22:
2317:
540:
638:
2951:
55:
524:
2708:
2589:
357:
243:
604:
572:
323:
275:
556:
259:
428:
99:
2175:
492:
394:
211:
476:
162:
620:
339:
307:
588:
291:
412:
195:
83:
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444:
130:
508:
227:
460:
146:
2851:, upheld the men's convictions, ruling that their consent to the activities involved was "immaterial". However, Lord Lane acknowledged that the men did not appreciate that their acts were criminal, and therefore reduced five of the prison sentences handed down by Judge Rant, cutting the longest down to six months.
2719:. The judge heard legal arguments from some of the accused that they could not be guilty because everyone involved had consented to what took place. However, Judge Rant rejected the argument and ruled that consent was not a defence, commenting that "people must sometimes be protected from themselves".
2879:
She went on to list several reasons why the case should not have been brought to trial, including the fact that no complaint was ever made to police, no serious or permanent injuries resulted from the activities, and participation in the acts was controlled, and limited to those wishing to take part.
2647:
Over the course of the investigation, in excess of 400 videotapes were seized, though a large number of these were commercial releases, and in some cases non-pornographic. The cost of the investigation was estimated at £2.5 million. Police were unable to find any participants who had not consented to
2572:
magazine that officers were working from a diary seized during an earlier raid, and had mentioned snuff films in the course of their questioning. An officer with
Greater Manchester Police denied that the operation was related to snuff films but went on to falsely speculate that the investigation may
2387:
found that police in
England and Wales recorded 2,022 such offences in 1989, the highest rate since decriminalisation. That year, 30% of all convictions for sexual offences in England and Wales concerned consensual gay sex, with such prosecutions costing the government £12 million, and the resulting
2580:
By the beginning of 1988, police still did not know the identities of the two men on the KL7 tape, despite having unknowingly interviewed the man who filmed the scene the previous
November. Though no faces were visible on the tape, the Obscene Publications Squad attempted to identify one of the men
2419:
sex industry for at least two decades, with
Detective Superintendent William Moody alone receiving an estimated £25,000 a year in bribes. Prosecutors described a systemically corrupt organisation in which new recruits were coerced into attending 'Friday night shareouts', during which officers would
2970:
In August 1992, the campaign group
Countdown on Spanner was formed in an effort to reverse the Court of Appeal ruling, and "demand the recognition that sadomasochism is a valid, sensual and legitimate part of human sexuality". The following month, it began publishing the newsletter Spanner People,
2788:
Also widely reported was Judge Rant's "horror" at having to watch the videotapes admitted into evidence. He requested an adjournment after going "white in the face" during one viewing, and responded to a question about a sequence from the KL7 tape by saying, "I am not likely to have forgotten that
2774:
of some of the men, and the fact that police had taken sniffer dogs to the
Shropshire raid, supposedly to search for buried bodies. She warned that "the world's press is listening to this" and that sensationalist reporting might "increase the punishment" of the defendants. Both details were indeed
2739:
The remainder of the trial was dedicated to sentencing. Beginning on 11 December 1990, prosecutor
Michael Worsley QC detailed the defendants' behaviour, which he characterised as "brute homosexual activity in sinister circumstances, about as far removed as can be imagined from the concept of human
2891:
In principle there is a difference between violence which is incidental and violence which is inflicted for the indulgence of cruelty. The violence of sadomasochistic encounters involves the indulgence of cruelty by sadists and the degradation of victims. ... Society is entitled and bound to
2743:
He described a group whose "nucleus" of key members "corrupted" others into attending "sessions of violence", where sadistic "masters" assaulted submissive "victims". Despite criticism that this framing misrepresented the nature of sadomasochism, his words were echoed in the press, with
2830:
Much has been said about individual liberty and the rights people have to do what they want with their own bodies, but the courts must draw the line between what is acceptable in a civilised society and what is not. In this case, the practices clearly lie on the wrong side of that
2971:
and staged a public demonstration calling on
Detective Superintendent Michael Hames, head of the Obscene Publications Squad, to resign. In 1996 Countdown on Spanner received the Large Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
2639:
would be brought against the men. The
Obscene Publications Squad continued to build their case throughout 1989, even as the Metropolitan Police sought to replace the head of the squad, Detective Superintendent Leslie Bennett, after he was found to have used the
2858:, which at the time was the UK's highest court of appeal, saying there was a "general public importance" in settling the question of whether the prosecution must prove that a victim did not consent before it could obtain a conviction for assault or wounding.
2542:, some of which were recorded to video and shared among the group. Most cooperated fully with the police's enquiries, acknowledging their involvement in the group and identifying themselves on the seized tapes, unaware that they may have broken the law.
2427:
In the wake of the scandal, officers of the
Obscene Publications Squad were limited to two years of service, later extended to three, in an effort to combat corruption. The reformed squad allied itself with the socially conservative campaign group
2989:
published 'Consent in the Criminal Law', a consultation paper which provisionally proposed the decriminalisation of consensual sadomasochistic acts, except in the case of 'seriously disabling injury'. This proposal was never adopted into law.
2530:
of the Obscene Publications Squad to admit that he could not explain how such an error could have been made. Nonetheless, he later insisted, "such reckless and escalating violence, left unchecked, was bound to lead to someone getting killed".
2958:
On 16 February 1991, an estimated 5,000 people marched through Central London to protest the outcome of the Spanner trial, as well as the proposed Clause 25 of the Criminal Justice Bill, which would have raised the penalties for cruising and
2517:
were taken around the property's garden, with police claiming to have reason to think that individuals may have been killed during the making of the tapes. Activists and defence lawyers later questioned the likelihood of the men's consensual
2265:
The case sparked a national conversation about the limits of consent and the role of government in sexual encounters between consenting adults. It also spawned two activist organisations dedicated to promoting the rights of sadomasochists:
2981:
was established to provide assistance to the Spanner defendants, lobby for a change in British law to legalise sadomasochism, and provide assistance to any person subjected to discrimination because of their consensual sexual behaviour.
2740:
love". He explained that the state's evidence came not only from the men's own testimony, but also the many home videos seized during the investigation, though he conceded that these tapes had not been intended for distribution.
2498:. A meeting was held to discuss the organisational structure of the expanded probe, and it was decided that the Obscene Publications Squad of the Metropolitan Police should lead the investigation, now called Operation Spanner.
2366:, who commented that "Clause 28 will help outlaw and the rest will be done by AIDS". In the years that followed, further legislation was proposed to discriminate against LGBT foster carers and to increase the penalties for
3599:
2557:
were raided. Other contact magazines including Gay Galaxy and Corporal Contacts were also raided during the course of the investigation. Two further raids were carried out on 16 November, at homes in
2736:, a 1934 case in which a man was convicted of assault for caning a woman with her consent. After Judge Rant's ruling, the defendants changed their pleas to guilty, and were convicted on 7 November.
1509:
2876:, for the defence, argued that interfering in the private lives of consenting adults was justified only in cases where "private activity spills over into the public domain with adverse effects".
2144:
1805:
854:
683:
3649:
2935:
There was immediate criticism of the investigation and trial in 1990, with the Gay London Policing Group describing the sentences as "outrageous" and Andrew Puddephat, general secretary of
937:
2206:
382:
183:
2806:
644:
626:
3590:
2471:
acquired a videotape, codenamed 'KL7', depicting consensual sadomasochistic sexual activity between a group of men, including a sequence in which one man passed a nail through a
3059:
Regina v Ian Wilkinson, Peter John Grindley, Colin Laskey, Anthony Joseph Brown, Graham William Cadman, Roland Leonard Jaggard, Saxon Lucas, Donald Peter Anderson (and others)
2478:
Greater Manchester Police launched an investigation into the KL7 tape and began looking for the men featured in the video. Their enquiries expanded as further tapes featuring
2271:
1514:
698:
2792:
At the end of the first day of the sentencing hearing, one of the defendants was hospitalised with broken wrists after allegedly being pushed to the ground and kicked by
2651:
In September 1989, sixteen men were charged with more than 100 offences including assault occasioning actual bodily harm and unlawful wounding. Several were charged with
1696:
345:
2436:, with the head of the squad becoming an annual speaker at Whitehouse's fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s.
887:
708:
2799:
Two days before Judge Rant was due to sentence the men, Detective Superintendent Michael Hames, head of the Obscene Publications Squad, published an article in the
2915:, arguing that their convictions had violated their right to "respect for their private lives through the expression of their sexual personality" as guaranteed by
2346:
in British schools. At that year's Conservative Party Conference, Thatcher warned that children were being taught "that they have an inalienable right to be gay".
2943:
said the judiciary had "effectively imposed its morality on others" and argued the "unrepresentative make-up of the judiciary makes it ill-equipped to do this".
2199:
546:
2267:
1025:
2916:
530:
2238:
2109:
942:
2192:
932:
907:
2612:. Detectives consulted a recording of the episode and recognised their suspect in a sequence depicting a "special service of blessing" performed by a
1790:
810:
2299:
found that 75% of the population thought that homosexual activity was always or mostly wrong. That year, a high-profile public information campaign
2275:
3194:
2568:
That month, the first reports of the investigation appeared in the gay press. One man questioned by police in relation to Operation Spanner told
849:
1537:
1504:
1499:
2362:
prohibited local authorities from "intentionally promoting homosexuality". The measure received broad support from Conservative MPs including
4416:
2680:
On 9 October 1989, the men appeared before Camberwell Magistrates' Court to face the charges against them. They were remanded to reappear at
2659:
said were "rare, except in cases where injuries were allegedly inflicted for a false insurance claim". In addition, one man was charged with
54:
4284:
3164:
2947:
branded the case a homophobic "show trial" designed to "get a clear ruling on the illegality of S&M sex, especially amongst gay men".
2475:
in another man's foreskin and hammered it into a block of wood, before making a series of incisions into the man's penis with a scalpel.
2424:
and handed cash. Over the next two years, 13 officers were jailed, earning the Obscene Publications Squad its nickname: The Dirty Squad.
1996:
917:
678:
363:
2902:
2429:
2282:. In 1996, Countdown on Spanner received the Large Nonprofit Organization of the Year award as part of the Pantheon of Leather Awards.
822:
498:
3260:
1216:
912:
610:
578:
249:
4406:
3785:
2855:
2253:
731:
2892:
protect itself against a cult of violence. Pleasure derived from the infliction of pain is an evil thing. Cruelty is uncivilised.
2845:
2699:, and intentionally sought to have it heard in Crown Court, where legal precedent could be set in the event of a guilty verdict.
741:
713:
693:
673:
562:
401:
378:
2249:
and other offences related to consensual, private sadomasochistic sex sessions held in various locations between 1978 and 1987.
2242:
1331:
1093:
3243:
2770:
Anna Worrall QC, representing one of the defendants, objected to a number of points raised by the prosecution, including the
2113:
736:
434:
4073:"Complaints Against Sir Peter Imbert, the Chief Commissioner, and Superintendent Michael Hames, of the Metropolitan Police"
2333:
2057:
1815:
1768:
1609:
1586:
1361:
1161:
927:
827:
805:
781:
776:
482:
217:
2624:, and proceeded to search his home. He identified the other man on the KL7 tape, and a raid was carried out on that man's
2455:—as well as a crackdown on gay pornography. Its critics accused it of having a Christian fundamentalist agenda, while the
21:
4396:
2841:
2636:
1068:
329:
281:
2687:
The charges brought against the men included conspiracy charges, which as indictable-only offences can only be heard in
2234:, began in 1987 and ran for three years, during which approximately 100 gay and bisexual men were questioned by police.
3323:
2986:
2620:
shot of his partner placing a ring onto his finger. A week later, on 7 April, police interviewed the man at a cafe in
3341:"Lesbian and gay fostering and adoption in the United Kingdom: Prejudice, progress and the challenges of the present"
2920:
2884:
2873:
1201:
1166:
265:
71:
44:
3942:
2974:
On 28 November, the inaugural SM Pride parade was held, with more than 700 people marching through Central London.
2924:
2329:
1454:
1261:
1001:
2664:
2296:
1524:
1009:
105:
2295:
The 1980s was a period of rising negative sentiments towards homosexuality in Britain, peaking in 1987 when the
4411:
3689:
2908:
2585:
on the index finger of his left hand, distributing a still image of the finger to police forces across the UK.
1941:
1779:
1519:
882:
703:
688:
594:
168:
2695:. The fact that these charges were later dropped led to accusations that the government viewed the trial as a
2631:
As the case began to come together, reporters were briefed that Operation Spanner "could be dealt with at the
2534:
Those interviewed during the raids described a loose knit circle of men who met through advertisements in gay
4401:
4157:
Laskey and Others v. The United Kingdom – 21627/93 21826/93 21974/93 – Chamber Judgment [1997] ECHR 4
3340:
2681:
2405:
1459:
450:
418:
2763:, including the fact that all those involved had consented to what took place, that they were all above the
4391:
2812:
On 19 December, Judge Rant sentenced the men, handing down eight prison sentences of between 12 months and
2805:
in which he called the defendants "the most horrific porn ring ever to appear before a British court". The
514:
2320:
Conservative Party general election poster criticising the Labour Party's support for LGBT education, 1987
2408:, which forbade the distribution of any article that " to deprave and corrupt" those who encountered it.
2070:
1973:
1651:
1196:
993:
897:
877:
837:
466:
2588:
1596:
1017:
892:
1041:
2927:
for the European Court to give greater consideration to individual nations' particular social mores.
2848:
2656:
2468:
2359:
2301:
1904:
1381:
1123:
1083:
313:
2411:
In 1976, following a three-year internal inquiry, it was revealed that the squad had been running a
2936:
2641:
2625:
2374:
1735:
1630:
1469:
1246:
1133:
977:
832:
800:
746:
297:
3573:
Linton, Martin (11 October 1990). "Simone's attractions fail to win case against sex censorship".
2919:. In a landmark ruling, nine judges upheld that the laws under which the men were convicted were "
2443:' moral panic—during which its officers raided video rental shops and seized horror films such as
3878:
3523:
2607:
2593:
1211:
1073:
201:
136:
89:
4072:
3978:"Sado-masochists plead guilty after judge rules that people must be protected from themselves".
3296:
4386:
4292:
4193:
Dyer, Clare (20 February 1997). "Sado-masochists' appeal fails in landmark Euro-court ruling".
3172:
3004:
2603:
2456:
1113:
1078:
233:
3430:
2950:
2495:
1670:
1386:
1088:
872:
152:
4344:
Dyer, Clare (23 February 1994). "Commission says pain for pleasure should not be criminal".
2549:, where a large quantity of sadomasochistic paraphernalia was seized, and on 11 November in
2342:
1619:
1464:
1341:
1301:
1251:
787:
3754:
Shaw, Terence (20 February 1992). "Judges throw out consent appeal by sex torture group".
1289:
8:
3927:
Mills, Heather (19 September 1989). "Sixteen charged after two-year vice investigation".
2809:
called the article "heavily propagandist" and filed an official complaint against Hames.
2771:
2746:
2729:
2652:
2535:
2519:
2397:
2231:
1850:
1692:
1191:
1106:
16:
Police investigation into same-sex male sadomasochism in the United Kingdom in the 1980s
2963:. On 13 April, thousands more protested the same issues at the Liberation '91 march in
2558:
2491:
2451:
1553:
1474:
1406:
1356:
1266:
1128:
969:
2490:
were seized, eventually leading to the involvement of sixteen police forces including
2381:
was still widely used to criminalise sexual activity between men. An investigation by
2262:, ruled that consent was not a valid legal defence for actual bodily harm in Britain.
3695:
3685:
3319:
3239:
3101:
Young, David (20 December 1990). "Leaders of vicious and perverted sex gang jailed".
2760:
2613:
2412:
2337:
2325:
2246:
2028:
1986:
1336:
1231:
961:
922:
902:
4178:
Shaw, Terence (20 February 1997). "Sado-masochists fail in appeal on human rights".
3781:
4107:
Victor, Peter (20 February 1992). "Convictions for sado-masochist assault upheld".
3352:
3278:
3009:
2999:
2472:
2459:
said its activities "damaged relations" between the LGBT community and the police.
2367:
2230:
in the late 1980s. The investigation, led by the Obscene Publications Squad of the
1722:
1700:
1565:
1366:
1306:
1276:
1271:
1236:
1033:
794:
771:
4155:
2707:
3909:
Gerrard, Nicci (20 October 1996). "We don't want the government in our bedroom".
2954:
Countdown on Spanner organisers lead the inaugural SM Pride parade, November 1992
2793:
2777:
2696:
2483:
2433:
2378:
2363:
2046:
1681:
1411:
1351:
1326:
1221:
842:
4089:
Cohen, Nick (20 December 1990). "Eight jailed for 'degrading' acts of cruelty".
3963:
Cohen, Nick (20 December 1990). "Case redefines what consenting adults can do".
2309:
to every household in Britain. The association of gay and bisexual men with the
3209:
2764:
2439:
The squad gained significant notoriety during this period for its role in the '
2279:
2227:
1431:
1316:
3713:
Cohen, Nick (5 February 1992). "Lord Lane plans ruling on violent sex games".
2872:
In March 1993, the five defendants appealed their case to the House of Lords.
2316:
4380:
2978:
2527:
2514:
2421:
2310:
2223:
1756:
1426:
1421:
1401:
1396:
1321:
1256:
1206:
4367:
3699:
3261:"What was Section 28? The history of the homophobic legislation 30 years on"
2237:
The investigation culminated in a report naming 43 individuals, of whom the
4371:
4208:
Gibb, Frances (20 December 1990). "Rights protest at 'dictated morality'".
4140:
Dyer, Clare (12 March 1993). "'Pain for pleasure' gays guilty, say lords".
4056:
Cohen, Nick (14 December 1990). "Photographers 'kicked torture case man'".
3116:
MacKinnon, Ian (12 March 1993). "Lords reject appeals by sado-masochists".
2940:
2732:
match were found guilty of assault despite their consent to take part, and
2445:
2167:
2125:
1871:
1746:
1416:
1376:
1226:
4125:
Dyer, Clare (20 February 1992). "Sado-masochists guilty verdict upheld".
3616:
Smith, David (1988). "Gay men are living in fear of video prosecutions".
3370:
Fraser, Jean (22 December 1990). "Clause 25 'means prison for gay sex'".
2789:
film. I don't think any of us is likely to forget that particular film".
2688:
2648:
the activities which took place, nor any who sustained lasting injuries.
2479:
2440:
2016:
1711:
1640:
1391:
1346:
1311:
4026:
Campbell, Duncan (20 December 1990). "Sentences 'cloud consent issue'".
3821:
Smith, David (December 1987). "Police Silence Over Gay Murder Mystery".
3739:
Richardson, Colin (February 1992). "Myths, half-truths and fantasies".
3591:"Film censorship: How moral panic led to a mass ban of 'video nasties'"
2964:
2944:
2912:
2801:
2782:
2716:
2692:
2660:
2632:
2550:
2546:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2355:
2089:
1839:
1296:
855:
Historical Sexual Offences (Pardons and Disregards) (Scotland) Act 2018
816:
29:
4285:"Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients - The Leather Journal"
2767:, and that none had at any time sought or required medical treatment.
2616:
reverend for a gay couple. The man's joint deformity was visible in a
3993:
Woods, Chris (11 December 1992). "Spanner appeal – the wait begins".
3776:
2960:
2907:
In February 1997, three of the defendants took their case before the
2867:
2752:
2724:
2582:
2562:
2539:
2401:
2383:
2258:
2179:
1893:
1371:
1118:
985:
3134:
Kershaw, Alex (28 November 1992). "S&M: The limits of liberty".
938:
Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration etc) Act 2019
2759:
Meanwhile, the defence argued for the consideration of a number of
2617:
2487:
2306:
1882:
1449:
1241:
1138:
25:
3356:
2501:
On 4 November 1987, raids were carried out at the homes of men in
3400:
Smith, David (June 1990). "Authorities deny sex arrests policy".
2807:
National Campaign for the Reform of the Obscene Publications Acts
2621:
3841:
Steele, John (20 December 1990). "Torture vice gang sentenced".
2923:
for the protection of health". The ruling followed pleas by the
2538:
and gathered regularly in various locations for sadomasochistic
4362:
3682:
Dirty squad : the story of the Obscene Publications Branch
2606:
reported that he had spotted the man on that week's episode of
2502:
1156:
2883:
The appeal was dismissed by a 3–2 majority of the Lords, with
2756:
identifying the "leaders of vicious and perverted sex gang".
2574:
3859:
Woods, Chris (12 March 1993). "Defiance of an average man".
2715:
The trial at the Old Bailey began on 29 October 1990 before
2644:
to look up the license plate of his ex-wife's new partner.
2416:
3210:"HIV/Aids: Why were the campaigns successful in the West?"
2598:, used to identify one of the men featured on the KL7 tape
4008:
Kershaw, Alex (8 February 1992). "Spanner in the works".
888:
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
878:
Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999
3631:
Saxton, Andrew (14 October 1994). "End of a porn era".
3493:"The squad which gave obscenity a meaning of its own".
3385:
Derbyshire, Philip (March 1990). "Policing Gay Sex".
2939:, calling for a "right to privacy enshrined in law".
1026:
National AIDS Trust v NHS Service Commissioning Board
4268:"Campaign kicks off with call for Hames to resign".
3801:"Massive vice ring quiz still going on say police".
3149:
Califia, Pat (September 1999). "Antidote to Shame".
3077:
Savage, Jon (29 January 1992). "Sex and martyrdom".
2985:
That December, following a public consultation, the
2917:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
3415:Tatchell, Peter (Winter 1992). "Criminal Consent".
2396:The Obscene Publications Squad was a branch of the
943:
Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019
3589:
933:Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
908:Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2007
3478:"The end of Scotland Yard's firm within a firm".
2896:
2854:Lord Lane granted the men leave to appeal to the
2545:Further raids were carried out on 10 November in
2391:
2305:saw the delivery of an educational leaflet about
1549:
4378:
3165:"Pantheon of Leather Awards All Time Recipients"
2553:. The same day, the offices of the gay magazine
3679:
2781:noting the men's HIV statuses in an article by
2655:assaults against themselves, charges which the
2373:Although male homosexuality had been partially
2324:The Conservative Party under the leadership of
2081:MSM activity not grounds for military discharge
2038:Gay men allowed to donate blood (1 yr deferral)
1662:Plans to make lesbian activity illegal defeated
850:Merchant Shipping (Homosexual Conduct) Act 2017
2844:in February 1992. Three judges, headed by the
2222:was a police investigation into same-sex male
3195:"British Social Attitudes 30 - Homosexuality"
2750:branding the group a "torture vice gang" and
2377:in England and Wales in 1967, the offence of
2290:
2200:
1736:MSM activity made legal (England & Wales)
2430:National Viewers' and Listeners' Association
2007:Incitement to homophobic hatred made a crime
3238:. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 242.
2573:be connected to an unsolved 1985 murder in
2136:Blood donation deferral 3 months (incl. NI)
2100:Blood donation deferral 3 months (excl. NI)
918:Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008
4223:"S&M sex 'illegal' after show trial".
4041:"Porno Perverts Will Kill Warns Top Cop".
3738:
3384:
3316:The Global 1980s: People, Power and Profit
2903:Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom
2728:, an 1882 case in which participants in a
2207:
2193:
823:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
32:following the Spanner trial, December 1990
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3562:(Television production). Channel 4. 1992.
3279:"Speech to Conservative Party Conference"
3115:
2930:
2420:be taken one by one into a store room at
1932:MSM activity involving multiple men legal
913:Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
4025:
3414:
3345:Social Work & Social Sciences Review
3297:"Local Government Act 1988 - Section 28"
3258:
2949:
2706:
2587:
2388:prison terms an estimated £5.5 million.
2315:
1792:
20:
4370:, a short documentary on the case from
4007:
3908:
3877:"Church of England - One Foundation?".
3148:
3133:
3062: (Central Criminal Court 1990).
2840:Five of the defendants appealed to the
2826:years. Passing the judgement, he said:
2711:Lady Justice statue atop the Old Bailey
2663:and two were charged in relation to an
2349:
2336:campaign, issuing posters accusing the
742:NHS Gender Identity Development Service
4379:
4120:
4118:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4021:
4019:
3958:
3956:
3922:
3920:
3854:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3762:
3630:
3587:
3572:
3554:
3552:
3369:
3233:
3076:
2528:Detective Superintendent Michael Hames
2243:assault occasioning actual bodily harm
4238:"Campaign fuelled by 5,000 turnout".
4088:
4055:
3992:
3962:
3926:
3872:
3870:
3858:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3796:
3794:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3712:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3644:
3642:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3399:
3338:
3313:
3207:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
2675:
4417:Law enforcement in England and Wales
4343:
4207:
4192:
4177:
4139:
4124:
4070:
3943:"15 charged after Operation Spanner"
3894:"Computer error by superintendent".
3753:
3129:
3127:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2457:Lesbian and Gay Policing Association
2058:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
1587:Offences Against the Person Act 1828
1362:BFI Flare: London LGBT Film Festival
928:Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013
828:Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000
806:Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980
782:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
777:Offences Against the Person Act 1828
4115:
4097:
4016:
3953:
3917:
3849:
3829:
3549:
3508:"Porn squad 'accepted thousands'".
1610:Death penalty for buggery abolished
13:
4314:"Spanner is Only Just Beginning".
4253:"Full equality by the year 2000".
3867:
3809:
3791:
3721:
3660:
3639:
3606:
3541:"Reshuffle at the Yard by McNee".
3085:
2835:
2691:, so the case was referred to the
1914:Gay men allowed in HM Armed Forces
1332:GFest – gayWise LGBT Arts Festival
14:
4428:
4356:
3602:from the original on 24 May 2022.
3588:Phelan, Laurence (13 July 2014).
3124:
3065:
3022:
2921:necessary in a democratic society
2861:
2145:Blood donation deferral equalised
1863:Age of consent for MSM becomes 18
726:Gender identity, sex and intersex
3784:, 1 AC 212 (11 March 1993),
3650:"Freedom of Information Request"
3463:"Something smelly in the Yard".
3448:"12 Yard men on bribe charges".
2462:
2173:
2161:
1455:Campaign for Homosexual Equality
1262:Labour Campaign for Trans Rights
1010:Goodwin & I v United Kingdom
1002:Smith and Grady v United Kingdom
636:
618:
602:
586:
570:
554:
538:
522:
506:
490:
474:
458:
442:
426:
410:
392:
355:
337:
321:
305:
289:
273:
257:
241:
225:
209:
193:
160:
144:
128:
97:
81:
53:
4407:LGBTQ law in the United Kingdom
4337:
4322:
4307:
4276:
4261:
4246:
4231:
4216:
4201:
4186:
4171:
4148:
4133:
4082:
4064:
4049:
4034:
4001:
3986:
3971:
3935:
3902:
3887:
3747:
3706:
3624:
3581:
3566:
3534:
3516:
3501:
3486:
3471:
3456:
3441:
3431:"Obscene Publications Act 1959"
3423:
3408:
3393:
3378:
3363:
3332:
3307:
3289:
3271:
3252:
3227:
3208:Kelly, Jon (28 November 2011).
2722:His decision relied heavily on
2313:worsened their stigmatisation.
2297:British Social Attitudes Survey
2239:Director of Public Prosecutions
1874:becomes first openly lesbian MP
1643:found guilty of gross indecency
3201:
3187:
3157:
3142:
3109:
2909:European Court of Human Rights
2897:European Court of Human Rights
2665:indecent photograph of a child
2635:", prompting speculation that
2432:and its controversial founder
2392:The Obscene Publications Squad
2241:chose to prosecute 16 men for
2049:becomes first openly trans MEP
1924:Age of consent equalised to 16
1818:elected as first openly gay MP
1202:Black Gay Men's Advisory Group
883:Adoption and Children Act 2002
811:Homosexual Offences Order 1982
547:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
3259:Ashenden, Amy (24 May 2018).
2702:
2602:On 29 March, an officer with
2513:. At the Shropshire address,
2406:Obscene Publications Act 1959
2285:
1963:Civil partnerships introduced
1896:becomes first openly gay Lord
1576:Buggery Act extended to Wales
1460:Homosexual Law Reform Society
4071:Webb, David (22 June 1992).
3283:Margaret Thatcher Foundation
2272:The Sexual Freedom Coalition
1515:Violence against LGBT people
7:
3684:. New York: Little, Brown.
2993:
1974:Gender Recognition Act 2004
1652:The Cave of the Golden Calf
994:Sutherland v United Kingdom
898:Gender Recognition Act 2004
838:Policing and Crime Act 2017
627:Saint Helena, Ascension and
531:British Antarctic Territory
346:Saint Helena, Ascension and
10:
4433:
4397:1987 in the United Kingdom
4329:"The Spanner Trust Fund".
2900:
2865:
2682:Lambeth Magistrates' Court
2291:Attitudes to homosexuality
1806:barred from donating blood
1597:James Pratt and John Smith
1018:HJ and HT v Home Secretary
893:Civil Partnership Act 2004
867:Protection and recognition
4289:www.theleatherjournal.com
2670:
2657:Crown Prosecution Service
2469:Greater Manchester Police
2128:legal across UK, incl. NI
1940:Same sex couples granted
1186:LGBT advocacy and support
1124:Canal Street (Manchester)
3680:Hames, Michael. (2000).
3314:Davis, Jonathan (2019).
3015:
2642:Police National Computer
2637:indictable-only offences
1631:Cleveland Street scandal
1566:Death penalty introduced
1510:First LGBT officeholders
1470:Gay Rights Working Party
1134:Pride Quarter, Liverpool
978:Dudgeon v United Kingdom
833:Sexual Offences Act 2003
801:Sexual Offences Act 1967
747:Gender Recognition Panel
364:Turks and Caicos Islands
3339:Logan, Janette (2007).
2581:by a distinctive joint
1997:Equalised access to IVF
1780:AIDS reported in the UK
1247:LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
1212:Naz and Matt Foundation
1197:Hall–Carpenter Archives
3782:[1993] UKHL 19
3236:Population and Society
3234:Sharma, A. K. (2012).
3005:Consent (criminal law)
2955:
2931:Reaction and aftermath
2894:
2833:
2796:as he left the court.
2775:widely reported, with
2712:
2604:Hampshire Constabulary
2599:
2400:tasked with enforcing
2340:of promoting the book
2321:
2302:Don't Die of Ignorance
1905:Admiral Duncan bombing
1114:Birmingham Gay Village
647:South Sandwich Islands
250:British Virgin Islands
33:
28:protesters picket the
4412:1987 in LGBTQ history
2953:
2889:
2828:
2710:
2592:A close-up shot from
2591:
2496:West Yorkshire Police
2334:1987 general election
2319:
1942:equal rights to adopt
1769:made legal (Scotland)
1757:Jeremy Thorpe resigns
1387:Nottinghamshire Pride
1342:Homotopia (Liverpool)
873:Public Order Act 1986
645:South Georgia and the
499:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
218:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
47:in the United Kingdom
24:
4402:English criminal law
3417:Civil Liberty Agenda
2360:Local Government Act
2350:Policing and the law
2343:Young, Gay and Proud
2268:Countdown on Spanner
1620:Labouchere Amendment
1465:Gay Liberation Front
788:Labouchere Amendment
184:Overseas Territories
4392:1993 in British law
4242:. 22 February 1991.
4045:. 20 December 1990.
3982:. 21 November 1990.
3843:The Daily Telegraph
3756:The Daily Telegraph
3654:Metropolitan Police
3530:. 27 November 2012.
3512:. 10 November 1976.
3452:. 29 February 1976.
3169:The Leather Journal
2794:press photographers
2747:The Daily Telegraph
2730:bare-knuckle boxing
2653:aiding and abetting
2628:home the same day.
2522:being mistaken for
2404:, most notably the
2398:Metropolitan Police
2328:made opposition to
2232:Metropolitan Police
1999:for lesbian couples
1953:Section 28 repealed
1505:List of politicians
1252:LGBT+ Conservatives
699:History of violence
39:Part of a series on
4160:, 19 February 1997
3949:. 10 October 1989.
3898:. 11 October 1991.
3435:legislation.gov.uk
3301:legislation.gov.uk
2956:
2925:British government
2846:Lord Chief Justice
2761:mitigating factors
2713:
2676:Magistrates' Court
2600:
2559:Welwyn Garden City
2492:West Mercia Police
2452:The Driller Killer
2322:
2114:gay marriage in NI
2071:same-sex marriages
2015:Public apology to
1475:Order of Chaeronea
1407:Pride in Liverpool
1357:LGBT History Month
1129:Old Compton Street
1042:AB v CD and others
970:X v United Kingdom
732:Transgender rights
668:Sexual orientation
120:Crown dependencies
34:
4363:The Spanner Trust
4272:. September 1992.
4227:. 5 January 1991.
3545:. 20 August 1977.
3524:"Daphne Skillern"
3482:. 25 August 1977.
3245:978-81-8069-818-7
2614:Church of England
2536:contact magazines
2467:In October 1987,
2413:protection racket
2326:Margaret Thatcher
2274:, and an annual
2247:unlawful wounding
2220:Operation Spanner
2217:
2216:
2150:
2149:
2029:Equality Act 2010
1827:Operation Spanner
1759:as Liberal leader
1337:Glasgay! Festival
1232:Outright Scotland
962:Corbett v Corbett
923:Equality Act 2010
903:Equality Act 2006
714:Same-sex marriage
694:Civil partnership
652:
651:
379:Same-sex marriage
369:
368:
174:
173:
111:
110:
4424:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4295:on 25 March 2015
4291:. Archived from
4280:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4257:. 19 April 1991.
4250:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4010:Weekend Guardian
4005:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3883:. 28 March 1988.
3874:
3865:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3827:
3826:
3818:
3807:
3806:
3805:. 31 March 1988.
3798:
3789:
3773:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3677:
3658:
3657:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3175:on 25 March 2015
3171:. Archived from
3161:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3010:Victimless crime
3000:Consensual crime
2887:declaring that:
2874:Ann Mallalieu QC
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2717:Judge James Rant
2684:on 20 November.
2332:a pillar of its
2209:
2202:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2168:LGBTQ portal
2166:
2165:
2164:
1985:Discrimination
1842:comes into force
1794:
1723:Wolfenden report
1684:begins crackdown
1568:for MSM activity
1551:
1543:
1542:
1367:Manchester Pride
1307:Birmingham Pride
1277:The Gender Trust
1272:Press for Change
1237:Switchboard (UK)
1034:Bell v Tavistock
795:Wolfenden report
772:Buggery Act 1533
689:Christian nation
641:
640:
639:
629:Tristan da Cunha
623:
622:
621:
611:Pitcairn Islands
607:
606:
605:
591:
590:
589:
579:Falkland Islands
575:
574:
573:
559:
558:
557:
543:
542:
541:
527:
526:
525:
511:
510:
509:
495:
494:
493:
479:
478:
477:
463:
462:
461:
447:
446:
445:
435:Northern Ireland
431:
430:
429:
415:
414:
413:
397:
396:
395:
388:
387:
360:
359:
358:
348:Tristan da Cunha
342:
341:
340:
330:Pitcairn Islands
326:
325:
324:
310:
309:
308:
294:
293:
292:
282:Falkland Islands
278:
277:
276:
262:
261:
260:
246:
245:
244:
230:
229:
228:
214:
213:
212:
198:
197:
196:
189:
188:
165:
164:
163:
149:
148:
147:
133:
132:
131:
124:
123:
106:Northern Ireland
102:
101:
100:
86:
85:
84:
77:
76:
57:
36:
35:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4377:
4376:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4296:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4206:
4202:
4191:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4138:
4134:
4123:
4116:
4105:
4098:
4091:The Independent
4087:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4065:
4058:The Independent
4054:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4024:
4017:
4006:
4002:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3965:The Independent
3961:
3954:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3929:The Independent
3925:
3918:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3857:
3850:
3839:
3830:
3819:
3810:
3803:Shropshire Star
3800:
3799:
3792:
3774:
3763:
3752:
3748:
3737:
3722:
3715:The Independent
3711:
3707:
3692:
3678:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3640:
3629:
3625:
3614:
3607:
3596:The Independent
3586:
3582:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3413:
3409:
3398:
3394:
3383:
3379:
3368:
3364:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3312:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3125:
3118:The Independent
3114:
3110:
3099:
3086:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3023:
3018:
2996:
2933:
2905:
2899:
2870:
2864:
2842:Court of Appeal
2838:
2836:Court of Appeal
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2778:The Independent
2705:
2678:
2673:
2520:home sex videos
2465:
2434:Mary Whitehouse
2394:
2379:gross indecency
2364:Peter Bruinvels
2352:
2293:
2288:
2213:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2047:Nikki Sinclaire
1747:Gay Pride Rally
1714:commits suicide
1682:John Nott-Bower
1540:
1530:
1529:
1520:HIV/AIDS crisis
1495:
1487:
1480:
1479:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1412:Pride in London
1352:Leicester Pride
1327:Doncaster Pride
1292:
1282:
1281:
1222:LGBT Foundation
1187:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1109:
1099:
1098:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1048:
956:
948:
947:
868:
860:
859:
843:Alan Turing law
767:
759:
752:
751:
737:Intersex rights
727:
719:
718:
709:Military policy
669:
661:
654:
653:
646:
637:
635:
628:
619:
617:
603:
601:
587:
585:
571:
569:
555:
553:
539:
537:
523:
521:
507:
505:
491:
489:
475:
473:
459:
457:
443:
441:
427:
425:
411:
409:
393:
391:
385:
371:
370:
356:
354:
347:
338:
336:
322:
320:
306:
304:
290:
288:
274:
272:
258:
256:
242:
240:
226:
224:
210:
208:
194:
192:
186:
176:
175:
161:
159:
145:
143:
129:
127:
121:
113:
112:
98:
96:
82:
80:
74:
64:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4430:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4375:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4357:External links
4355:
4352:
4351:
4336:
4331:Spanner People
4321:
4318:. August 1993.
4316:Spanner People
4306:
4275:
4270:Spanner People
4260:
4245:
4230:
4225:The Pink Paper
4215:
4200:
4185:
4170:
4147:
4132:
4114:
4096:
4081:
4063:
4048:
4033:
4015:
4000:
3985:
3970:
3952:
3934:
3916:
3901:
3886:
3866:
3848:
3828:
3808:
3790:
3786:House of Lords
3761:
3746:
3720:
3705:
3690:
3659:
3638:
3633:The Pink Paper
3623:
3620:. No. 12.
3605:
3580:
3565:
3548:
3533:
3515:
3500:
3497:. 14 May 1977.
3485:
3470:
3467:. 13 May 1977.
3455:
3440:
3422:
3407:
3392:
3377:
3372:The Pink Paper
3362:
3331:
3325:978-0429624360
3324:
3306:
3288:
3270:
3251:
3244:
3226:
3200:
3186:
3156:
3141:
3123:
3108:
3084:
3064:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2987:Law Commission
2945:The Pink Paper
2932:
2929:
2901:Main article:
2898:
2895:
2885:Lord Templeman
2866:Main article:
2863:
2862:House of Lords
2860:
2856:House of Lords
2837:
2834:
2765:age of consent
2704:
2701:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2464:
2461:
2393:
2390:
2375:decriminalised
2351:
2348:
2330:LGBT education
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2280:Central London
2276:SM Pride March
2254:House of Lords
2228:United Kingdom
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2186:
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2036:
2032:
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2020:
2019:
2013:
2009:
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2001:
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1994:
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1971:
1965:
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1961:
1955:
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1938:
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1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
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1798:
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1787:
1783:
1782:
1778:First case of
1776:
1772:
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1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:First British
1743:
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1690:
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1574:
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1547:
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1532:
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1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:Worthing Pride
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Northern Pride
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1317:Brighton Pride
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1287:
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1274:
1269:
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1169:
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1076:
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1038:
1030:
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1006:
998:
990:
982:
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949:
946:
945:
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935:
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905:
900:
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866:
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846:
845:
835:
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791:
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749:
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739:
734:
728:
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724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
684:Blood donation
681:
679:Age of consent
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
660:Policy aspects
659:
656:
655:
650:
649:
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632:
631:
624:
614:
613:
608:
598:
597:
592:
582:
581:
576:
566:
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563:Cayman Islands
560:
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534:
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528:
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512:
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402:United Kingdom
398:
386:
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367:
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333:
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317:
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266:Cayman Islands
263:
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187:
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93:
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72:United Kingdom
70:
69:
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49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4429:
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4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4387:Gay male BDSM
4385:
4384:
4382:
4373:
4369:
4368:Lasting Marks
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4340:
4332:
4325:
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4310:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4256:
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4234:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4180:The Telegraph
4174:
4159:
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3797:
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3432:
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3396:
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3373:
3366:
3358:
3357:10.1921/19649
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3318:. Routledge.
3317:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3284:
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3274:
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3262:
3255:
3247:
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3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2979:Spanner Trust
2977:In 1995, the
2975:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
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2718:
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2605:
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2566:
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2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2493:
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2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2463:Investigation
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2441:video nasties
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2422:Scotland Yard
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:obscenity law
2399:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:AIDS pandemic
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:sadomasochism
2221:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2180:UK portal
2171:
2169:
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2158:
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2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
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2107:
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2059:
2056:
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2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
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1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
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1878:
1877:
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1870:
1867:
1866:
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1845:
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1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1789:MSM activity
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1767:MSM activity
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
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1526:
1525:Death penalty
1523:
1521:
1518:
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1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
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1501:
1498:
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1471:
1468:
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1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:Former groups
1441:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Swansea Pride
1425:
1423:
1422:Reading Pride
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Pride in Hull
1400:
1398:
1397:Pride Glasgow
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
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1348:
1345:
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1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1322:Bristol Pride
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
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1189:
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1178:Organisations
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4372:The Guardian
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3896:The Guardian
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3823:Him Magazine
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3618:Him Magazine
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3495:The Guardian
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3351:(2): 35–47.
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3173:the original
3168:
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3136:The Guardian
3135:
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3079:The Observer
3078:
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2957:
2941:Keir Starmer
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2540:sex sessions
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2515:sniffer dogs
2500:
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2446:Evil Dead II
2444:
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2338:Labour Party
2323:
2300:
2294:
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2257:
2252:A resulting
2251:
2236:
2219:
2218:
2126:Gay marriage
2120:
2064:
2023:
1987:made illegal
1980:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1919:
1885:found guilty
1872:Angela Eagle
1858:
1851:Stonewall UK
1834:
1826:
1791:made legal (
1730:
1604:
1581:
1560:
1554:made illegal
1417:Pride Scotia
1377:Mr Gay Wales
1290:Pride events
1257:LGBT+ Labour
1227:LGBT Network
1107:Gay villages
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
815:
793:
786:
400:
45:LGBT rights
18:
4333:. May 1995.
4299:26 December
4255:Capital Gay
4240:Capital Gay
3995:Capital Gay
3861:Capital Gay
3179:26 December
2734:R v Donovan
2689:Crown Court
2524:snuff films
2256:judgement,
2226:across the
2092:implemented
2017:Alan Turing
1816:Chris Smith
1712:Alan Turing
1693:Pitt-Rivers
1673:transitions
1671:Mark Weston
1641:Oscar Wilde
1392:Pride Cymru
1347:Leeds Pride
1312:Bourne Free
1302:Big Gay Out
766:Criminality
758:Legislation
483:Isle of Man
169:Isle of Man
63:By location
4381:Categories
4043:Daily Star
3947:The Herald
3691:0316853216
2965:Manchester
2913:Strasbourg
2802:Daily Mail
2783:Nick Cohen
2772:HIV status
2703:Old Bailey
2693:Old Bailey
2661:bestiality
2633:Old Bailey
2551:Birmingham
2547:Pontypridd
2526:, leading
2511:Shropshire
2507:Shrewsbury
2356:Section 28
2286:Background
2090:Turing law
2073:take place
1840:Section 28
1703:imprisoned
1701:Wildeblood
1622:introduced
1297:BiCon (UK)
1094:Manchester
955:Litigation
817:Section 28
314:Montserrat
30:Old Bailey
4210:The Times
4109:The Times
3777:R v Brown
3741:Gay Times
3560:Blue Boys
3528:The Times
3402:Gay Times
3387:Gay Times
3265:Pink News
3103:The Times
2961:cottaging
2868:R v Brown
2849:Lord Lane
2753:The Times
2725:R v Coney
2697:test case
2583:deformity
2563:Hampstead
2415:over the
2384:Gay Times
2354:In 1988,
2259:R v Brown
2110:legislate
1894:Lord Alli
1552:activity
1372:Mr Gay UK
1192:Stonewall
1119:The Calls
1084:Liverpool
986:R v Brown
595:Gibraltar
383:territory
298:Gibraltar
3880:Panorama
3700:44101472
3600:Archived
3214:BBC News
2994:See also
2626:Broadway
2618:close-up
2609:Panorama
2595:Panorama
2488:wax play
2484:spanking
2480:whipping
2473:piercing
2368:cruising
2307:HIV/AIDS
2278:through
1883:Bolton 7
1804:Gay men
1725:released
1599:executed
1538:Timeline
1500:Timeline
1450:OutRage!
1267:Mermaids
1242:NUS LGBT
1167:Cruising
1151:Gay male
1139:Vauxhall
1069:Brighton
704:HIV/AIDS
674:Adoption
451:Guernsey
419:Scotland
202:Anguilla
137:Guernsey
90:Scotland
26:OutRage!
2937:Liberty
2821:⁄
2622:Evesham
2358:of the
1697:Montagu
1486:History
1074:Cardiff
1063:By city
1055:Culture
515:Bermuda
234:Bermuda
4164:26 May
3698:
3688:
3322:
3242:
3219:25 May
2671:Trials
2503:Bolton
2069:First
1829:begins
1494:Topics
1162:Saunas
1157:Polari
1079:London
1045:(2021)
1037:(2021)
1029:(2016)
1021:(2010)
1013:(2002)
1005:(1999)
997:(1994)
989:(1993)
981:(1981)
973:(1978)
965:(1969)
467:Jersey
153:Jersey
4076:(PDF)
3780:
3016:Notes
2831:line.
2575:Leeds
1853:forms
1654:opens
1582:1828
1217:FFLAG
1089:Leeds
4301:2020
4166:2019
3788:(UK)
3696:OCLC
3686:ISBN
3320:ISBN
3240:ISBN
3221:2019
3181:2020
2561:and
2509:and
2494:and
2486:and
2449:and
2417:Soho
2270:and
2141:2021
2133:2020
2121:2020
2112:for
2108:MPs
2105:2019
2097:2017
2086:2017
2078:2016
2065:2014
2054:2013
2043:2013
2035:2011
2024:2010
2012:2009
2004:2008
1993:2008
1981:2006
1969:2004
1959:2004
1949:2003
1937:2002
1929:2001
1920:2001
1911:2000
1901:1999
1890:1998
1879:1998
1868:1997
1859:1994
1847:1989
1835:1988
1823:1987
1812:1984
1801:1983
1786:1982
1775:1981
1764:1981
1753:1976
1742:1972
1731:1967
1719:1957
1708:1954
1689:1954
1678:1952
1667:1936
1659:1921
1648:1912
1637:1895
1627:1889
1616:1885
1605:1861
1593:1835
1573:1543
1561:1533
3353:doi
3151:Out
2911:in
2570:Him
2555:Sir
1550:MSM
1546:342
1207:Akt
381:by
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4287:.
4282:🖉
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