1982 Lebanon War - Knowledge

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staff for splitting hairs and demanded to strike at the PLO. Yet Abu Nidal had broken with Arafat and PLO in 1974 over a fundamental principle: namely, that the Palestinian national movement would adopt a phased piecemeal approach to secure a Palestinian state and embark on a political path. The lack of understanding of the difference between Palestinian groups and the total ignorance of Palestinian politics on the part an overwhelming majority of Israelis and Jews played into the hands of those who did not wish to distinguish between the PLO and the Abu Nidal group. Thus, instead of an initiative to locate the Abu Nidal group in Damascus or Baghdad, the plan to invade Lebanon was activated.

2166: 1534:(UNIFIL) recorded an increase in activities along the border zone. No attacks by Palestinian forces on Israel were recorded, while the IDF incursions across the armistice line into Lebanon increased markedly, with minefields being laid, gun posts established, and generally involving numerous violations of Lebanese air-space and territorial waters. This was formally protested by the Lebanese government to the UN Security Council and General Assembly in several communications as violations by Israel of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. During the same period Israel protested numerous attacks by Palestinian forces, unrelated to the Lebanese border zone. 239: 3215:, by late August 1982, Lebanese sources put the death toll in Beirut at 6,776. This figure included victims of the 4 June 1982, bombing, which occurred two days before the operation officially started. Lebanese police and international doctors serving in Beirut put the number of civilian casualties at about 80%. According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, all factions in the conflicts agree that between 4,000 and 5,000 civilians died during the siege caused by military activity of all sides. He states that most of the observers that were present on the ground and other relevant sources in Lebanon agree that estimates of 8,000–10,000 are too high. 2003: 4236:

lives to achieve these goals. Corroborating this view, Shlomo Gazit, a former head of Israeli military intelligence says that both Begin and Sharon 'chose to isolate themselves from their intelligence advisors and never evinced the slightest doubt that they could achieve their objective'. As the siege of Beirut continued, Sharon's ability to direct IDF operations was gradually restricted by his cabinet colleagues to the point that he could only issue piecemeal orders. Meanwhile, the IDF suffered large numbers of casualties in fierce urban fighting and later became bogged down in two decades of a low-intensity war against Hezbollah that it could not win

3354: 5128:"I think with sadness of these civilized men who in a turbulent part of the world had fashioned a democratic society based on genuine mutual respect of religion. Their achievement did not survive. The passions sweeping the area were too powerful to be contained by subtle constitutional arrangements. As it had attempted in Jordan, the Palestinian movement wrecked the delicate balance of Lebanon's stability. Before the peace process could run its course, Lebanon was torn apart. Over its prostrate body of writing all the factions and forces of the Middle East still chase their eternal dreams and act out their perennial nightmares." 2210: 3346: 3330: 4364:

whole city over the heads of its inhabitants. The rank and file did not like this decision, and there were murmurings of 'treason' from some of Arafat's harsher critics. Had they not already held out, far longer than any Arab country in any former war, against all that the most powerful army in the Middle East – and the fourth most powerful in the world, according to Sharon – could throw against them? (...) But knew that, if they expected too much, they could easily lose again. 'If this had been Jerusalem', they said, 'we would have stayed to the end. But Beirut is not outs to destroy.

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position, and avoided overtly provoking Israel. In contrast the IDF had launched various attacks on Lebanese territory often in support of the Lebanese Christian militia. In doing so Israel had violated UN Security Council resolution 425 on hundreds of occasions . Where the initiator(s) of attacks could be identified in the report, in 15 cases Palestinian militants were to blame while on 23 occasions the Militia and/or the IDF were the instigators, the latter also being responsible for the most violent confrontation of the period on 27 April .

381: 218: 164: 3194: 1919: 2506:, were allied with Israel. The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp. Shatila had previously been one of the PLO's three main training camps for foreign militants and the main training camp for European militants; the Israelis maintained that 2,000 to 3,000 terrorists remained in the camps, but were unwilling to risk the lives of more of their soldiers after the Lebanese army repeatedly refused to "clear them out." 2085: 1927: 3322: 370: 360: 342: 152: 2718: 3276:. He was killed by a Palestinian fighter while seeking protection in a house in Dawha, near Damour, during a mortar attack. Other Israeli fatalities included one Colonel, two Lieutenant Colonels; 19 Majors, 28 Captains, 46 Lieutenants, 132 Sergeants, 90 Corporals, and 49 Privates. According to Kenneth Pollack, Israeli losses in action against the Syrians were 195 dead and 872 wounded. 130 Israeli tanks were destroyed or damaged by the Syrians, as were 175 450: 229: 3338: 1479: 408: 398: 184: 2549: 323: 311: 299: 287: 275: 263: 2150: 2278: 139: 439: 427: 197: 4624:

officers wanted to convey to the Cabinet was that Abu Nidal's organization was an exception among the Palestinian terror groups. Once among Yasser Arafat's closest friends, Abu Nidal had over the years turned into the chairman's most vicious enemy . .Abu Nidal referred to Arafat contemptuously as "the Jewess's son" and had made repeated attempts on his life. Arafat, in return, had pronounced a death sentence on Abu Nidal.'

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proved effective against Israeli armor. However, the Israelis managed to capture the valley floor, and the Syrians retreated. The Israelis captured Rachaiya, advanced through Kfar Quoq, and took the outskirts of Yanta. Joub Jannine also fell to the Israelis. The extent of Israeli advances ensured that Syrian reinforcements were blocked from deploying west of the Qaraoun reservoir.

2018:, Israeli forces consisting of two tank battalions supported by a reconnaissance company and engineering platoon took Jezzine in a fierce daylong battle against a Syrian battalion, then repulsed a fierce counterattack by dozens of Syrian commandos during the night in combat that lasted until dawn. Meanwhile, Israeli forces continued to advance along the Syrians' right flank. 2359:, soon to become the preeminent Islamic militia, evolved during this period. However, scholars disagree as to when Hezbollah came to be regarded as a distinct entity. Over time, a number of Shi'a group members were slowly assimilated into the organization, such as Islamic Jihad members, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and the Revolutionary Justice Organization. 1547:(Palestinians), on the one hand, and IDF and the de facto forces (Christian Militia) on the other. On 13 and 14 July, widespread Israeli air-strikes continued. Armed elements (Palestinians) fired into the enclave and northern Israel." Israeli-initiated attacks had led to rocket and artillery fire on northern Israel. This pattern continued in the coming days. 2081:, the Israelis fought fiercely to extricate themselves, and called in reinforcements and artillery fire to cover the withdrawal. After six hours, the Israelis managed to retreat, having lost 10 tanks and 3 armored personnel carriers. In addition, another major air battle erupted in which the Israeli Air Force shot down 25 Syrian jets and 4 helicopters. 1661:

responsibility for any act of Palestinian violence on Arafat's shoulders. It presumed that Arafat had complete control, not only over all factions within the PLO such as the rejectionist Popular Front of George Habash, but also over those outside such as Abu Nidal's Fatah Revolutionary Council and Ahmed Jibril's Popular Front — General Command.

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estimates have put the total figure at 18–19,000 killed and more than 30,000 wounded, most of them civilians. 80% of villages in South Lebanon were damaged, with some completely destroyed. The Israeli government maintained that about 1,000 Palestinian fighters and 800 Lebanese civilians died during the invasion, excluding the siege of Beirut.

1970:. Israeli missile boats also employed 76mm cannons to destroy targets along the coast, firing 3,500 shells during ten days of fighting. Israeli armor continued to advance towards Sidon, while other Israeli infantry attacked the three Palestinian refugee camps in the area that were used as PLO bases: Rashidiya, Burj ash-Shamali, and al-Bass. 1719:, the real driving force behind the Israeli invasion to Lebanon was the defense minister Ariel Sharon. One of his aims was the destruction of PLO military infrastructure in Lebanon and undermining it as a political organization, in order to facilitate the absorption of the West Bank by Israel. The second aim was the establishment of the 2133:

infantry dismounted and engaged the Syrians. Fierce fighting took place, with the Israelis calling in artillery at very close range to themselves. The Israelis advanced relentlessly, and after fourteen hours of fierce combat that raged up through Ain Aanoub and Souq el-Gharb, they broke through the Syrian positions and entered Baabda.

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halted in the floor of the valley, they were flanking Syrian forces from the east and west. The Syrians put up minimal resistance and conducted some harassing artillery fire. By the end of the first day, the operation had gone almost entirely according to plan, though the advance along the coastal road was behind schedule.

1587:, killing 23 people. Fisk reports further on this incident: "The Israelis did not say what the soldier was doing ... I discovered that he was visiting one of Haddad's artillery positions (Christian militia) and that the mine could have been lain [sic] as long ago as 1978, perhaps even by the Israelis themselves". 2371:, killing 40 Amal fighters and capturing a large stock of arms. On 9 April, a Shiite girl drove a car bomb into an IDF convoy, and the following day, a soldier was killed by a land mine. During that same period, Israeli forces killed 80 Lebanese guerrillas in five weeks. Another 1,800 Shi'as were taken as prisoners. 2051:

two-day armored and infantry battle. The battle cost the Israelis 11 killed and 4 tanks, while the Syrians lost approximately 100 killed and 35 tanks. After Ain Zhalta fell, the Israelis advanced to the town of Ain Dara, which overlooked the Beirut-Damascus highway, and captured the heights overlooking the town.

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resumed. As the Israelis pushed forward, and managed to trap a large Syrian force, Syrian defenses began to collapse. For the first time in the war, Syrian troops began to break and run. At Aley, which was defended by Iranian volunteers sent to fight for the PLO, the Israelis encountered fierce resistance.

2264:, in an attempt to stall hostilities between Israel and Lebanon. However, this agreement eventually failed to take shape, and hostilities continued. These attacks were attributed to Iranian-backed Islamist guerrillas. Following this incident, international peacekeeping forces were withdrawn from Lebanon. 2806:

PLO primary forces consisted of three conventional brigades – each of 2,000 to 2,500 men – and of seven artillery battalions. Each brigade comprised contingents of the many PLO factions. The Yarmouk Brigade was stationed along the coastal strip while the Kastel Brigade was in the south. The

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consisting of the 58th Mechanised and the 76th and 91st Armoured Brigades. The 62nd Independent Armored Brigade and ten commando battalions were also assigned to the division. Syria deployed around 400 tanks in the Bekaa Valley. 19 surface-to-air missile batteries, including SA6's, were also deployed

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and turned it over to the Lebanese Army, but faced attacks: 15 Israelis were killed and 105 wounded during the withdrawal. Dozens of pro-Israeli Lebanese militiamen were also assassinated. From mid-February to mid-March, the Israelis lost 18 dead and 35 wounded. On 11 March, Israeli forces raided the

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On 15 June, Israel offered free passage to all Syrian forces in Beirut if they would withdraw from the city to the Bekaa Valley in the east, but the Syrian government refused and sent further reinforcements to its units along the highway and north of the highway near Beirut. The Israelis faced Syrian

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The IDF then immediately sent reinforcements to the column in Baabda to enable it to carry out further operations. From Baabda, the Israeli force split into three columns, one of which struck across the highway and entered the mountainous area to the northeast, one swung west and took up positions in

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The Israelis attempted to flank these defenses by moving off the road past Shuweifat, up a narrow, steep, and winding road towards Baabda, but were ambushed by a Syrian commando battalion. The Syrians attacked Israeli armor with rocket-propelled grenades and anti-tank missiles at close range. Israeli

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To the west, as IDF troops mopped up remaining resistance in Tyre and Sidon, the Israeli advance on Beirut continued, and Syrian tank and commando units were then deployed south of Beirut to reinforce the PLO. When the Israelis reached the Beirut suburb of Kafr Sill, they met a joint Syrian-PLO force

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and headed towards Sidon. In the central sector, the mission went as planned. The two Israeli divisions bypassed Beaufort Castle on both sides. Although an order to postpone the capture of Beaufort Castle was issued, it did not reach Israeli forces in time to prevent the operation, and Israeli troops

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Israeli prime Minister Begin used this as the "internationally recognized provocation" necessary to invade Lebanon. The fact that the Abu Nidal organization was the longtime rival of PLO, that its head was condemned to death by the PLO court, and that the British police reported that PLO leaders were

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Haig thus comes off very badly: not a team player, not able to keep the rest of the administration informed of what was going on beforehand, not willing to tell anyone in the White House why Sharon was so confident during the invasion, hoping that Reagan's special envoy would fail in his mission, and

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From 16 June to 10 December 1981, a relative quiet was reported continuing from 29 May 1981 until 10 July. This was broken when "Israeli aircraft resumed strikes against targets in southern Lebanon north of the UNIFIL area. (The Israeli strikes) led to exchanges of heavy firing between armed elements

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In 1982, the IDF were initially successful, but changes in government policy and civilian leaders' strategic objectives caused mission creep, dysfunction, and eventual failure to achieve military goals. Israel withdrew its forces to the border areas by 1985, and withdrew further to the international

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submitted its report, which was released to the public by spokesman Bezalel Gordon simultaneously in Hebrew and English. It concluded that direct responsibility rested with the Gemayel Phalangists led by Fadi Frem, and that no Israelis were deemed directly responsible, although Israel was held to be

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An increased number of Islamic militias began operating in South Lebanon, launching guerrilla attacks on Israeli positions and on pro-Israeli Lebanese militias. Israeli forces often responded with increased security measures and airstrikes on militant positions, and casualties on all sides steadily

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On 11 June, Israel and Syria announced that they had agreed to a cease-fire at noon, which would not include the PLO. The cease-fire was to come into effect at noon. Just before the cease-fire was to take effect, the Syrians moved a column of T-72 tanks so as to position it against Israeli forces in

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Along the road to Ain Dara, the Israelis encountered Syrian tank and commando units, and found themselves bogged down as the Syrians took advantage of the terrain. The Israelis called in air support, and Israeli attack helicopters that took advantage of ravines to fly in low beneath their targets to

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Israeli forces advancing along the coast also completed the capture of Sidon. Paratroopers attacked the Kasbah while a combined force of Golani Brigade infantry and tanks attacked Ain al-Hilweh. The Kasbah was secured in three days; the paratroopers advanced cautiously and managed to take it without

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In the center, most Israeli forces advancing towards Jezzine bypassed the town to continue advancing towards the main highway in the area, leaving a blocking force in the area that was soon joined by an armored brigade. Fighting broke out in Jezzine between the Israelis and Syrian forces holding the

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were bombed for four hours and the local "Gaza" hospital was hit there. About 200 people were killed during these attacks. The PLO hit back firing rockets at northern Israel causing considerable damage and some loss of life. According to another source, twenty villages were targeted in Galilee and 3

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said would be necessary to obtain American support for an Israeli invasion of Lebanon. Secretary Haig's critics have accused him of "greenlighting" the Israeli Invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Haig denies this and says he urged restraint. In the biography of ceasefire broker Philip Habib, Alexander

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shuttle diplomacy between Damascus, Jerusalem, and Beirut, United States. Philip Habib concluded a ceasefire across the Lebanon border between Israel and the PLO. Habib could not talk to the PLO directly because of Kissinger's directive, so he used a Saudi member of the royal family as mediator. The

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As a result, thousands of Israeli citizens who lived near the Lebanese border headed south. There patterns of Israeli-initiated airstrikes and Palestinian retaliations with attacks on northern Israel are in contrast with the official Israeli version "A ceasefire declared in July 1981 was broken: the

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The failure of the political objectives of Operation Peace for Galilee highlights a significant disconnect in Israel's execution of the conflict. In the opinion of John Garofano, Israel's political leaders, especially Ariel Sharon, had overestimated the time available and underestimated the cost in

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The failure of the invasion can be seen as the result of a number of misconceptions by the Israelis. The most prominent misconceptions underlying Israel's policy were: that Lebanon had a Christian majority, that the position of the president was a strong one, that the Lebanese Forces were powerful,

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movement, following the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre. Organizers claimed 400,000 people participated in the rally, and it became known as the "400,000 rally". Other estimates put the figure much lower, maybe reaching 100,000 Israelis but including thousands of reserve soldiers back from Lebanon.

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IDF forces totalled 78,000 men, 1,240 tanks and 1,500 armoured personnel carriers. IDF troops were deployed in five divisions and two reinforced brigade-size units. The IDF maintained additional forces on the Golan Heights as an area reserve. IDF forces were divided into three main axis of advances

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itself. The Israelis managed to reach the mountain pass near the village of Dahr el-Baidar, which was the last obstacle before Cthaura. The Syrians fought fiercely to hold the pass, and the Israeli advance halted, with the Israelis holding their ground and harassing the Syrians with artillery fire.

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The defenders fought fiercely over every alley and house, with civilians who wanted to surrender shot by the fundamentalists. The Israeli advance was slow and was supported by massive air and artillery bombardment. The IDF employed its previous tactics of urging civilians to leave with loudspeakers

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Meanwhile, the easternmost force penetrated into the Bekaa Valley and bore down on the Syrian positions. One division bypassed Mount Hermon via a road bulldozed by Israeli military engineers and cleared the town of Hasbaiya before swinging right and advancing towards Rachaiya. Though Israeli forces

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At the Israeli Cabinet meeting the following day, both Begin and Eitan belittled intelligence reports that the likely culprit was the Abu Nidal group. Begin cut short his own advisor on terrorism, arguing that all Palestinian militants were members of the PLO, while Eitan ridiculed the intelligence

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Eitan commented that there was no difference if a militant threw a grenade in Gaza or fired a shell at a Northern settlement — all such acts broke the ceasefire. Sharon similarly did not wish to draw distinctions between different Palestinian factions, since all blame had to be attached to the

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In Begin's eyes, the ceasefire was not geographically limited to the Lebanese border. He argued that if Palestinian terrorism struck internationally, then this too would be regarded as a breach of the ceasefire. Begin thus took a stand-off in a local battle as applying to the entire war anywhere in

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The cease-fire, as both the PLO and the Americans saw it, did not include terror attacks stemming from Lebanon and carried out against Jews in Europe and other locales. In a meeting my father had with Alexander Haig and Philip Habib on 25 May 1982, Habib repeated what he had already said many times

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On 24 July 1981, United States Undersecretary of State Philip Habib brokered a ceasefire badly needed by both parties, the best achievable result from negotiations via intermediaries, aimed at complying with the decisions of UN Security Council resolution 490. The process was complicated, requiring

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At last, the then Israeli defence minister Ariel Sharon had a pretext for his long-planned campaign to eliminate the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and its headquarters in the Lebanese capital, Beirut. In his memoirs, Sharon admits that the Dorchester ambush was "merely the spark that lit

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The 1982 Lebanon War was at first a conventional war up to and including when the PLO were expelled from Beirut. The war was limited by both Israel and Syria because they were determined to isolate the fighting, not allowing it to turn into an all-out war. Israeli forces were numerically superior,

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by the Phalangists, who themselves suffered only two casualties. The Lebanese army's chief prosecutor investigated the killings and counted 460 dead, Israeli intelligence estimated 700–800 dead, and the Palestinian Red Crescent claimed 2,000 dead. 1,200 death certificates were issued to anyone who

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conducted successful ground attack missions against Syrian and PLO targets, with Israeli attack helicopters inflicting heavy losses on Syrian armor. Israeli jets shot down between 82 and 86 Syrian aircraft in aerial combat, without losses. A single Israeli A-4 Skyhawk and two helicopters were shot

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By 25 June, with the remaining Syrian positions on and north of the highway no longer tenable, the Syrians withdrew. The Israelis allowed the withdrawal to occur but conducted artillery harassment and continued to shell the outskirts of Chtaura. The Syrians attempted to deploy a SAM battery in the

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As the two sides prepared for combat, the IDF deemed capturing the Beirut–Damascus highway to be of critical importance. With the Syrians in control of most of the highway, occupying the towns along the highway and to the north, the Israelis could not prevent Syrian and PLO forces from escaping or

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On 12 June, the Israeli-Syrian cease-fire was extended to the PLO. As the Israeli advance halted, the Israelis turned their attention to the zone they already occupied in southern Lebanon, and began a policy to root out any PLO remnants. Israeli troops began searches for arms caches, and suspected

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The advance along the coastal road was preceded by heavy artillery bombardment and airstrikes, but quickly became bogged down and was soon behind schedule. The narrowness of the road forced a slow advance, and Israeli armor became stuck in a large traffic jam. Several armored vehicles were knocked

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In his report for the period of 12 December 1980 to 12 June 1981 on UNIFIL activities, the Security Council Secretary General noted that infiltrations into the border zone by Palestinian armed forces had decreased relative to the previous six months. Indeed, the PLO had recognized their vulnerable

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for Palestinians. In 1968, PLO's objective was to establish a single democratic state in all of historical Palestine with equal rights for Jews, Muslims in Christians. It was around this time that Palestinians began to conduct raids into Israel. By 1977, the objective had evolved to establishing a

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The IDF continued to occupy a substantial part of Lebanon even after the withdrawal to security zone in June 1985. Resistance continued and IDF losses continued to mount. By the time IDF withdrew from Lebanon in May 2000 the total number of IDF fatalities had reached 1,216 killed since June 1982.

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five days prior, restore international peace and security, and help the Government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area. The first UNIFIL troops were deployed in the area on 23 March 1978. These troops were reassigned from other UN peacekeeping operations in the area, namely the

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had begun on 14 June 1982: Israeli forces had completed the encirclement of the city the previous day. The Israelis chose to keep the city under siege rather than forcibly capture it, as they were unwilling to accept the heavy casualties that the heavy street fighting required to capture the city

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In the east, Israeli forces advanced along four main routes towards Joub Jannine, along both sides of the Qaraoun reservoir. The Syrians resisted fiercely. Syrian infantrymen armed with anti-tank weapons staged ambushes against Israeli tanks, and Syrian Gazelle helicopters armed with HOT missiles

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The PLO response was limited to ineffective mortar fire, while Israeli missile boats and aircraft attacked Palestinian positions in response. In total, about 2,400 soldiers and 400 tanks and armored personnel carriers were landed. From the beach, these forces advanced on Sidon, supported by naval

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According to Shlaim, Yasser Arafat, at that time being in Saudi Arabia, told the Americans through the Saudis that he was willing to suspend cross-border shelling. But that message was disregarded by the Israeli government. President Reagan also sent a message to Begin urging him not to widen the

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Simon and Schuster 1985 pp.98f:'Argov had been shot by an unusual weapon of Polish manufacture known as a WZ 63, . . Israeli intelligence knew that this late-model weapon had been supplied to Abu Nidal's organization but not yet to other terrorist groups. . . The key point that the intelligence

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In time, however, Arafat and his guerrilla leadership decided that they would have to withdraw, leaving no military and very little political or symbolic presence behind. Their enemy's firepower and overall strategic advantage were too great and it was apparently ready to use them to destroy the

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The PLO's situation gradually grew worse as the Israeli advance gained ground, threatening to trap the PLO and a Syrian brigade deployed with them in the city. With the Israelis advancing on the south and the eastern sector of Beirut held by Lebanese Christian forces, the only way out was on the

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In the center, Israeli forces were ambushed by the Syrians as they approached Ain Zhalta, and were pinned down by Syrian forces firing from superior positions. The Israelis were bogged down, and an infantry battalion was sent in by helicopter to reinforce them. The town was only captured after a

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refugee camp on the southeastern edge of the city, and after an attempt by paratroopers to capture the city center and secure the south–north route through the city failed, the city was bypassed via a detour through the hills to the east. After linking up with the forces that had landed north of

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launched a three-pronged invasion of southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace for Galilee". Roughly 60,000 troops and more than 800 tanks, heavily supported by aircraft, attack helicopters, artillery, and missile boats, crossed the Israel–Lebanon border in three areas. Simultaneously, Israeli armor,

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The military plan with the code name "Big Pines", prepared by IDF, envisaged invasion to Lebanon up to the highway Damascus-Beirut and linking with Maronite forces. It was first presented to Israeli cabinet on 20 December 1981 by Begin, but rejected by the majority of ministers. According to Avi

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Similarly, it is clear from the course of events that when the reports began to arrive about the actions of the Phalangists in the camps, no proper heed was taken of these reports, the correct conclusions were not drawn from them, and no energetic and immediate action were taken to restrain the

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The decision on the entry of the Phalangists into the refugee camps was taken without consideration of the danger – which the makers and executors of the decision were obligated to foresee as probable – the Phalangists would commit massacres and pogroms against the inhabitants of the camps, and

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The Soviets were so shaken by the staggering losses sustained by their allies that they dispatched the deputy head of their air defense force to Syria to examine how the Israelis had been so dominant. The Israeli Air Force also performed ground attacks, notably destroying the majority of Syrian

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bore "personal responsibility" for failing to prevent the massacre, and for failing to act once he learned of the massacre. The Commission recommended that he be removed as Defense Minister and that he never hold a position in any future Israeli government. Sharon initially ignored the call to

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The Israelis managed to push to the eastern Bekaa Valley, and on 24 June, began to shell the outskirts of Chtaura, which was at the northern mouth of the Bekaa Valley and served as headquarters of all Syrian forces there. It was also the last major obstacle before the Syrian border, as well as

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With air and artillery support mostly limited to targets north of the highway, the fighting was fierce, especially to the south. By the end of the day, Israel accepted an American request for a cease-fire and halted its offensive, but the cease-fire collapsed the following day and the fighting

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on 11 June. Six miles south of Beirut, the town was the last PLO position in front of Beirut Airport. The PLO fighters, led by Abdullah Siyam, fought a rearguard action which held up the Israeli advance for six days. Siyam was killed in the fighting. The Israelis, who stood on the outskirts of

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The camps were all crisscrossed with networks of bunkers, trenches, and firing positions. The Israelis took each camp section by section using the same method: warnings were blared by loudspeaker urging civilians to leave, before air and artillery bombardment commenced, followed by an infantry

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In Ariel Sharon's biography by his son, Gilad Sharon, the author referring to the Habib ceasefire, comments: "However, the agreement was explicit only regarding preventing terror from Lebanon, which is why my father encouraged the cabinet not to accept the offer as presented by the Americans."

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Israel renewed its air strikes in an attempt to trigger a war that would allow it to drive out the PLO and restore peace to the region. On 17 July, the Israel Air Force launched a massive attack on PLO buildings in downtown Beirut. "Perhaps as many as three hundred died, and eight hundred were

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declared that Israel would not allow a genocide of Lebanese Christians, while refusing direct intervention. Hundreds of Lebanese militiamen began to train in Israel, at the IDF Staff and Command College. The relationship between Israel and the Maronites began to grow into a political-strategic

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published an estimate of deaths from hospital and police records covering the period from 6 June to 31 August 1982. It claimed that 17,285 people were killed: 5,515 people, both military and civilian, in the Beirut area; and 2,513 civilians, as well as 9,797 military forces, including PLO and

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Richard Gabriel estimated that roughly 2,400 PLO fighters were killed during the war, of whom about 1,400 were killed throughout southern Lebanon and another 1,000 killed during the Siege of Beirut. Gabriel also estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians died during the war. Some later

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document declassified in 2022 revealed that planning for the invasion began in mid-1981 and that the Lebanese Christian leader Pierre Gemayel was informed of it in January 1982. According to the document, Israel's Lebanon policy was mostly dictated by the military rather than the government.

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Arafat pressured the radical factions to maintain the ceasefire because he did not wish to provoke the Israelis into an all-out attack. The PLO acceptance of the ceasefire had led to dissension even within Fatah itself. A faction sympathetic to Abu Nidal forced a military confrontation, with

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noted: "After several weeks of relative quiet in the area, a new cycle of violence has begun and has, in the past week, steadily intensified." He further stated: "There have been heavy civilian casualties in Lebanon; there have been civilian casualties in Israel as well. I deeply deplore the

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On 22 June, the IDF launched an operation to capture the highway. The Israeli Air Force flew highly effective missions against Syrian positions and vehicles, with Israeli pilots reporting 130 enemy vehicles destroyed in a single air attack alone. Israeli long-range artillery targeted Syrian

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the steep hills west of Beirut, and one turned toward Kahale, which was further down the highway. To the south, the IDF drove PLO forces out of Shuweifat, but no major battles occurred. The Israelis had now cut the Beirut-Damascus highway, cutting off all PLO and Syrian forces in the city.

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out by PLO fighters with anti-tank weaponry hiding in three groves along the road. One of the lead battalions, which was supposed to bypass Tyre and establish a blocking position to the north of the city, made a wrong turn and found itself in the center of the city, where it was ambushed.

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naval commando unit then came ashore to probe enemy defenses and secure the landing site, one of which swam to the mouth of the Awali River and another which came ashore on the landing beach in rubber dinghies. After a brief gunbattle with armed Palestinians, the main landings began, with

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In contrast, Begin, Sharon and Eitan were searching for any excuse to neutralize their military opponents through a breach of the ceasefire. They believed that Arafat was buying time to build up his conventional forces. The Israeli interpretation of the conditions for the ceasefire placed

3218:

Accurate numbers of total casualties are hard to estimate, due to "he chaos of warfare, the destruction of city neighborhoods and refugee camps, the haste with which bodies were buried in mass graves and the absence of impartial agencies". Many officials in Beirut, including those of the

1602:(S/14789, S/15194) that from August 1981 to May 1982, inclusive, there were 2096 violations of Lebanese airspace and 652 violations of Lebanese territorial waters. The freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel and UNTSO observers within the enclave remained restricted due to the actions of 1564:

agreement was oral – nothing could be written down since Israel and the PLO did not recognize each other and refused to negotiate with each other – but they came up with a truce. ... Thus the border between Lebanon and Israel suddenly stabilized after over a decade of routine bombing.

1999:

Sidon, while another force of paratroopers and armor with heavy air and artillery support advanced through central Sidon and cleared a south–north route through the city in fierce fighting. Another Israeli division passed through the city to link up with the forces north of Sidon.

1699:

to reform the Lebanese central Government and give the Palestinian refugees Lebanese citizenship. Additional evidence that the United States approved the Israeli invasion comes from longtime CIA analyst Charles Cogan, who says that he was in the room during a May 1982 meeting in

1690:

The American reaction was that they would not apply any undue pressure on Israel to quit Lebanon as the Israeli presence in Lebanon may prove to be a catalyst for the disparate groups of Lebanon to make common cause against both Syrian and Israeli forces. Haig's analysis, which

1669:

PLO. He dismissed attempts at more rational evaluation as masking the real issue. In a speech to a Young Herut conference in April 1982, he accused those who tried to take a more objective standpoint of erecting 'a protective wall around the PLO inside and outside Israel'.

3586:. The United Nations has not determined the final status of Shebaa Farms but has determined that Israel has complied with UNSC resolution 425. The UN Secretary-General had concluded that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with 3044:, where Amal fighters mounted some of the most spirited and aggressive defensive actions against the invading forces. During the initial invasion, the PLO and Amal were effectively the only major forces resisting the Israeli thrust northwards, temporarily halting them at 1983:

paratroopers coming ashore in rubber dinghies to establish a beachhead followed by three landing craft that unloaded troops and armor. Over the following days, the three landing ships moved between Israel and Lebanon, shuttling more troops and armor onto the beachhead.

1642:

From the ceasefire, established in July 1981, until the start of the war, the Israeli government reported 270 militant attacks by the PLO in Israel, the occupied territories, and the Jordanian and Lebanese border (in addition to 20 attacks on Israeli interests abroad).

1974:

assault. Israeli infantry had to engage in fierce urban combat in narrow streets. The PLO defenders put up strong resistance and sometimes used civilians as human shields. It took four days of combat to secure Rashidiya and three days to secure the other two camps.

3438:

said in the Knesset plenary session that: "The government is leading Israel to an abyss. It is doing something that in the course of time might lead to crying for generations". In response, they were condemned, and calls were heard, among others from the editor of

3298:. Two prisoners and the bodies of another two were later returned to Israel but two soldiers remain missing. Palestinian factions captured 11 IDF soldiers during the war, including one of the soldiers missing from Sultan Yaacoub, an Israeli air force pilot in the 1370:

by Zionist forces, of which 100,000 arrived in Lebanon. Most of the guerrillas would be recruited from Palestinian refugee camps. By 1969, this population had grown to 235,000 as a result of natural population growth and immigration, including Palestinians who

3542:

and the Soviet Union. However, this was not the first confrontation in which Soviet weaponry had been outmatched by American weaponry. In many of the Cold War conflicts the Americans and their allies had superior technology. Nonetheless, the gap between the

1788:, realizing that there was no chance in persuading the cabinet to approve a large-scale operation in Lebanon, adopted a different tactic and intended to implement "Operation Big Pines" in stages by manipulating enemy provocations and Israeli responses. 1910:. The easternmost Israeli force, the largest of the three, advanced into the Bekaa Valley. Its mission was to prevent Syrian reinforcements from being sent and to stop Syrian forces from attempting to interfere with the operation on the coastal road. 2124:

On 13 June, less than twelve hours after the Israeli-PLO ceasefire had gone into effect, it fell apart, and heavy fighting erupted around Khalde. As the fighting raged, an IDF armored unit struck northeast, attempting to bypass Khalde and advance on

2535:

allowing Israel to maintain both the initiative and an element of surprise. The Syrian Army fielded six divisions and 500 aircraft, while Israel used five divisions and two brigades, plus 600 aircraft. There were numerous other factions involved.

2141:

strongpoints reinforced by armor and artillery all along the highway. However, between 16 June and 22 June, the fighting was limited to artillery duels and minor firefights between Israeli and Syrian forces, as both sides reinforced their troops.

2790:(1984), the PLO more than quadrupled its artillery from 80 cannons and rocket launchers in July 1981 to 250 in June 1982. The same authors also refer to Israeli intelligence estimates of the number of PLO fighters in southern Lebanon of 6,000 as 3675:. The voting record on section D of Resolution 37/123, which "resolves that the massacre was an act of genocide", was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The abstentions were: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany (Federal Republic), 3008:– an alliance formed in September 16, 1982 by George Hawi of the LCP, Mohsen Ibrahim of the OCAL and Hussein Hamdan of the ASAP against the Israeli occupation, its forces totalled about 30,000 fighting men and women and was the successor of the 2420:

down by anti-aircraft fire and SAM missiles. This was the largest aerial combat battle of the jet age with over 150 fighters from both sides engaged. Syrian claims of aerial victories were met with skepticism even from their Soviet allies.

3219:

International Red Cross, claimed that the number of deaths were extremely difficult to estimate correctly. At least one official from a relief organization claimed that in the South about 80% of deaths were civilian and only 20% military.

2476:, which was sent to Damascus and thence transported to Moscow. Syrian tanks saw similar success against Israeli armor in Ain Zhalta and Sultan Yacoub in fighting on 8–10 June, stemming their advance to capture the Beirut-Damascus highway. 4642:

Random House 2014 p.288:'When Prime Minister Menachem Begin was told that the assassins were Abu Nidal's men -sworn enemies of Arafat and the PLO- he reportedly scoffed,"They're all PLO, Abu Nidal, Abu Shmidal- we have to strike at the

2471:

The T-72 tanks of the Syrian 2nd Armored Division were credited with not only halting the advance of an Israeli armored brigade on Rashaya on 10 June but pushing them back. They tallied the destruction of 33 tanks and the capture of an

1727:

and signing the peace treaty between two countries, the third aim was the expelling of the Syrian Army from Lebanon. Also, according to Shlaim, with the completion of Israeli withdrawals from Sinai in March 1982, under the terms of the

3230:

The Lebanese authorities gave a figure of 19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded with combatants accounting for 57% of the dead and civilians 43% in 1982. They do not include the estimated 800–3,500 killed in the Sabra and Shatila massacre.

3462:

of Israeli government leaders and the Israeli public by Israeli military, as well as political advocates of the campaign and lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet among Israelis. This culminated in a large protest rally in

2782:, although only 6,000 of these – including 4,500 regulars – deployed in the south. They were armed with 80 aging tanks, many of them no longer mobile, and with 100 to 200 pieces of artillery. According to Israeli analysts 1891:, while Israeli forces would simultaneously conduct an amphibious landing north of Sidon to cut off the retreat of PLO forces there. In the center, two divisions were to advance both north and south of the high ground overlooked by 3480:

The Israeli-Maronite alliance dissolved, and Sharon's goal of installing a pro-Israel Christian government in Beirut was not accomplished. 850,000 Christians emigrated out of Lebanon during the Civil War, most of them permanently.

3103:, a former Amal lieutenant, split from Amal and set up his own faction. Musawi entered into an alliance with the Revolutionary Guard and received training and money from them, as Islamic Amal quickly grew to around 1,000 fighters. 2962:

script. They fought alongside the PLO and the joint forces in the Beirut area until the cease fire after which they acquired much cast-off PLO equipment such as tanks and rocket launchers. They were supported largely by Libya and

3251: 2042:

methods to confuse and jam the Syrian radars. The Israelis' only known losses were a single UAV shot down and two fighter jets damaged. Later that night, an Israeli air attack destroyed a Syrian armored brigade moving south from

1314:

Following the assassination of Gemayel in September 1982, Israel's position in Beirut became untenable and the signing of a peace treaty became increasingly unlikely. There was outrage at the IDF's role in the Israeli-backed,

2668:

totalled about 30,000 fighting men and women, around 17,000 of which were regulars. The Lebanese Forces were officially aligned with Israel in the war, but took a small role in the fighting. These troops were mostly from the

2994:

at the time had training camps in Lebanon, where they received support from the Syrians and the PLO. During the Israeli invasion all PKK units were ordered to fight the Israeli forces. A total of 11 PKK fighters died in the

2338:

Following the departure of the PLO and international peacekeepers, Islamist militants began launching guerrilla attacks against Israeli forces. Suicide bombings were a particularly popular tactic, the most serious being the

1977:

At the same time, an Israeli amphibious operation was conducted north of Sidon, beginning with a diversionary bombardment of targets away from the landing zone by missile boats and aircraft. Two groups of commandos from the

2195:

Bekaa Valley at midnight, but Israeli intelligence detected this, and the battery was destroyed in an Israeli air attack. By the end of the day, a cease-fire was announced. The Israelis stopped at their present positions.

2178:

strongpoints to the north. Israeli armored forces with artillery support attacked Syrian positions along the highway, with the objective of driving them from the highway all the way back to the edge of the Bekaa Valley.

3413:

With the withdrawal of the PLO leadership from Tripoli in December 1983 there was an Egyptian-PLO rapprochement, this was found to be encouraging by the Reagan administration but was condemned by the Israeli government.

6107: 2256:'s envoy to Lebanon, provided an understanding (i.e., assurance) to the PLO that the Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps would not be harmed. However, increased hostilities against the US resulted in the April 2037:

on 9 June. During the course of the operation, the Israeli Air Force scored a dramatic victory over the Syrians, shooting down 29 Syrian planes and also destroying 17 Syrian anti-aircraft missile batteries, employing

3614:

presence from Southern Lebanon and the Syrian military was weakened by combat losses, especially in the air. However, the removal of the PLO also paved the way for the rise of other militant groups, particularly

2022:

suffering any casualties. However, the fighting at Ain al-Hilweh was to prove some of the fiercest of the entire war. The camp was heavily fortified and defended by PLO fighters and Islamic fundamentalists.

1657:

accompanying arrests and executions — an event unprecedented in PLO internal disputes'. Arafat even attempted to distance himself from Palestinian unrest on the West Bank to prevent an Israeli attack.

3267:

According to Israeli figures, Israeli losses in Operation Peace for Galilee were 368 dead and 2,383 wounded, from 6 June until 10 October. The highest ranking IDF casualty of the war was Brigadier General

4296:

However, the failure of "Operation Peace for Galilee" goes far beyond the objectives implied by the war's shrewdly chosen code name, since those who planned it had set their sights much farther afield.

7096:

The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts

1803:. Following the attack, the assassins drove to the Iraqi embassy in London, where they deposited the weapon. In his memoirs, Sharon stated that the attack was "merely the spark that lit the fuse". 1568:

Between July 1981 and June 1982, as a result of the Habib ceasefire, the Lebanese-Israeli border "enjoyed a state of calm unprecedented since 1968." But the 'calm' was tense. US Secretary of State,

53: 3383:", which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The Israeli withdrawal to the security zone ended in June 1985. Israel withdrew fully from Lebanon in 2000. 4190: 3511:

ended after the Christian forces and civilians withdrew to the town of Deir el Kamar, where they were besieged for 3 months before all hostilities ceased and they were transported to East Beirut.

1496:

in 1978, Israel established a security zone in southern Lebanon with mostly Christian inhabitants, in which they began to supply training and arms to Christian militias which would later form the

3036:

and Beirut. The alienation by Palestinian and Leftist factions caused Amal fighters in the south to assume a neutral position and watch as Israeli tanks rolled by. This was contrasted at Ouzai,

1331:

of 1983 ended the state of war between Israel and Lebanon, and provided for an Israeli withdrawal from the country. Amid rising casualties from guerrilla attacks, the IDF retreated south of the

2765:

and 20 commando battalions. Syria deployed around 200 tanks in this area. Their primary mission was to protect the Beirut-Damascus Highway, which was Syria's primary supply line in the region.

2047:, and the IAF attacked and destroyed six more Syrian SAM batteries the following day. The easternmost Israeli force, which had been stationary, resumed its advance forward up the Bekaa Valley. 9563: 5540: 4214:

In the latest poll, in May, 36 percent of the public still said it was right to launch the war in 1982 and 60 percent said it was wrong. Significantly, 75 percent said the war was a failure.

2055:

gain an element of surprise proved particularly effective against Syrian tanks. After a daylong battle, the Israelis had surrounded Ain Dara and were in a position to strike on the highway.

3455:

faction voted in support. By mid January 1983 Rabin was saying that the Israeli attempt to impose a peace agreement on Lebanon by the use of force was a "mistake" based upon an "illusion".

1475:

in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Southern Lebanon, restore international peace and security, and help the government of Lebanon restore its effective authority in the area.

3208:

and Lebanese police figures claimed that 9,583 had died and 16,608 injured. By the end of the second week, they claimed up to 14,000 people died and 20,000 were injured, mostly civilians.

2117:

Beirut-Damascus highway, and the Israelis were building up forces at Ain Dara in the eastern sector, which were in a position to strike at the highway and block any PLO attempt to escape.

1551:

wounded, the great majority of them civilians." The Israeli army also heavily targeted PLO positions in south Lebanon without success in suppressing Palestinian rocket launchers and guns.

7841: 1594:

region into northern Israel, but none of the projectiles hit Israeli towns – the gunners had been ordered to miss. Major-General Erskine (Ghana), Chief of Staff of UNTSO reported to the

8855: 2026:

before attacking an area. It took about eight days for the camp to fall, with the battle culminating in a last stand by the defenders at the camp mosque, which was blown up by the IDF.

4178:

The failure of Operation Peace of Galilee to achieve its objective prevailed upon the new national coalition government, which took office in 1984, to withdraw forthwith from Lebanon.

7637: 1634:, expressed "deep concern at the extent of the loss of life and the scale of the destruction caused by the deplorable events that have been taking place for several days in Lebanon". 1527:

began to conceive of a plan to install a pro-Israel Christian government in Lebanon, as it was known that Bashir wanted to remove the PLO and all Palestinian refugees in the country.

2468:

and ultimately, the fall of the Soviet Union. However, defense analysts and the Syrians claimed the opposite, saying that their T-72s were highly effective and that none were lost.

8645: 1686:

having little sense of what the national security of the United States required—which was not a confrontation between Israeli and Soviet tanks on the road from Beirut to Damascus.

1966:

Despite the delays, the Israeli advance along the coastal road continued steadily. This advance was supported by heavy air attacks against PLO positions that included the use of

2919: 1780:

that Sharon's long-term strategy, as revealed in conversations, was one of "squeezing the Palestinians out of the West Bank . .allowing only enough of them to remain for work."

7731: 3001:– a Communist party headed by Hussein Hamdan mainly active in Southern Lebanon, the organization conducted guerilla operations against Israeli garrisons following the invasion. 2453:

tanks. During these engagements, the Israelis claimed that the Merkava proved superior to the T-72, destroying a number of them without sustaining a single loss to T-72 fire.

2233:, an international peacekeeping force with troops from the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Italy. About 6,500 Fatah fighters relocated from Beirut to Jordan, Syria, 2229:

The siege lasted until August, when an agreement was reached in August 1982. More than 14,000 PLO combatants evacuated the country in August and September, supervised by the

9073: 3852: 1811:, and to provoke a war in Lebanon that Iraqi leaders calculated would be detrimental to the rival Ba'ath regime in Syria—whether Syria intervened to help the PLO or not! 8404: 2222:

would have resulted in. Israeli forces bombarded targets within Beirut from land, sea, and air, and attempted to assassinate Palestinian leaders through airstrikes. The

1818:

The PLO denied complicity in the attack, but Israel retaliated with punishing air and artillery strikes against Palestinian targets in Lebanon, including the PLO camps.

3484:

The withdrawal of the IDF from central Lebanon in the summer of 1983 was followed by one of the bloodiest phases of the Lebanese war, where the Christian Militia (the

3526:

organization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished PLO in Southern Lebanon.

10159: 7708: 2795: 4326:

Adding to their frustration was the most recent and only failure of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF): Operation Peace for Galilee, the ill-fated invasion of Lebanon.

2464:, in which he was told that the dominance of Israeli and U.S. technology and tactics during the war was one of the factors that changed Soviet mind-set, leading to 3402:

Following Arafat's decision of June 1982, by September 1982, the PLO had withdrawn most of its forces from West Beirut. Syria backed the anti-Arafat PLO forces of

838: 10101: 3726:, which have been reported to have been carried out by Lebanese militiamen in Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in the Beirut area between 16 and 18 September. 1579:

The 'calm' lasted nine months. Then, on 21 April 1982, after a landmine killed an Israeli officer while he was visiting a South Lebanese Army gun emplacement in

5233: 3390:

Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Syria would gain much more power over Lebanon than what it enjoyed before 1982, but it would no longer align with the PLO. In the

1590:

On 9 May 1982, Israeli aircraft again attacked targets in Lebanon. Later that same day, UNIFIL observed the firing of rockets from Palestinian positions in the

10210: 7810:

Israel in Lebanon: The Report of International Commission to enquire into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon

6691: 4131:

that the Maronites wanted a Christian state, that the Maronite faction they were liaising with represented all Maronites, and that the Maronites were reliable.

3406:

in the Beka valley from May 1983. When Arafat castigated the Syrian government for blocking PLO supplies in June 1983, the Syrian government declared Arafat a

2174:

launch further operations into Beirut without risking a Syrian flanking attack, and the Israelis also wanted a clear transit to Christian-held eastern Beirut.

2113:

Beirut, advanced towards the airport, and engaged in frequent combat with PLO and Syrian units as Israeli warplanes continued to bomb PLO positions in Beirut.

883: 732: 7667: 6709: 5562: 2602: 7317: 1994:

Meanwhile, Israeli forces advancing along the coastal road reached the outskirts of Sidon, but were delayed by heavy resistance in the main streets and the

9672: 8638: 3710:

In 1982, an international commission investigated into reported violations of International Law by Israel during its invasion of the Lebanon. Chairman was

2526:

resign, but after the death of an anti-war protester, resigned as Israel's Defense Minister, remaining in Begin's cabinet as a Minister without portfolio.

2105:

anti-tank missiles ambushed the Syrian column, destroying 11 tanks. Another air battle also occurred, with the Israelis shooting down 18 more Syrian jets.

6394: 5781:

John Boykin (2002), Cursed Is the Peacemaker (Belmont, CA: Applegate Press: 0971943206). Quoted in PHILIP HABIB AND ARIEL SHARON: FROM THE ARCHIVES (2007)

9850: 9221: 8607: 3630: 5670:. "A second re-titled edition of Israel, Likud and the Zionist dream: power, politics and ideology from Begin to Netanyahu, published in 1995." Page ix 3982: 1768:"Sign a peace treaty with the Lebanese government that would solidify the informal Israeli-Christian alliance and convert it into a binding agreement." 1676:, that the PLO had observed the ceasefire. Israel, he said, continued looking for the "internationally recognized provocation" that Secretary of State 1555:

terrorists continued to carry out attacks against Israeli targets in Israel and abroad, and the threat to the northern settlements became unbearable."

1421:

conflict. This caused an additional demographic imbalance within Lebanese society, and affected its democratic institutions established earlier by the

1089: 1289:. Surrounded in West Beirut and subjected to heavy Israeli bombardment, the PLO and their allies negotiated a ceasefire with the aid of United States 10064: 10058: 7416: 7057: 5139: 10185: 9066: 8785: 5752: 2902: 1777: 7525: 5537: 1991:

while those in the eastern sector remained in place, but began setting up heavy artillery positions that put Syrian SAM units in artillery range.

10046: 10036: 10018: 10012: 10008: 8631: 7633: 3025:

organizations which joined forces with the more significant PLO during the initial invasion, but operated independently towards the end of 1982:

2077:

An Israeli armored battalion then probed past Joub Jannine to the town of Sultan Yacoub, and was ambushed by Syrian forces lying in wait. In the

17: 10225: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9870: 9860: 9854: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9808: 3149: 3145: 3085:

to Lebanon, ostensibly to fight the Israeli invaders. The approximately 1,500 Pasdaran established their headquarters in the Syrian-controlled

1472: 7347:

Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order - A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East, State University of New York Press (1996)

1576:

on Saturday 30 January 1982 that revealed Secretary Haig's fear that Israel might, at the slightest provocation, start a war against Lebanon.

10030: 8850: 6849:"– An ex-ISF V-200 Chaimite employed by the Guardians of the Cedar pictured at Houche-el-Oumara during the Battle for Zahle, April–June 1981" 4036: 3375:

In January 1985, Israel started to withdraw most of its troops, leaving a small residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia, the

3053: 2913: 2070:

in south-eastern Lebanon with cluster ammunition. The unit suffered 24 fatalities and 108 wounded, with a further 30 soldiers shell-shocked.

907: 4785: 4022: 2378:

on the 29th. In June 1985, the IDF unilaterally withdrew to a security zone in southern Lebanon along with its principal Lebanese ally, the

1807:

on the "hit list" of the attackers did not deter Begin. Iraq's motives for the assassination attempt may have been to punish Israel for its

10124: 831: 2355:

climbed. In a vacuum left with eradication of PLO, the disorganized Islamic militants in South Lebanon began to consolidate. The emerging

1327:. This stoked Israeli public disillusionment with the war. The IDF withdrew from Beirut and ended its operation on 29 September 1982. The 9791: 9785: 9059: 3864: 3522:

prior to the invasion. The invasion is also popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported

3362: 3162: 2097:

for the first time, and fought a difficult battle to take it. The IDF temporarily halted its advance in the western sector at Kafr Sill.

1350:

against the Israeli occupation until the IDF's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. In Israel, the 1982 invasion is also known as the

10116: 10106: 4483: 2896: 2499: 2347:

agents, as well as 49–56 Lebanese. The IDF subsequently withdrew from the Shouf Mountains but continued occupying Lebanon south of the

1186: 725: 3953: 3365:

in May 1983, that set the stage to withdraw Israeli forces from Lebanon while letting them patrol a "security zone" together with the

9527: 9370: 7728: 6800: 3372:

The instruments of ratification were never exchanged, and in March 1984, under pressure from Syria, Lebanon cancelled the agreement.

2998: 2886: 2514:

produced three witnesses claiming a family member disappeared during the time of the massacre. Nearly all of the victims were men.

10111: 9665: 9545: 9082: 8555: 7505: 4805: 3645: 2976: 2778:

Palestinian Liberation Organization forces continued to grow in Lebanon, with full-time military personnel numbering around 15,000

1428:

By 1975, the refugees numbered more than 300,000 and the PLO in effect created an unofficial state-within-a-state, particularly in

805: 7645: 5730: 9171: 8600: 3313:

Israeli civilian casualties from cross-border shelling numbered 9–10 killed and at least 248 wounded between June 1982 and 1999.

3307: 3141: 3089:

where they conducted guerrilla training and disbursed military material and money for the newly-formed Islamist groups including

1531: 1468: 1412: 1254: 824: 783: 41: 6870: 1440:

and the PLO, starting from 1968; this increased following the relocation of PLO bases to Lebanon after the civil war in Jordan.

9328: 8525: 8451: 7356: 7338:

Uri Ben-Eliezer, War over Peace - One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism, University of California Press (2019)

3818: 3571: 3380: 2812: 2386: 2385:

Despite this being considered the end of the war, conflict would continue. Hezbollah continued to fight the IDF and SLA in the

1347: 1339: 116: 102: 4762:

The operation was called Operation Peace for Galilee and was launched in reply to ongoing PLO attacks from its Lebanese bases.

4144: 9595: 9579: 9475: 8383: 8361: 8339: 8316: 8273: 8254: 8235: 8209: 8182: 8163: 8139: 8117: 8083: 8064: 8040: 8018: 7984: 7962: 7926: 7902: 7878: 7855: 7817: 7789: 7759: 7558: 7286: 7233: 7194:

Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal (2003). "Factors Conducive to the Politicization of the Lebanese ShĪ'a and the Emergence of Hizbu'llĀh".

7142: 7104: 7041: 7014: 6982: 6632: 6604: 6568: 6543: 6296: 6272: 6091: 5994: 5962: 5928: 5894: 5813: 5665: 5610: 5450: 5303: 5123: 5060: 4984: 4939: 4913: 4890: 4868: 4755: 4728: 4703: 4653: 4453: 4356: 4319: 4289: 4164: 4010: 2517:

Israeli troops surrounded the camps with tanks and checkpoints, monitoring entrances and exits. Israeli investigation by the

1367: 718: 4227: 3652:

by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, in which towers and buildings in Beirut were destroyed in the siege of the capital.

3165:

Zone. During the 1982 Lebanon War, UN positions were overrun, primarily by the South Lebanon Army forces under Saad Haddad.

1902:

The two divisions were then to split, with one heading west to link up with the forces along the coast, and another towards

9439: 7420: 4671: 1386:(guerrillas). After 1967, the number of armed Palestinians increased from 200 to 2,000 and by 1968 it had reached 15,000. 1171: 1028: 1005: 7705: 6465: 1492:

As early as 1976, Israel had been assisting Lebanese Christian militias in their sporadic battles against the PLO. During

9658: 9519: 9392: 3662: 1304:. By expelling the PLO, removing Syrian influence over Lebanon, and installing a pro-Israeli Christian government led by 6312: 6214:גלעד בארי, מלחמת לבנון – נגד פלסטין הקטנה Gil'ad Be'eri, "The Lebanon War" – "Confronting "Little Palestine" in Lebanon" 6205:גלעד בארי, מלחמת לבנון – נגד פלסטין הקטנה Gil'ad Be'eri, "The Lebanon War" – "Confronting "Little Palestine" in Lebanon" 5298:. Contemporary issues in the Middle East (1st ed ed.). Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press. pp. 235–236. 9779: 9703: 9571: 9535: 8931: 8845: 8593: 5150: 3587: 3283:

The IDF's total casualties in the First Lebanon War from June 1982 to June 1985 amounted 654 killed and 3,887 wounded.

3005: 2931: 2257: 1129: 222: 3887:(i.e. an excuse for a pre-planned invasion) or as the actual provocation which sparked an otherwise avoidable conflict 3361:

In September 1982, the PLO withdrew most of its forces from Lebanon. With U.S. assistance, Israel and Lebanon reached

9455: 8840: 5244: 5035: 3924: 3842: 3534:

According to Abraham Rabinovich, the complete dominance of U.S. and Israeli technology and tactics over those of the

3078: 2749:

had over 30,000 troops deployed in Lebanon in June 1982. The largest concentration was in the Bekaa Valley where the

2325: 2299: 1873: 1258: 1217: 1119: 1104: 1050: 188: 6695: 2502:. Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as the 2307: 2226:

maintained a blockade on the port of Beirut with a ring of missile boats and patrol boats supported by submarines.

9623: 9605: 9587: 8567: 7671: 6713: 5559: 2063: 1595: 3507:. This heavily impacted the civilian population from both sides, with more than 5,000 killed from both sides. The 2428:

helicopter gunships were employed against Syrian armour and fortifications. IAF Cobras destroyed dozens of Syrian

10026: 9231: 9112: 8870: 6011: 3668: 1623: 1375:

during the 1967 war. On the eve of the 1982 Israeli invasion, the Palestinian population in Lebanon was 375,000.

1038: 1136: 10220: 10022: 9952: 9946: 9824: 9682: 6402: 5681: 4156: 3823: 3158: 2303: 2230: 1301: 1265:

government. Israeli forces attacked and overran PLO positions in southern Lebanon and briefly clashed with the

1033: 1000: 10205: 9874: 9731: 9465: 8860: 8489: 8460: 6246:עפר שלח ויואב לימור, "שבויים בלבנון, האמת על מלחמת לבנון השנייה", הוצאת ידיעות ספרים, 2007, עמוד 327 (Hebrew) 4249: 3299: 3183: 3120: 2750: 2121:

PLO members were systematically rounded up and screened, and taken to a detention camp on the Amoun Heights.

1948: 1729: 1055: 756: 45: 3986: 2248:

Israel withdrew its forces from west Beirut on 29 September, officially ending Operation Peace for Galilee.

1652:

before: "Terrorist attacks against Israelis and Jews in Europe are not included in the cease-fire agreement.

10180: 9613: 9179: 8896: 8835: 8765: 7599:"Security Council Endorses Secretary-General's Conclusion On Israeli Withdrawal From Lebanon as of 16 June" 6940: 3594: 3582:

as Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as the

3504: 1708:"in great detail how the Israelis were going to invade Lebanon ... Weinberger just sat there and said 1270: 1262: 1224:

that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border. The Israeli military operation, codenamed

1161: 948: 4114:"Perceptions and Misperceptions: Influences on Israeli Intelligence Estimates During the 1982 Lebanon War" 2343:, which twice devastated IDF headquarters in Tyre, and killed 103 Israeli soldiers, border policemen, and 9818: 9388: 9273: 8513: 7158:

Shipler, David K. (14 July 1982). "Toll of Lebanon Dead and Injured Is Still Uncertain in Chaos of War".

7068: 6941:"Lebanon. The Two-Week War. Section 1 of 1; Data as of December 1987 Library of Congress Country Studies" 3803: 3500: 3272:, who was Deputy Chief of Staff of the IDF and had been appointed to be the next Director-General of the 3153: 2991: 2165: 2002: 1883:. Its mission was to bypass Tyre and destroy three PLO camps in the area, then move up the coast towards 1395: 1247: 1181: 960: 242: 7249: 6478:

Ilyin, Vladimir; Nikolski, Mikhail (1997). "Sovremennye tanki v boiu" [Modern Tanks in Battle].

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was the main objective and then on to Sidon to link up with the coastal forces. IDF forces included the

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was to provoke the Syrians into retaliatory attacks on Christians, such that Israel could not ignore.

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gunfire from missile boats. At the same time, Israeli forces in the central sector advanced towards

73:

6 June – 29 September 1982 (end of Israeli operation) or 5 June 1985 (most Israeli forces withdrawn)

10200: 9725: 9721: 9511: 9493: 9400: 9294: 8680: 8549: 8010: 7781: 7598: 7449: 7058:"Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 6 (1979–1984)" 6260: 5140:"Extracts relating to Article 98 of the Charter of the United Nations: Supplement No 5 (1970–1978)" 4113: 3828: 3813: 3683:, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, 2966: 2860: 2617: 2429: 2288: 2015: 2007: 1892: 1418: 1099: 1065: 888: 871: 761: 5760: 3329: 2987:, the organization conducted guerilla operations against Israeli garrisons following the invasion. 2407:

gunships on military exercise. These attack helicopters were successfully employed against Syrian

1681:

Haig is cited as leaving the worst impression of all in the lead up to Israel's Lebanon invasion:

10215: 10190: 9992: 9767: 8795: 7694:"Osama Bin Laden Warns America: Terror Leader Admits For First Time That He Ordered 9/11 Attacks" 3838: 3295: 3205: 2686: 2495: 2292: 2078: 1372: 773: 7954: 7944: 5651: 788: 9974: 9970: 9447: 9378: 9362: 9354: 8728: 8109: 7808:

MacBride, Seán; Asmal, A. K.; Bercusson, B.; Falk, R. A.; de la Pradelle, G.; Wild, S. (1983).

6251:

and Yoav Limor, "Captives in Lebanon – The Truth about the Second Lebanon War", 2007 – page 327

5697: 4695: 3508: 2908: 1311:, the Israeli government hoped to sign a treaty that would give Israel "forty years of peace". 1229: 1141: 1124: 1060: 913: 694: 672: 8283:

Cooper, Tom (July–August 2002). "'Floggers" in Action: Early MiG-23s in Operational Service".

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and this pressure intensified after the assassination of the popular Lebanese Prime Minister,

3056:, where hundreds of Palestinian and Lebanese Shia militants were killed defending the airport. 3032:– Shia movement. Amal's fragmented nature was corroborated by the difference decisions in the 1736:-led government of Israel hardened its attitude to the Arab world and became more aggressive. 10070: 9743: 9265: 8921: 8886: 8775: 8718: 8437: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7441: 5952: 5782: 4618: 4014: 3386:

The political vacuum resulting from the 1985 Israeli withdrawal would eventually lead to the

2954:

party, with a militia numbering around 3,500 fighters who were known for wearing red painted

2943:

Left wing parties joined forces with the PLO in what came to be known as the "joint forces".

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Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's National Security and Foreign Policy

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Russia and the Arabs: Behind the Scenes in the Middle East from the Cold War to the Present,

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Militarization and State Power in the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Case Study of Israel, 1948–1982

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The stadium used as an ammunition supply site for the PLO, after Israeli airstrikes in 1982

1819: 1383: 1305: 1075: 955: 877: 6831: 5579: 3551:

weaponry was more apparent in the 1980s and weighed more heavily on Second World leaders.

2794:

divided into three concentrations; about 1,500 south of the Litani River in the so-called

1872:

towards the Lebanese coast north of Sidon. Israel's publicly stated objective was to push

1511:, a rising figure in Lebanese politics. Gemayel's strategy during the early stages of the 8: 9830: 9755: 9737: 9715: 9239: 8477: 7999: 7774: 7750:, "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses", in George J. Andreopoulos, 7611: 6753: 4790: 4041: 4027: 3781: 3575: 3559:

One of the lingering consequences of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon was the creation of

3243:

estimated that 1,200 Syrian soldiers were killed and about 3,000 wounded during the war.

2629: 2582: 2238: 1851: 1673: 1497: 1070: 1018: 3841:(US–Israeli government operation transferring weapons seized by Israeli forces from the 1338:

From February to April 1985, the Israeli military undertook a phased withdrawal to its "

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The failure of the larger Israeli objectives of resolving the conflict in Lebanon with

3376: 3072: 2872: 2703:. The SLA was composed of 50% Christians, 30% Shiites and 20% Druze and Sunni personnel 2692: 2640: 2379: 2039: 1607: 1512: 1449: 1433: 1363: 1278: 1156: 1109: 894: 848: 168: 8429: 7393: 7318:"Israel's Army Reports 368 Soldiers Were Killed and 2,383 Were Wounded in Lebanon War" 4571:

An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation

1755:"Destroy the PLO infrastructure in Lebanon, including the PLO headquarters in Beirut." 10002: 9907: 9697: 9197: 9163: 8916: 8703: 8379: 8357: 8335: 8328: 8312: 8290: 8269: 8250: 8231: 8205: 8178: 8159: 8153: 8135: 8113: 8079: 8076:

Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993

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Defending the Holy Land: A Critical Analysis of Israel's Security and Foreign Policy

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Siklaw, Rami (Winter 2012). "The Dynamics of the Amal Movement in Lebanon 1975–90".

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Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East

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that followed the Israeli withdrawal, Syria fought their former Palestinian allies.

3193: 1962:

Israeli armored vehicles disembark from a landing craft during an amphibious landing

1795:

was shot and seriously wounded in London by militants belonging to the Iraqi-backed

10090: 9913: 9485: 9155: 8685: 8543: 8501: 8418: 7302:

Walsh, Edward (16 November 1984). "Lebanon, Israel Resume Talks on Troop Pullout".

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provided naval interdiction, shore gunfire support and landed a mixed brigade from

2518: 2446: 2436: 2261: 1599: 1580: 1493: 1460: 1429: 1328: 1273:

most of the country's northeast. The Israeli military, together with the Christian

1221: 1213: 1094: 995: 985: 453: 415: 349: 331: 8306: 8054: 7706:

U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982.

6086:

Hogg, Ian V., Israeli War Machine, Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd, (1983) p. 171-175

4090: 3711: 3593:

Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon led to pressure on the Syrians to withdraw their

2973:, members of the party enlisted in the "joint forces" during the initial invasion. 1918: 10096: 9749: 9431: 9302: 9213: 8815: 8699: 8537: 8201: 8194: 8093: 8006: 7912: 7847: 7735: 7712: 7509: 7223: 7094: 7031: 7004: 5630: 5566: 5544: 5453: 4786:"Two decades on, Israel confronts legacy of 'forgotten' south Lebanon occupation" 4574: 4037:"Gantz okays recognition of southern Lebanon occupation as official IDF campaign" 4023:"Two decades on, Israel confronts legacy of 'forgotten' south Lebanon occupation" 3765: 3641: 3485: 3452: 3403: 3303: 3240: 3212: 3128: 3045: 2783: 2218: 2204: 1808: 1796: 1282: 1114: 942: 920: 901: 799: 778: 6288:

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The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. A Political, Social, and Military

1417:

In 1970, a large influx of Palestinians from Jordan went into Lebanon after the

9346: 9320: 9189: 9017: 9012: 8986: 8820: 8531: 8507: 8399: 8302: 8285: 8097: 5417: 5392: 4547: 3634: 3590:

of 1978, bringing closure to the 1982 invasion as far as the UN was concerned.

3493: 3459: 3444: 3113: 2980: 2947: 2799: 2787: 2661: 2586: 2491: 2089: 1944: 1762: 1724: 1677: 1569: 1519: 1508: 1308: 1237: 990: 980: 970: 431: 345: 315: 267: 232: 7173: 7134:

Victory for Hire: Private Security Companies' Impact on Military Effectiveness

5549:

Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

2084: 1951:. The road junction at Nabatieh was also secured by the end of the first day. 1622:

extensive human suffering caused by these developments." The President of the

10169: 9555: 9139: 8991: 8760: 8561: 8419:

Ex-spymaster: First Lebanon War was Mossad success, despite Sabra and Chatila

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International Conflicts, 1816-2010: Militarized Interstate Dispute Narratives

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Friedman, Thomas L. "Israeli Jets Raid P.L.O. in Lebanon; Shelling follows".

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In an effort to establish air superiority and greater freedom of action, the

1995: 1880: 1692: 1618: 1603: 1591: 1573: 1478: 1422: 1332: 1297: 1290: 443: 401: 327: 6761: 2245:, Greece, and Tunisia—the latter of which became the new PLO headquarters. 1926: 1747:, the goals of the war were primarily developed by then Minister of Defense 1695:

agreed with, was that this uniting of Lebanese groups would allow President

1216:. The invasion followed a series of attacks and counter-attacks between the 9936: 9255: 9033: 8865: 8810: 8723: 8371: 7994: 7936: 7837: 7207: 7033:

Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations

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Mason, Robert Scott (1989). "National Security". In Collelo, Thomas (ed.).

4228:"Pathways to Victory: Observations from the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah Conflict" 3715: 3648:, that he was inspired to attack the buildings of the United States in the 3598: 3579: 3548: 3535: 3096: 3086: 2892: 2808: 2762: 2738: 2670: 2648: 2598: 2522: 2503: 2249: 2223: 2154: 1967: 1939: 1907: 1860: 1792: 1785: 1748: 1701: 1696: 1524: 1504: 1436:. There had been continual violence near the Lebanon-Israel border between 1293: 1233: 975: 866: 373: 291: 279: 3928: 3321: 2509:

Between 460 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites

1895:, which was being used as a PLO stronghold, and take the road junction at 9986: 9147: 9120: 8976: 8770: 8495: 8483: 7888: 6681:, Samuel Katz and Lee E. Russell, Osprey Men-At-Arms series No. 165, 1985 6248: 5954:

Syria And Iran: Diplomatic Alliance And Power Politics in the Middle East

5859: 5657: 4343:, Samuel Katz and Lee E. Russell, Osprey Men-At-Arms series No. 165, 1985 3719: 3688: 3671:

condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of

3544: 3539: 3448: 3435: 3310:. All eleven prisoners were subsequently released in prisoner exchanges. 3144:, or UNIFIL, was created by the United Nations, with the adoption of the 3059:

Islamic Students Union – an Islamic group which later formed the core of

2970: 2746: 2717: 2674: 2610: 2606: 2461: 2348: 2242: 1979: 1899:, while an elite reconnaissance battalion was to take the castle itself. 1865: 1627: 1611: 1379: 1266: 1242: 385: 369: 359: 341: 151: 8585: 5443:

Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence

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The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East

6108:"What Historical Mossad Files Reveal About 'Israel's Most Planned War'" 3680: 3601:. On 26 April 2005 the Syrian occupation forces withdrew from Lebanon. 3567: 3337: 2853: 2473: 2457: 2425: 2404: 2102: 1716: 1316: 411: 303: 8405:

A detailed account of 1982 Lebanon War – From Ariel Sharon's biography

7719:→ welcome → documents → General Assembly Resolutions → 1982 → 37/123.) 5987:

Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988

5806:

Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988

4379:

War over Peace: One Hundred Years of Israel's Militaristic Nationalism

4075:"Was the 1982 Lebanon War a Deviation from Israeli Security Doctrine?" 3443:, to prosecute them for treason. Left-wing Knesset members, including 3357:

An IDF military patrol between Aaichiye to Rayhan- south Lebanon, 1995

2757:

In Beirut and the Shouf Mountains were the 85th Infantry Brigade, the

2597:

50th Paratroop Battalion were attached to the division as needed. The

449: 228: 9901: 8805: 8755: 7972: 7747: 7357:

Imperfect Compromise: A New Consensus Among Israelis and Palestinians

7274: 6743: 3616: 3560: 3523: 3468: 3106: 3090: 3060: 2951: 2700: 2682: 2621: 2548: 2356: 1773: 1740: 1617:

Prior to establishing ceasefire in July 1981, U.N. Secretary-General

1501: 1399:

Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, alongside Israel.

1343: 1166: 816: 363: 7843:

The Fateful Triangle: the United States, Israel and the Palestinians

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Israeli Elite Units since 1948, Samuel Katz, Osprey Elite series 18,

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5478:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998

4852:

Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998

4191:"Israel's 3-Year War in Lebanon Ends, But Some Troops Remain Behind" 4145:"5 Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon to Secure Peace in the Galilee" 3633:

estimated the cost of the damage from the invasion at 7,622,774,000

3201:

Estimates of numbers of the casualties in the conflict vary widely.

2277: 2149: 2108:

The Israeli advance on Beirut pressed forward in the west, reaching

1879:

The westernmost Israeli force was to advance up the coastal road to

1471:(UNIFIL) was created after the incursion, following the adoption of 1236:, Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom. Israeli Prime Minister 407: 397: 183: 10150:

templates on this page, but the references will not show without a

8413: 7869:

The Palestinian Liberation Organization: People, Power and Politics

5342: 5269: 4633: 3704: 3696: 3672: 3488:) was left alone to defend the "Mountain" area which comprised the 3464: 3116: 3037: 2664:– a coalition of mainly Christian parties formed in 1976. Combined 2465: 2368: 2344: 2187: 1896: 1859:

On 6 June 1982, Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister

1720: 710: 6468:

Air Force Magazine Online 85 (June 2002). Retrieved 22 August 2009

4149:

5 Israel’s 1982 Invasion of Lebanon to Secure Peace in the Galilee

3703:. Some delegates disputed the claim that the massacre constituted 2818:

The PLO had around 15,000 to 18,000 fighters deployed as follows:

2673:

but also included men from smaller right-wing militias, including

2382:, completing its troop withdrawal to the security zone on 5 June. 9980: 8971: 8926: 8901: 8423: 7526:

Israelis at huge rally in Tel Aviv demand Begin and Sharon resign

6771:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

6265:

Beware of Small States. Lebanon, battleground of the Middle East.

3884: 3676: 3423: 2849: 2737:

site built near the Beirut-Damascus highway, and overlooking the

2644: 2625: 2553: 2443: 2044: 1988: 1903: 1830:

On 4 June the Israeli cabinet authorized a large scale invasion.

1402: 82: 3752:

Several films were staged, based on the events of the 1982 war:

2006:

An Israeli tank advances past destroyed Syrian tanks during the

1342:" along the border. The Israeli occupation saw the emergence of 8961: 8956: 8713: 8708: 6625:

PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization

6561:

PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization

6536:

PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization

5603:

PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization

3739:

without an examination of the means for preventing this danger.

3684: 3427: 3341:

IDF military patrol above the Litani river- south Lebanon, 1987

3273: 3188: 3064: 3022: 2959: 2955: 2920:

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command

2578: 2460:

would later recall a meeting with a high-ranking member of the

2397: 2126: 2109: 2058:

On 10 June 1982, the Israeli air force mistook a column of IDF

1958: 1888: 1869: 1834: 1584: 1437: 1286: 1209: 322: 310: 298: 286: 274: 262: 144: 8354:

Israel in History; The Jewish state in comparative perspective

7228:. Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Limited. p. 285. 5920:

Middle Eastern Terrorism: From Black September to September 11

3729:

Following a four-month investigation, on 8 February 1983, the

3578:. Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area called 3152:, to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon which Israel had 2494:, the newly elected President of Lebanon, was assassinated by 1930:

An Israeli bombardment of a PLO position on the Lebanese coast

8996: 8966: 8911: 8800: 8790: 8732: 8689: 7371:"37 שנה למלחמת לבנון הראשונה: "הנוצרים תפסו פראיירים, אותנו"" 5808:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 19, 110–111. 5055:(Facsim. ed. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 166–167. 4979:(Facsim. ed. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 166–167. 4747:

Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

3497: 3316: 3260: 3041: 2729: 2722: 2594: 2574: 2363: 2169:

A Syrian T-62 destroyed somewhere in Lebanon by the IDF, 1982

1906:

and from there along the right flank of Syrian forces in the

1884: 1733: 1631: 1324: 438: 426: 201: 196: 8266:

Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-Escalation, and Negotiation

7268: 5653:

The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream

3925:"In the Spotlight: PKK (A.k.a KADEK) Kurdish Worker's Party" 3853:

International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression

3349:

The Beaufort IDF northern military post- south Lebanon, 1995

2374:

Israel withdrew from the Bekaa valley on 24 April, and from

5629:. Translated by Mitch Ginsberg. Harper Collins. Chapter 14 4826:"Hezbollah | Meaning, History, & Ideology | Britannica" 4484:"Israeli General Says Mission Is to Smash P.L.O. in Beirut" 4446:

Operation Peace for Galilee, The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon

2857: 2845: 2734: 2450: 2433: 2234: 1761:"Install a Christian-dominated government in Lebanon, with 1614:'s leadership with the backing of Israeli military forces. 1246:

for invasion, which was the second by Israel following its

10152:{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} 8192:

Bryce Walker & the editors of Time-Life books (1983).

7807: 7414: 7275:

Jack Donnelly; Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann (1 January 1987).

3222:

In early September 1982, the independent Beirut newspaper

2267: 1791:

On 3 June 1982 Israel's ambassador to the United Kingdom,

8175:

Lion of Jordan; The life of King Hussein in War and Peace

7626: 4903: 4901: 4899: 3611: 3519: 3081:– In July 1982 Iran dispatched an expeditionary force of 2144: 7729:

Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D.

7174:"Mid-Range Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 6871:"– GoC M34 gun-truck with ZU-23-2 AA autocannon, c.1976" 6460: 6458: 6424: 6422: 6420: 4534:"The 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon: the casualties". 4157:

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IDF military post Shakuf El-Hardun – south Lebanon, 1986

8459: 8376:

The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East

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Karameh Brigade was stationed on the eastern slopes of

7716: 7715:

Retrieved 4 January 2010. (If link doesn't work, try:

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The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

3451:, were absent from the plenary for the vote. Even the 3434:

against the Israeli government. Hadash Knesset member

2695:– founded in 1979, the SLA acted as Israel's proxy in 2389:

until Israel's final withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.

1704:

during which Sharon explained to Secretary of Defense

1459:

The violence between Israel and the PLO peaked during

8653: 8263: 6455: 6417: 5296:

The Middle East after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon

4590:

Encyclopedia of International Peacekeeping Operations

3570:

was Israeli Prime Minister, Israel withdrew from the

3503:, PLO remnants, Syrian Army, Lebanese Communist, and 3239:

estimated that about 1,500 PLO fighters were killed.

3131:, which likely served as an early alias of Hezbollah. 2895:("Thunderbolt"), a Palestinian group affiliated with 2556:

Mark I tank was used throughout the First Lebanon War

1876:

forces back 40 kilometers (25 mi) to the north.

1855:

An Israeli armored personnel carrier in south Lebanon

1523:

alliance, and members of the Israeli government like

1281:, seized control of the southern half of Lebanon and 7798: 7067:. United Nations. pp. §185–§199. Archived from 5989:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 104. 5376: 5374: 4806:"Israel units start the withdrawal from Beirut area" 2798:(between the villages of Kana, Dir Amas, and Juya), 1922:

Israeli troops driving towards Beaufort Castle, 1982

1467:

which was carried out by Palestinian militants. The

1394:

Palestinian guerrilla action intended to serve as a

6584: 6582: 6580: 6358: 4856: 4587: 4311:

The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century

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Under Siege: PLO Decisionmaking During the 1982 War

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Sabra and Shatila massacre § U.N. condemnation

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Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction

2922:(PFLP-GC) with an estimated 2,000 fighters in total 2856:), up to 250 130mm and 155 mm artillery, many 8327: 8193: 8101: 7866: 7776:Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes 7551:Bring Down the Walls: Lebanon's Post-War Challenge 6349: 6347: 5731:"The stupidity of Ronald Reagan. – Slate Magazine" 5343:"United Nations Security Council document S/14789" 5270:"United Nations Security Council document S/14537" 3900:is regarded as the "Second Lebanon War" in Israel. 1809:destruction of Iraq's nuclear reactor in June 1981 1482:A map showing the power balance in Lebanon, 1976: 9680: 7092: 5923:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 133. 5371: 4607:. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–146, 155. 3325:An IDF patrol near Ras Biada- south Lebanon, 1986 3197:A Syrian tank burning on the road outside Jezzine 1665:the Middle East or any incident internationally. 10167: 6588: 6577: 5184: 5182: 4639:The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames, 4448:, New York: Hill & Wang. 1984, p. 164, 165, 3883:Note that scholars describe this variously as a 3644:said in a videotape, released on the eve of the 3475: 2934:(PPSF) with an estimated 2,200 fighters in total 2916:(PFLP) with an estimated 2,000 fighters in total 2905:(DFLP) with an estimated 2,500 fighters in total 2903:Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2834:1,000 deployed from Nabatiyeh to Beaufort Castle 2585:with three brigades including the 211th and the 1488:Light Green – controlled by Palestinian militias 7979:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 7442:Israelis See Little Apparent Gain From Invasion 7212:cited in Waines An Introduction to Islam (2004) 6889: 6471: 6344: 6217: 5950: 5876: 5149:. United Nations. pp. §275. Archived from 4686:Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). 4514:Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 4250:"What I Learned from Watching the Israeli Army" 3954:"Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK" 3417: 2928:(PLA) with an estimated 5,000 fighters in total 1261:(PLO) in the country, and install a pro-Israel 8108:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p. 7752:Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions 7065:Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs 6785: 6783: 6781: 6618: 6616: 6377: 6375: 5916: 5147:Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs 4602: 4151:, Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 135–162, 3514:The invasion led to the switching of sides of 3150:United Nations Security Council Resolution 426 3146:United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 2863:multiple-rocket launchers plus heavy mortars. 2424:anti-aircraft batteries stationed in Lebanon. 2101:the valley. Israeli infantry teams armed with 2066:attacked the Battalion 931, advancing in open 1938:At eight in the evening the force crossed the 1864:paratroopers, and naval commandos set sail in 1473:United Nations Security Council Resolution 425 1403:Relocation of PLO from Jordan to South Lebanon 94:Israeli tactical victories, strategic failure 10211:Military operations of the Lebanese Civil War 9666: 9067: 8639: 8601: 8445: 7193: 7130: 6477: 6195:60 YEARS ISRAEL NAVY: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli 6183:60 YEARS ISRAEL NAVY: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli 6171:60 YEARS ISRAEL NAVY: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli 6159:60 YEARS ISRAEL NAVY: Chel Ha'Yam Ha'Yisraeli 6101: 6099: 5910: 5179: 4685: 3538:was a factor that hastened the demise of the 2914:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine 2866: 1537: 1432:, which then played an important role in the 1300:, were evacuated from Lebanon, overseen by a 832: 726: 7221: 7137:. Stanford University Press. pp. 103–. 7124: 6897:"APPENDIX B – Lebanon, APPENDIX B – Lebanon" 5580:"Sharon's war crimes in Lebanon: the record" 4001: 3743:Phalangists and put a stop to their actions. 3204:By the end of the first week, 14 June 1982, 3189:Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian casualties 2822:6,000 in the Beirut, Ba'abda and Damour area 2721:Syrian anti-tank teams deployed French-made 2415:During the course of combat operations, the 1346:, an Iranian-backed Shia Islamist group. It 1220:(PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the 7408: 7215: 7086: 6778: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6664: 6613: 6372: 6223: 6105: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5018: 5016: 4588:Ramsbotham, Oliver; Woodhouse, Tom (1999). 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4394:, State University of New York Press (1996) 3865:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 3163:United Nations Disengagement Observer Force 2969:– Lebanon's main Communist party headed by 2885:(ALF), a Palestinian group affiliated with 2449:make its first combat debut, facing Syrian 2306:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1947:captured the castle in the fiercely-fought 10125:Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 9673: 9659: 9074: 9060: 8646: 8632: 8608: 8594: 8452: 8438: 7754:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997, 7516:(Americans for Middle East Understanding). 7440:1 killed between June 1982 and June 1992 ( 7391: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6147:40 Km into Lebanon: Israel's 1982 Invasion 6096: 5533: 5531: 5168: 5053:Sanctuary and survival: the PLO in Lebanon 4977:Sanctuary and survival: the PLO in Lebanon 4932:Sanctuary and survival: the PLO in Lebanon 4509: 4507: 4505: 4463: 4461: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 3637:, equivalent to US$ 2 billion at the time. 3317:Security buffer zone and Syrian occupation 2958:with "al-Mourabitoun" painted on front in 2062:forces for a Syrian commando unit. An IAF 1500:. But Israel's main partner was to be the 839: 825: 733: 719: 9835:UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 9809:UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 8615: 7873:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7632: 7601:, UN Press release SC/6878, 18 June 2000. 6513: 6511: 6284: 6141: 6060: 6058: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5337: 5335: 4885:. Cambridge University Press. pp xiv–xx. 4718: 4658:, Shapolsky Publishers (1994) pp. 299–301 4284:. Columbia University Press. p. 45. 4225: 4079:The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 4072: 3554: 2899:with an estimated 4,000 fighters in total 2889:with an estimated 2,500 fighters in total 2326:Learn how and when to remove this message 8225: 8155:The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab world 7612:"Security Council Press Release SC/8372" 7492:, American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 260. 7417:"Background on Missing Israeli Soldiers" 7368: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6966: 6518:"Flashback: Sabra and Shatila massacres" 6285:Robertson, William G. (15 August 2014). 6226:"שנה למלחמה: תיעוד מלבנון כמו שלא ראיתם" 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 5944: 5759:. New York. 9 April 1984. Archived from 5649: 5634: 5293: 5013: 4912:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeier2016 ( 4867:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMeier2016 ( 4568: 3352: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3320: 3250: 3192: 2977:Communist Action Organization in Lebanon 2728: 2716: 2707: 2547: 2396: 2208: 2164: 2148: 2083: 2001: 1957: 1925: 1917: 1850: 1477: 1240:blamed the PLO, using the incident as a 10186:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 9172:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 8374:, ed. (2002). "Arab-Israeli Conflict". 8348: 8325: 8301: 8244: 7771: 7765: 7415:IDF Spokesman's Office (21 July 1996). 7157: 7050: 7029: 6792: 6641: 6386: 5882: 5528: 4844: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4502: 4458: 4397: 4381:, University of California Press (2019) 4277: 4111: 4073:Naor, Dan; Lewin, Eyal (3 April 2023). 3529: 3467:on 25 September 1982, organized by the 3142:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 2875:joined forces with the mainstream PLO. 2362:In February 1985, Israel withdrew from 2268:Further conflict and Israeli withdrawal 1532:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 1486:Purple – controlled by Maronite groups; 1469:United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon 1413:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 42:Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 14: 10168: 10144:<ref group=lower-alpha> 10117:Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 10107:Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement 8282: 8268:. University of South Carolina Press. 8027: 7780:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7741: 7668:"E/CN.4/2000/22/Add.1 of 3 March 2000" 7548: 7501:Warschawski, Michel (April–May 2006). 7480:American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 130. 7468:American Jewish Yearbook 1985. p. 126. 7278:International Handbook of Human Rights 7099:. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 732. 6972: 6798: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6622: 6558: 6538:. AuthorHouse. pp. 239, 356–357. 6533: 6508: 6428: 6353: 6055: 5985:Blight, James G.; et al. (2012). 5984: 5804:Blight, James G.; et al. (2012). 5803: 5694: 5600: 5594: 5457: 5360: 5332: 5050: 4974: 4929: 4743: 4723:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 151. 4308:Hammes, Thomas X. (17 February 2006). 4307: 4112:Schulze, Kristen E. (1 January 1996). 3977: 3975: 3948: 3946: 3919: 3917: 3819:Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon 3430:opposed the war, and even submitted a 3063:, its members took part in battles of 2712: 2432:, including some of the modern Soviet 2145:Battles of the Beirut–Damascus highway 1454: 846: 601:654 killed and 3,887 wounded (1982–85) 117:Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon 10226:Military operations involving the PLO 9654: 9081: 9055: 8627: 8589: 8433: 7812:. London: Ithaca Press. p. 191. 7301: 7113: 6991: 6929:Schiff & Ya'ari, pp. 134–135 6741: 6313:"1982: PLO leader forced from Beirut" 6118: 6009: 4925: 4923: 4907: 4862: 4592:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 136. 4346: 3604: 3306:and eight soldiers in the raid on an 3255:A wounded Israeli soldier arrives at 3246: 3227:Syrians, outside of the Beirut area. 3168: 2161:off the coast of Lebanon, August 1982 1758:"Drive Syrian forces out of Lebanon." 1507:party, whose paramilitary was led by 1443: 1228:, was launched after gunmen from the 820: 714: 61:Israeli troops invading Lebanon, 1982 10112:Israel–Sudan normalization agreement 9851:Israel–Syria disengagement agreement 9528:Southern Israel cross-border attacks 9440:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel 9371:Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 8370: 8264:Brzoska, M.; Pearson, F. S. (1994). 7911: 7093:Spencer C. Tucker (8 October 2010). 7002: 6589:Schiff, Ze'ev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985). 6368:Herzog & Gazit, pp. 347–348 6010:Joffe, Lawrence (25 February 2003). 5889:. Naval Institute Press. p. 5. 5745: 5234:"UN Security Council report S/14295" 5095: 5024:Political Handbook of the World 2012 4773: 4721:The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History 4518: 4247: 4142: 3397: 2844:Heavy weapons consisted of about 60 2538: 2392: 2304:adding citations to reliable sources 2271: 1913: 1172:Civil Administration of the Mountain 1029:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 806:1982–1983 Tyre headquarters bombings 740: 10141: 8556:Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip 8461:Wars and conflicts involving Israel 8247:Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947 8078:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7836: 6918:Schiff & Ya'ari, pp. 83–84 6720: 6076:Herzog & Gazit, pp. 340–43 6050: 5957:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 61. 5728: 5367:Schiff & Ya'ari, pp. 35–36 5294:Freedman, Robert Owen, ed. (1986). 5044: 3972: 3943: 3914: 3263:after being evacuated by helicopter 2442:The war also witnessed the Israeli 2260:. In response, the US brokered the 1637: 1389: 24: 10102:Israel–UAE normalization agreement 9993:Beirut Summit and peace initiative 8846:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 8334:. New York, NY: Harper & Row. 8219: 8191: 8172: 8148: 8134:. University of California Press. 8092: 8073: 8049: 7993: 7935: 7864: 7642:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7553:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71. 7537: 7490:American Jewish Committee Archives 7478:American Jewish Committee Archives 7466:American Jewish Committee Archives 7421:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 7131:Molly Dunigan (28 February 2011). 6961: 6928: 6917: 6873:. Alsminiature.com. Archived from 6450: 6439: 6392: 6381: 6367: 6075: 6064: 6040:Schiff & Ya'ari pp. 97, 99–100 6039: 5871: 5828: 5792: 5523: 5488: 5380: 5366: 5221: 5210: 5199: 5188: 5174: 5089: 4968: 4920: 4278:Khalidi, Rashid (4 January 2014). 3588:UN Security Council Resolution 425 3518:, which used to fight against the 3458:Heavy Israeli casualties, alleged 3016: 3006:Lebanese National Resistance Front 2932:Palestinian Popular Struggle Front 2871:Palestinian groups of the radical 2529: 2258:1983 United States Embassy bombing 2198: 1820:Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp 1784:Shlaim, Sharon and chief of staff 1206:Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon 223:Lebanese National Resistance Front 103:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) 25: 10237: 8393: 8196:Fighting Jets: The Epic of Flight 8126: 7528:New York Times, 26 September 1982 7503:"Inside the Anti-Occupation Camp" 7036:. Random House Publishing Group. 6503: 6492: 4351:. NationBooks. pp. 144–145. 4063:Universal-Publishers, 1997 p.119. 3843:Palestine Liberation Organization 3496:districts against a coalition of 2655: 1772:George Ball testified before the 1723:government in Lebanon, headed by 1572:filed a report with US President 1484:Dark Green – controlled by Syria: 1259:Palestine Liberation Organization 1218:Palestine Liberation Organization 1105:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup 690:19,085 killed and 30,000 wounded. 10156:{{notelist}} 10031:Agreement on Movement and Access 8289:. No. 100. pp. 56–67. 8053:(2007). Douglas Brinkley (ed.). 7971: 7887: 7722: 7699: 7686: 7670:. United Nations. Archived from 7660: 7604: 7592: 7567: 7542: 7531: 7519: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7459: 7434: 7385: 7362: 7350: 7341: 7332: 7310: 7295: 7256:. Associated Press. 8 March 1991 7242: 7187: 7166: 7151: 7119: 7023: 6955: 6933: 6922: 6911: 6863: 6841: 6766: 6702: 6684: 6552: 6527: 6497: 6486: 6451:Herzog & Gazit, pp. 349 6444: 6440:Herzog & Gazit, pp. 349 6433: 6331: 6305: 6278: 6254: 6240: 6208: 6199: 6187: 6175: 6106:Ofer Aderet (8 September 2022). 5839: 5499: 3646:2004 U.S. presidential elections 3308:IDF observation post in Bhamdoun 2647:through the Bekaa Valley around 2479: 2276: 1799:. The attack was ordered by the 1302:multinational peacekeeping force 1255:Palestinian attacks from Lebanon 448: 437: 425: 406: 396: 379: 368: 358: 340: 321: 309: 297: 285: 273: 261: 237: 227: 216: 195: 182: 162: 150: 137: 52: 27:1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon 10065:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 10059:Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 10027:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 9232:Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 9113:Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency 8871:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 7894:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 7614:. United Nations. 29 April 2005 7222:David Waines (1 October 2004). 7006:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 6756:. pp. 202, 208, 239, 243. 6163: 6151: 6080: 6069: 6044: 6033: 6003: 5978: 5865: 5844: 5833: 5822: 5797: 5786: 5775: 5722: 5709: 5688: 5619: 5572: 5553: 5517: 5504: 5493: 5482: 5435: 5410: 5385: 5287: 5262: 5226: 5215: 5204: 5193: 5132: 5108: 4875: 4818: 4798: 4778: 4767: 4737: 4712: 4679: 4661: 4646: 4627: 4611: 4603:Lindley-French, Julian (2007). 4596: 4581: 4562: 4476: 4384: 4371: 4331: 4314:. Voyageur Press. p. 105. 4301: 4271: 4241: 4219: 4143:Katz, Andrew Z. (1 July 2017), 3890: 3877: 3669:United Nations General Assembly 3112:Other Shia groups included the 2840:around 1,000 in the UNIFIL Zone 2768: 2725:during the war in Lebanon, 1982 2581:and Beirut.) – Forces included 2500:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 1797:Abu Nidal militant organization 1530:From June to December 1980 the 1373:fled or were expelled by Israel 1039:Assassination of Bachir Gemayel 702: 18:Operation Peace for the Galilee 9704:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 9520:Palestinian militancy campaign 8410:1978 Israel – Lebanon Conflict 7692:Arak, Joel (29 October 2004). 7394:"רצועת הביטחון - מלחמה ללא שם" 6977:. Princeton University Press. 6595:. Simon and Schuster. p. 5917:Ensalaco, Mark (August 2010). 4676:Sage Publications (2003), p.13 4183: 4136: 4105: 4066: 4051: 3824:Multinational Force in Lebanon 3159:United Nations Emergency Force 2979:– a Communist party headed by 2231:Multinational Force in Lebanon 1110:Assassination of Rashid Karami 1034:Multinational Force in Lebanon 13: 1: 9792:American trusteeship proposal 8861:Popular Resistance Committees 8230:. New York University Press. 7830: 7456:, retrieved 14 February 2014) 6943:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. 3 June 1982 6799:Shahid, Leila (Autumn 2002). 6401:(Winter 1989). Archived from 6395:"The Bekaa Valley Air Battle" 5717:Error and Betrayal in Lebanon 4091:10.1080/21520844.2023.2171652 3656: 3476:Political outcome for Lebanon 3184:Palestinian casualties of war 3173: 3121:Islamic Dawa Party in Lebanon 1730:Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty 1382:stimulated the growth of the 1357: 1323:of Palestinians and Lebanese 1208:, began on 6 June 1982, when 8132:Asad: The Struggle for Syria 7250:"Casualties of Mideast Wars" 6973:Norton, Augustus R. (2007). 6808:Journal of Palestine Studies 6627:. AuthorHouse. p. 265. 6563:. AuthorHouse. p. 264. 5729:Lee, Timothy (7 June 2004). 5627:Sharon: The Life of a Leader 5605:. AuthorHouse. p. 257. 5582:. Wsws.org. 22 February 2002 4617:[Ze'ev Schiff, Ehud Ya'ari, 3985:. Niqash.org. Archived from 3870: 3747: 3505:Syrian Social National Party 3418:Political results for Israel 2938: 2828:1,000 between Sidon and Tyre 2613:had landed there previously. 1368:fled or were forced to leave 1137:Assassination of René Moawad 662:c. 100 artillery pieces lost 7: 10148:{{efn}} 9389:Palestinian suicide attacks 7897:. Oxford University Press. 7281:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 247–. 7009:. Oxford University Press. 6429:Rabinovich, p. 510–511 6224:Roni Mendel (5 June 2012). 5445:. McFarland & Company. 4569:MacQueen, Benjamin (2013). 4468:"Lebanon Demands Payment". 4118:Journal of Conflict Studies 3956:. Xs4all.nl. Archived from 3804:1978 South Lebanon conflict 3797: 2999:Arab Socialist Action Party 2909:Fatah-Revolutionary Council 1846: 1841: 1672:Further support comes from 1340:South Lebanon security zone 1253:The Israelis sought to end 1226:Operation Peace for Galilee 1182:South Lebanon security belt 961:1978 South Lebanon conflict 98:PLO expulsion from Lebanon. 10: 10242: 9965:Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 9953:Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 9947:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 9879:Palestinian autonomy talks 8520:Second invasion of Lebanon 7921:. New York: Anchor Books. 7392:אורן פטוקה (8 July 2014). 7196:Journal of Islamic Studies 6524:(London), 24 January 2002. 6012:"Obituary of Shlomo Argov" 5680:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 4719:Bickerton, Ian J. (2009). 4548:10.1177/030639688302400404 3660: 3379:in southern Lebanon in a " 3177: 3125:Islamic Jihad Organization 3021:Muslim forces were mostly 3010:Lebanese National Movement 2867:Non-PLO Palestinian groups 2486:Sabra and Shatila massacre 2483: 2341:Tyre headquarters bombings 2202: 1801:Iraqi Intelligence Service 1538:1981 events and cease-fire 1447: 1406: 1396:war of national liberation 1321:Sabra and Shatila massacre 1090:U.S. embassy annex bombing 1045:Sabra and Shatila massacre 10079: 9922: 9875:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 9800: 9732:Faisal–Weizmann agreement 9689: 9650: 9423: 9286: 9131: 9089: 9051: 9026: 9005: 8949: 8879: 8766:al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades 8748: 8741: 8671: 8623: 8522:/First Lebanon War (1982) 8514:First invasion of Lebanon 8467: 7772:Schabas, William (2009). 7738:Retrieved 4 January 2010, 6975:Hezbollah A Short History 6750:Federal Research Division 6679:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84 5883:Knights, Michael (2005). 5114:Kissinger, Henry (1999). 5096:Lust, Ellen, ed. (2019). 4673:Encyclopedia of Terrorism 4341:Armies in Lebanon 1982–84 3927:. Cdi.org. Archived from 3834:Operation Grapes of Wrath 3714:, the other members were 3667:On 16 December 1982, the 3290:IDF lost six soldiers as 3180:Israeli casualties of war 3135: 2926:Palestine Liberation Army 2543: 2430:Armored fighting vehicles 2035:Operation Mole Cricket 19 1778:Foreign Affairs Committee 1463:in 1978, provoked by the 1409:Black September in Jordan 1232:attempted to assassinate 1162:People's Republic of Tyre 1150:Cantons and puppet states 949:St George's Church attack 858: 752: 685: 585: 462: 251: 126: 65: 51: 46:Israeli–Lebanese conflict 39: 34: 9914:Israel–Lebanon agreement 9726:Anglo-French Declaration 9722:Declaration to the Seven 9295:Misgav Am hostage crisis 7918:From Beirut to Jerusalem 7369:יזהר באר (6 June 2019). 7225:An Introduction To Islam 6820:10.1525/jps.2002.32.1.36 6745:Lebanon: a country study 6623:Becker, Jillian (1984). 6559:Becker, Jillian (1984). 6534:Becker, Jillian (1984). 5951:Goodarzi, Jubin (2006). 5872:Shlaim 1999, pp. 396–397 5650:Shindler, Colin (2002). 5601:Becker, Jillian (1984). 4226:Kainikara, Sanu (2007). 3907: 3829:Operation Accountability 3814:Israel-Lebanon relations 3734:indirectly responsible: 3071:in June–September 1982. 2992:Kurdistan Workers' Party 2967:Lebanese Communist Party 2852:(most of them dug in as 2088:A destroyed airliner at 1866:amphibious landing ships 1248:1978 invasion of Lebanon 1100:1985 Beirut car bombings 908:1976 Syrian intervention 9606:Israel–Palestine crisis 9457:Bringing Home the Goods 8796:Guardians of the Cedars 8568:Israel–Palestine crisis 8400:Lebanese Civil War 1982 8378:. New York: Continuum. 8245:Bregman, Ahron (2002). 7638:"The Arab-Israeli Wars" 7549:Dagher, Carole (2002). 7030:Bergman, Ronen (2018). 6851:. Milinme.wordpress.com 6493:Seale, pp. 382–83. 6480:Tekhnika i vooruzhenie 6382:Walker, pp. 162–63 6354:Rabinovich, p. 510 5543:2 December 2008 at the 5418:"The Israeli Air Force" 5393:"The Israeli Air Force" 3983:"a secret relationship" 3839:Operation Tipped Kettle 3302:, a soldier during the 3296:Battle of Sultan Yacoub 3206:International Red Cross 2897:Syrian-led Ba'ath Party 2878:These groups included: 2699:and fought the PLO and 2687:Guardians of the Cedars 2611:Israeli Naval commandos 2079:Battle of Sultan Yacoub 1823:Israelis were wounded. 1366:, 730,000 Palestinians 1083:Fourth phase: 1984–1990 935:Second phase: 1977–1982 575:250+ anti-aircraft guns 10142:Cite error: There are 10023:Sharm El Sheikh Summit 9943:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 9825:Tripartite Declaration 9448:Ain es Saheb airstrike 9329:South Lebanon conflict 8526:South Lebanon conflict 8311:. London: Black Swan. 8226:Barzilai, Gad (1996). 7454:Jewish Virtual Library 7320:. JTA. 13 October 1982 7120:Fisk, pp. 255–257 5793:Reagan, pp. 87–90 5698:Arab Studies Quarterly 5441:Kameel B. Nazr (2007) 4349:Beware of Small States 3724:massacres and killings 3555:Long-term consequences 3358: 3350: 3342: 3334: 3326: 3264: 3198: 3140:On 19 March 1978, the 3075:was part of the group. 3067:, the airport and the 2887:Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party 2804: 2773: 2742: 2726: 2565:Coastal Sector, (from 2557: 2521:of Inquiry found that 2490:On 14 September 1982, 2456:Former IAF commander, 2412: 2387:South Lebanon conflict 2214: 2170: 2162: 2093: 2010: 1963: 1949:Battle of the Beaufort 1931: 1923: 1856: 1688: 1654: 1566: 1489: 1230:Abu Nidal Organization 1125:Dahr al-Wahsh massacre 1012:Third phase: 1982–1984 914:Siege of Tel al-Zaatar 861:First phase: 1975–1977 695:Sabra-Shatila massacre 675:missile batteries lost 548:100 anti-aircraft guns 252:Commanders and leaders 10221:Wars involving Israel 10071:John Kerry Parameters 9744:Churchill White Paper 9710:Sykes–Picot Agreement 9266:Coastal Road massacre 8887:Arab Higher Committee 8776:Arab Liberation Front 8719:Palestinian Authority 8617:Arab–Israeli conflict 8330:Israel's Fateful Hour 8249:. London: Routledge. 7711:29 April 2012 at the 7003:Fisk, Robert (2001). 5625:Gilad Sharon (2011). 5565:12 March 2006 at the 4881:Benny Morris (2004). 4750:. Sage Publications. 4620:Israel's Lebanon War, 4470:The Los Angeles Times 4444:Gabriel, Richard, A, 4347:Hirst, David (2010). 4015:Israel Defense Forces 3610:The invasion removed 3422:In the voting in the 3356: 3348: 3340: 3332: 3324: 3257:Rambam Medical Center 3254: 3196: 3127:reportedly headed by 2883:Arab Liberation Front 2792: 2754:in the Bekaa Valley. 2751:1st Armoured Division 2732: 2720: 2708:Syria, PLO and allies 2666:Lebanese Front forces 2639:Eastern Sector (from 2616:Central Sector (from 2551: 2400: 2212: 2168: 2152: 2087: 2005: 1961: 1929: 1921: 1854: 1683: 1649: 1624:U.N. Security Council 1561: 1481: 1465:Coastal Road Massacre 1348:waged a guerrilla war 1335:on 3 September 1983. 1177:State of Free Lebanon 1006:Iraqi Embassy bombing 586:Casualties and losses 572:350+ artillery pieces 10206:Invasions of Lebanon 10053:Annapolis Conference 10047:UNSC Resolution 1701 10037:UNSC Resolution 1850 10019:UNSC Resolution 1583 10013:UNSC Resolution 1566 10009:UNSC Resolution 1559 9959:Wye River Memorandum 9815:Armistice agreements 9572:Gaza border protests 9494:Gaza–Israel conflict 9206:Lod Airport massacre 9039:United Arab Republic 8982:United Arab Emirates 8892:Arab Liberation Army 8326:Harkabi, Y. (1989). 8173:Shlaim, Avi (2007). 8104:Israel's Lebanon War 8009:, New York. p. 7575:"Who are Hezbollah?" 7508:27 June 2006 at the 7396:. News1 מחלקה ראשונה 7208:10.1093/jis/14.3.273 6748:. Washington, D.C.: 6698:on 28 February 2005. 6592:Israel's Lebanon War 6466:The Bekaa Valley War 6405:on 23 September 2008 5660:. pp. 117–120. 5656:. London; New York: 5514:, 10 May 1982, p. 1. 5051:Brynen, Rex (2019). 4975:Brynen, Rex (2019). 4930:Brynen, Rex (2019). 4744:Martin, Gus (2013). 4694:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3650:September 11 attacks 3530:Cold War perspective 3432:no-confidence motion 3237:Anthony Tucker-Jones 3123:, and the notorious 3083:Revolutionary Guards 2679:Army of Free Lebanon 2605:at the mouth of the 2591:35 Paratroop Brigade 2411:during the conflict. 2300:improve this section 1384:Palestinian fedayeen 1076:1984 Sohmor massacre 1051:U.S. embassy bombing 1001:1981 Israeli bombing 878:Battle of the Hotels 789:Operation Épaulard I 545:300 artillery pieces 10181:Invasions by Israel 9896:UNSC Resolution 497 9890:UNSC Resolution 478 9884:UNSC Resolution 452 9871:UNSC Resolution 446 9861:UNSC Resolution 425 9855:UNSC Resolution 350 9845:UNSC Resolution 339 9841:UNSC Resolution 338 9831:Khartoum Resolution 9819:Lausanne Conference 9768:Morrison–Grady Plan 9738:San Remo conference 9716:Balfour Declaration 9588:Gaza–Israel clashes 9580:Gaza–Israel clashes 9355:Mothers' Bus attack 8932:Revolutionary Cells 8478:Reprisal operations 8074:Sayigh, Y. (1999). 8029:Rabinovich, Abraham 7865:Cobban, H. (1984). 7734:4 June 2011 at the 7674:on 23 December 2011 7373:. www.haaretz.co.il 7359:, Michael I. Karpin 7304:The Washington Post 6962:Sayigh, p. 524 6754:Library of Congress 6716:on 29 October 2004. 6393:Hurley, Matthew M. 6337:Gibler, Douglas M: 6291:. Pickle Partners. 6065:Shlaim 1999, p. 404 5829:Shlaim 2007, p. 412 5524:Cobban, p. 112 5175:Morris, p. ??? 4832:. 24 September 2024 4814:. 4 September 1983. 4791:The Times of Israel 4472:. 16 November 1984. 4045:. 11 November 2020. 4042:The Times of Israel 4028:The Times of Israel 3960:on 15 December 2010 2850:T-54 and T-55 tanks 2811:in the area called 2713:Syrian Armed Forces 1751:and were fourfold: 1498:South Lebanese Army 1455:Incidents 1975–1980 1071:February 6 Intifada 1019:1982 Beirut bombing 889:Black Saturday 872:Black Thursday 698:: 800-3,500 killed. 668:12 helicopters lost 665:82–86 aircraft lost 10158:template (see the 10041:Quartet Principles 9975:Clinton Parameters 9865:Camp David Accords 9248:Savoy Hotel attack 9098:1948 Palestine war 8937:South Lebanon Army 8826:Muslim Brotherhood 8544:Second Lebanon War 8059:. Harper Collins. 8056:The Reagan Diaries 8035:. Schocken Books. 7160:The New York Times 7074:on 19 October 2013 6877:on 2 November 2012 6504:Seale, p. 391 6145:Davis, H. Thomas: 5512:The New York Times 5489:Reagan, p. 66 5250:on 20 October 2014 5156:on 19 October 2013 4830:www.britannica.com 4811:The New York Times 4542:(4): 340–3. 1983. 4488:The New York Times 4254:www.thebulwark.com 3847:Nicaraguan Contras 3845:in Lebanon to the 3701:Dominican Republic 3679:, Ireland, Italy, 3605:Other consequences 3377:South Lebanon Army 3359: 3351: 3343: 3335: 3327: 3265: 3247:Israeli casualties 3199: 3169:Outcome of the war 3073:Mustafa Badreddine 3052:was marked at the 2873:Rejectionist Front 2837:2,000 in Fatahland 2743: 2727: 2693:South Lebanon Army 2558: 2413: 2380:South Lebanon Army 2215: 2171: 2163: 2094: 2040:electronic warfare 2011: 1964: 1932: 1924: 1857: 1608:South Lebanon Army 1513:Lebanese Civil War 1490: 1450:Lebanese Civil War 1444:Lebanese Civil War 1434:Lebanese Civil War 1364:1948 Palestine war 1296:. The PLO, led by 1279:South Lebanon Army 1263:Maronite Christian 1204:, also called the 1157:East Beirut canton 1130:War of Elimination 895:Karantina massacre 850:Lebanese Civil War 688:Total Casualities: 652:300–350 tanks lost 632:1,000–2,400 killed 613:2 helicopters lost 169:South Lebanon Army 10196:Conflicts in 1982 10154:template or 10137: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10003:Geneva Initiative 9971:Camp David Summit 9931:Madrid Conference 9908:Reagan peace plan 9881: 9786:UN Partition Plan 9780:London Conference 9762:London Conference 9698:Damascus Protocol 9646: 9645: 9547:Pillar of Defense 9198:Sabena Flight 571 9164:Battle of Karameh 9083:Armed engagements 9047: 9046: 8945: 8944: 8917:Japanese Red Army 8672:Primary countries 8583: 8582: 8421:By Nachik Navot, 8385:978-0-8264-1413-7 8363:978-0-415-40036-7 8350:Penslar, Derek J. 8341:978-0-06-091613-8 8318:978-0-688-12362-8 8308:Israel: A History 8275:978-0-87249-982-9 8256:978-0-415-28716-6 8237:978-0-7914-2944-0 8211:978-0-8094-3362-9 8184:978-0-7139-9777-4 8165:978-0-393-04816-2 8141:978-0-520-06667-0 8119:978-0-671-47991-6 8085:978-0-19-829643-0 8066:978-0-06-087600-5 8042:978-0-8052-1124-5 8020:978-0-679-42120-7 8001:Righteous Victims 7986:978-0-472-11540-2 7964:978-1-4000-7963-6 7928:978-0-385-41372-5 7904:978-0-19-280130-2 7880:978-0-521-27216-2 7857:978-0-89608-187-1 7819:978-0-903729-96-3 7791:978-0-521-71900-1 7760:978-0-8122-1616-5 7560:978-0-312-29336-9 7288:978-0-313-24788-0 7254:Los Angeles Times 7235:978-81-7596-189-0 7144:978-0-8047-7459-8 7106:978-1-85109-948-1 7043:978-0-679-60468-6 7016:978-0-19-280130-2 6984:978-0-691-13124-5 6634:978-1-4918-4435-9 6606:978-0-671-60216-1 6570:978-1-4918-4435-9 6545:978-1-4918-4435-9 6482:(in Russian) (1). 6298:978-1-78289-778-1 6273:978-0-571-23741-8 6267:Faber and Faber. 6092:978-0-600-38514-1 5996:978-1-4422-0830-8 5964:978-1-84511-127-4 5930:978-0-8122-2135-0 5896:978-1-59114-444-1 5840:Maoz, p. 181 5815:978-1-4422-0830-8 5667:978-1-86064-774-1 5612:978-1-4918-4435-9 5500:Fisk, p. 194 5451:978-0-7864-3105-2 5305:978-0-8156-2388-5 5124:978-1-84212-042-2 5118:, Phoenix Press. 5104:. pp. 93–94. 5102:SAGE Publications 5062:978-0-429-30531-3 5028:SAGE Publications 4986:978-0-429-30531-3 4941:978-0-429-30531-3 4891:978-0-521-00967-6 4757:978-1-4522-0582-3 4730:978-1-86189-527-1 4705:978-1-85109-841-5 4668:Harvey W. Kushner 4454:978-0-8090-7454-9 4377:Uri Ben-Eliezer, 4358:978-1-56858-657-1 4321:978-0-7603-2407-3 4291:978-0-231-53595-3 4266:boundary in 2000. 4166:978-1-62637-668-7 3931:on 13 August 2011 3774:Waltz with Bashir 3595:occupation forces 3426:on the war, only 3410:on 24 June 1983. 3408:persona non-grata 3398:Relocation of PLO 3292:Missing in action 3101:Hussein al-Musawi 2983:mainly active in 2733:Part of a Syrian 2539:Israel and allies 2437:main battle tanks 2417:Israeli Air Force 2393:Military analysis 2336: 2335: 2328: 2157:missile boat INS 2031:Israeli Air Force 2016:Battle of Jezzine 2008:Battle of Jezzine 1914:Advance on Beirut 1706:Caspar Weinberger 1596:Secretary-General 1352:First Lebanon War 1197: 1196: 1120:War of Liberation 1066:Battle of Tripoli 1061:Mountain War 1056:Barracks bombings 966:Battle of Kaukaba 956:Hundred Days' War 928:Aishiyeh massacre 814: 813: 794:Sabra and Shatila 709: 708: 551:125 SAM batteries 122: 121: 101:Beginning of the 16:(Redirected from 10233: 10176:1982 Lebanon War 10163: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10091:Trump peace plan 10083: 9877: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9652: 9651: 9637: 9634:Israel–Hamas war 9629: 9625:Shield and Arrow 9619: 9609: 9601: 9591: 9583: 9575: 9567: 9564:Wave of violence 9559: 9551: 9541: 9531: 9523: 9515: 9507: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9471: 9461: 9451: 9443: 9435: 9416: 9406: 9396: 9384: 9374: 9366: 9358: 9350: 9342: 9332: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9298: 9279: 9269: 9261: 9251: 9243: 9240:Ma'alot massacre 9235: 9227: 9217: 9209: 9201: 9193: 9185: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9156:War of Attrition 9151: 9143: 9124: 9116: 9108: 9105:Arab–Israeli War 9100: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9053: 9052: 8950:Other countries 8746: 8745: 8686:Egyptian Kingdom 8648: 8641: 8634: 8625: 8624: 8610: 8603: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8574:Israel–Hamas war 8502:War of Attrition 8472:Arab–Israeli War 8454: 8447: 8440: 8431: 8430: 8389: 8367: 8345: 8333: 8322: 8298: 8279: 8260: 8241: 8215: 8199: 8188: 8169: 8145: 8123: 8107: 8089: 8070: 8046: 8024: 8004: 7990: 7968: 7932: 7913:Friedman, Thomas 7908: 7884: 7872: 7861: 7824: 7823: 7805: 7796: 7795: 7779: 7769: 7763: 7745: 7739: 7726: 7720: 7703: 7697: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7648:on 29 April 2011 7644:. 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5672: 5668: 5648: 5635: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5569:, 17 July 1981. 5567:Wayback Machine 5558: 5554: 5545:Wayback Machine 5536: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5494: 5487: 5483: 5476:Morris, Benny: 5475: 5458: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5321: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5113: 5109: 5098:The Middle East 5094: 5090: 5078: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5002: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4973: 4969: 4957: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4928: 4921: 4911: 4906: 4897: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4850:Morris, Benny: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4794:. 18 June 2021. 4784: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4717: 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3019: 3017:Muslim militias 2941: 2869: 2776: 2771: 2741:, in early 1982 2715: 2710: 2658: 2618:Beaufort Castle 2546: 2541: 2532: 2530:Opposing forces 2496:Habib Shartouni 2488: 2482: 2395: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2297: 2281: 2270: 2219:Siege of Beirut 2207: 2205:Siege of Beirut 2201: 2199:Siege of Beirut 2147: 1916: 1893:Beaufort Castle 1849: 1844: 1640: 1540: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1419:Black September 1415: 1407:Main articles: 1405: 1392: 1360: 1275:Lebanese Forces 1198: 1193: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1142:Battle of Sidon 1115:War of Brothers 1085: 1078: 1043: 1014: 943:Chouf massacres 941: 937: 926: 921:Chekka massacre 919: 912: 902:Damour massacre 900: 893: 876: 863: 854: 849: 847: 845: 815: 810: 800:Wimpy Operation 768:Mole Cricket 19 748: 743: 741: 739: 699: 691: 681: 678: 638: 619: 616: 610:1 aircraft lost 581: 578: 554: 521: 518: 502: 489: 458: 436: 424: 416: 390: 380: 378: 350: 332: 320: 308: 296: 284: 272: 260: 247: 217: 215: 212: 211: 206: 194: 176: 173: 163: 161: 156:Lebanese Forces 138: 136: 112: 85: 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10239: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10216:Menachem Begin 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10191:1982 in Israel 10188: 10183: 10178: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10093: 10086: 10084: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10033: 10015: 10005: 9999: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9949: 9939: 9933: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9910: 9904: 9898: 9892: 9886: 9867: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9827: 9821: 9811: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9686: 9681:Diplomacy and 9678: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9655: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9630: 9620: 9610: 9602: 9592: 9584: 9576: 9568: 9560: 9552: 9542: 9537:Returning Echo 9532: 9524: 9516: 9508: 9490: 9482: 9472: 9462: 9452: 9444: 9436: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9407: 9402:Accountability 9397: 9385: 9375: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9347:First Intifada 9343: 9333: 9325: 9321:Bus 300 affair 9317: 9309: 9299: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9270: 9262: 9252: 9244: 9236: 9228: 9218: 9210: 9202: 9194: 9190:Yom Kippur War 9186: 9176: 9168: 9160: 9152: 9144: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9125: 9117: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9056: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9030: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9020: 9018:United Nations 9015: 9013:European Union 9009: 9007: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8987:United Kingdom 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8821:al-Mourabitoun 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8752: 8750: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8704:Ba'athist Iraq 8697: 8692: 8683: 8677: 8675: 8669: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8643: 8636: 8628: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8590: 8581: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8576:(2023–present) 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8532:First Intifada 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8508:Yom Kippur War 8505: 8499: 8493: 8490:War over Water 8487: 8481: 8475: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8457: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8416: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8394:External links 8392: 8391: 8390: 8384: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8340: 8323: 8317: 8299: 8286:Air Enthusiast 8280: 8274: 8261: 8255: 8242: 8236: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8189: 8183: 8177:. Allen Lane. 8170: 8164: 8146: 8140: 8128:Seale, Patrick 8124: 8118: 8090: 8084: 8071: 8065: 8051:Reagan, Ronald 8047: 8041: 8025: 8019: 7991: 7985: 7969: 7963: 7933: 7927: 7909: 7903: 7885: 7879: 7862: 7856: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7797: 7790: 7764: 7740: 7721: 7698: 7685: 7659: 7625: 7603: 7591: 7566: 7559: 7541: 7538:Morris, p. 551 7530: 7518: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7458: 7433: 7407: 7384: 7361: 7349: 7340: 7331: 7309: 7294: 7287: 7267: 7241: 7234: 7214: 7186: 7165: 7150: 7143: 7123: 7112: 7105: 7085: 7049: 7042: 7022: 7015: 6990: 6983: 6965: 6954: 6932: 6921: 6910: 6888: 6862: 6840: 6791: 6777: 6719: 6701: 6683: 6640: 6633: 6612: 6605: 6576: 6569: 6551: 6544: 6526: 6507: 6496: 6485: 6470: 6464:Rebecca Grant 6454: 6443: 6432: 6416: 6385: 6371: 6357: 6343: 6330: 6304: 6297: 6277: 6253: 6239: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6117: 6095: 6079: 6068: 6054: 6043: 6032: 6002: 5995: 5977: 5963: 5943: 5929: 5909: 5895: 5875: 5864: 5843: 5832: 5821: 5814: 5796: 5785: 5774: 5744: 5721: 5708: 5687: 5666: 5633: 5618: 5611: 5593: 5571: 5552: 5538:UN Doc S/15194 5527: 5516: 5503: 5492: 5481: 5456: 5434: 5409: 5384: 5381:Morris, p. 507 5370: 5359: 5331: 5322:|edition= 5304: 5286: 5261: 5225: 5222:Morris, p. 509 5214: 5211:Morris, p. 505 5203: 5200:Morris, p. 505 5192: 5189:Morris, p. 503 5178: 5167: 5131: 5107: 5088: 5079:|edition= 5061: 5043: 5036: 5012: 5003:|edition= 4985: 4967: 4958:|edition= 4940: 4919: 4895: 4874: 4855: 4843: 4817: 4797: 4777: 4766: 4756: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4704: 4678: 4660: 4655:A Warriors Way 4645: 4626: 4610: 4595: 4580: 4561: 4517: 4501: 4490:. 15 June 1982 4475: 4457: 4396: 4390:Gad Barzilai, 4383: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4344: 4330: 4320: 4300: 4290: 4270: 4240: 4218: 4182: 4165: 4135: 4104: 4085:(2): 219–244. 4065: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4033: 4019: 4000: 3971: 3942: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3889: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3778: 3770: 3762: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3661:Main article: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3638: 3627: 3624:a peace treaty 3620: 3606: 3603: 3574:to behind the 3566:In 2000, when 3556: 3553: 3531: 3528: 3477: 3474: 3460:disinformation 3445:Shulamit Aloni 3419: 3416: 3399: 3396: 3318: 3315: 3248: 3245: 3190: 3187: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3110: 3104: 3094: 3076: 3057: 3054:Beirut Airport 3048:for 6 days. A 3018: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2988: 2981:Mohsen Ibrahim 2974: 2964: 2956:Soviet helmets 2948:Al-Mourabitoun 2940: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2890: 2868: 2865: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825:1,500 in Sidon 2823: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2690: 2662:Lebanese Front 2657: 2656:Lebanese Front 2654: 2653: 2652: 2637: 2614: 2587:Golani Brigade 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2511:were massacred 2492:Bachir Gemayel 2484:Main article: 2481: 2478: 2394: 2391: 2334: 2333: 2284: 2282: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2237:, Sudan, both 2203:Main article: 2200: 2197: 2146: 2143: 2090:Beirut Airport 1945:Golani Brigade 1915: 1912: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765:as President." 1763:Bashir Gemayel 1759: 1756: 1725:Bashir Gemayel 1678:Alexander Haig 1639: 1636: 1570:Alexander Haig 1539: 1536: 1520:Menachem Begin 1509:Bashir Gemayel 1456: 1453: 1448:Main article: 1445: 1442: 1404: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1359: 1356: 1309:Bachir Gemayel 1257:, destroy the 1238:Menachem Begin 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187:Administration 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1146: 1145: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1009: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 991:Safra massacre 988: 983: 981:Battle of Qnat 978: 973: 971:Ehden massacre 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 932: 931: 924: 917: 910: 905: 898: 891: 886: 881: 874: 869: 859: 856: 855: 844: 843: 836: 829: 821: 812: 811: 809: 808: 803: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 764: 759: 753: 750: 749: 738: 737: 730: 723: 715: 707: 706: 683: 682: 680: 679: 677: 676: 669: 666: 663: 660: 653: 650: 647: 643: 637: 636: 635:6,000 captured 633: 629: 622: 620: 618: 617: 615: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 598: 591: 588: 587: 583: 582: 580: 579: 577: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 560: 555: 553: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 530: 524: 522: 520: 519: 517: 516: 513: 509: 503: 501: 500: 496: 490: 488: 487: 484: 481: 478: 474: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 457: 456: 446: 434: 432:Hafez al-Assad 422: 404: 393: 391: 389: 388: 376: 366: 356: 346:Bachir Gemayel 338: 318: 306: 294: 282: 270: 268:Menachem Begin 257: 254: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 235: 233:Al-Mourabitoun 225: 209: 208: 207: 205: 204: 192: 179: 177: 175: 174: 172: 171: 158: 148: 132: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 114: 108: 107: 106: 105: 99: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10238: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10164: 10161: 10146:tags or 10126: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10078: 10072: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10060: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9960: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9887: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9799: 9793: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9781: 9778:1946–47 9777: 9775: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9711: 9707: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9664: 9662: 9657: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9615:Breaking Dawn 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9598: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9477:Autumn Clouds 9473: 9469: 9468: 9463: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9140:Samu incident 9137: 9136: 9134: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9077: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027:Former states 9025: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006:Transnational 9004: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8992:United States 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8907:Holy War Army 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8781:Army of Islam 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8742:Organizations 8740: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8701: 8700:Iraqi Kingdom 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681:All-Palestine 8679: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8663:Organizations 8662: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8649: 8644: 8642: 8637: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8599: 8597: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8443: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8372:Sela, Avraham 8369: 8365: 8359: 8356:. Routledge. 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8281: 8277: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8197: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8094:Schiff, Ze'ev 8091: 8087: 8081: 8077: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7996: 7995:Morris, Benny 7992: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7951:Vintage Books 7948: 7947: 7942: 7941:Gazit, Shlomo 7938: 7937:Herzog, Chaim 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7838:Chomsky, Noam 7835: 7834: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7804: 7802: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7768: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7733: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7710: 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4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4004: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3913: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Seán MacBride 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3584:Golan Heights 3581: 3577: 3573: 3572:security zone 3569: 3564: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516:Amal Movement 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3381:security zone 3378: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3367:Lebanese Army 3364: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3323: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270:Yekutiel Adam 3262: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3050:no man's land 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030:Amal Movement 3028: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2831:1,500 in Tyre 2830: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796:Iron Triangle 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2719: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2536: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2480:Final accords 2477: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2327: 2319: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2285:This section 2283: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254:Ronald Reagan 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060:Nahal Brigade 2056: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2014:town. In the 2009: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1996:Ain al-Hilweh 1992: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1968:cluster bombs 1960: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1920: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1853: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1739:According to 1737: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715:According to 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1693:Ronald Reagan 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1619:Kurt Waldheim 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1574:Ronald Reagan 1571: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1423:National Pact 1420: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319:-perpetrated 1318: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298:Yasser Arafat 1295: 1292: 1291:Special Envoy 1288: 1284: 1283:laid siege to 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1013: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 950: 947: 946: 944: 940: 939: 938: 936: 929: 925: 922: 918: 915: 911: 909: 906: 903: 899: 896: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 879: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 864: 862: 857: 852: 842: 837: 835: 830: 828: 823: 822: 819: 807: 804: 802: 801: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 774:Sultan Yacoub 772: 770: 769: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 751: 746: 736: 731: 729: 724: 722: 717: 716: 713: 704: 700: 697: 696: 693:Civilians at 689: 684: 674: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 654: 651: 648: 645: 644: 641: 634: 631: 630: 627: 624: 623: 621: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 599: 596: 593: 592: 590: 589: 584: 574: 571: 568: 565: 563:15,000 troops 562: 561: 559: 556: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 533:22,000 troops 532: 531: 529: 526: 525: 523: 514: 511: 510: 507: 504: 499:30,000 troops 498: 497: 494: 491: 485: 482: 479: 477:78,000 troops 476: 475: 473: 470: 469: 467: 466: 461: 455: 451: 447: 445: 444:Mustafa Tlass 440: 435: 433: 428: 423: 421: 419: 413: 409: 405: 403: 402:Yasser Arafat 399: 395: 394: 392: 387: 377: 375: 371: 367: 365: 361: 357: 355: 353: 347: 343: 339: 337: 335: 329: 328:Yekutiel Adam 324: 319: 317: 312: 307: 305: 300: 295: 293: 288: 283: 281: 276: 271: 269: 264: 259: 258: 256: 255: 250: 244: 240: 236: 234: 230: 226: 224: 214: 213: 203: 198: 193: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 178: 170: 160: 159: 157: 153: 149: 147: 146: 134: 133: 131: 130: 125: 118: 115: 110: 109: 104: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 89: 88: 84: 80: 77: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 10139: 10039: / 10029: / 10025: / 10021: / 10011: / 9995: / 9973: / 9945: / 9937:Oslo Accords 9882: / 9873: / 9863: / 9853: / 9843: / 9833: / 9817: / 9724: / 9624: 9614: 9596: 9546: 9536: 9502: 9476: 9467:Summer Rains 9466: 9456: 9411: 9401: 9391:(1993–2008; 9380:Bramble Bush 9379: 9337: 9312: 9303: 9274: 9256: 9222: 9180: 9034:Soviet Union 8724:Saudi Arabia 8519: 8422: 8375: 8353: 8329: 8307: 8284: 8265: 8246: 8227: 8195: 8174: 8154: 8131: 8103: 8098:Ya'ari, Ehud 8075: 8055: 8032: 8000: 7976: 7945: 7917: 7893: 7889:Fisk, Robert 7868: 7842: 7809: 7775: 7767: 7751: 7743: 7724: 7701: 7688: 7676:. 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Retrieved 6316: 6307: 6287: 6280: 6264: 6261:Hirst, David 6256: 6242: 6230:. Retrieved 6219: 6210: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6111: 6082: 6071: 6046: 6035: 6026: 6019:. Retrieved 6016:The Guardian 6015: 6005: 5986: 5980: 5968:. Retrieved 5953: 5946: 5934:. Retrieved 5919: 5912: 5900:. Retrieved 5885: 5878: 5867: 5855: 5846: 5835: 5824: 5805: 5799: 5788: 5777: 5765:. Retrieved 5761:the original 5756: 5747: 5735:. Retrieved 5724: 5716: 5711: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5652: 5626: 5621: 5602: 5596: 5584:. Retrieved 5574: 5555: 5548: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5495: 5484: 5477: 5442: 5437: 5425:. Retrieved 5421: 5412: 5400:. Retrieved 5396: 5387: 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5346: 5295: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5273: 5264: 5252:. Retrieved 5245:the original 5240: 5228: 5217: 5206: 5195: 5170: 5158:. Retrieved 5151:the original 5146: 5134: 5127: 5115: 5110: 5097: 5091: 5052: 5046: 5023: 4976: 4970: 4931: 4882: 4877: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4836:24 September 4834:. 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Retrieved 3929:the original 3892: 3879: 3858: 3857: 3788: 3780: 3772: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3728: 3716:Richard Falk 3709: 3666: 3599:Rafik Hariri 3592: 3580:Shebaa Farms 3565: 3558: 3549:Second World 3536:Eastern Bloc 3533: 3513: 3509:Mountain War 3483: 3479: 3457: 3421: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3387: 3385: 3374: 3371: 3360: 3312: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3266: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3139: 3114:Imam Hussein 3097:Islamic Amal 3087:Beqaa Valley 3069:Museum front 3020: 2950:– a secular 2942: 2877: 2870: 2843: 2817: 2809:Mount Hermon 2805: 2793: 2777: 2769:Palestinians 2756: 2744: 2739:Bekaa Valley 2671:Kataeb party 2649:Lake Qaraoun 2630:Divisions 36 2609:near Sidon. 2599:Israeli Navy 2567:Rosh Hanikra 2559: 2552:The Israeli 2533: 2523:Ariel Sharon 2516: 2508: 2489: 2470: 2455: 2441: 2422: 2414: 2384: 2373: 2361: 2353: 2337: 2322: 2313: 2298:Please help 2286: 2250:Philip Habib 2247: 2228: 2224:Israeli Navy 2216: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2158: 2155:Israeli Navy 2139: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2076: 2072: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2012: 1993: 1985: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1953: 1940:Litani River 1937: 1933: 1908:Bekaa Valley 1901: 1878: 1861:Ariel Sharon 1858: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1805: 1793:Shlomo Argov 1790: 1786:Rafael Eitan 1782: 1771: 1749:Ariel Sharon 1744: 1738: 1714: 1709: 1702:The Pentagon 1697:Elias Sarkis 1689: 1684: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1616: 1610:under Major 1589: 1578: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1529: 1525:Ariel Sharon 1517: 1491: 1458: 1427: 1416: 1393: 1377: 1361: 1351: 1337: 1313: 1294:Philip Habib 1285:the capital 1252: 1241: 1234:Shlomo Argov 1225: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1149: 1148: 1082: 1081: 1023: 1011: 1010: 976:Qaa massacre 934: 933: 867:Bus massacre 860: 798: 767: 742: 692: 687: 686: 649:296 captured 646:1,200 killed 639: 625: 594: 557: 542:450 aircraft 527: 512:5,000 troops 505: 492: 486:634 aircraft 471: 417: 374:Elie Hobeika 351: 333: 292:Rafael Eitan 280:Ariel Sharon 187: 135: 127:Belligerents 93: 58: 40:Part of the 29: 9987:Taba Summit 9756:White Paper 9636:(2023–2024) 9566:(2015–2016) 9514:(2008–2009) 9506:(2007–2008) 9486:Lebanon War 9434:(2000–2005) 9349:(1987–1993) 9313:Lebanon War 9226:(1972–1979) 9174:(1968–1982) 9158:(1967–1970) 9148:Six-Day War 9121:Suez Crisis 9115:(1949–1956) 9107:(1948–1949) 8977:North Korea 8771:Arab League 8660:Authorities 8552:(2008–2009) 8540:(2000–2005) 8534:(1987–1993) 8528:(1982–2000) 8504:(1967–1970) 8496:Six-Day War 8492:(1964–1967) 8484:Suez Crisis 8480:(1951–1956) 8474:(1948–1949) 8150:Shlaim, Avi 7696:, CBS News. 7678:29 February 7618:29 February 6947:29 February 6903:29 February 6881:29 February 6855:29 February 6249:Ofer Shelah 5862:2009 p.201. 5860:Basic Books 5737:29 February 5733:. 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Tauris 5586:29 February 5126:. p. 1022. 3993:29 February 3964:29 February 3935:29 February 3720:Kader Asmal 3689:Ivory Coast 3545:First World 3540:Warsaw Pact 3449:Yossi Sarid 3436:Meir Vilner 3211:During the 2971:George Hawi 2747:Syrian Army 2723:Milan ATGMs 2675:Saad Haddad 2607:Awali River 2603:Division 96 2583:Division 91 2504:Phalangists 2462:Warsaw Pact 2349:Awali River 2243:South Yemen 2064:F-4 Phantom 1980:Shayetet 13 1674:George Ball 1628:Ide Oumarou 1612:Saad Haddad 1380:Six-Day war 1362:During the 1333:Awali river 1267:Syrian Army 1243:casus belli 607:12 captured 386:Saad Haddad 316:Ze'ev Almog 111:Territorial 10170:Categories 10123:2022 10095:2020 10089:2019 10069:2016 10063:2013 10057:2010 10051:2007 10045:2006 10035:2006 10017:2005 10007:2004 10001:2003 9991:2002 9985:2001 9979:2000 9969:2000 9963:1999 9957:1998 9951:1995 9941:1994 9935:1993 9929:1991 9912:1983 9906:1982 9894:1981 9888:1980 9869:1979 9859:1978 9849:1974 9839:1973 9829:1967 9823:1950 9813:1949 9807:1948 9790:1948 9784:1947 9774:Bevin Plan 9772:1947 9766:1946 9760:1939 9754:1939 9748:1937 9742:1922 9736:1920 9730:1919 9720:1918 9714:1917 9708:1916 9702:1915 9696:1914 9690:Background 9597:Black Belt 9503:Hot Winter 9363:Tunis raid 9338:Wooden Leg 8695:Hamas Gaza 8158:. Norton. 7973:Maoz, Zeev 7953:. p. 7831:References 7426:16 October 7202:(3): 300. 6028:the fuse". 5705:(1): 4–26. 5422:IAF.org.il 5397:IAF.org.il 4908:Meier 2016 4863:Meier 2016 4652:Kahalani, 3681:Luxembourg 3657:War crimes 3568:Ehud Barak 3174:Casualties 2474:M60 Patton 2458:David Ivri 2426:AH-1 Cobra 2103:BGM-71 TOW 1717:Avi Shlaim 1358:Background 1317:Phalangist 703:Casualties 483:1,500 APCs 412:Saad Sayel 304:David Ivry 10160:help page 9923:1991–2016 9902:Fahd Plan 9801:1948–1983 9424:2000–2021 9287:1980–1999 9132:1960–1979 9090:1947–1959 8866:as-Sa'iqa 8806:Hezbollah 8756:Abu Nidal 8657:Countries 8295:0143-5450 7748:Leo Kuper 7446:Csmonitor 7324:10 August 7260:1 October 6828:0377-919X 5676:cite book 5314:cite book 5071:cite book 4995:cite book 4950:cite book 4556:220910633 4203:0190-8286 4126:1715-5673 4099:2152-0844 3871:Footnotes 3758:Cup Final 3748:In cinema 3617:Hezbollah 3576:Blue Line 3561:Hezbollah 3524:Hezbollah 3469:Peace Now 3363:an accord 3107:Hezbollah 3091:Hezbollah 3061:Hezbollah 2995:conflict. 2952:Nasserist 2939:Left wing 2893:As-Sa'iqa 2854:pillboxes 2813:Fatahland 2763:As-Sa'iqa 2701:Hezbollah 2683:al-Tanzim 2622:Nabatiyeh 2569:north to 2357:Hezbollah 2316:June 2018 2287:does not 2033:launched 1774:US Senate 1741:Zeev Maoz 1518:In 1978, 1378:The 1967 1344:Hezbollah 1306:President 1167:Fatahland 701:Also see 604:4 missing 536:352 tanks 480:800 tanks 364:Fadi Frem 9997:Road map 9556:Gaza War 9512:Gaza War 8690:Republic 8562:Gaza War 8550:Gaza War 8414:Ynetnews 8352:(2007). 8305:(1998). 8152:(1999). 8130:(1989). 8100:(1984). 8031:(2004). 7997:(1999). 7975:(2006). 7943:(2005). 7915:(2006). 7891:(2001). 7840:(1983). 7762:, p. 37. 7732:Archived 7709:Archived 7579:BBC News 7514:The Link 7506:Archived 7400:20 March 7377:20 March 7179:4 August 7078:6 August 6762:44356055 6710:"lb0163" 6692:"lb0161" 6341:, p. 695 6323:20 April 6317:BBC News 6232:20 March 5719:, p. 35. 5563:Archived 5541:Archived 5160:6 August 4634:Kai Bird 3859:General: 3798:See also 3766:Beaufort 3705:genocide 3697:Barbados 3673:genocide 3465:Tel Aviv 3404:Abu Musa 3388:de facto 3224:An Nahar 3161:and the 3148:and the 3117:Fedayeen 3079:Pasdaran 3038:Ghobeiry 2861:Katyusha 2780:fedayeen 2645:Hasbaiya 2641:Rachaiya 2593:and the 2466:Glasnost 2369:Zrariyah 2367:town of 2345:Shin Bet 2188:Damascus 1897:Nabatieh 1847:Invasion 1842:Timeline 1827:attack. 1721:Maronite 1606:and the 1598:and the 1505:Phalange 1502:Maronite 1271:occupied 1212:invaded 784:Bhamdoun 757:Beaufort 569:150 APCs 566:80 tanks 539:300 APCs 515:97 tanks 463:Strength 78:Location 44:and the 10082:present 9981:Isratin 9496:(2006–) 9442:(2001–) 9257:Entebbe 9223:Bayonet 8972:Morocco 8927:Palmach 8902:Haganah 8856:PFLP-GC 8424:Haaretz 7652:6 April 6263:(2010) 6112:Haaretz 5767:6 April 3885:pretext 3782:Lebanon 3677:Iceland 3424:Knesset 3294:in the 3154:invaded 3046:Khaldeh 2626:Jezzine 2554:Merkava 2498:of the 2444:Merkava 2308:removed 2293:sources 2045:Baalbek 1989:Jezzine 1943:of the 1904:Jezzine 1710:nothing 762:Jezzine 472:Israel: 418:† 352:† 334:† 113:changes 83:Lebanon 9628:(2023) 9618:(2022) 9608:(2021) 9600:(2019) 9590:(2019) 9582:(2018) 9574:(2018) 9558:(2014) 9550:(2012) 9540:(2012) 9530:(2011) 9522:(2010) 9488:(2006) 9480:(2006) 9470:(2006) 9460:(2006) 9450:(2003) 9415:(1996) 9405:(1993) 9383:(1992) 9373:(1991) 9365:(1988) 9357:(1988) 9341:(1985) 9331:(1985) 9323:(1984) 9315:(1982) 9307:(1981) 9297:(1980) 9278:(1978) 9275:Litani 9268:(1978) 9260:(1976) 9250:(1975) 9242:(1974) 9234:(1973) 9216:(1972) 9208:(1972) 9200:(1972) 9192:(1973) 9184:(1968) 9166:(1968) 9150:(1967) 9142:(1966) 9123:(1956) 8962:Kuwait 8957:France 8880:Former 8811:Kataeb 8749:Active 8714:Jordan 8709:Israel 8570:(2021) 8564:(2014) 8558:(2012) 8546:(2006) 8516:(1978) 8510:(1973) 8498:(1967) 8486:(1956) 8382: 8360: 8338: 8315: 8293: 8272: 8253: 8234: 8208: 8181: 8162: 8138: 8116: 8082: 8063: 8039: 8017: 7983: 7961: 7925: 7901: 7877: 7854: 7816: 7788: 7758: 7557: 7285: 7232: 7141: 7103: 7040: 7013: 6981: 6826: 6760: 6631: 6603: 6567: 6542: 6295: 6271: 6228:. 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