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4213:Forczyk (2021)
4205:
4187:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4136:
4127:
4123:Forczyk (2021)
4115:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4073:
4064:
4055:
4046:
4034:
4032:, p. 761.
4022:
4013:
4004:
3992:
3978:
3960:
3958:, p. 151.
3941:
3932:
3920:
3918:, p. 230.
3903:
3901:, p. 228.
3888:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3712:
3711:
3694:served in the
3682:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3635:
3632:
3607:Voroshilovgrad
3595:Operation Star
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3540:Army Group Don
3496:Vasily Chuikov
3475:Main article:
3472:
3469:
3425:attacked near
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3308:
3305:
3141:
3138:
3058:Main article:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3004:
2984:
2981:
2952:Fedor von Bock
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2764:D.I. Riabyshev
2747:
2733:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2646:(P.P. Korzun)
2639:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2584:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2477:Voronezh Front
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2393:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2333:
2332:(thru 20 July)
2329:Alexander Löhr
2326:Generaloberst
2324:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:Alpini Corps (
2304:
2297:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2243:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2206:
2196:
2186:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2088:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2058:Alexander Löhr
2057:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1976:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1824:
1821:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1687:counterattacks
1635:Heeresgruppe A
1556:Azerbaijan SSR
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:East Pomerania
1339:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1033:Toropets–Kholm
1030:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
985:
984:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
882:
881:
877:
876:
871:
866:
860:
859:
855:
852:
851:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
811:
810:
799:
725:
724:
720:
719:
709:1,671 aircraft
695:
693:
692:
682:
669:
658:
645:
644:
640:
639:
618:Alexei Danilov
502:Nikolai Pukhov
472:Filipp Golikov
434:
283:Fedor von Bock
257:
256:
252:
251:
236:
234:
233:
218:
203:
188:
173:
158:
140:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
90:
88:
84:
83:
78:
70:
69:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
18:Operation Blue
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8713:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8636:
8626:
8624:
8614:
8613:
8610:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8552:
8548:
8545:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:Kuril Islands
8511:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8478:
8474:
8471:
8467:
8464:
8460:
8455:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8413:
8409:
8406:
8402:
8399:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8374:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8305:
8301:
8296:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8281:Syrmian Front
8278:
8275:
8271:
8268:
8264:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8227:Market Garden
8223:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8123:
8122:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8087:
8086:Monte Cassino
8083:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8058:
8054:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7957:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7807:
7803:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7717:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7506:
7503:
7499:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:Baltic states
7442:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7428:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7303:
7300:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7197:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7157:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7129:
7125:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7106:
7102:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7089:United States
7086:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7025:Quốc dân Đảng
7022:
7021:
7017:
7014:
7010:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6805:
6802:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6725:Liechtenstein
6722:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6677:Collaboration
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6607:
6604:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:United States
6499:
6494:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6220:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:Comfort women
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6176: /
6175:
6171:
6168:
6165: /
6164:
6161: /
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:Camp brothels
6149:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:The Holocaust
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:forced labour
6024:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:Marshall Plan
5877:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5733:Eastern Front
5730:
5727:
5726:Western Front
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5620:Puppet states
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5563:
5562:Naval history
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5510:
5509:United States
5506:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5296:
5294:3-421-06233-1
5290:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5252:0-7643-1186-7
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5135:0-7006-1146-0
5131:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5120:Hayward, Joel
5117:
5113:
5109:
5108:Hayward, Joel
5105:
5101:
5099:0-7006-0899-0
5095:
5091:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4995:0-14-028458-3
4991:
4987:
4986:
4980:
4976:
4974:1-85409-267-7
4970:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4950:(65): 72–75.
4949:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4862:
4860:
4850:
4848:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4766:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4730:
4721:
4712:
4706:Antill p. 49.
4703:
4694:
4692:
4682:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4570:
4561:
4552:
4543:
4534:
4527:
4526:Wegner (1990)
4522:
4513:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4409:
4407:
4397:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4364:
4362:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4322:
4313:
4306:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4230:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4144:Wegner (1990)
4140:
4131:
4124:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4068:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4039:
4031:
4030:Wegner (1990)
4026:
4017:
4008:
3999:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3936:
3927:
3925:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3883:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3771:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3619:Central Front
3615:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3570:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3528:Panzer 35(t)s
3525:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:14th Air Army
3230:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:Order No. 227
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2977:
2976:Junkers Ju 52
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:A.I. Liziukov
2945:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2912:Red Air Force
2909:
2905:
2903:
2870:
2864:Opening phase
2859:The offensive
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2844:Generalmajor
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2718:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2690:Generalmajor
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:M.A. Parsegov
2658:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:A.I. Liziukov
2628:
2627:
2626:5th Tank Army
2623:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:Bryansk Front
2578:
2577:
2567:
2555:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Joseph Stalin
2446:
2445:, in Moscow.
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2427:Soviet forces
2420:
2419:Eleventh Army
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:4th Air Corps
2348:
2346:
2345:8th Air Corps
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:LI Army Corps
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2111:LV Army Corps
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2066:
2054:
2031:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1925:
1924:Achilles heel
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:United States
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:, comprising
1854:
1853:Transcaucasia
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:The oilfields
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:Eastern Front
1798:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1757:Axis strategy
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:Little Saturn
1736:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1483:Little Saturn
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:Little Saturn
1097:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:Velikiye Luki
1085:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
890:
889:
888:
884:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:Naval warfare
857:
856:
853:
848:
847:Eastern Front
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
817:
808:
800:
797:
793:
785:
772:
759:
745:
732:
727:
726:
721:
715:
699:
696:
688:
683:
681:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
624:
619:
608:
597:
586:
575:
574:
562:
551:
538:
533:
522:
520:
514:
503:
490:
485:
474:
473:
461:
460:
448:
447:
446:Joseph Stalin
435:
432:
421:
410:
409:Richard Ruoff
399:
388:
387:
375:
364:
353:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
297:
285:
284:
272:
271:
259:
258:
253:
250:
249:
237:
231:
219:
216:
204:
201:
189:
186:
174:
171:
159:
157:
155:
142:
141:
139:
138:
133:
125:
122:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
85:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
44:Eastern Front
40:
35:
30:
19:
8635:Soviet Union
8588:Bibliography
8571:
8384:Project Hula
8349:Vistula–Oder
8318:
8251:
8242:
8226:
8196:
8145:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8077:
7974:
7889:
7865:
7829:
7828:
7579:
7472:
7417:North Africa
7119:Soviet Union
7073:Soviet Union
6999:Soviet Union
6767:Vatican City
6670:Vichy France
6575:German Reich
6472:Soviet Union
6458:South Africa
6451:Sierra Leone
6404:Newfoundland
6223:Participants
6206:Marocchinate
5910:
5901:
5871:
5749:North Africa
5710:Indian Ocean
5569:Nazi plunder
5460:Cryptography
5333:World War II
5283:
5274:
5270:
5261:
5242:
5223:
5204:
5185:
5167:. Retrieved
5155:
5151:
5123:
5111:
5088:
5068:
5042:
5023:
5004:
4984:
4964:
4947:
4928:
4921:Bibliography
4910:
4901:
4892:
4883:
4875:
4870:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4711:
4702:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4627:
4615:. Retrieved
4593:
4584:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4521:
4512:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4485:
4476:
4467:
4458:
4435:
4426:
4420:
4396:
4384:
4351:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4250:, pp. 49–50.
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4208:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4139:
4130:
4118:
4097:
4088:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4025:
4016:
4007:
3935:
3916:Liedtke 2016
3899:Liedtke 2016
3882:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3781:Afrika Korps
3775:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3686:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3616:
3583:
3575:
3543:
3535:
3532:
3513:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3488:
3461:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3419:Serafimovich
3406:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3365:
3333:
3327:
3324:Fliegerkorps
3323:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3257:
3255:
3245:Gebirgsjäger
3243:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3174:Novorossiysk
3157:
3155:
3150:Gebirgsjäger
3149:
3129:
3126:
3122:Mount Elbrus
3110:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3043:
3031:Franz Halder
3028:
3019:Army Group B
3008:Army Group A
2996:
2994:
2971:
2956:
2937:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2845:
2837:
2826:Front forces
2825:
2808:
2791:
2774:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2691:
2683:
2672:Front forces
2671:
2654:
2641:
2624:
2607:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2499:
2497:
2465:Southwestern
2456:
2447:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2398:Wilhelm List
2396:
2390:Army Group A
2388:
2382:
2381:
2375:Wilhelm List
2336:
2327:
2320:Luftflotte 4
2318:
2317:
2299:XXXV Corps (
2286:
2280:
2271:
2252:
2230:
2166:
2129:Hermann Hoth
2122:
2115:R. von Roman
2098:
2091:
2085:Army Group B
2083:
2077:
2076:
2020:Army Group B
2009:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1961:Hermann Hoth
1955:
1954:
1949:
1904:
1886:deposits at
1873:
1869:Soviet Union
1826:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1765:
1732:
1708:
1674:
1659:assault guns
1638:
1634:
1618:
1613:
1582:
1579:Adolf Hitler
1572:
1568:Soviet Union
1548:World War II
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1506:
1499:
1482:
1460:
1439:
1423:
1366:
1347:Lake Balaton
1335:
1320:East Prussia
1309:Vistula–Oder
1307:
1253:
1246:
1234:
1180:
1169:2nd Smolensk
1146:
1130:
1113:
1099:
1092:
1079:
1058:
1057:
1025:
1004:Air war 1941
979:
942:
918:1st Smolensk
885:
874:Arctic Ocean
791:
713:
704:(in reserve)
697:
649:
648:
571:
532:Pavel Korzun
518:
470:
457:
444:
386:Wilhelm List
384:
352:Gusztáv Jány
308:Hermann Hoth
294:
281:
270:Adolf Hitler
268:
248:Soviet Union
238:
143:
135:Belligerents
116:Soviet Union
48:World War II
42:Part of the
29:
8319:Bodenplatte
8205:Gothic Line
7424:West Africa
6971:Philippines
6950:Netherlands
6815:Czech lands
6753:Switzerland
6697:Afghanistan
6641:Philippines
6509:Puerto Rico
6425:Philippines
6411:New Zealand
6397:Netherlands
6350:Free France
6101:Prosecution
5902:Osoaviakhim
5772:West Africa
5756:East Africa
5403:Conferences
5226:. Praeger.
5169:18 February
3702:and in the
3392:Kotelnikovo
3280:Vladikavkaz
3217: [
3194:Terek River
3092:Sea of Azov
3070:Sd.Kfz. 251
2614:N.P. Pukhov
2289:) (General
2100:Second Army
1935:Axis forces
1833:Caspian Sea
1723:Caspian Sea
1673:even after
1623:German Army
1607:, known as
1595:, known as
1513:3rd Kharkov
1472:Izbushensky
1461:Fischreiher
1428:3rd Kharkov
1142:Gorky Blitz
1137:3rd Kharkov
1053:2nd Kharkov
955:1st Kharkov
950:Sea of Azov
700:: 1,715,000
668:: 1,210,861
621: [
535: [
487: [
66:Sd.Kfz. 250
8645:Categories
8419:West Hunan
8252:Pointblank
7581:Silver Fox
7567:Summer War
7320:Winter War
7299:Phoney War
7080:Azerbaijan
7041:Yugoslavia
6936:Luxembourg
6778:Resistance
6518:Yugoslavia
6383:Luxembourg
6185:Sook Ching
5981:War crimes
5583:Technology
5576:Opposition
5518:Lend-Lease
5495:Australian
5488:Home front
5446:Blitzkrieg
5396:Casualties
5387:Commanders
5359:Operations
5195:0688060129
3875:References
3785:El Alamein
3454:Luftflotte
3328:Luftflotte
3301:Stalingrad
3114:Pyatigorsk
2972:Barbarossa
2914:, through
2491:, and the
2457:Fall Kreml
2257:IV Corps (
2247:E.-E. Hell
2213:K. Hollidt
2168:Sixth Army
2159:E. Straube
1861:Azerbaijan
1762:Background
1699:airstrikes
1603:along the
1601:Stalingrad
1533:) was the
1477:Stalingrad
1450:2nd Rostov
1266:2nd Baltic
1261:Dukla Pass
1248:Doppelkopf
1220:2nd Crimea
1164:2nd Donbas
1154:1st Donbas
1131:Polar Star
1081:Stalingrad
965:Sevastopol
960:1st Crimea
903:1st Baltic
887:Barbarossa
864:Baltic Sea
702:1,000,000
678:: 235.000
650:Initially:
100:Stalingrad
8484:Manchuria
8370:Indochina
8146:Bagration
7590:Lithuania
7235:Anschluss
7032:Viet Minh
6929:Lithuania
6871:Hong Kong
6634:Manchukuo
6589:Azad Hind
6248:Australia
6048:Aftermath
5911:Paperclip
5806:Aftermath
5606:Total war
5474:Diplomacy
5437:In Europe
5164:0142-3525
4956:0143-5450
3776:Fall Blau
3641:Wehrmacht
3559:Aftermath
3536:Luftwaffe
3505:Luftwaffe
3500:Luftwaffe
3492:Luftwaffe
3415:21st Army
3411:63rd Army
3403:Luftwaffe
3399:Wehrmacht
3388:51st Army
3225:Astrakhan
3214:Khulkhuta
3198:Luftwaffe
3158:Wehrmacht
3130:Luftwaffe
3118:Krasnodar
3105:Stavropol
3084:Luftwaffe
3037:, of the
3017:directed
3006:directed
2940:Don River
2902:Wehrmacht
2810:21st Army
2776:38th Army
2759:28th Army
2656:40th Army
2609:13th Army
2596:48th Army
2481:Don Front
2259:L. Csatay
2183:G. Stumme
2103:(General
2022:commander
2001:Don River
1944:Waffen-SS
1911:Venezuela
1884:Manganese
1829:Black Sea
1809:Leningrad
1788:Fall Blau
1703:artillery
1683:Don River
1651:Luftwaffe
1621:) of the
1605:Don River
1536:Wehrmacht
1531:Fall Blau
1529:(German:
1527:Case Blue
1424:Case Blue
1291:Gumbinnen
1236:Bagration
1075:Sinyavino
1059:Case Blue
944:Leningrad
869:Black Sea
801:1,200,000
718:2,715,000
698:Initially
691:: 159,426
37:Case Blue
8595:Category
8544:document
8454:document
8311:Ardennes
8295:Budapest
8243:Crossbow
8121:Overlord
7960:Smolensk
7171:Timeline
7006:Slovakia
6992:Thailand
6843:Ethiopia
6808:Bulgaria
6732:Portugal
6663:Thailand
6545:Bulgaria
6323:Eswatini
6316:Ethiopia
6269:Bulgaria
6094:Unit 731
6055:Response
5872:Keelhaul
5822:Cold War
5795:Americas
5786:timeline
5779:Atlantic
5659:Theaters
5184:(1948).
5122:(2001).
5110:(1995).
5067:(2009).
3656:See also
3634:Analysis
3599:Belgorod
3413:and the
3344:Don bend
3292:Malgobek
2793:9th Army
2749:Marshal
2643:3rd Army
2469:Southern
2308:G. Nasci
2301:G. Messe
2203:W. Heitz
2149:W. Kempf
1996:Blau III
1973:Voronezh
1930:Planning
1888:Chiatura
1817:AG North
1784:Caucasus
1747:Caucasus
1679:Voronezh
1663:Red Army
1455:Caucasus
1445:Voronezh
1336:Solstice
1296:Budapest
1286:Courland
1276:Debrecen
1271:Belgrade
1193:2nd Kiev
1065:Caucasus
1038:Demyansk
999:Chechnya
933:1st Kiev
789:~150,000
784:Slovakia
643:Strength
215:Slovakia
108:Caucasus
92:Voronezh
87:Location
8623:Germany
8609:Portals
8521:Shumshu
8288:Hungary
8235:Estonia
8219:Lapland
8197:Dragoon
8130:Neptune
8112:Ichi-Go
8078:Tempest
8020:Changde
7975:Cottage
7867:Jubilee
7576:Finland
7474:Compass
7180:Prelude
7133:Finland
7019:Vietnam
6985:Romania
6857:Germany
6836:Estonia
6822:Denmark
6801:Belgium
6794:Austria
6787:Albania
6718:Ireland
6704:Andorra
6688:Neutral
6648:Romania
6582:Hungary
6567:Finland
6439:Romania
6331:Finland
6309:Denmark
6255:Belgium
6241:Algeria
5947:Romania
5933:Hungary
5689:Pacific
5413:General
5367:Leaders
5352:Battles
5345:Outline
5277:].
3813:Gestapo
3706:as the
3698:as the
3611:Donetsk
3509:Tunisia
3268:Nalchik
3250:Teberda
3242:German
3229:Kizlyar
3166:Russian
3148:German
2461:Bryansk
1989:Kharkov
1980:Blau II
1919:Romania
1865:Armenia
1857:Georgia
1813:Finland
1695:shifted
1330:Breslau
1325:Silesia
1230:Karelia
1182:Dnieper
1048:Bamberg
989:Finland
938:Tallinn
758:Hungary
737:200,000
519:†
230:Croatia
185:Hungary
170:Romania
154:Germany
8498:Debate
8470:Taipei
8463:Borneo
8041:Tarawa
7228:Europe
7189:Africa
6978:Poland
6964:Norway
6943:Malaya
6922:Latvia
6864:Greece
6850:France
6746:Sweden
6711:Bhutan
6432:Poland
6418:Norway
6390:Mexico
6357:Greece
6343:France
6281:Canada
6262:Brazil
6232:Allies
6178:Serbia
6167:Poland
5940:Poland
5926:Baltic
5719:Europe
5421:Topics
5373:Allied
5291:
5249:
5230:
5211:
5192:
5162:
5132:
5096:
5075:
5049:
5030:
5011:
4992:
4971:
4954:
4935:
4502:13 May
3588:. The
3464:Kalach
3438:Ju 87
3384:Fourth
3326:IV of
3288:Beslan
3284:Alagir
3202:German
3186:Mozdok
3182:Elista
3178:Tuapse
2997:Führer
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2500:Stavka
2443:Stavka
2434:Stavka
2012:steppe
1956:Blau I
1913:, and
1849:Grozny
1845:Maykop
1841:cotton
1797:No. 41
1776:Moscow
1735:Uranus
1719:Elista
1715:Maikop
1711:Rostov
1671:Moscow
1584:Führer
1581:, the
1573:After
1564:Maikop
1560:Grozny
1540:'s
1500:Gallop
1467:Kalach
1374:Prague
1368:Berlin
1357:Vienna
1174:Lenino
1016:Lyuban
981:Moscow
970:Rostov
928:Odessa
792:Total:
781:
768:
755:
515:
245:
227:
212:
197:
182:
167:
151:
123:Result
110:, and
96:Rostov
8274:Leyte
8104:Narva
8090:Anzio
8048:Makin
8006:Burma
7890:Torch
7859:Rzhev
7813:Kiska
6899:Korea
6885:Japan
6878:Italy
6760:Tibet
6739:Spain
6610:Italy
6371:Italy
6364:India
6288:China
6163:Japan
5763:Italy
5675:China
5627:Women
5273:[
5158:(2).
5148:(PDF)
4617:1 May
3678:Notes
3440:Stuka
3380:First
3266:took
3221:]
3101:Salsk
1969:Kursk
1892:wheat
1837:grain
1790:) in
1751:Kuban
1655:tanks
1647:Volga
1215:Narva
1188:Nevel
1148:Kursk
1114:Iskra
1043:Kholm
1027:Rzhev
994:Kerch
975:Gorky
908:Brody
893:Brest
771:Italy
714:Total
625:]
539:]
491:]
200:Italy
104:Kuban
8340:1945
8068:1944
7909:1943
7830:Blue
7820:Attu
7727:1942
7486:1941
7338:1940
7276:1939
7205:Asia
7052:POWs
6892:Jews
6603:Iraq
6529:Axis
6479:Tuva
6295:Cuba
5380:Axis
5289:ISBN
5247:ISBN
5228:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5190:ISBN
5171:2014
5160:ISSN
5130:ISBN
5094:ISBN
5073:ISBN
5047:ISBN
5028:ISBN
5009:ISBN
4990:ISBN
4969:ISBN
4952:ISSN
4933:ISBN
4619:2011
4504:2011
4248:Blau
3382:and
3372:64th
3370:and
3368:62nd
3352:and
3162:Baku
2962:and
2931:and
2818:NKVD
2471:and
1915:Iran
1896:corn
1880:peat
1878:and
1876:coal
1863:and
1815:for
1743:Axis
1737:and
1675:Blau
1657:and
1637:and
1629:and
1562:and
1552:Baku
1507:Star
1440:Blue
1302:1945
1199:1944
1107:1943
1093:Mars
1010:1942
923:Uman
880:1941
77:Date
62:T-70
3724:OKH
2933:8th
2929:5th
2925:4th
2921:2nd
1971:to
1780:OKH
1558:),
1426:to
98:to
46:of
8647::
8088:/
5156:27
5154:.
5150:.
5063:;
4858:^
4846:^
4690:^
4602:^
4444:^
4405:^
4372:^
4360:^
4339:^
4190:^
4178:^
4106:^
4076:^
4037:^
3995:^
3981:^
3963:^
3944:^
3923:^
3906:^
3891:^
3652:.
3609:,
3601:.
3436:A
3219:ru
3124:.
3025:).
3014:);
2927:,
2923:,
2800:)
2783:)
2766:)
2663:)
2616:)
2487:,
2483:,
2479:,
2467:,
2463:,
2293:)
2239:)
2175:)
2131:)
2107:)
1909:,
1898:,
1894:,
1859:,
1839:,
1701:,
1611:.
623:ru
537:ru
489:ru
114:,
106:,
102:,
94:,
8611::
7584:)
7578:(
6445:)
6441:(
6377:)
6373:(
6337:)
6333:(
6275:)
6271:(
5325:e
5318:t
5311:v
5297:.
5255:.
5236:.
5217:.
5198:.
5173:.
5138:.
5102:.
5081:.
5055:.
5036:.
5017:.
4998:.
4977:.
4958:.
4941:.
4621:.
4506:.
4429:.
3815:.
3787:.
3542:(
3456:4
3290:–
3286:–
2796:(
2779:(
2762:(
2659:(
2629:(
2612:(
2455:(
2310:)
2303:)
2285:(
2261:)
2249:)
2225:)
2221:(
2215:)
2211:(
2205:)
2201:(
2195:)
2191:(
2185:)
2181:(
2161:)
2157:(
2151:)
2147:(
2141:)
2137:(
2117:)
2113:(
1639:B
1633:(
1631:B
1627:A
1617:(
1554:(
1415:e
1408:t
1401:v
838:e
831:t
824:v
809:)
798:)
787::
735::
716::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.