Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

3247: 1754: 2994: 3189: 1774: 2990:, who became a diplomat in later life, to Prague in August 1968 to prepare to become the first United States Ambassador to a post-Communist Czechoslovakia. She attempted to form a motorcade for evacuation of trapped Westerners. Two decades later, when the Warsaw Pact forces left Czechoslovakia in 1989, Temple Black was recognized as the first American ambassador to a democratic Czechoslovakia. In addition to her own personnel, an attempt was made to evacuate a group of 150 American high school students stuck in the invasion who had been on a summer abroad trip studying Russian in the (then) USSR and affiliated countries. They were eventually evacuated by train to Vienna, smuggling their two Czech tour guides across the border who settled in New York. 2878: 2619:, then a junior officer who led a Soviet Tank column during the invasion, was given absurd information from his commanders about how the people of Czechoslovakia would welcome them as their "Liberators", and were instead attacked by angry crowds of people who threw stones, eggs, tomatoes, and apples upon crossing into Slovakia. Every form of assistance, including the provision of food and water, was denied to the invaders. In an opposite case of subterfuge, Rezun recalled how local townspeople quietly opened the gates of the Czech breweries and spirit factories for the enlisted Soviet soldiers, making entire units inebriated and causing significant disruptions to the fury of the Soviet commanders. Signs, placards, and 2635:, secret Czechoslovak broadcasting stations discouraged the practice, reminding the people that "pictures are silent". The protests in reaction to the invasion lasted only about seven days. Explanations for the fizzling of these public outbursts mostly centre on demoralisation of the population, whether from the intimidation of all the enemy troops and tanks or from being abandoned by their leaders. Many Czechoslovaks saw the signing of the Moscow Protocol as treasonous. Another common explanation is that, due to the fact that most of Czech society was middle class, the cost of continued resistance meant giving up a comfortable lifestyle, which was too high a price to pay. 63: 577: 416: 405: 559: 394: 376: 365: 354: 343: 331: 161: 240: 226: 147: 2745: 2210: 2036: 2484:

between the two sides. They also believed that any invasion would be too costly, both because of domestic support for the reforms and because the international political outcry would be too significant, especially with the World Communist Conference coming up in November of that year. Czechoslovakia could have raised the costs of such an invasion by drumming up international support or making military preparations such as blocking roads and ramping up security of their airports, but they decided not to, paving the way for the invasion.

496: 485: 474: 461: 2396: 1804:(NATO). Not only would the loss result in a lack of strategic depth for the USSR, but it would also mean that it could not tap Czechoslovakia's industrial base in the event of war. Czechoslovak leaders had no intention of leaving the Warsaw Pact, but Moscow felt it could not be certain exactly of Prague's intentions. However, the Soviet government was initially hesitant to approve an invasion, due to Czechoslovakia's continued loyalty to the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union's recent diplomatic gains with the West as 1882:, pressured Brezhnev to agree on the Warsaw Letter and on ensued military involvement. Gomułka accused Brezhnev of being blind and looking at the situation in Czechoslovakia with too much of emotion. Ulbricht, in turn, insisted upon the necessity to enact military action in Czechoslovakia while Brezhnev was still doubting. Poland's foreign policy on the issue is still unknown. The deliberation that took place in Warsaw meeting, resulted in a majority consensus rather than unanimity. According to Soviet politician 546: 319: 308: 297: 286: 275: 262: 208: 134: 449: 2917:) and Hungary opposed it. Canadian delegates immediately introduced another motion asking for a UN representative to travel to Prague and work for the release of the imprisoned Czechoslovak leaders. Malik accused Western countries of hypocrisy, asking "who drowned the fields, villages, and cities of Vietnam in blood?" By 26 August, another vote had not taken place, but a new Czechoslovak representative requested the whole issue be removed from the Security Council's agenda. 10631: 568: 438: 427: 193: 10640: 10652: 3291:

fall of 1969, twenty-nine liberals on the Central Committee of the KSČ were replaced by conservatives. Among the liberals ousted was Dubček, who was dropped from the Presidium (the following year Dubček was expelled from the party; he subsequently became a minor functionary in Slovakia, where he still lived in 1987). Husák also consolidated his leadership by appointing potential rivals to the new government positions which were created as a result of the

802: 175: 2264:" tendencies, prevent the revival of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party, and control the press by the re-imposition of a higher level of censorship. In return the USSR agreed to withdraw their troops (still stationed in Czechoslovakia since the June 1968 maneuvers) and permit 9 September party congress. Dubček appeared on television shortly afterwards reaffirming Czechoslovakia's alliance with the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. 120: 3128: 2678: 2157: 3354:, said that sending in troops constituted "interference in the internal affairs of a sovereign Czechoslovakia and it must be condemned." The Soviet government also said that the 1968 action was "an unbalanced, inadequate approach, an interference in the affairs of a friendly country". Gorbachev later said that Dubček "believed that he could build socialism with a human face. I have only a good opinion of him." 5806: 1981:'s urgings for better relations with society, the Party had too often made heavy-handed rulings on trivial issues. Dubček declared the party's mission was "to build an advanced socialist society on sound economic foundations ... a socialism that corresponds to the historical democratic traditions of Czechoslovakia, in accordance with the experience of other communist parties ..." 2131:, to investigate the persecution of writers after the Communist takeover in February 1948 and rehabilitate the literary figures into the Union, bookstores and libraries, and the literary world. Discussions on the current state of communism and abstract ideas such as freedom and identity were also becoming more common; soon, non-party publications began appearing, such as the trade union daily 3316: 2546:. When these men had managed to convince a majority of the Presidium (six of eleven voting members) to side with them against Alexander Dubček's reformists, they asked the USSR to launch a military invasion. The USSR leadership was even considering waiting until the 26 August Slovak Party Congress, but the Czechoslovak conspirators "specifically requested the night of the 20th". 3299:

economic enterprises, which had been given substantial independence during the Prague Spring, to centralized control through contracts which were based on central planning and production quotas. It reinstated extreme police control, a step that was reflected in the harsh treatment of demonstrators who attempted to mark the first anniversary of the August intervention.

2143:. Television also broadcast meetings between former political prisoners and the communist leaders from the secret police or prisons where they were held. Most importantly, this new freedom of the press and the introduction of television into the lives of everyday Czechoslovak citizens moved the political dialogue from the intellectual to the popular sphere. 5593: 2379:). Nevertheless, the invasion was decidedly dominated by troops from the Soviet Union, which outnumbered other participants five to one, and the Soviet High Command was in charge of the invading armies at all times. The non-Soviet forces took no part in combat. All invading Hungarian troops were withdrawn by 31 October. 1996:. The programme was based on the view that "Socialism cannot mean only liberation of the working people from the domination of exploiting class relations, but must make more provisions for a fuller life of the personality than any bourgeois democracy." It would limit the power of the secret police and provide for the 1655:. A few months later, at a party meeting, it was decided that administrative actions against the writers who openly expressed support of reformation would be taken. Since only a small part of the union held these beliefs, the remaining members were relied upon to discipline their colleagues. Control over 2658:

mostly the same people who annulled the program and replaced Dubček with Husák. Husák reversed Dubček's reforms, purged the party of its liberal members, and dismissed the professional and intellectual elites who openly expressed disagreement with the political turnaround from public offices and jobs.

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on the day of the invasion, depicting Soviet policies in harsh terms. This response consolidated Romania's independent voice in the next two decades, especially after Ceauşescu encouraged the population to take up arms in order to meet any similar manoeuvre in the country: he received an enthusiastic

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The reduction and later complete abolition of the censorship on 4 March 1968 was one of the most important steps towards the reforms. It was for the first time in Czech history the censorship was abolished and it was probably the only reform fully implemented, albeit only for a short period. From the

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recapitulated the repercussions of the Prague Spring to western Communism in 2008: "What became clear, however, was that there was no longer something that could be called the world Communist movement. It was utterly, irretrievably, hopelessly split. The main spring had broken. And the Prague Spring

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An anonymous warning was transmitted by the Czechoslovak Ambassador to Hungary, Jozef Púčik, approximately six hours before Soviet troops crossed the border at midnight. When the news arrived, the solidarity of the conservative coalition crumbled. When the Presidium proposed a declaration condemning

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The plan was to unfold as follows. A debate would unfold in response to the Kašpar report on the state of the country, during which conservative members would insist that Dubček present two letters he had received from the USSR; letters which listed promises he had made at the Čierna and Tisou talks

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Those who drafted the Action Programme were careful not to criticize the actions of the post-war Communist regime, only to point out policies that they felt had outlived their usefulness. For instance, the immediate post-war situation had required "centralist and directive-administrative methods" to

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challenged him at a meeting of the Central Committee. Novotný then invited Soviet premier Leonid Brezhnev to Prague that December, seeking support; but Brezhnev was surprised at the extent of the opposition to Novotný and thus supported his removal as Czechoslovakia's leader. Dubček replaced Novotný

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When Husák replaced Dubček as leader of the KSČ in April 1969, his regime quickly acted in order to "normalize" the country's political situation. The chief objectives of Husák's normalization were the restoration of firm party rule and the reestablishment of Czechoslovakia's status as a committed

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meeting unanimously passed a resolution to "provide help to the Communist Party and people of Czechoslovakia through military force". At an 18 August Warsaw Pact meeting, Brezhnev announced that the intervention would go ahead on the night of 20 August, and asked for "fraternal support", which the

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and stormed the building. Dubček was promptly arrested by the KGB and taken to Moscow along with several of his colleagues. Dubček and most of the reformers were returned to Prague on 27 August, and Dubček retained his post as the party's first secretary until he was forced to resign in April 1969

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Within a week after he assumed power, Husák began to consolidate his leadership by ordering extensive purges of the reformers who were still occupying key positions in the mass media, judiciary, social and mass organizations, lower party organs, and, finally, the highest levels of the KSČ. In the

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insisted the Warsaw Pact actions were those of "fraternal assistance" against "antisocial forces". Many of the invading soldiers told the Czechs that they were there to "liberate" them from West German and other NATO hegemony. The next day, several countries suggested a resolution condemning the

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Finally, on 17 April 1969, Dubček was replaced as First Secretary by Gustáv Husák, and a period of "Normalization" began. Pressure from the Soviet Union pushed politicians to either switch loyalties or simply give up. In fact, the very group that voted in Dubček and put the reforms in place were

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The coup, however, did not go according to plan. Kolder intended to review the Kašpar report early on in the meeting, but Dubček and Špaček, suspicious of Kolder, adjusted the agenda so the upcoming 14th Party Congress could be covered before any discussion on recent reforms or Kašpar's report.

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The Dubček regime took no steps to forestall a potential invasion, despite ominous troop movements by the Warsaw Pact. The Czechoslovak leadership believed that the Soviet Union and its allies would not invade, having believed that the summit at Čierna nad Tisou had smoothed out the differences

2127:-period. In another television appearance, Goldstucker presented both doctored and undoctored photographs of former communist leaders who had been purged, imprisoned, or executed and thus erased from communist history. The Writer's Union also formed a committee in April 1968, headed by the poet 3298:

Once it had consolidated its power, the regime quickly moved to implement other normalization policies. In the two years which followed the invasion, the new leadership revoked some reformist laws (such as the National Front Act and the Press Act) and simply did not enforce others. It returned

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in 1993 he was not speaking just for himself, he was speaking for the Russian Federation and for the Russian people. Today, not only do we respect all agreements signed previously – we also share all the evaluations that were made at the beginning of the 1990s... I must tell you with absolute

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The generalised resistance caused the Soviet Union to abandon its original plan to oust the First Secretary. Dubček, who had been arrested on the night of 20 August, was taken to Moscow for negotiations. It was agreed that Dubček would remain in office and a programme of moderate reform would

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began to form a separate party, and new unaffiliated political clubs were created. Party conservatives urged repressive measures, but Dubček counselled moderation and re-emphasized KSČ leadership. At the Presidium of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April, Dubček announced a political

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article claimed that candidate Presidium member Antonin Kapek gave Brezhnev a letter at the Soviet-Czechoslovak Čierna and Tisou talks in late July which appealed for "fraternal help". A second letter was supposedly delivered by Biľak to Ukrainian Party leader Petro Shelest during the August

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During the attack of the Warsaw Pact armies, 137 Czechs and Slovaks were killed, and hundreds were wounded. Alexander Dubček called upon his people not to resist. The Central Committee, including Dubček, hunkered down at its headquarters as Soviet forces seized control of Prague. Eventually,

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programme of "socialism with a human face". In May, he announced that the Fourteenth Party Congress would convene in an early session on 9 September. The congress would incorporate the Action Programme into the party statutes, draft a federalization law, and elect a new Central Committee.

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By May 1971, Husák could report to the delegates who were attending the officially sanctioned Fourteenth Party Congress that the process of normalization had been satisfactorily completed and he could also report that Czechoslovakia was ready to proceed towards higher forms of socialism.

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The conservatives asked Svoboda to create an "emergency government" but since they had not won a clear majority of support, he refused. Instead, he and Gustáv Husák traveled to Moscow on 23 August to insist Dubček and Černík should be included in a solution to the conflict. After days of

2857:. The night of August 20, movie theaters in Prague showed news reels of a meeting between Brezhnev and Dubcek. However the Warsaw Pact had amassed at the Czech border, and invaded overnight (August 20–21). That afternoon, on August 21, the council met to hear the Czechoslovak Ambassador 2135:(Labour). This was also helped by the Journalists Union, which by March 1968 had already convinced the Central Publication Board, the government censor, to allow editors to receive uncensored subscriptions for foreign papers, allowing for a more international dialogue around the news. 2382:

Romania did not take part in the invasion, nor did Albania, which subsequently withdrew from the Warsaw Pact over the matter the following month. The participation of East Germany was cancelled just hours before the invasion. The decision for the non-participation of the East German

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The People's Republic of China objected furiously to the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine, which declared the Soviet Union alone had the right to determine what nations were properly Communist and could invade those Communist nations whose communism did not meet the Kremlin's approval.

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in protest against the Warsaw Pact's invasion of Czechoslovakia and the totalitarianism of the Communist regime. Siwiec did not survive. After his death, Soviets and Polish communists attempted to discredit his act by claiming that he was psychologically ill and mentally unstable.

2343:. He needed a willing partner in Moscow in order to reach such an agreement, and he did not wish to risk that treaty over what was ultimately a minor conflict in Czechoslovakia. For these reasons, the United States stated that it would not intervene on behalf of the Prague Spring. 2138:

The press, the radio, and the television also contributed to these discussions by hosting meetings where students and young workers could ask questions of writers such as Goldstucker, Pavel Kohout and Jan Procházka and political victims such as Josef Smrkovský, Zdeněk Hejzlar and

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ideology and all "antisocialist" forces. The Soviet Union expressed its intention to intervene in a Warsaw Pact country if a bourgeois system was ever established. After the Bratislava conference, Soviet troops left Czechoslovak territory but remained along Czechoslovak borders.

2094:. It expressed concern about conservative elements within the KSČ and so-called "foreign" forces. Vaculík called on the people to take the initiative in implementing the reform programme. Dubček, the party Presidium, the National Front, and the cabinet denounced this manifesto. 2804:

The People's Republic of Albania responded in an opposite fashion. It was already feuding with Moscow over suggestions that Albania should focus on agriculture to the detriment of industrial development, and it also felt that the Soviet Union had become too liberal since the

2020:." Since the "antagonistic classes" were said to have been defeated with the achievement of socialism, these methods were no longer necessary. Reform was needed, for the Czechoslovak economy to join the "scientific-technical revolution in the world" rather than relying on 3224:) is a name commonly given to the period 1969–87. It was characterized by initial restoration of the conditions prevailing before the reform period led by Dubček, first of all, the firm rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and subsequent preservation of this new 754:

Public reaction to the invasion was widespread and divided, including within the communist world. Although the majority of the Warsaw Pact supported the invasion along with several other communist parties worldwide, Western nations, along with socialist countries such as

5597: 2599:", and signed their commitment to its fifteen points. The Protocol demanded the suppression of opposition groups, the full reinstatement of censorship, and the dismissal of specific reformist officials. It did not, however, refer to the situation in the ČSSR as " 1708:

The Prague Spring reforms were a strong attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens of Czechoslovakia in an act of partial decentralization of the economy and democratization. The freedoms granted included a loosening of restrictions on the

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negotiations, all members of the Czechoslovak delegation (including all the highest-ranked officials President Svoboda, First Secretary Dubček, Prime Minister Černík and Chairman of the National Assembly Smrkovský) but one (František Kriegel) accepted the "

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forces, except for a small number of specialists, were ordered by Moscow not to cross the Czechoslovak border just hours before the invasion, because of fears of greater resistance if German troops were involved, due to public perception of the previous

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Although the United States insisted at the UN that Warsaw Pact aggression was unjustifiable, its position was weakened by its own actions. Only three years earlier, US delegates to the UN had insisted that the overthrow of the leftist government of the

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In the early 1990s, however, the Russian government gave the new Czechoslovak President, Václav Havel, a copy of a letter of invitation addressed to Soviet authorities and signed by KSČ members Biľak, Švestka, Kolder, Indra, and Kapek. It claimed that

3041:", going on to compare the invasion of Czechoslovakia to the Vietnam War and more pointedly to the policies of Adolf Hitler towards Czechoslovakia in 1938–39. Zhou ended his speech with a barely veiled call for the people of Czechoslovakia to wage 2979:, the Americans questioned why he didn't similarly intervene on the matter of Czechoslovakia, to which he responded that "if Russians were bombing and napalming the villages of Czechoslovakia" he might have called for an end to the occupation. 4675: 2777:

In the German Democratic Republic, the invasion aroused discontent mostly among young people who had hoped that Czechoslovakia would pave the way for a more liberal socialism. However, isolated protests were quickly stopped by the

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in the invasion was made on short notice by Brezhnev at the request of high-ranking Czechoslovak opponents of Dubček who feared much larger Czechoslovak resistance if German troops were present, due to previous experience with the

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Finally, Husák stabilized Czechoslovakia's relations with its allies by arranging frequent intrabloc exchanges and visits and redirecting Czechoslovakia's foreign economic ties towards greater involvement with socialist nations.

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condemned the attack. Many other communist parties also lost influence, denounced the USSR, or split up or dissolved due to conflicting opinions. The invasion started a series of events that would ultimately pressure Brezhnev to

2500:(conducted secretly, immediately following the intervention), it was emphasized that no member of the leadership had invited the intervention. At the time, a number of commentators believed the letter was fake or non-existent. 2427:

which carried more than 100 agents in plain clothes and requested an emergency landing at the airport due to "engine failure". They quickly secured the airport and prepared the way for the huge forthcoming airlift, in which

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Dubček's relaxation of censorship ushered in a brief period of freedom of speech and the press. The first tangible manifestation of this new policy of openness was the production of the previously hard-line communist weekly

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One unintended consequence of the invasion was that many within the Soviet State security apparatus and Intelligence Services were shocked and outraged at the invasion and several KGB/GRU defectors and spies such as

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Freedom of the press also opened the door for the first honest look at Czechoslovakia's past by Czechoslovakia's people. Many of the investigations centered on the country's history under communism, especially the

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Initially, some civilians tried to argue with the invading troops, but this met with little or no success. After the USSR used photographs of these discussions as proof that the invasion troops were being greeted

3517: 1977:", Dubček delivered a speech explaining the need for change following the triumph of socialism. He emphasized the need to "enforce the leading role of the party more effectively" and acknowledged that, despite 1909:. This meant both that foreign agents could slip into Czechoslovakia and into any member of the Eastern Bloc and that defectors could slip out to the West. The final concern emerged directly from the lack of 12390: 3420:

to the Czech Republic, Sergei Kiselyov, has distanced himself from the film and stated that the documentary does not express the official position of the Russian government. One of the most popular Russian

1617:, and the Soviet model mainly took into account less developed economies. Novotný's attempt at restructuring the economy, the 1965 New Economic Model, spurred increased demand for political reform as well. 2072:

was allowed for the first time in mainstream media. At the time of the Prague Spring, Czechoslovak exports were declining in competitiveness, and Dubček's reforms planned to solve these troubles by mixing

2813:(which by that time was regarded as a threatening neighbor by Albania), which it was branding as "imperialist" in its propaganda. The invasion served as the tipping point, and in September 1968, Albania 2475:, largely of highly qualified people, unseen before and stopped shortly after (estimate: 70,000 immediately, 300,000 in total). Western countries allowed these people to immigrate without complications. 624: 4683: 2524:

psychosis". It formally asked the Soviets to "lend support and assistance with all means at your disposal" to save the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic "from the imminent danger of counterrevolution".

2367:– invaded Czechoslovakia. That night, 250,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 2,000 tanks entered the country. The total number of invading troops eventually reached 500,000, including 28,000 soldiers of the 2028:, labour power, and raw materials. Furthermore, since internal class conflict had been overcome, workers could now be duly rewarded for their qualifications and technical skills without contravening 2260:, Drahomír Kolder, and Oldřich Švestka) who represented an anti-reformist stance. Brezhnev decided on compromise. The KSČ delegates reaffirmed their loyalty to the Warsaw Pact and promised to curb " 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 2583:

the invasion, two key members of the conspiracy, Jan Pillar and František Barbírek, switched sides to support Dubček. With their help, the declaration against the invasion won with a 7:4 majority.

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article, entitled "What Lies Ahead", he insisted that Dubček's appointment at the January Plenum would further the goals of socialism and maintain the working class nature of the Communist Party.

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About 250,000 Warsaw Pact troops (afterwards rising to about 500,000), supported by thousands of tanks and hundreds of aircraft, participated in the overnight operation, which was code-named

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and several other publishing houses was transferred to the Ministry of Culture, and even members of the party who later became significant reformers, including Dubček, endorsed these moves.

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As the operation at the airport continued, columns of tanks and motorized rifle troops headed toward Prague and other major centers, meeting almost no resistance. Despite the fact that the

1040: 2627:. Pictures of Dubček and Svoboda appeared in the streets. Citizens gave wrong directions to soldiers and even removed street signs (except for those giving the direction back to Moscow). 1631:, members suggested that literature should be independent of Party doctrine. In June 1967, a small fraction of the Czech writer's union sympathized with radical socialists, specifically 1792:

and the leadership of the Warsaw Pact countries were worried that the unfolding liberalizations in Czechoslovakia, including the ending of censorship and political surveillance by the

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and cooperation with the Soviet Union and other Eastern Bloc nations. It spoke of a ten-year transition through which democratic elections would be made possible and a new form of

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Dubček stated: "My problem was not having a crystal ball to foresee the Russian invasion. At no point between January and August 20, in fact, did I believe that it would happen."

3077:(KKE) suffered a major split over the internal disputes over the Prague Spring, with the pro-Czech faction breaking ties with the Soviet leadership and founding the Eurocommunist 617: 1874:

were the most vehement proponents of military intervention. The other version says that the initiative for the invasion came originally from Poland as the Polish First Secretary

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By the morning of 21 August, Dubček and other prominent reformists had been arrested and were later flown to Moscow. There they were held in secret and interrogated for days.

10529: 4526: 1796:, would be detrimental to their interests. The first such fear was that Czechoslovakia would defect from the Eastern Bloc, injuring the Soviet Union's position in a possible 9356: 6441: 5388: 2032:. The Programme suggested it was now necessary to ensure important positions were "filled by capable, educated socialist expert cadres" in order to compete with capitalism. 2492:

Although on the night of the invasion, the Czechoslovak Presidium declared that Warsaw Pact troops had crossed the border without the knowledge of the ČSSR Government, the

10269: 6451: 5594:"Statement of the Speaker of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic on the documentary film of the Russian television about the 1968 invasion" 3721: 3361:("We condemn it as an aggression, as an attack on a sovereign, stand-up state as interference in its internal affairs"). During a state visit to Prague, on 1 March 2006, 4133: 2542:

Long before the invasion, planning for a coup was undertaken by Indra, Kolder and Biľak, among others, often at the Soviet embassy and at the Party recreation centre at

2229:. The meeting was the first time the Soviet Presidium met outside Soviet territory. However, the main agreements were reached at the meetings of the “fours” - Brezhnev, 610: 3514: 2053:

Although it was stipulated that reform must proceed under KSČ direction, popular pressure mounted to implement reforms immediately. Radical elements became more vocal:

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Bratislava conference "in a lavatory rendezvous arranged through the KGB station chief". This letter was signed by the same five as Kapek's letter, mentioned above.

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bore moral responsibility for the invasion, referring to his predecessor Yeltsin's description of 1968 as an act of aggression: "When President Yeltsin visited the

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published its opinion on the fundamentally wrong decision to invade Czechoslovakia. In 1989, on the 21st anniversary of the military intervention, the House of the

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printed an unsigned request, allegedly by Czechoslovak party and state leaders, for "immediate assistance, including assistance with armed forces". At the 14th KSČ

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campaign condemning the invasion of Czechoslovakia, despite his own earlier opposition to the Prague Spring. Speaking at a banquet held at the Romanian Embassy in

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As these talks proved unsatisfactory, the USSR began to consider a military alternative. The Soviet Union's policy of compelling the socialist governments of its

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Discussion of the Congress dragged on, and before the conspirators had a chance to request a confidence vote, early news of the invasion reached the Presidium.

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while others wanted the economy to remain mostly socialist. Dubček continued to stress the importance of economic reform proceeding under Communist Party rule.

12792: 12747: 4577: 1337: 1156: 12439: 10311: 9780: 9561: 8207: 6006: 5714: 3343:, when it apologized for its involvement in the military intervention to the Czechoslovak people. Another apology was issued by Bulgaria on 2 December 1989. 1412: 7638: 2218: 3852: 380: 12488: 10564: 5181: 1210: 1141: 3693: 12767: 10607: 10380: 10073: 9953: 7686: 5549: 12857: 10769: 3292: 4793:"Day when tanks destroyed Czech dreams of Prague Spring" ("Den, kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara") at Britské Listy (British Letters) 12454: 11784: 11133: 9341: 8868: 7618: 6147: 4996: 12802: 12797: 12732: 12573: 10336: 7185: 4034: 3049:

at Zhenbao island, the invasion of Czechoslovakia contributed to Chinese policy-makers' fears of Soviet invasion, leading them to accelerate the

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published an article before the invasion began falsely claiming that the Czechoslovak Presidium had ousted Dubcek and that a new "revolutionary"

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The Soviet leadership at first tried to stop or limit the impact of Dubček's initiatives through a series of negotiations. The Czechoslovak and

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and other Warsaw Pact leaders drafted a statement which called the 1968 invasion a mistake. The statement, released by the Soviet news agency

2693:, eight protesters carried banners with anti-invasion slogans. The demonstrators were arrested and later punished, as the protest was dubbed " 12757: 12427: 5011:

Andropov to the Central Committee. The Demonstration in Red Square Against the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia. 20 September 1968, at

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was one of the most advanced militaries in the Eastern Bloc, it failed to effectively resist the invasion due to its lack of an independent

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As the strict government eased its rules, the Union of Czechoslovak Writers cautiously began to air discontent, and in the union's gazette,

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largely ignored the situation in Czechoslovakia. Whilst the Soviet Union was concerned about the possibility of losing a regional ally and

1988:" of liberalizations, which included increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, with economic emphasis on 878: 31: 5679: 12380: 12375: 11635: 9391: 8278: 6031: 5898: 4012: 3882: 2858: 1146: 970: 5525: 3786: 12296: 11696: 11455: 10663: 10209: 10147: 9381: 6016: 5966: 5941: 4554: 4169: 2914: 2761: 2739: 9809: 9614: 9470: 5906: 3470: 3465: 3440: 3393: 2615:. In Prague and other cities throughout the republic, Czechs and Slovaks greeted Warsaw Pact soldiers with arguments and reproaches. 1863: 923: 764: 231: 5649: 5306: 4757: 4704: 2870:

suggested that "the kind of fraternal assistance that the Soviet Union is according to Czechoslovakia is exactly the same kind that

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on 22 August without the signatories. All the USSR needed to do was suppress the Czechoslovak military and any violent resistance.

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but had failed to keep. Dubček's concealment of such important letters, and his unwillingness to keep his promises would lead to a

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stated that "Russian TV lies, and no other comment that this is just a journalistic lie, can not be said". Czech Foreign Minister

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stated that the film "attempts to rewrite history and to falsify historical truths about such a dark chapter of our history".

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At the meeting Dubček defended the program of the reformist wing of the KSČ while pledging commitment to the Warsaw Pact and

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Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung: Die versäumte Revolte: Die DDR und das Jahr 1968 – Ideale sterben langsam (in German)

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did during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. The Czechoslovak People's Army was utterly defeated by the Warsaw Pact armies.

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to subordinate their national interests to those of the Eastern Bloc (through military force if needed) became known as the

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saw the Brezhnev doctrine as the ideological justification for a would-be Soviet invasion of China and launched a massive

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which the now conservative majority would win, seizing power, and issue a request for Soviet assistance in preventing a

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initial response, with many people, who were by no means Communist, willing to enroll in the newly formed paramilitary

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frankness – we do not, of course, bear any legal responsibility. But the moral responsibility is there, of course".

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A more pronounced effect took place in the Socialist Republic of Romania, which did not take part in the invasion.

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Jaromír Navratíl, et al., eds. "The Prague Spring 1968: A National Security Archive Documents Reader," (Budapest:

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The invasion was well planned and coordinated; simultaneously with the border crossing by ground forces, a Soviet

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Williams, Kieran, 'Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89', in

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Karen Dawisha (1981). "The 1968 Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Causes, Consequences, and Lessons for the Future" in

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have pointed out the 1968 invasion as their motivation for cooperating with the Western Intelligence agencies.

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appeared in the press (after the abolishment of censorship was formally confirmed by law of 26 June 1968), the

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and was unlikely to be able to drum up support for a conflict in Czechoslovakia. Also, he wanted to pursue an

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as First Secretary on 5 January 1968. On 22 March 1968, Novotný resigned his presidency and was replaced by

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Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies. Reform Rule in Czechoslovakia: The Dubček Era, 1968–1969

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At approximately 11 pm on 20 August 1968, Eastern Bloc armies from four Warsaw Pact countries – the

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to put off the vote until the occupation was complete. Malik continued to speak, ranging in topics from

2248:. The KSČ leadership, however, was divided between vigorous reformers (Josef Smrkovský, Oldřich Černík, 12752: 12578: 12116: 12106: 12076: 12066: 11681: 11621: 11573: 11308: 11296: 10617: 10592: 10456: 10045: 9501: 9203: 8424: 8409: 8399: 8253: 7853: 7341: 7144: 6911: 5247: 4861: 4839: 4561:"The Prague Spring 1968". Hungary: Central European Press, 1998, pp. 326–329 Retrieved on 4 March 2013. 3090: 3082: 2940:

compared the repression of the Prague Spring to repression of Western student movements such as in the

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three decades earlier. 137 Czechoslovaks were killed and 500 seriously wounded during the occupation.

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Kieran Williams, "The Prague Spring and its aftermath: Czechoslovak politics 1968–1970," (Cambridge:

3201: 3074: 3070: 2976: 2862: 2384: 1742: 1406: 673: 10700: 4238: 3408:. Such Russian propaganda is hostile toward freedom and democracy, and also to us." Czech President 1875: 1762: 1644: 1640: 335: 62: 12782: 12558: 12264: 11839: 11643: 11401: 11364: 10092: 10030: 9058: 8625: 7888: 7778: 7532: 7076: 4392: 3138: 3073:, which had pleaded for conciliation, expressed its disapproval about the Soviet intervention. The 3066: 2726: 2509: 1929:

As President Antonín Novotný was losing support, Alexander Dubček, First Secretary of the regional

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in the late 1950s and early 1960s, but had progressed more slowly than in most other states of the

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The first government to offer an apology was the government of Hungary, on 11 August 1989. The

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denounced the Soviet Union for "fascist politics, great power chauvinism, national egoism and

2375:. Brezhnev wanted the operation to appear multilateral (unlike the Soviet intervention in the 2238: 1227: 489: 12772: 12603: 12563: 12323: 12252: 11701: 11583: 11511: 11394: 11384: 11220: 10948: 10461: 10165: 9993: 9913: 9825: 9784: 9598: 9494: 9313: 8597: 8592: 8359: 8248: 8203: 8163: 8098: 8042: 7961: 7743: 7557: 7435: 7353: 7261: 7226: 7136: 7081: 6978: 6819: 5996: 4386: 3783: 3680:

Jak zemřeli vojáci armád při invazi '68: Bulhara zastřelili Češi, Sověti umírali na silnicích

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adopted a resolution condemning the armed intervention. Another resolution was issued by the

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John Keane, Vaclav Havel: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts (New York: Basic Books, 2000) 213

3404:, stated that "They describe it as brotherly help aimed to prevent an invasion by NATO and 3397: 3104: 2983: 2969: 2961: 2744: 2600: 2284: 2009: 1710: 1583: 1448: 1443: 1423: 1189: 769: 663: 11545: 11091: 11051: 10353: 6577: 3266:

member of the socialist bloc. The normalization process involved five interrelated steps:

2757: 2749: 2253: 2039: 1721:. After national discussion of dividing the country into a federation of three republics, 8: 12847: 12711: 12641: 12498: 12026: 11961: 11732: 11185: 10612: 10232: 10087: 9878: 9857: 9851: 9298: 9213: 9208: 9108: 8971: 8768: 8652: 8567: 8455: 8308: 8303: 8283: 8268: 8178: 8173: 8078: 8011: 8001: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7798: 7738: 7711: 7537: 7522: 7492: 7470: 7256: 7246: 6973: 6896: 6866: 6850: 6612: 6277: 6267: 4417: 3857:

The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia, 1968: Forty Years Later

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On 27 June, Ludvík Vaculík a leading author and journalist, published a manifesto titled

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Nation Against Nation: What Happened to the U.N. Dream and What the U.S. Can Do About It

2222: 2043: 1913:; writers whose work had been censored in the Soviet Union could simply go to Prague or 1891: 1694: 1284: 712: 466: 431: 12701: 12683: 12636: 12618: 12598: 12237: 11989: 11887: 11859: 11742: 11727: 11445: 11207: 11074: 11059: 11006: 10970: 10863: 10808: 9888: 9771: 9452: 9248: 9233: 9158: 9138: 9133: 9118: 8965: 8713: 8465: 8349: 8103: 8006: 7991: 7903: 7893: 7868: 7863: 7628: 7582: 7497: 7482: 7425: 7241: 7164: 7040: 6931: 6921: 6257: 6182: 5847: 5834: 5776: 5277: 5151: 4831: 4063: 3366: 3085:

denounced the invasion as well, thereby however fueling the internal disputes with its

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drawn on walls and pavements denounced the invaders, the Soviet leaders, and suspected

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applied unsuccessfully since Czechoslovakia was already entirely industrialized before

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consolidate the Husák leadership and remove the reformers from leadership positions;

1939: 1701:(KSČ), and continued until 21 August when the Soviet Union and other members of the 478: 12593: 12538: 12444: 12185: 11956: 11926: 11892: 11737: 11470: 11330: 11269: 11202: 11180: 11160: 11019: 10999: 10868: 10170: 10142: 10063: 10050: 10011: 10003: 9551: 9228: 9153: 9083: 9068: 9048: 8995: 8778: 8773: 8753: 8703: 8693: 8520: 8485: 8470: 8419: 8148: 8088: 7928: 7587: 7567: 7276: 7218: 7212: 7179: 7159: 7149: 6998: 6799: 6791: 6334: 6287: 6272: 6232: 6227: 6142: 6127: 6069: 5971: 5853: 5840: 5311: 5251: 5146: 4067: 3422: 2933: 2898: 2817:. The economic fallout from this move was mitigated somewhat by a strengthening of 2706: 2647: 2624: 2400: 2209: 2128: 2029: 1978: 1871: 1778: 1575: 1194: 720: 279: 11516: 5830:

as heard on WCCO Radio (Minneapolis, MN) and CBS Radio as posted on RadioTapes.com

5307:"The Verbal Revolution. How the Prague Spring broke world communism's main spring" 5070: 12613: 12360: 12212: 12180: 11854: 11834: 11521: 11274: 10890: 10873: 10180: 9766: 9727: 9588: 9447: 9303: 9293: 9278: 9258: 9243: 9218: 9163: 8928: 8896: 8788: 8748: 8510: 8505: 8445: 8386: 8118: 7996: 7823: 7788: 7696: 7691: 7415: 7309: 6983: 6916: 6906: 6871: 6827: 6814: 6766: 6638: 6557: 6324: 6297: 6292: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6212: 6177: 6122: 5956: 5507: 5023: 5012: 5000: 4792: 4663: 4581: 4558: 4388:

The Greengrocer and His TV: The Culture of Communism after the 1968 Prague Spring

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Alexander Dubcek, "Hope Dies Last" (New York: Kodansha International, 1993) 128

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Alexander Dubcek, "Hope Dies Last" (New York: Kodansha International, 1993) 216

4176:(in Czech). Translated by Tosek, Ruth. Rudé právo. pp. 1–6. Archived from 3370: 3362: 3250: 3241: 3209: 3061:

Reactions from communist parties outside the Warsaw Pact were generally split.

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Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (2001). Suomen historia (History of Finland).

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national leaders of Bulgaria, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland duly offered.

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350,000–400,000 Soviet troops, 70,000–80,000 from Poland, Bulgaria and Hungary

500: 30:"Invasion of Czechoslovakia" redirects here. For the events of 1938–1945, see 12726: 12656: 12493: 12131: 10444: 10040: 9971: 9918: 9752: 9437: 9283: 9178: 9143: 9128: 9088: 8630: 8460: 8198: 8108: 7971: 7951: 7838: 7599: 7577: 7542: 7121: 7116: 7071: 6993: 6953: 6702: 6597: 6520: 6340: 6262: 6117: 6112: 5921: 5182:"International; Prague's Spring Into Capitalism" by Lawrence E. Joseph at The 4981: 3925:

ed. Karen Dawisha and Philip Hanson. New York: Homs and Meier Publishers Inc.

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A Look Back ... The Prague Spring & the Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia

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According to documents from the Ukrainian Archives, compiled by Mark Kramer,

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Other fears included the spread of liberalization and unrest elsewhere in

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The invasion was also condemned by the newly appointed Russian President

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The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968

5715:"Neobjektivita škodí Rusku, napsal k dokumentu o srpnu 1968 ruský deník" 3629: 2558:. It was this formal request, drafted in Moscow, which was published in 1831:

there as well. Within the Soviet Union, nationalism in the republics of

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and the government's fears that it would side with the invaders as the

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In the early 1960s, Czechoslovakia underwent an economic downturn. The

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The Prague Spring and Its Aftermath: Czechoslovak Politics, 1968–1970.

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Vaculík, Ludvík (27 June 1968). "Two Thousand Words". Literární listy.

3445: 1934: 1805: 12141: 9671: 9534: 9323: 9168: 9017: 8990: 8803: 8758: 8667: 8635: 8615: 8607: 7936: 7726: 5474:"Putin: Russia bears "moral responsibility" for 1968 Soviet invasion" 4950:

Mit bloßen Händen – der einsame Kampf der Tschechen und Slowaken 1968

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immediately after the invasion. Total number of emigrants before the

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Breaking news coverage of the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

4052:(NED – New edition, 1 ed.). Central European University Press. 4035:"Dubcek's Failings? The 1968 Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia" 3655:"The Soviet War in Afghanistan: History and Harbinger of Future War" 3320: 3273:

revoke or modify the laws which were enacted by the reform movement;

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Czechoslovak negotiations with the USSR and other Warsaw Pact states

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reforms went unchecked, then those ideals might very well spread to

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Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia - ABC News - August 21, 1968

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The Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy

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Dubček, Alexander (10 April 1968). Kramer, Mark; Moss, Joy (eds.).

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was already causing problems, and many were worried that events in

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

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Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki: A Concise History of Poland, 2006

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TismaneanuI, Vladimir, ed. (2011). "Crisis, Illusion and Utopia".

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Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968: Anatomy of a Decision

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On 3 August, representatives from the Soviet Union, East Germany,

10706: 9987: 9717: 9676: 8848: 8733: 8723: 8672: 8213: 6958: 5550:"Russian 1968 Prague Spring Invasion Film Angers Czechs, Slovaks" 3923:

Soviet-East European Dilemmas: Coercion, Competition, and Consent

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intervention and calling for immediate withdrawal. US Ambassador

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Popular opposition was expressed in numerous spontaneous acts of

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Invasion cancelled, troops prepared, part of the executive staff

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in the early hours of the invasion. It began with a flight from

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media quickly became the instrument of criticism of the regime.

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Zaorálek k sankčnímu seznamu: Takové zacházení s Čechy odmítáme

4552:"The Bratislava Declaration, August 3, 1968" Navratil, Jaromir. 3585:

Invaze vojsk Varšavské smlouvy do Československa 21. srpna 1968

3258: 2842: 2834: 2559: 2424: 2000:

of the ČSSR into two equal nations. The programme also covered

1848: 1820: 1693:

in Czechoslovakia that began on 5 January 1968, when reformist

5526:"Russian Documentary On 'Helpful' 1968 Invasion Angers Czechs" 5184:. New York Times (2 December 1990). Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 4771:"GRU, Alpha and Vympel: Russia's most famous covert operators" 9401: 9357:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

8863: 8646: 6725: 5548:

Mortkowitz Bauerova, Ladka; Ponikelska, Lenka (1 June 2015).

5547: 4085:"Czech Republic: 1968 Viewed From The Occupiers' Perspective" 3069:

eurocommunist parties denounced the occupation, and even the

2906: 2783: 2725:

immolated himself in Warsaw during a harvest festival at the

1569: 944: 5827: 4760:. Google Books (22 October 1968). Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 3315: 3242:

Revoking or modifying the reforms and removing the reformers

8941: 8823: 6715: 6659: 6416: 6039: 5642:"Zeman: Ruská televize o roce 1968 lže, invaze byla zločin" 5508:"Russian TV doc on 1968 invasion angers Czechs and Slovaks" 4010:

Ukraine and the Soviet-Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 (part 2)

3400:, the Slovak chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the 3234:

The official ideology of normalization is sometimes called

3053:

campaign, which had slowed during the Cultural Revolution.

3001:, West Germany, against the invasion of Czechoslovakia and 2998: 2661: 2603:" nor did it demand a reversal of the post-January course. 2320: 990: 955: 818: 68: 5672:"Ministr Zaorálek si předvolal velvyslance Ruské federace" 5389:"Gorbačov o roce 1968: V životě jsem nezažil větší dilema" 3883:

NVA-Truppen machen Halt an der tschechoslowakischen Grenze

3286:

expand Czechoslovakia's ties with other socialist nations.

1594:, Novotný proclaimed the completion of socialism, and the 632: 10691:

Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis

9396: 9376: 9371: 4719:. Google Books (17 July 2006). Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 3682:. Hospodářské noviny IHNED.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016. 3524:. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 11 June 2016. 2721:

In the People's Republic of Poland, on 8 September 1968,

1855: 1793: 4804:

Jiri Valenta, "Could the Prague Spring Have Been Saved"

2004:, including both the maintenance of good relations with 1878:

and later his collaborator, East German First Secretary

584:

137 civilians and soldiers killed, 500 seriously wounded

5244:

Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China

3938:(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979) 3 3694:"Brali udział w inwazji na Czechosłowację. Kombatanci?" 2221:

agreed to bilateral meeting to be held in July 1968 at

5792:

Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance

3761:. Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů. Archived from 2819:

Albanian relations with the People's Republic of China

12440:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

10312:

Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

5098:

Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, 1945–68

5015:'s archive, in Russian and translation into English, 4513:"1968: Bilateral meeting anticipated Soviet invasion" 3722:"Historians pin down number of 1968 invasion victims" 3380:

On 23 May 2015, the Russian state television channel

2853:

and the United States all requested a session of the

2068:

Dubček's reforms guaranteed freedom of the press and

1737:, Dubček oversaw the decision to split into two, the 1413:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

5077:. Press Department of the Office of Czech Government 4284: 2279:

and Czechoslovakia met in Bratislava and signed the

2042:(right) visiting Czechoslovakia in 1968; here, with 5123:. Bpb.de (2 March 2011). Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 4531:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 151. 2565:With this plan in mind, the 16 to 17 August Soviet 1894:, all assessed the Prague Spring very negatively." 5852:is available for free viewing and download at the 5839:is available for free viewing and download at the 5612:"Fico to return to Moscow to meet Putin, Medvedev" 5335:"Western CPs Condemn Invasion, Hail Prague Spring" 5150: 4988:about the demonstration, 5 September 1968, in the 4363: 4361: 4170:"Akční program Komunistické strany Československa" 3859:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. pp. 137–164. 3310: 2283:. The declaration affirmed unshakable fidelity to 1917:and air their grievances there, circumventing the 5676:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic 5228:Rea, Kenneth "Peking and the Brezhnev Doctrine". 5215:Rea, Kenneth "Peking and the Brezhnev Doctrine". 5211: 5209: 5207: 5100:. Manchester University Press. pp. 149–150. 4131: 3851: 3416:said that the film "grossly distorts" the facts. 2823:increasingly strained terms with the Soviet Union 12724: 12455:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 11785:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 9342:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 3960: 3605:. Západočeská univerzita v Plzni. Archived from 3045:against the Red Army. Along with the subsequent 2895:US exploitation of Latin America's raw materials 2650:in Prague to protest the renewed suppression of 2432:transport aircraft began arriving and unloading 204: 12574:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 12489:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 10337:1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union 7779:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 7186:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 4494: 4358: 4331:"Ludvík Vaculík: a Czechoslovak man of letters" 4134:"The Soviet-led Intervention in Czechoslovakia" 4021:Cold War International History Project Bulletin 2796:had requested Warsaw Pact military assistance. 1815:. The Warsaw Pact countries feared that if the 10902:Ottoman–Tatar Invasion of Lithuania and Poland 10608:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5204: 4731:Promises of 1968: Crisis, Illusion, and Utopia 4592: 4590: 4377: 4375: 4373: 3283:reinstate the power of police authorities; and 3056: 2920:The invasion occurred simultaneously with the 2606: 2331:had already involved the United States in the 1962: 12793:Military operations involving the Warsaw Pact 12748:Cold War military history of the Soviet Union 12428:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 11629: 10572: 10558: 10099:Fight for the rule over the Holy Roman Empire 9947: 9502: 6675: 6505: 5875: 5849:Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) 4795:. Britskelisty.cz. Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 4355:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 67. 4109: 4107: 4050:Promises of 1968: Crisis, Illusion and Utopia 3878: 3876: 2952:and a renewed commitment to the Vietnam War. 2828: 1973:On the 20th anniversary of Czechoslovakia's " 1897:In addition, part of Czechoslovakia bordered 1550: 618: 10413:Abduction of Czechoslovak citizens in Angola 10369:Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 9961: 9418:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 6969:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 5543: 5541: 5382: 5380: 5364:"The Effects of the Prague Spring in Europe" 4524: 4476: 4079: 4077: 4019:. New Evidence from the Ukrainian Archives. 3657:. Ciaonet.org. 27 April 1978. Archived from 3238:after the Czechoslovak leader Gustáv Husák. 3111: 2346: 2291:and declared an implacable struggle against 719:liberalisation reforms and strengthened the 12381:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 12376:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 10898:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1534–1537) 10886:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1512–1522) 10530:International Legion of Territorial Defense 8279:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 5664: 5586: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4777: 4587: 4569: 4567: 4528:Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968 4508: 4506: 4370: 4293: 4047: 3749: 3747: 3156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2256:) who supported Dubček, and conservatives ( 11697:Military history of the Russian Federation 11636: 11622: 10744:Second Mongol invasion of Poland (1259/60) 10565: 10551: 9983:War between Samo's empire and Frank Empire 9954: 9940: 9509: 9495: 9382:United States involvement in regime change 6937:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 6682: 6668: 6512: 6498: 6017:Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev 5882: 5868: 5704:". Česká televize. 1 June 2015 (in Czech). 5618:. Prague Post. 1 June 2015. Archived from 5518: 5500: 5449:Schodolski, Vincent J. (5 December 1989). 5448: 5033: 5031: 4897:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1978) p. 21 4728: 4707:. Google Books. Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 4197: 4195: 4104: 3964:1968 : the year that rocked the world 3873: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3808:. Google Books. Retrieved on 23 June 2011. 3801: 3799: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3599:"Operace Dunaj a oběti na straně okupantů" 3532: 3530: 1570:Novotný's regime: late 1950s – early 1960s 1557: 1543: 625: 611: 157: 61: 11947:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 10749:Third Mongol invasion of Poland (1287/88) 10739:First Mongol invasion of Poland (1240/41) 10031:War of succession to the Duchy of Bohemia 5836:Russian Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968) 5538: 5377: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 4992:'s archive, (PDF, faximile, in Russian), 4630: 4074: 3824:"1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact" 3755:"August 1968 – Victims of the Occupation" 3627: 3539:, (Final Edition), 21 August 1998, p. A11 3471:Foreign interventions by the Soviet Union 3466:List of conflicts related to the Cold War 3176:Learn how and when to remove this message 3101:, however supported the Soviet position. 3017:, the occupation caused a major scandal. 2861:denounce the invasion. Soviet Ambassador 2197:Learn how and when to remove this message 2097: 1942:, who later gave consent to the reforms. 1924: 1705:invaded the country to halt the reforms. 1620: 589:70,000 Czechoslovak citizens fled to the 236: 222: 171: 12858:Democratic backsliding in Czechoslovakia 11037:War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588) 10275:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 9653:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 5358: 5352: 5301: 5288: 5241: 5095: 5089: 4867: 4845: 4820: 4682:. London. 21 August 1968. Archived from 4564: 4503: 4473:. Vol. 11. Cambridge: CUP Archive, p. 10 4415: 4409: 4328: 4232: 3912:Czech radio broadcasts 18–20 August 1968 3744: 3719: 3587:. armyweb.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016. 3553: 3314: 3245: 3187: 2992: 2876: 2743: 2676: 2662:Reactions in other Warsaw Pact countries 2394: 2208: 2034: 1772: 1752: 1748: 143: 32:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) 11908:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 11778:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 10598:History of Polish intelligence services 10513:European Union Training Mission in Mali 7508:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 5678:(in Czech). 1 June 2015. Archived from 5471: 5028: 4836:Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution 4515:aktualne.cz. Retrieved on 11 June 2016. 4317: 4192: 4161: 4132:Von Geldern, James; Siegelbaum, Lewis. 4032: 3811: 3796: 3708: 3527: 3033:on 23 August 1968, the Chinese Premier 3015:Soviet political influence at that time 2964:, was an issue to be worked out by the 2487: 2471:The invasion was followed by a wave of 14: 12803:Political repression in Czechoslovakia 12798:Military operations involving Bulgaria 12733:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12725: 12529:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12460:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 12319:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 12297:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 12011:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 11687:Military history of the Russian Empire 11551:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10403:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10381:Czechoslovak military mission in Korea 10302:Hungarian Invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 10022:Great Moravia war against East Francia 9757:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 9352:Russian espionage in the United States 7624:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5811:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5145: 5126: 4908:"The Man Who Said "No" to the Soviets" 4758:Czechoslovakia 1968 "Hungarian troops" 4705:Czechoslovakia 1968 "Bulgarian troops" 4631:Kurlander, David (17 September 2020). 4596: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4167: 3995:Jiri Valenta, "From Prague to Kabul," 3967:(1st ed.). New York: Ballantine. 3847: 3845: 3784:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 3549: 3547: 3545: 3394:Slovakia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3192:Commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Pact 3081:. The Eurocommunist leadership of the 2815:formally withdrew from the Warsaw Pact 2573: 1905:, which were on the other side of the 778:the latter's historic visit to the PRC 636:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 12778:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union 12768:Czechoslovakia–Soviet Union relations 12679:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 12057:Russian colonization of North America 11617: 10944:Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570) 10546: 9935: 9723:1949 East German State Railway strike 9695:World Federation of Democratic Youth 9490: 9347:Soviet espionage in the United States 7503:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 7282:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 6947:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 6663: 6493: 5889: 5863: 5386: 4442: 4436: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3806:Soviet foreign policy since World ... 3441:History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989) 3293:1968 Constitutional Law of Federation 2478: 606: 563:10 killed (in accidents and suicides) 27:1968 invasion led by the Soviet Union 11692:Military history of the Soviet Union 11134:Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) 10787:Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk) 10477:Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar 10332:Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion 9594:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 9423:Soviet Union–United States relations 7774:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 5461:from the original on 21 August 2018. 5417: 4947: 4676:"Russians march into Czechoslovakia" 4381: 4152: 3885:radio.cz. Retrieved on 12 June 2016. 3278:centralized control over the economy 3154:adding citations to reliable sources 3121: 2968:(OAS) without UN interference. When 2786:. The official government newspaper 2740:Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968 2179:adding citations to reliable sources 2150: 1092:World Federation of Democratic Youth 12433:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 11370:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 10342:1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division 10322:1st Czechoslovak Division in France 9387:Soviet involvement in regime change 6007:Reaction to 1980–1981 Polish crisis 5790:Windsor, Philip, and Adam Roberts, 5235: 4204: 4136:. Soviethistory.org. Archived from 3842: 3603:Cтрановедение России (Reálie Ruska) 3542: 2922:1968 Democratic National Convention 2213:Barricades and Soviet tanks on fire 2016:fight against the "remnants of the 1697:was elected First Secretary of the 24: 12479:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 11845:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 10327:Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons 9816:Sovietization of the Baltic states 9428:Soviet Union–United States summits 6902:1947 Polish parliamentary election 6787:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5729: 5332: 4974: 4729:Tismaneanu, Vladimir, ed. (2011). 3941: 3691: 3596: 3508: 3329:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 2982:The United States government sent 2948:used the incident to urge tougher 2586: 2508:" media were "fomenting a wave of 1802:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1166:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 12869: 12344:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 10347:1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade 10258:Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion 9687:World Federation of Trade Unions 8189:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 8124:United States invasion of Grenada 7394:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 7335:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 6519: 6050:1983 false nuclear alarm incident 5798: 4882:Central European University Press 4735:Central European University Press 4023:, Issue 14/15. 2004. pp. 273–275. 3720:Fraňková, Ruth (18 August 2017). 3337:People's Assembly of East Germany 2889:Ball accused Soviet delegates of 1890:, even Hungarian First Secretary 1851:might exacerbate those problems. 1699:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 1611:Soviet model of industrialization 725:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 12758:Czechoslovakia–Hungary relations 12398:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 12191:Russian conquest of Central Asia 12127:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 11923:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 11865:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 11156:War of the Holy League 1683–1699 10859:Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) 10650: 10638: 10629: 9904:January 1991 events in Lithuania 9562:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 9516: 8264:United States invasion of Panama 8114:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 7754:1971 Turkish military memorandum 7717:Communist insurgency in Thailand 7687:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 7619:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 7446:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7374:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 6892:Restatement of Policy on Germany 5804: 5742:(Lexington Books, 2010) 510 pp. 5707: 5694: 5634: 5604: 5566: 5560: 5491: 5465: 5451:"Soviets: Prague Invasion Wrong" 5442: 4416:Vondrová, Jitka (25 June 2008). 4329:Mastalir, Linda (25 July 2006). 4237:. thinkquest.org. Archived from 3461:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3126: 2537: 2459:paratroopers cut the building's 2310: 2155: 1662: 1598:, accordingly, adopted the name 1087:World Federation of Trade Unions 800: 575: 566: 557: 544: 494: 483: 472: 459: 447: 436: 425: 414: 403: 392: 374: 363: 352: 341: 329: 317: 306: 295: 284: 273: 260: 238: 224: 206: 191: 173: 159: 145: 132: 118: 12763:Czechoslovakia–Poland relations 12684:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 12329:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 12270:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 11139:Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676 11129:Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–1634 11117:Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621 11070:Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 10988:Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629 10983:Polish–Swedish War of 1621–1625 10978:Polish–Swedish War of 1617–1618 10966:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1611 10961:Polish–Swedish War of 1600–1629 10854:Władysław the White's rebellion 10841:Polish–Teutonic War (1519–1521) 10826:Polish–Teutonic War (1431–1435) 10792:Polish–Teutonic War (1326–1332) 10450:United Nations Protection Force 10297:Axis invasion of Czechoslovakia 10088:War against Rudolf von Habsburg 9628:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 8984:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8365:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 8294:Fall of the inner German border 8194:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 7844:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 7834:Spanish transition to democracy 7794:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 7421:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 6927:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 6808:Occupation of the Baltic states 5411: 5326: 5222: 5187: 5175: 5114: 5060: 5005: 4965: 4956: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4900: 4887: 4811: 4798: 4786: 4763: 4751: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4668: 4650: 4624: 4615: 4545: 4518: 4485: 4463: 4345: 4322: 4311: 4302: 4262: 4253: 4226: 4125: 4116: 4095: 4089:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 4041: 4033:Hignett, Kelly (27 June 2012). 4026: 4002: 3989: 3928: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3777: 3685: 3628:Minařík, Pavel; Šrámek, Pavel. 3386:Warsaw Pact: Declassified Pages 3311:Later reactions and revisionism 2966:Organization of American States 2950:relations with the Soviet Union 2885:, Finland, against the invasion 2855:United Nations Security Council 2772: 2752:criticizing the Soviet invasion 2681:One of the protesters' banners: 2666: 2166:needs additional citations for 1600:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 689:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 93:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 12366:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 12016:War of the Austrian Succession 11321:Greater Poland uprising (1848) 11112:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 10881:Moldavian campaign (1497–1499) 10425:Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War 7764:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 7399:Mozambican War of Independence 6838:Indonesian National Revolution 5942:Brezhnev assassination attempt 4451:(in Czech). Charles University 3673: 3647: 3621: 3590: 3578: 3493: 3118:Normalization (Czechoslovakia) 2012:would replace the status quo. 1984:In April, Dubček launched an " 13: 1: 12823:Invasions by the Soviet Union 12589:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 12467:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12218:Russian invasion of Manchuria 12208:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 12154:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 12149:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 12092:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 12082:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 12047:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 12042:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 12032:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 12022:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 12000:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 11995:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 11972:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 11967:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 11942:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 11918:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 11913:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 11898:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 11773:List of wars involving Russia 11768:Sino-Russian border conflicts 11228:Russo–Polish War of 1654–1667 11196:Siege of Smolensk (1632–1633) 10869:1444 war against the Ottomans 10696:German–Polish War (1028–1031) 10686:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 10603:List of wars involving Poland 10018:Hungarian invasions of Europe 9988:War against Charles the Great 9909:January 1991 events in Latvia 9899:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 9648:Socialist Republic of Romania 9623:People's Republic of Bulgaria 9615:People's Republic of Albania 9584:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 9362:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 8377:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8330:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 8052:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 8017:Seven Days to the River Rhine 7749:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 7036:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 6964:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5932:1968 Red Square demonstration 5472:Cameron, Rob (2 March 2006). 5418:Imse, Ann (5 December 1989). 5339:Blinken Open Society Archives 5246:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 5042:"Hear My Cry – Maciej Drygas" 4443:Hoppe, Jiří (6 August 2008). 3486: 3095:South African Communist Party 2673:1968 Red Square demonstration 2277:People's Republic of Bulgaria 1529:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 783: 736:Socialist Republic of Romania 705:People's Republic of Bulgaria 654:Battle for Czechoslovak Radio 71:in Prague during the invasion 12853:August 1968 events in Europe 12544:Eritrean War of Independence 12514:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 12509:East German uprising of 1953 12450:Eastern Front (World War II) 12339:Red Army invasion of Georgia 12334:Red Army invasion of Armenia 12302:Estonian War of Independence 12243:Russian occupation of Tabriz 12164:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 12122:War of the Seventh Coalition 12005:War of the Polish Succession 11952:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 11238:War of the Bar Confederation 11233:War of the Polish Succession 10472:Czech Afghanistan Contingent 9894:Collapse of the Soviet Union 9884:Fall of communism in Albania 8355:Fall of communism in Albania 8325:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 8274:Polish Round Table Agreement 7614:1968 Polish political crisis 7431:Eritrean War of Independence 7197:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 7092:East German uprising of 1953 7024:Chinese Communist Revolution 6689: 6065:1984 Summer Olympics boycott 5987:1978 Georgian demonstrations 5242:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 4584:. Retrieved on 11 June 2016. 4223:Ello (1968), pp. 7–9, 129–31 3557:Encyclopedia of the Cold War 3554:Van Dijk, Ruud, ed. (2008). 3476:Proletarian internationalism 3456:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3196:with Walter Ulbricht in 1970 2642:On 19 January 1969, student 2436:equipped with artillery and 2421:Ruzyne International Airport 2377:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 2289:proletarian internationalism 1689:) was a period of political 1524:Fall of communism in Albania 1479:Polish Round Table Agreement 1434:Cuban intervention in Angola 770:establish a state of détente 765:People's Republic of Albania 740:People's Republic of Albania 691:was jointly invaded by four 554:5 soldiers committed suicide 7: 12838:Military history of Germany 12813:Soviet military occupations 12788:Invasions of Czechoslovakia 12584:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 12534:Sino-Soviet border conflict 12403:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 12371:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 12307:Latvian War of Independence 12196:Russian conquest of Bukhara 12087:War of the Fourth Coalition 12072:War of the Second Coalition 11596:Russian invasion of Ukraine 11489:Częstochowa Ghetto uprising 11285:War of the Fourth Coalition 10937:campaign of Stephen Báthory 10520:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10501:Operation Unified Protector 10489:Multi-National Force – Iraq 10364:Israeli War of Independence 10206:1775 Czech peasant Uprising 10203:1680 Czech peasant Uprising 9869:End of communism in Hungary 9638:Hungarian People's Republic 8229:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 7957:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 7702:Corrective Movement (Syria) 7666:New People's Army rebellion 7661:Sino-Soviet border conflict 7389:Angolan War of Independence 7252:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 7132:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6777:Jamaican political conflict 6045:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 5947:Sino-Soviet border conflict 5912:Glassboro Summit Conference 4597:Ouimet, Matthew J. (2003). 4424:(in Czech). Akademie věd ČR 4272:. Library of Congress. 1985 3434: 3333:National Assembly of Poland 3087:pro-Soviet minority faction 3057:Communist parties worldwide 3047:Sino-Soviet border conflict 2833:The night of the invasion, 2607:Reactions in Czechoslovakia 2273:Hungarian People's Republic 2269:People's Republic of Poland 1969:Socialism with a human face 1963:Socialism with a human face 1931:Communist Party of Slovakia 912:Allied and satellite states 709:Hungarian People's Republic 550:96 killed (84 in accidents) 10: 12874: 12579:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 12117:War of the Sixth Coalition 12107:War of the Fifth Coalition 12077:War of the Third Coalition 11682:Military history of Russia 11644:Armed conflicts involving 11574:Operation Uphold Democracy 11309:War of the Sixth Coalition 11297:War of the Fifth Coalition 11243:Polish–Russian War of 1792 10618:Warfare in Medieval Poland 10593:History of the Polish Army 10280:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War 10046:Mongol invasion of Moravia 9633:German Democratic Republic 8425:Sino-Indian border dispute 8254:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 8184:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 7942:1976 Argentine coup d'état 7854:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 7804:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 7488:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 7456:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 7145:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 6912:Asian Relations Conference 5927:Invasion of Czechoslovakia 5648:(in Czech). Archived from 5395:(in Czech). Archived from 5248:Cambridge University Press 4862:Cambridge University Press 4840:Princeton University Press 4445:"Co je Pražské jaro 1968?" 4308:Williams (1997), pp. 18–22 4113:Navrátil (2006), pp. 52–54 3115: 3091:Portuguese Communist Party 3083:Communist Party of Finland 2913:abstained; the USSR (with 2829:Reactions around the world 2799: 2762:public speech in Bucharest 2737: 2733: 2670: 2617:Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun 2445:Czechoslovak People's Army 2373:Silesian Military District 2237:- Dubček, Ludvík Svoboda, 1966: 1864:Communist Party of Ukraine 1666: 776:in 1972 just months after 761:People's Republic of China 687:On 20–21 August 1968, the 29: 12692: 12627: 12418:Soviet invasion of Poland 12228: 12112:French invasion of Russia 11980: 11878: 11797: 11723:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 11715: 11672: 11665: 11559: 11536: 11497: 11484:Białystok Ghetto uprising 11469: 11429: 11420: 11355: 11314:French invasion of Russia 11260: 11173: 11102: 11015: 10995:Northern War of 1655–1660 10922: 10913: 10849: 10777: 10768: 10731: 10671: 10662: 10624: 10580: 10574:Polish wars and conflicts 10435: 10243: 10218: 10194: 10156: 10072: 10026:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 10002: 9969: 9844: 9821:Information dissemination 9798: 9748:1956 Hungarian Revolution 9738:1953 East German uprising 9706: 9664: 9607: 9544: 9524: 9461: 9410: 9332: 9309:William Appleman Williams 9254:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 9036: 9008: 8957: 8889: 8882: 8816: 8681: 8606: 8536: 8529: 8438: 8385: 8317: 8030: 7769:Bangladesh Liberation War 7759:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 7674: 7646:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 7634:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 7297: 7072:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 7049: 6759: 6697: 6621: 6545: 6527: 6450: 6409: 6402: 6354: 6310: 6078: 6030: 6022:Legacy of Leonid Brezhnev 5897: 4895:From Dubcek to Charter 77 4773:. rbth.com. 18 June 2017. 4662:February 2, 2021, at the 4351:Williams, Tieren (1997). 4270:"The Prague Spring, 1968" 4259:Kusin (2002), pp. 107–122 3961:Kurlansky, Mark. (2004). 3630:"Čs. armáda po roce 1945" 3257:, and Walter Ulbricht in 3202:history of Czechoslovakia 3112:Normalization (1969–1971) 3075:Communist Party of Greece 3071:Communist Party of France 2975:called for an end to the 2932:and progressives such as 2716: 2684:For your freedom and ours 2466:Czechoslovak Hockey Riots 2399:Soviet tanks marked with 2347:Invasion and intervention 2339:treaty with the Soviets, 1992:and the possibility of a 1919:Soviet Union's censorship 1781:, and East German leader 1449:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 674:Czechoslovak Hockey Riots 669:Holešov barracks incident 644: 588: 537: 506: 253: 111: 75: 60: 48: 43: 12833:Military of East Germany 12743:1968 in military history 12559:South African Border War 12484:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 12386:Chechen uprising of 1932 12067:Russo-Persian War (1796) 11402:Second Silesian Uprising 10719:1156 war against Germany 10716:1146 war against Germany 10014:campaign against Bohemia 9963:Czech wars and conflicts 9806:Emigration and defection 9643:Polish People's Republic 8084:1980 Turkish coup d'état 7919:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 7889:1978 Somali coup attempt 7849:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 7814:1973 Chilean coup d'état 7639:Revolutionary Government 7533:South African Border War 7325:1960 Turkish coup d'état 7242:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 7097:1953 Iranian coup d'état 7077:1952 Egyptian revolution 6644:Red Square demonstration 5992:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5982:1977 Soviet constitution 5760:(Hamish Hamilton, 1981) 4393:Cornell University Press 4233:Derasadurain, Beatrice. 2748:Bucharest, August 1968: 2727:10th-Anniversary Stadium 1590:. Following the lead of 1270:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 742:refused to participate. 701:Polish People's Republic 12201:Khivan campaign of 1873 12052:Russo-Polish War (1792) 11601:Military aid to Ukraine 11412:Third Silesian Uprising 11380:First Silesian Uprising 11375:Polish–Czechoslovak War 11144:Battle of Chocim (1673) 11122:Battle of Chocim (1621) 10525:military aid to Ukraine 10317:Czech and Slovak Legion 10287:Sudeten German uprising 10265:Polish–Czechoslovak War 10176:Invasion of Passau Army 10103:Anti-Bohemian Coalition 9864:Fall of the Berlin Wall 9790:1981 protests in Kosovo 9728:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 8289:Fall of the Berlin Wall 8234:People Power Revolution 8219:Central American crisis 8159:1986 Black Sea incident 7809:1973 Afghan coup d'état 7707:Western Sahara conflict 7518:1966 Syrian coup d'état 7441:1963 Syrian coup d'état 7384:Portuguese Colonial War 7347:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 7112:1954 Syrian coup d'état 6989:Annexation of Hyderabad 6932:1947–1949 Palestine war 5159:Oxford University Press 5096:Allinson, Mark (2000). 5022:12 October 2007 at the 4999:8 November 2017 at the 4783:Williams (1997), p. 158 4574:The Bratislava Meeting. 4557:14 October 2012 at the 4299:Williams (1997), p. 164 4290:Williams (1997), p. 156 4122:Ello (1968), pp. 32, 54 4015:19 October 2014 at the 3894:Williams (1997), p. 170 2897:to statistics on Czech 2646:set himself on fire in 2516:, and are provoking an 2453:Hungarian People's Army 1514:End of the Soviet Union 1489:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1049: (until 1948) 1024: (until 1977) 1013: (until 1989) 947: (until 1961) 926: (until 1961) 759:, and particularly the 711:. The invasion stopped 572:4 killed (in accidents) 12738:1968 in Czechoslovakia 12674:Western Libya campaign 12349:East Karelian uprising 11870:Wagner Group rebellion 11805:Uprising of Bolotnikov 11479:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 11422:World War II in Poland 11082:Zebrzydowski rebellion 11065:Moldavian Magnate Wars 11032:Siege of Danzig (1577) 10496:First Libyan Civil War 10148:Bohemian–Hungarian War 10084:Bohemian-Hungarian War 8583:Neoclassical economics 8094:Gulf of Sidra incident 7651:1969 Libyan revolution 7342:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7127:1954 Geneva Conference 6887:Turkish straits crisis 6882:Corfu Channel incident 4952:. Verlag Fritz Molden. 4158:Hochman, Dubček (1993) 3997:International Security 3481:Civilian-based defense 3324: 3262: 3221: 3213: 3197: 3006: 2886: 2807:death of Joseph Stalin 2794:provisional government 2753: 2686: 2434:Soviet Airborne Forces 2404: 2385:National People's Army 2281:Bratislava Declaration 2214: 2115:instrument of Party's 2098:Publications and media 2091:The Two Thousand Words 2050: 1925:Dubček's rise to power 1786: 1770: 1686: 1678: 1645:Antonín Jaroslav Liehm 1621:1967 Writers' Congress 1203:Protests and uprisings 531:235,000 (18 divisions) 516:250,000 (20 divisions) 254:Commanders and leaders 12669:Intervention in Syria 12604:Tajikistani Civil War 12312:Lithuanian–Soviet War 12253:Battle of Robat Karim 11702:Post-Soviet conflicts 11584:2003 invasion of Iraq 11512:Operation Ostra Brama 11407:Polish–Lithuanian War 11221:Battle of Berestechko 10949:War against Sigismund 10723:Galicia–Volhynia Wars 10270:Železná Ruda uprising 10166:Little War in Hungary 9914:Breakup of Yugoslavia 9433:Russia–NATO relations 9314:Jonathan Reed Winkler 8598:Democratic capitalism 8593:Supply-side economics 8561:American conservatism 8360:Breakup of Yugoslavia 8249:Bougainville conflict 8164:South Yemen civil war 8099:Martial law in Poland 7962:Nicaraguan Revolution 7937:Dirty War (Argentina) 7744:1971 JVP insurrection 7558:Years of Lead (Italy) 7436:North Yemen civil war 7354:Berlin Crisis of 1961 7330:Albanian–Soviet split 7262:1959 Tibetan uprising 7227:Syrian Crisis of 1957 7082:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 6942:1948 Arab–Israeli War 5907:Collective leadership 5600:on 25 September 2015. 5424:Associated Press News 5303:Hitchens, Christopher 5256:10.1017/9781108784788 4817:Valenta (Fn. 23) 599. 4580:9 August 2016 at the 4525:Jiri Valenta (1979). 4469:Golan, Galia (1973). 3903:Williams (1997), p. 7 3696:(in Polish). Agora SA 3520:29 April 2017 at the 3318: 3249: 3191: 2996: 2880: 2747: 2689:On 25 August, at the 2680: 2613:nonviolent resistance 2398: 2241:and Josef Smrkovský. 2212: 2038: 1994:multiparty government 1953:was interviewed in a 1776: 1756: 1749:Brezhnev's government 1519:Post-Soviet conflicts 1504:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1407:Albanian–Soviet split 1118:Anti-Soviet partisans 1061:Related organizations 659:Occupation of Liberec 538:Casualties and losses 12828:Invasions by Hungary 12652:Annexation of Crimea 12356:Central Asian Revolt 12265:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12137:Russo-Circassian War 11820:Pugachev's Rebellion 11763:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 11707:Russian Armed Forces 11677:Early modern warfare 11365:Polish–Ukrainian War 11216:Khmelnytsky Uprising 10779:Polish–Teutonic wars 10588:Early modern warfare 10055:Bohemia-Bavarian War 9994:Nitrian Principality 9762:1970 Polish protests 9743:1956 Poznań protests 9608:Soviet-allied states 8854:Non-Aligned Movement 8476:Peaceful coexistence 8430:North Borneo dispute 8345:German reunification 8340:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 8038:Salvadoran Civil War 7987:Grand Mosque seizure 7982:Yemenite War of 1979 7874:Mozambican Civil War 7829:Carnation Revolution 7784:Yemenite War of 1972 7722:1970 Polish protests 7553:1967 Hong Kong riots 7528:Argentine Revolution 7478:Guatemalan Civil War 7406:Cuban Missile Crisis 7320:Bay of Pigs Invasion 7192:1956 Poznań protests 7170:Geneva Summit (1955) 6772:Hukbalahap Rebellion 6751:Non-Aligned Movement 6537:Normalization Period 6532:Warsaw Pact Invasion 6346:Konstantin Chernenko 6060:Uzbek cotton scandal 6002:1980 Summer Olympics 5977:1977 Moscow bombings 5813:at Wikimedia Commons 5682:on 25 September 2015 4971:Williams (Fn. 25) 42 4686:on 11 September 2008 3789:31 July 2017 at the 3390:political propaganda 3346:On 4 December 1989, 3261:, East Germany, 1971 3150:improve this section 3105:Christopher Hitchens 2984:Shirley Temple Black 2970:UN Secretary-General 2962:Operation Power Pack 2821:, which was also on 2601:counterrevolutionary 2488:Letter of invitation 2233:, Nikolai Podgorny, 2227:Slovak-Soviet border 2175:improve this article 2070:political commentary 2010:democratic socialism 1499:Barricades in Latvia 1444:1980 Moscow Olympics 1424:Cuban Missile Crisis 772:with U.S. President 12843:Invasions by Poland 12712:Sphere of influence 12642:Russo-Ukrainian War 12499:First Indochina War 12472:Soviet–Japanese War 12408:Xinjiang War (1937) 12277:Kazakhstan Campaign 12062:Kościuszko Uprising 11962:Second Northern War 11840:Coup attempt (1991) 11733:Soviet-Finnish wars 11462:during World War II 11248:Kościuszko Uprising 11212:1644 Tatar Invasion 11186:Fedorovych uprising 11177:1624 Tatar Invasion 11104:Polish–Ottoman wars 11056:1593 Tatar Invasion 11048:1589 Tatar Invasion 11025:Battle of Lubieszów 10954:Battle of Stångebro 10924:Polish–Swedish wars 10831:Thirteen Years' War 10701:Miecław's Rebellion 10676:Polish–Veletian War 10613:Polish Armed Forces 10581:General and related 10233:Czechoslovak Legion 10139:Polish–Bohemian war 9879:Romanian revolution 9852:Revolutions of 1989 9733:1953 Plzeň uprising 9299:Alex von Tunzelmann 9289:Vladimir Tismăneanu 9214:Thomas J. McCormick 9209:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 9109:Robert Hugh Ferrell 8972:Crusade for Freedom 8769:Illiberal democracy 8653:Ho Chi Minh Thought 8456:Eisenhower Doctrine 8309:Peaceful Revolution 8304:Romanian Revolution 8284:Revolutions of 1989 8269:1988 Polish strikes 8179:Operation INFEKTION 8174:1987 Lieyu massacre 8079:Eritrean Civil Wars 8062:Peruvian Revolution 8012:1979 Herat uprising 8002:Sino-Vietnamese War 7967:Uganda–Tanzania War 7947:Egyptian–Libyan War 7914:Third Indochina War 7909:Sino-Albanian split 7899:Ethiopian Civil War 7799:Eritrean Civil Wars 7739:Ping-pong diplomacy 7712:Cambodian Civil War 7538:Korean DMZ Conflict 7523:Cultural Revolution 7493:Dominican Civil War 7471:Tlatelolco massacre 7257:1959 Mosul uprising 7247:1958 Lebanon crisis 6974:Al-Wathbah uprising 6897:First Indochina War 6867:Iran crisis of 1946 4422:Akademický bulletin 4418:"Pražské Jaro 1968" 4241:on 14 November 2007 4201:Judt (2005), p. 441 4068:10.7829/j.ctt1281xt 3099:Communist Party USA 2574:Failure of the plot 2403:during the invasion 1975:Victorious February 1884:Konstantin Katushev 1673:The Prague Spring ( 1484:Revolutions of 1989 370:Wojciech Jaruzelski 324:Konstantin Provalov 103:Warsaw Pact victory 12702:Russian Revolution 12637:Russo-Georgian War 12619:Second Chechen War 12599:Georgian Civil War 12238:Russo-Japanese War 11990:Great Northern War 11888:Russo-Crimean Wars 11860:Second Chechen War 11758:Russo-Turkish wars 11753:Russo-Swedish wars 11743:Russo-Persian Wars 11728:Russo-Crimean Wars 11589:Occupation of Iraq 11569:War in Afghanistan 11446:Invasion of Poland 11341:fighting in Poland 11262:Poland partitioned 11208:Ostryanyn uprising 11060:Nalyvaiko Uprising 11007:Great Northern War 10971:Battle of Kircholm 10864:Battle of Grotniki 10836:War of the Priests 10809:Battle of Grunwald 10467:War in Afghanistan 10292:Capture of Zaolzie 10130:Hundred Years' War 10081:Hungarian Campaign 10074:Kingdom of Bohemia 10012:Louis the German's 9970:Slavic tribes and 9889:Singing Revolution 9772:June 1976 protests 9557:Soviet occupations 9453:Russian Revolution 9249:Mary Elise Sarotte 9234:William B. Pickett 9159:Patrick J. Hearden 9139:Gabriel Gorodetsky 9134:Timothy Garton Ash 9119:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 8714:Ethnic nationalism 8466:Hallstein Doctrine 8350:Yemeni unification 8139:1985 Geneva Summit 8104:Casamance conflict 8007:New Jewel Movement 7992:Iranian Revolution 7977:Chadian–Libyan War 7924:Cambodian conflict 7904:Lebanese Civil War 7894:Western Sahara War 7869:June 1976 protests 7864:Cambodian genocide 7629:17 July Revolution 7583:Nigerian Civil War 7498:Rhodesian Bush War 7483:Colombian conflict 7426:Ramadan Revolution 7165:Bandung Conference 7041:Operation Valuable 6922:Partition of India 6032:Events (1982–1985) 5967:Vladivostok Summit 5899:Events (1964–1982) 5777:Timothy Garton Ash 5387:Raduševič, Mirko. 5305:(25 August 2008). 4832:H. Gordon Skilling 4621:Dawisha (Fn. 6) 10 4101:Valenta (Fn. 7) 17 3692:Skomra, Sławomir. 3597:Šatraj, Jaroslav. 3418:Russian ambassador 3367:Russian Federation 3325: 3319:Memorial plate in 3263: 3198: 3039:social imperialism 3007: 2977:bombing of Vietnam 2958:Dominican Republic 2942:1968 Chicago riots 2887: 2809:, as well as with 2754: 2687: 2552:vote of confidence 2494:Eastern Bloc press 2479:Failure to prepare 2411:task force of the 2405: 2215: 2051: 1787: 1771: 1761:and Polish leader 1474:Singing Revolution 1248:Novocherkassk 1962 359:Józef Cyrankiewicz 12753:Conflicts in 1968 12720: 12719: 12609:First Chechen War 12564:Soviet–Afghan War 12549:Angolan Civil War 12324:Polish–Soviet War 12282:Finnish Civil War 12260:Russian Civil War 12159:November Uprising 12097:Anglo-Russian War 12037:Bar Confederation 11850:First Chechen War 11830:Russian Civil War 11825:Decembrist revolt 11815:Bulavin Rebellion 11810:Razin's Rebellion 11793: 11792: 11748:Russo-Polish Wars 11716:Lists by opponent 11611: 11610: 11546:Racibórz Conflict 11538:People's Republic 11532: 11531: 11507:Operation Tempest 11385:Polish–Soviet War 11326:November Uprising 11302:Austro-Polish War 11290:Prussian campaign 11256: 11255: 11151:Great Turkish War 11092:Battle of Humenné 11087:Thirty Years' War 11075:Battle of Kłuszyn 11052:Kosiński uprising 11042:Battle of Byczyna 10909: 10908: 10821:Gollub War (1422) 10816:Hunger War (1414) 10764: 10763: 10754:Battle of Legnica 10705:1072 war against 10681:Battle of Cedynia 10540: 10539: 10408:Angolan Civil War 10393:Uprising in Plzeň 10354:Racibórz Conflict 10253:Russian Civil War 10186:Thirty Years' War 10114:Holy Roman Empire 9979:War against Avars 9929: 9928: 9874:Velvet Revolution 9836:Telephone tapping 9810:list of defectors 9599:Tito–Stalin split 9484: 9483: 9471:List of conflicts 9319:Rudolph Winnacker 9264:Giles Scott-Smith 9239:Ronald E. Powaski 9194:Melvyn P. Leffler 9124:John Lewis Gaddis 9099:Robert D. English 9064:Warren H. Carroll 9054:Michael Beschloss 9023:Nuclear arms race 9004: 9003: 8910:Neues Deutschland 8812: 8811: 8794:White nationalism 8764:Liberal democracy 8501:Ulbricht Doctrine 8491:Brezhnev Doctrine 8299:Velvet Revolution 8043:Soviet–Afghan War 7859:Angolan Civil War 7656:Goulash Communism 7513:ASEAN Declaration 7466:Mexican Dirty War 7364:Annexation of Goa 7315:1960 U-2 incident 7289:Sino-Soviet split 7267:Laotian Civil War 7107:Bricker Amendment 7087:Mau Mau rebellion 7031:Malayan Emergency 7019:Chinese Civil War 6979:Tito–Stalin split 6833:Division of Korea 6657: 6656: 6634:Brezhnev Doctrine 6578:František Kriegel 6487: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6079:Politburo members 5997:Soviet–Afghan War 5937:Brezhnev Doctrine 5891:Era of Stagnation 5822:Project 1968–1969 5809:Media related to 5785:978-0-19-955201-6 5748:978-0-7391-4304-9 5652:on 20 August 2017 5616:Czech News Agency 5531:Radio Free Europe 5430:on 21 August 2018 5399:on 23 August 2018 5265:978-1-108-78478-8 5219:. 3 (1975) p. 22. 5168:978-0-19-503587-2 5147:Franck, Thomas M. 4990:Vladimir Bukovsky 4986:Central Committee 4948:Bertleff, Erich. 4910:. 21 August 2015. 4608:978-0-8078-2740-6 4402:978-0-8014-4767-9 4395:. pp. 23ff. 4140:on 17 August 2009 3853:Stolarik, M. Mark 3732:on 26 August 2017 3609:on 8 January 2008 3423:online newspapers 3348:Mikhail Gorbachev 3186: 3185: 3178: 2997:Demonstration in 2899:commodity trading 2881:Demonstration in 2872:Cain gave to Abel 2789:Neues Deutschland 2758:Nicolae Ceauşescu 2625:collaborationists 2556:counterrevolution 2390:German occupation 2329:Lyndon B. Johnson 2305:Brezhnev Doctrine 2254:František Kriegel 2219:Soviet Presidiums 2207: 2206: 2199: 2040:Nicolae Ceauşescu 2006:Western countries 1876:Władysław Gomułka 1763:Władysław Gomułka 1592:Nikita Khrushchev 1567: 1566: 1402:Sino-Soviet split 1382:Tito–Stalin split 1377:Czechoslovak coup 1355: 1354: 1295:Ukraine 1989–1991 1233:East Germany 1953 1175:Soviet occupation 749:German occupation 682: 681: 601: 600: 595:Velvet Revolution 533:2,500–3,000 tanks 513:Initial invasion: 348:Marian Spychalski 336:Władysław Gomułka 186:Logistics support 107: 106: 83:20–21 August 1968 16:(Redirected from 12865: 12818:Combat incidents 12594:Transnistria War 12539:War of Attrition 12445:Continuation War 12394: 12186:January Uprising 12027:Seven Years' War 11927:Time of Troubles 11893:Russo-Kazan Wars 11738:Russo-Kazan Wars 11670: 11669: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11615: 11614: 11502:Italian Campaign 11471:Ghetto uprisings 11458:, and 11427: 11426: 11390:Battle of Warsaw 11331:January Uprising 11270:Denisko uprising 11203:Pavlyuk uprising 11181:Zhmaylo uprising 11161:Battle of Vienna 11020:Danzig rebellion 10920: 10919: 10797:Battle of Płowce 10775: 10774: 10770:Jagiellon Poland 10732:Mongol invasions 10669: 10668: 10654: 10642: 10633: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10544: 10543: 10462:Unrest in Kosovo 10388:Merklín incident 10210:Czech Revolution 10171:Schmalkaldic War 10143:Crusade of Varna 10125:Polish-Czech War 10112:Double reign of 10108:Matthew III Csák 10093:Wenceslaus II.'s 10064:Prussian Crusade 10051:Prussian Crusade 10004:Duchy of Bohemia 9956: 9949: 9942: 9933: 9932: 9718:Goryani Movement 9698: 9690: 9656: 9618: 9552:Yalta Conference 9511: 9504: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9229:David S. Painter 9154:John Earl Haynes 9084:Nicholas J. Cull 9069:Adrian Cioroianu 9049:Thomas A. Bailey 8996:Voice of America 8887: 8886: 8799:White separatism 8779:Social democracy 8774:Guided democracy 8754:Authoritarianism 8704:Ultranationalism 8694:Anti-imperialism 8621:Marxism–Leninism 8534: 8533: 8521:Kinmen Agreement 8486:Johnson Doctrine 8471:Kennedy Doctrine 8387:Frozen conflicts 8370:1991 August Coup 8259:Afghan Civil War 8154:Reykjavík Summit 8149:Somali Rebellion 8089:Ugandan Bush War 8067:Gdańsk Agreement 7588:Protests of 1968 7568:War of Attrition 7277:Cuban Revolution 7213:We will bury you 7180:Cyprus Emergency 7160:Kashmir Princess 7150:Jebel Akhdar War 6999:Western betrayal 6684: 6677: 6670: 6661: 6660: 6629:Action Programme 6568:Alexander Dubček 6514: 6507: 6500: 6491: 6490: 6407: 6406: 6403:National economy 6070:Friendship Games 5972:Helsinki Accords 5884: 5877: 5870: 5861: 5860: 5854:Internet Archive 5841:Internet Archive 5808: 5723: 5722: 5711: 5705: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5573:Business Insider 5564: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5536: 5535: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5426:. Archived from 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5393:Literární noviny 5384: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5299: 5286: 5285: 5239: 5233: 5232:. 3 (1975)p. 22. 5226: 5220: 5213: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5156: 5143: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5009: 5003: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4893:Vladimir Kusin, 4891: 4885: 4878: 4865: 4858: 4843: 4829: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4672: 4666: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4594: 4585: 4571: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4379: 4368: 4365: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4230: 4224: 4221: 4202: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3958: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3820: 3809: 3803: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3728:. Archived from 3717: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3551: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3512: 3500: 3497: 3414:Lubomír Zaorálek 3402:National Council 3342: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3130: 3122: 3108:had broken it." 3005:, 23 August 1968 2988:child movie star 2934:Ralph Yarborough 2767:Patriotic Guards 2707:Vasili Mitrokhin 2648:Wenceslas Square 2449:chain of command 2401:invasion stripes 2301:satellite states 2285:Marxism–Leninism 2223:Čierna nad Tisou 2202: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2159: 2151: 2129:Jaroslav Seifert 2105:Literarni noviny 2079:market economies 2062:Social Democrats 2044:Alexander Dubček 2030:Marxism-Leninism 1986:Action Programme 1979:Klement Gottwald 1933:, and economist 1872:Nikolai Podgorny 1827:, upsetting the 1779:Nikolai Podgorny 1695:Alexander Dubček 1657:Literární noviny 1628:Literární noviny 1596:new constitution 1582:had begun under 1576:de-Stalinization 1559: 1552: 1545: 1468: 1415: 1366: 1211:Poland 1944–1989 1195:Operation Jungle 1114: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1062: 913: 823: 821: 815: 804: 803: 794: 788: 787: 732:Operation Danube 713:Alexander Dubček 639: 637: 627: 620: 613: 604: 603: 597:reached 300,000. 580: 579: 571: 570: 562: 561: 549: 548: 499: 498: 488: 487: 477: 476: 467:Alexander Dubček 464: 463: 452: 451: 441: 440: 430: 429: 419: 418: 408: 407: 397: 396: 389: 379: 378: 368: 367: 357: 356: 346: 345: 338: 334: 333: 322: 321: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 280:Nikolai Podgorny 278: 277: 265: 264: 248: 244: 242: 241: 234: 230: 228: 227: 216: 212: 210: 209: 197: 195: 194: 183: 179: 177: 176: 169: 165: 163: 162: 155: 151: 149: 148: 138: 136: 135: 129: 122: 77: 76: 65: 44:Operation Danube 41: 40: 21: 18:Operation Danube 12873: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12783:1960s in Prague 12723: 12722: 12721: 12716: 12688: 12629: 12623: 12614:War of Dagestan 12388: 12361:August Uprising 12230: 12224: 12213:Boxer Rebellion 12181:Amur Annexation 11982: 11976: 11880: 11874: 11855:War of Dagestan 11835:August Uprising 11789: 11711: 11661: 11642: 11612: 11607: 11555: 11528: 11522:Warsaw Uprising 11493: 11465: 11416: 11357:Second Republic 11351: 11275:Napoleonic Wars 11252: 11169: 11098: 11011: 10905: 10891:Battle of Orsha 10874:Battle of Varna 10845: 10760: 10727: 10712:Siege of Głogów 10658: 10657: 10646: 10622: 10576: 10571: 10541: 10536: 10431: 10239: 10214: 10190: 10181:Bohemian Revolt 10152: 10095:Polish Campaign 10068: 9998: 9965: 9960: 9930: 9925: 9840: 9794: 9781:Soviet reaction 9767:Croatian Spring 9711: 9709: 9702: 9696: 9688: 9660: 9654: 9616: 9603: 9589:Berlin Blockade 9540: 9539: 9520: 9515: 9485: 9480: 9457: 9448:Second Cold War 9406: 9334: 9328: 9304:Odd Arne Westad 9294:Patrick Vaughan 9279:Athan Theoharis 9259:Ellen Schrecker 9244:Yakov M. Rabkin 9219:Timothy Naftali 9164:Tvrtko Jakovina 9149:Jussi Hanhimäki 9032: 9010: 9000: 8978:Paix et Liberté 8953: 8897:Active measures 8878: 8808: 8789:White supremacy 8749:Totalitarianism 8677: 8602: 8525: 8511:Reagan Doctrine 8506:Carter Doctrine 8446:Truman Doctrine 8434: 8381: 8313: 8208:Soviet reaction 8119:Ndogboyosoi War 8026: 7997:Saur Revolution 7824:1973 oil crisis 7789:Munich massacre 7697:Alcora Exercise 7692:Black September 7670: 7416:Sino-Indian War 7310:Simba rebellion 7293: 7137:Capture of the 7045: 6984:Berlin Blockade 6917:May 1947 crises 6907:Truman Doctrine 6872:Greek Civil War 6861:Blacklist Forty 6828:Gouzenko Affair 6815:Cursed soldiers 6767:Morgenthau Plan 6755: 6693: 6688: 6658: 6653: 6639:Moscow Protocol 6617: 6588:Antonín Novotný 6558:Leonid Brezhnev 6541: 6523: 6518: 6488: 6479: 6452:Five-year plans 6446: 6398: 6350: 6306: 6080: 6074: 6026: 5957:1973 oil crisis 5893: 5888: 5846:The short film 5833:The short film 5801: 5754:Suvorov, Victor 5736:Bischof, Günter 5732: 5730:Further reading 5727: 5726: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5622:on 1 April 2016 5610: 5609: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5565: 5561: 5546: 5539: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5482: 5480: 5470: 5466: 5455:Chicago Tribune 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5385: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5360:Tuomioja, Erkki 5357: 5353: 5343: 5341: 5333:Devlin, Kevin. 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5300: 5289: 5266: 5250:. p. 150. 5240: 5236: 5227: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5144: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5024:Wayback Machine 5013:Andrei Sakharov 5010: 5006: 5001:Wayback Machine 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4868: 4859: 4846: 4830: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4737:. p. 358. 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4664:Wayback Machine 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4595: 4588: 4582:Wayback Machine 4572: 4565: 4559:Wayback Machine 4550: 4546: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4500:Williams, p. 69 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4452: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4425: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4380: 4371: 4367:Williams, p. 68 4366: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4235:"Prague Spring" 4231: 4227: 4222: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091:. 9 April 2008. 4083: 4082: 4075: 4060: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4027: 4017:Wayback Machine 4007: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3975: 3959: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3850: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3812: 3804: 3797: 3791:Wayback Machine 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3765:on 18 July 2011 3753: 3752: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3564:. p. 718. 3552: 3543: 3537:Washington Post 3535: 3528: 3522:Wayback Machine 3513: 3509: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3437: 3398:František Šebej 3341:1 December 1989 3340: 3313: 3244: 3194:Ivan Yakubovsky 3182: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3147: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3059: 3011:neutral country 2938:Eugene McCarthy 2831: 2802: 2775: 2742: 2736: 2719: 2711:Dmitri Polyakov 2703:Oleg Gordievsky 2682: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2609: 2597:Moscow Protocol 2589: 2587:Moscow Protocol 2576: 2540: 2490: 2481: 2461:telephone lines 2369:Polish 2nd Army 2349: 2313: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2172: 2160: 2149: 2109:Literarni listy 2100: 1971: 1965: 1951:Josef Smrkovský 1927: 1880:Walter Ulbricht 1798:Third World War 1790:Leonid Brezhnev 1783:Walter Ulbricht 1759:Leonid Brezhnev 1751: 1743:Slovak Republic 1671: 1665: 1623: 1584:Antonín Novotný 1574:The process of 1572: 1563: 1534: 1533: 1469: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1411: 1387:Berlin Blockade 1367: 1365:Cold War events 1364: 1357: 1356: 1280:Kazakhstan 1986 1111: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1096: 1063: 1060: 1053: 1052: 914: 911: 904: 903: 824: 819: 813: 811: 801: 792: 786: 695:countries: the 685: 684: 683: 678: 640: 635: 633: 631: 574: 573: 565: 564: 556: 555: 553: 551: 543: 532: 527: 525: 521: 519: 517: 515: 493: 492: 482: 481: 471: 470: 458: 454:Walter Ulbricht 446: 445: 435: 434: 424: 423: 413: 412: 402: 401: 399:Florian Siwicki 391: 390: 383: 381:Bolesław Chocha 373: 372: 362: 361: 351: 350: 340: 339: 328: 327: 326: 316: 315: 313:Ivan Yakubovsky 305: 304: 294: 293: 283: 282: 272: 271: 268:Leonid Brezhnev 259: 249: 239: 237: 235: 225: 223: 221: 207: 205: 192: 190: 189: 184: 174: 172: 170: 160: 158: 156: 146: 144: 142: 133: 131: 130: 117: 95: 66: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12871: 12861: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12697:Russian Winter 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12639: 12633: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12524:Vlora incident 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12462: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12425: 12420: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12294: 12289: 12287:Sochi conflict 12284: 12279: 12274: 12273: 12272: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12177: 12176: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12013: 12008: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11986: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11884: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11873: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11663: 11662: 11641: 11640: 11633: 11626: 11618: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11561:Third Republic 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11463: 11448: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11430: 11424: 11418: 11417: 11415: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11395:Kiev offensive 11392: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11294: 11293: 11292: 11282: 11280:Peninsular War 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11213: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11124: 11114: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11094: 11084: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11054: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11034: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 11003: 11002: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10946: 10941: 10940: 10939: 10928: 10926: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10883: 10878: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10812: 10811: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10772: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10709: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10644: 10643: 10635: 10634: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10570: 10569: 10562: 10555: 10547: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10527: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10505: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10441: 10439: 10437:Czech Republic 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10373: 10372: 10371: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10260: 10249: 10247: 10245:Czechoslovakia 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10104: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10036:Second Crusade 10033: 10028: 10023: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9976: 9974: 9967: 9966: 9959: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9936: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9692: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9554: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9521: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9338: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9274:Timothy Snyder 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9204:Vojtech Mastny 9201: 9199:Geir Lundestad 9196: 9191: 9189:Walter Laqueur 9186: 9184:Walter LaFeber 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9114:André Fontaine 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9044:Gar Alperovitz 9040: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8974: 8969: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8899: 8893: 8891: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8820: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8784:Third-Worldism 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8573:Libertarianism 8570: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8551:Chicago school 8548: 8542: 8540: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8496:Nixon Doctrine 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8439:Foreign policy 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8379: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8224:Operation RYAN 8221: 8216: 8211: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8129:Able Archer 83 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7879:Oromo conflict 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7819:Yom Kippur War 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7602: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7451:Aden Emergency 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7369:Papua conflict 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7274: 7272:Kitchen Debate 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7232:Sputnik crisis 7229: 7224: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7202:Polish October 7199: 7194: 7189: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7102:Pact of Madrid 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7057:Bamboo Curtain 7053: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6797: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6664: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6615: 6613:Ludvík Vaculík 6610: 6608:Ludvík Svoboda 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6563:Oldřich Černík 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6456: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6437:Food Programme 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6389:Tikhonov's 1st 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6327: 6316: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6055:Able Archer 83 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6012:Exercise Zapad 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5962:Fall of Saigon 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5814: 5800: 5799:External links 5797: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5769: 5758:The Liberators 5751: 5738:, et al. eds. 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5706: 5693: 5663: 5633: 5603: 5585: 5567:Bigg, Claire. 5559: 5537: 5534:. 1 June 2015. 5517: 5514:. 1 June 2015. 5499: 5490: 5464: 5441: 5410: 5376: 5351: 5325: 5287: 5264: 5234: 5221: 5203: 5186: 5174: 5167: 5125: 5113: 5107:978-0719055546 5106: 5088: 5059: 5027: 5004: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4899: 4886: 4866: 4844: 4838:, (Princeton: 4819: 4810: 4797: 4785: 4776: 4762: 4750: 4743: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4667: 4649: 4623: 4614: 4607: 4586: 4576:stanford.edu. 4563: 4544: 4537: 4517: 4502: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4462: 4435: 4408: 4401: 4391:. Ithaca, NY: 4369: 4357: 4344: 4333:. Radio Prague 4321: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4261: 4252: 4225: 4203: 4191: 4174:Action Program 4160: 4151: 4124: 4115: 4103: 4094: 4073: 4059:978-6155053047 4058: 4040: 4025: 4001: 3999:5, (1980), 117 3988: 3973: 3940: 3934:Jiri Valenta, 3927: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3872: 3865: 3841: 3810: 3795: 3776: 3743: 3707: 3684: 3672: 3661:on 21 May 2012 3646: 3620: 3589: 3577: 3571:978-0203880210 3570: 3541: 3526: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3371:Czech Republic 3365:said that the 3363:Vladimir Putin 3312: 3309: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3251:Erich Honecker 3243: 3240: 3184: 3183: 3134: 3132: 3125: 3116:Main article: 3113: 3110: 3058: 3055: 3009:In Finland, a 2851:United Kingdom 2830: 2827: 2801: 2798: 2774: 2771: 2738:Main article: 2735: 2732: 2723:Ryszard Siwiec 2718: 2715: 2671:Main article: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2608: 2605: 2588: 2585: 2575: 2572: 2539: 2536: 2518:anti-communist 2498:Party Congress 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2464:following the 2348: 2345: 2312: 2309: 2262:anti-socialist 2239:Oldřich Černík 2235:Mikhail Suslov 2231:Alexei Kosygin 2205: 2204: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2099: 2096: 2048:Ludvik Svoboda 2026:heavy industry 2002:foreign policy 1998:federalization 1990:consumer goods 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1940:Ludvík Svoboda 1926: 1923: 1813:Eastern Europe 1757:Soviet leader 1750: 1747: 1739:Czech Republic 1691:liberalization 1667:Main article: 1664: 1661: 1633:Ludvík Vaculík 1622: 1619: 1604:Slánský trials 1580:Czechoslovakia 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494:January Events 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1305:Lithuania 1991 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1169: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1112: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1072: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1030: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 961:Czechoslovakia 958: 953: 948: 942: 937: 932: 927: 921: 915: 910: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 825: 810: 809: 806: 805: 797: 796: 785: 782: 680: 679: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 642: 641: 630: 629: 622: 615: 607: 599: 598: 586: 585: 582: 540: 539: 535: 534: 529: 523:Peak strength: 509: 508: 504: 503: 490:Oldřich Černík 479:Ludvík Svoboda 456: 302:Andrei Grechko 291:Alexei Kosygin 256: 255: 251: 250: 214:Czechoslovakia 201: 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 91: 89: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12870: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12808:Prague Spring 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12691: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12662:2022 invasion 12660: 12658: 12657:War in Donbas 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12494:Ili Rebellion 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12227: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12132:Caucasian War 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11885: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11659: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11639: 11634: 11632: 11627: 11625: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11517:Lwów uprising 11515: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11496: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11460:contributions 11457: 11453: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11439:Eastern Front 11437: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11346: 11345:Eastern Front 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11310: 11307: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11093: 11090: 11089: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10952: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10653: 10649: 10648: 10647: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10563: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10549: 10548: 10545: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10497: 10494: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10445:Yugoslav Wars 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10059:War of Styria 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10041:Third Crusade 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9972:Great Moravia 9968: 9964: 9957: 9952: 9950: 9945: 9943: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9920: 9919:Yugoslav Wars 9917: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9859: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9754: 9753:Prague Spring 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665:Organizations 9663: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9567:Baltic states 9565: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9543: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9507: 9505: 9500: 9498: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9460: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438:War on terror 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9333:Espionage and 9331: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9284:Andrew Thorpe 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179:Gabriel Kolko 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Fred Halliday 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9129:Lloyd Gardner 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9089:Norman Davies 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9074:John Costello 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9009:Technological 9007: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8890:Pro-communist 8888: 8885: 8881: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817:Organizations 8815: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8631:Eurocommunism 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:Domino theory 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8415:South Ossetia 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8199:8888 Uprising 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8144:Iran–Iraq War 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8109:Falklands War 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:NDF Rebellion 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:German Autumn 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Metapolitefsi 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7603: 7601: 7600:Prague Spring 7598: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7578:Al-Wadiah War 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7543:12-3 incident 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7122:Domino theory 7120: 7118: 7117:Petrov Affair 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6994:Madiun Affair 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6954:Marshall Plan 6952: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6703:United States 6700: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Petro Shelest 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6583:Zdeněk Mlynář 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546:Major figures 6544: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6521:Prague Spring 6515: 6510: 6508: 6503: 6501: 6496: 6495: 6492: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6449: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6364:Kosygin's 1st 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341:Yuri Andropov 6339: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922:Prague Spring 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766:0-241-10675-3 5763: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5589: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5554:bloomberg.com 5551: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5494: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5230:Asian Affairs 5225: 5218: 5217:Asian Affairs 5212: 5210: 5208: 5200: 5199:80-7106-406-8 5196: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5099: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5063: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5032: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982:Yuri Andropov 4977: 4968: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4814: 4808:35 (1991) 597 4807: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4780: 4772: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4746: 4744:9786155053047 4740: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4538:0-8018-4297-2 4534: 4530: 4529: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4497: 4491:Golan, p. 112 4488: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4383:Bren, Paulina 4378: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4354: 4348: 4332: 4325: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4271: 4265: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4196: 4180:on 6 May 2008 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4011: 4008:Mark Kramer. 4005: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3974:0-345-45581-9 3970: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3866:9780865167513 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3830:. 14 May 1955 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3695: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451:Prague Spring 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359:Boris Yeltsin 3355: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3317: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:normalization 3203: 3195: 3190: 3180: 3177: 3169: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3135:This section 3133: 3129: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3043:guerrilla war 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2986:, the famous 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960:, as part of 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946:John Connally 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930:Abbie Hoffman 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:filibustering 2884: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2770: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2538:Internal plot 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:Antonov An-12 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317:United States 2311:United States 2308: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2190: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2164:This section 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125:Joseph Stalin 2120: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2083:mixed economy 2080: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1945:When the KSČ 1943: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:Todor Zhivkov 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868:Petro Shelest 1865: 1861: 1860:Yuri Andropov 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Prague Spring 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:secret police 1791: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1669:Prague Spring 1663:Prague Spring 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641:Jan Procházka 1638: 1637:Milan Kundera 1634: 1630: 1629: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1509:Yugoslav Wars 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 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1056: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037:North Vietnam 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 908: 907: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 822: 816: 808: 807: 799: 798: 795: 790: 789: 781: 779: 775: 774:Richard Nixon 771: 766: 762: 758: 752: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 721:authoritarian 718: 717:Prague Spring 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 664:Bloody Sunday 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 649:Prague Spring 647: 646: 643: 638: 628: 623: 621: 616: 614: 609: 608: 605: 596: 592: 587: 583: 578: 569: 560: 547: 542: 541: 536: 530: 524: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 497: 491: 486: 480: 475: 469: 468: 462: 457: 455: 450: 444: 443:Lajos Czinege 439: 433: 428: 422: 421:Dobri Dzhurov 417: 411: 410:Todor Zhivkov 406: 400: 395: 387: 382: 377: 371: 366: 360: 355: 349: 344: 337: 332: 325: 320: 314: 309: 303: 298: 292: 287: 281: 276: 270: 269: 263: 258: 257: 252: 247: 233: 220: 217: 215: 202: 200: 187: 182: 168: 154: 141: 128: 126: 121: 116: 115: 110: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 87: 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 55:Prague Spring 52: 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 12773:Eastern Bloc 12528: 12413:World War II 11937:Smolensk War 11903:Livonian War 11550: 11450:Polish 11434:World War II 11191:Smolensk War 10932:Livonian War 10915:Commonwealth 10664:Piast Poland 10645: 10402: 10307:World War II 10135:Hussite Wars 10118:War against 10106:War against 9992:Conquest of 9856: 9756: 9530:Soviet Union 9518:Eastern Bloc 9443:Brinkmanship 9335:intelligence 9224:Marius Oprea 9174:Harvey Klehr 9104:Herbert Feis 9094:Willem Drees 9059:Archie Brown 8976: 8964: 8946: 8936:Trybuna Ludu 8934: 8927: 8923:Radio Moscow 8915: 8908: 8901: 8729:Anti-Zionism 8645: 8568:Keynesianism 8556:Conservatism 8420:Transnistria 8400:China-Taiwan 8057:Gera Demands 7930: 7731: 7623: 7606: 7411:El Porteñazo 7305:Congo Crisis 7220: 7155:Algerian War 7138: 7014:Western Bloc 7009:Eastern Bloc 7004:Iron Curtain 6860: 6852: 6844: 6821: 6801: 6793: 6710:Soviet Union 6708: 6701: 6573:Gustáv Husák 6531: 6268:Shevardnadze 6253:Shcherbytsky 5926: 5848: 5835: 5791: 5773:Adam Roberts 5757: 5739: 5718: 5709: 5696: 5684:. 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June 2007 4929:Suvorov 185 4920:Suvorov 162 4184:21 February 3665:13 February 3639:17 November 3613:17 November 3410:Miloš Zeman 3214:normalizace 3166:August 2022 3051:Third Front 3013:under some 3003:Vietnam War 2868:George Ball 2863:Jacob Malik 2695:anti-Soviet 2652:free speech 2522:anti-Soviet 2510:nationalism 2438:light tanks 2419:) captured 2333:Vietnam War 2258:Vasil Biľak 2225:, near the 2187:August 2013 2055:anti-Soviet 2018:bourgeoisie 1892:János Kádár 1767:East Berlin 1703:Warsaw Pact 1687:Pražská jar 1429:Vietnam War 1419:Berlin Wall 1348:North Korea 1285:Brașov 1987 1253:Prague 1968 1216:Poznań 1956 1069:Warsaw Pact 1028:South Yemen 1006:North Korea 919:Afghanistan 839:Byelorussia 744:East German 693:Warsaw Pact 528:6,300 tanks 518:2,000 tanks 501:Martin Dzúr 432:János Kádár 384: [ 125:Warsaw Pact 12848:Proxy wars 12727:Categories 12554:Ogaden War 12504:Korean War 12423:Winter War 12292:Heimosodat 11879:Tsardom of 11456:resistance 11000:The Deluge 10457:Kosovo War 10376:Korean War 9799:Conditions 9777:Solidarity 9710:opposition 9037:Historians 9028:Space Race 8929:Rudé právo 8883:Propaganda 8739:Neo-Nazism 8709:Chauvinism 8663:Trotskyism 8578:Monetarism 8546:Liberalism 8538:Capitalism 8530:Ideologies 8481:Ostpolitik 8204:Solidarity 8169:Toyota War 8072:Solidarity 7929:Operation 7884:Ogaden War 7573:Dhofar War 7461:Shifta War 7219:Operation 7067:Korean War 6859:Operation 6851:Operation 6843:Operation 6820:Operation 6800:Operation 6792:Operation 6593:Jan Palach 6303:Vorotnikov 5719:Novinky.cz 5646:Novinky.cz 5274:1145096137 5046:culture.pl 4980:Letter by 4337:23 January 4245:23 January 3487:References 3323:, Slovakia 3226:status quo 3035:Zhou Enlai 3027:propaganda 3023:Mao Zedong 2915:veto power 2811:Yugoslavia 2691:Red Square 2644:Jan Palach 2639:continue. 2514:chauvinism 2506:right-wing 2473:emigration 2117:propaganda 2107:, renamed 1956:Rudé Právo 1915:Bratislava 1911:censorship 1829:status quo 1777:Brezhnev, 1653:Ivan Klíma 1439:Afghan War 1392:Korean War 1228:Plzeň 1953 1107:Opposition 1047:Yugoslavia 1001:Mozambique 899:Uzbekistan 884:Tajikistan 854:Kazakhstan 834:Azerbaijan 784:Background 707:, and the 552:87 wounded 12174:Åland War 12142:Murid War 11981:18th–19th 10804:Great War 10220:1867–1918 10196:1648–1867 10158:1526–1648 10120:Louis IV. 9858:Die Wende 9831:Economies 9672:Cominform 9655:(to 1948) 9617:(to 1961) 9545:Formation 9535:Communism 9324:Ken Young 9169:Tony Judt 9018:Arms race 8991:Red Scare 8859:NN States 8804:Apartheid 8759:Autocracy 8668:Stalinism 8636:Guevarism 8626:Castroism 8616:Communism 8608:Socialism 8134:Star Wars 7727:Koza riot 6853:Beleaguer 6845:Masterdom 6475:11th plan 6470:10th plan 6238:Ponomarev 6233:Polyansky 6198:Kuznetsov 6173:Kirilenko 6153:Gorbachev 6133:Chernenko 6128:Chebrikov 5369:2 January 5318:2 January 5282:218936313 5081:22 August 4680:The Times 4276:5 January 3759:ustrcr.cz 3736:30 August 3562:Routledge 3428:Gazeta.Ru 3137:does not 2859:Jan Muzik 2750:Ceauşescu 2567:Politburo 2544:Orlík Dam 2371:from the 2293:bourgeois 2022:Stalinist 1947:Presidium 1858:chairman 1841:Lithuania 1800:with the 1785:in Moscow 1310:Riga 1991 1300:Baku 1990 1190:Lithuania 1082:Cominform 986:Kampuchea 889:Turkmenia 869:Lithuania 859:Kirghizia 814:Republics 12707:Cold War 12569:Gulf War 11925:and the 11798:Internal 11654:Imperial 11579:Iraq War 10508:Mali War 10484:Iraq War 10420:Gulf War 9826:Politics 9476:Timeline 9466:Category 9411:See also 8903:Izvestia 8744:Islamism 8641:Hoxhaism 8516:Rollback 8395:Abkhazia 8335:Gulf War 8239:Glasnost 7609:incident 7379:Sand War 7237:Ifni War 6746:Rio Pact 6691:Cold War 6465:9th plan 6460:8th plan 6335:Podgorny 6325:Brezhnev 6288:Tikhonov 6273:Shvernik 6258:Shelepin 6243:Rashidov 6228:Podgorny 6203:Masherov 6178:Kiselyov 6138:Demichev 6123:Brezhnev 6118:Andropov 5512:BBC News 5459:Archived 5362:(2008). 5149:(1985). 5020:Archived 5017:Yale.edu 4997:Archived 4884:, 1998). 4864:, 1997). 4660:Archived 4578:Archived 4555:Archived 4455:21 March 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