93:
1419:
1240:"...In large cities, on the other hand, inasmuch as many people have demands to make upon each branch of industry, one trade alone, and very often even less than a whole trade, is enough to support a man: one man, for instance, makes shoes for men, and another for women; and there are places even where one man earns a living by only stitching shoes, another by cutting them out, another by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but only assembles the parts. It follows, therefore, as a matter of course, that he who devotes himself to a very highly specialized line of work is bound to do it in the best possible manner."
3428:
2594:
Another difference is in planning capacity. Since the product cannot be stored, the service facility must be managed to peak demand which requires more flexibility than manufacturing. Location of facilities must be near the customers and scale economics can be lacking. Scheduling must consider the customer can be waiting in line. Queuing theory has been devised to assist in design of service facilities waiting lines. Revenue management is important for service operations, since empty seats on an airplane are lost revenue when the plane departs and cannot be stored for future use.
25:
3330:
1340:(PMTS). Work sampling is used to measure the random variable associated with the time of each task. PMTS allows the use of standard predetermined tables of the smallest body movements (e.g. turning the left wrist by 90°), and integrating them to predict the time needed to perform a simple task. PMTS has gained substantial importance due to the fact that it can predict work measurements without observing the actual work. The foundation of PMTS was laid out by the research and development of
2225:
2216:
1245:
5735:
2076:
cleanliness, courtesy and fast service. While modeled after manufacturing in the production of the food in the back-room, the service in the front-room was defined and oriented to the customer. It was the McDonald's operations system of both production and service that made the difference. McDonald's also pioneered the idea of franchising this operation system to rapidly spread the business around the country and later the world.
3314:
5761:
3745:
1060:
82:
2845:
3109:
2356:
2712:
2109:
large computer operations, but dispersed warehouses, and an efficient transportation system. Service to customers including a high merchandise assortment, return services of purchases, and fast delivery is at the forefront of this business. It is the customer being in the system during the production and delivery of the service that distinguishes all services from manufacturing.
3167:
2900:
1990:. TQM is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement on an organizational basis, this includes: participation, work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement and integration of the quality system with business goals. Schnonberger identified seven fundamentals principles essential to the Japanese approach:
3305:(PPM) applies the concepts of operations management to the execution of delivery of capital projects by viewing the sequence of activities in a project as a production system. Operations managements principles of variability reduction and management are applied by buffering through a combination of capacity, time and inventory.
2101:, a family of standards related to quality management systems. There standards apply to both manufacturing and service organizations. There has been some controversy regarding the proper procedures to follow and the amount of paperwork involved, but much of that has improved in current ISO 9000 revisions.
2730:
distributed then it makes sense to manage items differently based on their position on a revenue-inventory level matrix, 3 classes are constructed (A, B and C) from cumulative item revenues, so in a matrix each item will have a letter (A, B or C) assigned for revenue and inventory. This method posits
2593:
One important difference is service recovery. When an error occurs in service delivery, the recovery must be delivered on the spot by the service provider. If a waiter in a restaurant spills soup on the customer's lap, then the recovery could include a free meal and a promise of free dry cleaning.
2572:
A service is intangible making it difficult for a customer to evaluate the service in advance. In the case of a manufactured good, customers can see it and evaluate it. Assurance of quality service is often done by licensing, government regulation, and branding to assure customers they will receive a
2108:
devised a service system of on-line retailing and distribution. With this innovative system customers were able to search for products they might like to buy, enter the order for the product, pay online, and track delivery of the product to their location, all in two days. This required not only very
2577:
These four comparisons indicate how management of service operations are quite different from manufacturing regarding such issues as capacity requirements (highly variable), quality assurance (hard to quantify), location of facilities (dispersed), and interaction with the customer during delivery of
1351:
At the turn of the twentieth century, the services industries were already developed, but largely fragmented. In 1900 the U.S. service industry consisted of banks, professional services, schools, general stores, railroads and telegraph. Services were largely local in nature (except for railroads and
1319:
when he manufactured 10,000 muskets. Up to this point in the history of manufacturing, each product (e.g. each musket) was considered a special order, meaning that parts of a given musket were fitted only for that particular musket and could not be used in other muskets. Interchangeability of parts
2668:
A more recent approach, introduced by Terry Hill, involves distinguishing competitive variables in order winner and order qualifiers when defining operations strategy. Order winners are variables which permit differentiating the company from competitors, while order qualifiers are prerequisites for
2089:
provided the first example of very low cost retailing through design of their stores and efficient management of their entire supply chain. Starting with a single store in Roger's
Arkansas in 1962, Walmart has now become the world's largest company. This was accomplished by adhering to their system
1629:
consisted in offering two different pay rates for doing a job: a higher rate for workers with high productivity (efficiency) and who produced high quality goods (effectiveness) and a lower rate for those who fail to achieve the standard. One of the problems Taylor believed could be solved with this
1397:
disciplines, as well as fields of operations research and management science (as multi-disciplinary fields of problem solving). While systems engineering concentrated on the broad characteristics of the relationships between inputs and outputs of generic systems, operations researchers concentrated
2552:
High contact services (e.g. health care) must be produced in the presence of the customer, since they are consumed as produced. As a result, services cannot be produced in one location and transported to another, like goods. Service operations are therefore highly dispersed geographically close to
1286:
Services were also performed in the Middle Ages by servants. They provided service to the nobility in the form of cooking, cleaning and providing entertainment. Court jesters were considered service providers. The medieval army could also be considered a service since they defended the nobility.
2082:
in 1971 provided the first overnight delivery of packages in the U.S. This was based on the innovative idea of flying all packages into the single airport in
Memphis Tenn by midnight each day, resorting the packages for delivery to destinations and then flying them back out the next morning for
1973:
in Toyoda
Spinning and Weaving: an automatically activated loom that was also foolproof, that is automatically detected problems. In 1983 J.N Edwards published his "MRP and Kanban-American style" in which he described JIT goals in terms of seven zeros: zero defects, zero (excess) lot size, zero
2541:
are a major part of economic activity and employment in all industrialized countries comprising 80 percent of employment and GDP in the U.S. Operations management of these services, as distinct from manufacturing, has been developing since the 1970s through publication of unique practices and
2507:
them. Not all management models distinguish between production and operations systems. When the two are distinguished, operations systems account for many of the tertiary factors that are abstracted away from in production system frameworks. In particular, there is an emphasis on service-based
2553:
the customers. Furthermore, simultaneous production and consumption allows the possibility of self-service involving the customer at the point of consumption (e.g. gas stations). Only low-contact services produced in the "backroom" (e.g., check clearing) can be provided away from the customer.
2406:
world keeping in mind that services have some fundamental differences in respect to material goods: intangibility, client always present during transformation processes, no stocks for "finished goods". Services can be classified according to a service process matrix: degree of labor intensity
1331:
method for accurately measuring the time to perform each single task of a complicated job. He developed the scientific study of productivity and identifying how to coordinate different tasks to eliminate wasting of time and increase the quality of work. The next generation of scientific study
2474:
the pants/jackets before being shipped to stores. The beginning can be seen as process production, the middle as part production and the end again as process production: it is unlikely that a single company will keep all the stages of production under a single roof, therefore the problem of
2090:
of delivering the goods and the service to the customers at the lowest possible cost. The operations system included careful selection of merchandise, low cost sourcing, ownership of transportation, cross-docking, efficient location of stores and friendly home-town service to the customer.
2075:
provided one of the first innovations in service operations. McDonald's is founded on the idea of the production-line approach to service. This requires a standard and limited menu, an assembly-line type of production process in the back-room, high customer service in the front-room with
3091:
reduction: typically necessary to achieve mixed-model production, a key distinction can be made between internal and external setup. Internal setups (e.g. removing a die) refers to tasks when the machine is not working, while external setups can be completed while the machine is running
2741:
is a variable which quantifies the number of parts produced in the unit of time. Although estimating throughput for a single process maybe fairly simple, doing so for an entire production system involves an additional difficulty due to the presence of queues which can come from: machine
2189:: a production system designed at the outset for rapid change in its structure, as well as its hardware and software components, in order to quickly adjust its production capacity and functionality within a part family in response to sudden market changes or intrinsic system change.
2259:) needed to produce goods and services. An individual production system is usually analyzed in the literature referring to a single business; therefore it is usually improper to include in a given production system the operations necessary to process goods that are obtained by
1279:. The guild system, operating mainly between 1100 and 1500, consisted of two types: merchant guilds, who bought and sold goods, and craft guilds, which made goods. Although guilds were regulated as to the quality of work performed, the resulting system was rather rigid,
2687:
is a standard efficiency metric for evaluation of production systems, broadly speaking a ratio between outputs and inputs, and can assume many specific forms, for example: machine productivity, workforce productivity, raw material productivity, warehouse productivity
2559:
Since services are perishable, they cannot be stored for later use. In manufacturing companies, inventory can be used to buffer supply and demand. Since buffering is not possible in services, highly variable demand must be met by operations or demand modified to meet
1607:
and employment from services than from manufacturing and have a great effect on society. Since all sectors are highly interconnected, this did not reflect less importance for manufacturing, agriculture, and mining but just a shift in the type of economic activity.
2896:, the latter usually modeled as a function of demand variability. The economic production quantity (EPQ) differs from the EOQ model only in that it assumes a constant fill rate for the part being produced, instead of the instantaneous refilling of the EOQ model.
2758:: in job shops bottlenecks are typically dynamic and dependent on scheduling while on transfer lines it makes sense to speak of "the bottleneck" since it can be univocally associated with a specific station on the line. This leads to the problem of how to define
2123:
in 1993): a business management strategy focusing on the analysis and design of workflows and business processes within an organization. BPR seeks to help companies radically restructure their organizations by focusing on the ground-up design of their business
2036:. Independent demand is demand which originates outside of the production system, therefore not directly controllable, and dependent demand is demand for components of final products, therefore subject to being directly controllable by management through the
3320:
are systems in which single queues are connected by a routing network. In this image servers are represented by circles, queues by a series of rectangles and the routing network by arrows. In the study of queue networks one typically tries to obtain the
1149:) into outputs (in the form of goods and services for consumers). Operations management covers sectors like banking systems, hospitals, companies, working with suppliers, customers, and using technology. Operations is one of the major functions in an
2219:
In a job shop machines are grouped by technological similarities regarding transformation processes, therefore a single shop can work very different products (in this picture four colors). Also notice that in this drawing each shop contains a single
1259:, kings and queens ruled over large areas of land. Loyal noblemen maintained large sections of the monarch's territory. This hierarchical organization in which people were divided into classes based on social position and wealth became known as the
3675:
2692:). It is also useful to break up productivity in use U (productive percentage of total time) and yield η (ratio between produced volume and productive time) to better evaluate production systems performances. Cycle times can be modeled through
1616:
Although productivity benefited considerably from technological inventions and division of labor, the problem of systematic measurement of performances and the calculation of these by the use of formulas remained somewhat unexplored until
1555:
car was introduced in 1908, however it was not until Ford implemented the assembly line concept, that his vision of making a popular car affordable by every middle-class
American citizen would be realized. The first factory in which
2754:, bad coordination between resources, mix variability, plus all these inefficiencies tend to compound depending on the nature of the production system. One important example of how system throughput is tied to system design are
2589:
principles and practices have also been applied in service operations. The important difference being the customer is in the system while the service is being provided and needs to be considered when applying these practices.
2295:
Process production means that the product undergoes physical-chemical transformations and lacks assembly operations, and therefore the original raw materials cannot easily be obtained from the final product. Examples include:
1310:
were characterized by a greater specialization in labor, which was a characteristic of the growing cities and trade networks of Europe. An important leap in manufacturing efficiency came in the late eighteenth century as
2978:
MRP can be briefly described as a 3s procedure: sum (different orders), split (in lots), shift (in time according to item lead time). To avoid an "explosion" of data processing in MRP (number of BOMs required in input)
1969:: workstations functioned like a supermarket shelf where the customer can get products they need, at the time they need and in the amount needed, the workstation (shelf) is then restocked. Autonomation was developed by
1389:, the growth of computing power led to further development of efficient manufacturing methods and the use of advanced mathematical and statistical tools. This was supported by the development of academic programs in
2542:
academic research. Please note that this section does not particularly include "Professional
Services Firms" and the professional services practiced from this expertise (specialized training and education within).
3085:
Capacity buffers: ideally a JIT system would work with zero breakdowns, this however is very hard to achieve in practice, nonetheless Toyota favors acquiring extra capacity over extra WIP to deal with starvation.
2019:
Meanwhile, in the sixties, a different approach was developed by George W. Plossl and Oliver W. Wight, this approach was continued by Joseph
Orlicky as a response to the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program which led to
1929:
From this point on, a curious development took place: while in the United States the possibility of applying the computer to business operations led to the development of management software architecture such as
2772:(OEE) is defined as the product between system availability, cycle time efficiency and quality rate. OEE is typically used as key performance indicator (KPI) in conjunction with the lean manufacturing approach.
2602:
Operations strategy concerns policies and plans of use of the firm productive resources with the aim of supporting long term competitive strategy. Metrics in operations management can be broadly classified into
3151:
Periodically a mover picks up the move kanbans in upstream stations and search for the respective parts, when found he exchanges production kanbans for move kanbans and move the parts to downstream stations
4773:
Burnetas A.N. and M. N.Katehakis (1993).. "On
Sequencing Two Types of Tasks on a Single Processor under Incomplete Information", Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences, 7 (1), 85–0119.
1320:
allowed the mass production of parts independent of the final products in which they would be used. An entire new market to fill the need for the sale and manufacturing of muskets began at this time.
1828:, predetermined in the sense that estimates of time are not determined in loco but are derived from an industry standard. This was explained by its originators in a book they published in 1948 called
3447:
an upper control line and lower control line are fixed. When the statistic moves out of bounds, an alarm is given and possible causes are investigated. In this drawing the statistic of choice is the
2028:, latter gaining momentum in 1972 when the American Production and Inventory Control Society launched the "MRP Crusade". One of the key insights of this management system was the distinction between
1204:
priests developed the ancient system of recording inventories, loans, taxes, and business transactions. The next major historical application of operation systems occurred in 4000 B.C., when the
2083:
delivery to numerous locations. This concept of a fast package delivery system created a whole new industry, and eventually allowed fast delivery of online orders by Amazon and other retailers.
2841:). An individual production system can be both push and pull; for example activities before the CODP may work under a pull system, while activities after the CODP may work under a push system.
3098:: important as an element of Autonomation, Toyota cross trained their employees through rotation, this served as an element of production flexibility, holistic thinking and reducing boredom.
3173:, a representation of materials and information flows inside a company, mainly used in the lean manufacturing approach. The calculation of the time-line (bottom) usually involves using
3112:
When introducing kanbans in real production systems, attaining unitary lot from the start maybe unfeasible, therefore the kanban will represent a given lot size defined by management.
1846:
Thus it may be seen that methods-time measurement is basically a tool of method analysis that gives answers in terms of time without the necessity of making stop-watch time studies.
1192:. Each of these requires an ability to analyze the current situation and find better solutions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of manufacturing or service operations.
3527:, even though it is not strictly speaking an operations problem, because demand is related to some production systems variables. For example, a classic approach in dimensioning
4898:
The
Quintessence of Supply Chain Management: What You Really Need to Know to Manage Your Processes in Procurement, Manufacturing, Warehousing and Logistics (Quintessence Series)
4582:
3246:: describes how to organize a work space for efficiency and effectiveness by identifying and storing the items used, maintaining the area and items, and sustaining the new order
5580:
4569:, Chapter: "A classification scheme for master production schedule", in Efficiency of Manufacturing Systems, C. Berg, D. French and B. Wilson (eds) New York, Plenum Press 1983
3682:
3644:
3616:
2239:), in front of each machining center there is a buffer and in left we have a shelf for storing pallets. Usually in the back there is a similar system for managing the set of
1402:
and systems engineering allowed for the realization of solving large scale and complex problems in the modern era. Recently, the development of faster and smaller computers,
4556:
Note: this classification is very old but it has been subject to update as production systems have evolved over the 20th century, for a complete picture consult recent texts
3629:
2731:
that items away from the diagonal should be managed differently: items in the upper part are subject to risk of obsolescence, items in the lower part are subject to risk of
92:
4761:"New Era of Project Delivery – Project as Production System", R. G. Shenoy and T. R. Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp 13–24
4169:(1911), The Principles of Scientific Management. New York, NY, US and London, UK: Harper & Brothers. LCCN 11010339. OCLC 233134. Also available from Project Gutenberg.
4616:
3420:
paradigm, where the simulation model possesses a state which can only change when a discrete event happens, which consists of a clock and list of events. The more recent
2837:. Pull means that the production system authorizes production based on inventory level; push means that production occurs based on demand (forecasted or present, that is
2175:
launched a company-wide initiative in 1995 to adopt this set of methods to all manufacturing, service and administrative processes. More recently, Six Sigma has included
2983:(such as family bills or super bills) can be useful since they allow a rationalization of input data into common codes. MRP had some notorious problems such as infinite
2903:
A typical MRPII construct: general planning (top) concerned with forecasts, capacity planning and inventory levels, programming (middle) concerned with calculation of
2885:
1808:, how the phenomenon may be expected to vary in the future. Here it is understood that prediction within limits means that we can state, at least approximately, the
3424:
paradigm consists of a set of resources and a set of transactions: transactions move through a network of resources (nodes) according to a code, called a process.
3223:
3075:
3059:
developed from the MPS by smoothing aggregate production requirements in smaller time buckets and sequencing final assembly to achieve repetitive manufacturing.
2581:
While there are differences there are also many similarities. For example, quality management approaches used in manufacturing such as the
Baldrige Award, and
4025:
Friedrick Klemm, A history of
Western Technology, Charles Scribner's Sons 1959 in D. A. Wren and A. G. Bedeian, The Evolution of Management Thought, Wiley 2009
1621:, whose early work focused on developing what he called a "differential piece-rate system" and a series of experiments, measurements and formulas dealing with
2466:, then cutting the fabric in different shapes and assembling the parts in pants or jackets by combining the fabric with thread, zippers and buttons, finally
3044:
style). Some additional elements are also fundamental: production smoothing (Heijunka), capacity buffers, setup reduction, cross-training and plant layout.
3116:
A series of tools have been developed mainly with the objective of replicating Toyota success: a very common implementation involves small cards known as
1271:
produced for themselves and people of higher classes by using the ruler's land and resources. Although a large part of labor was employed in agriculture,
2372:
2287:
A first possible distinction in production systems (technological classification) is between continuous process production and discrete part production (
1839:
Methods-time measurement is a procedure which analyzes any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it and assigns to each
1710:(rural electrification in the 1920s and implementer of Taylor's principles of scientific management in the Philadelphia's Department of Public Works),
1572:"The thing is to keep everything in motion and take the work to the man and not the man to the work. That is the real principle of our production, and
2566:
In manufacturing, ownership is transferred to the customer. Ownership is not transferred for service. As a result, services cannot be owned or resold.
2919:
1090:
3668:
3636:
2980:
2348:
1796:
of variation. In 1931 Shewhart published his Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product, the first systematic treatment of the subject of
1439:
3543:
is also a critical part of push systems, since order releases have to be planned ahead of actual clients’ orders. Also, any serious discussion of
1352:
telegraph) and owned by entrepreneurs and families. The U.S. in 1900 had 31% employment in services, 31% in manufacturing and 38% in agriculture.
3603:
2938:(BOM) and gives as output a schedule for the materials (components) needed in the production process. MRP therefore is a planning tool to manage
4762:
3104:: U-shaped lines or cells are common in the lean approach since they allow for minimum walking, greater worker efficiency and flexible capacity.
2618:(actually fixed by marketing, but lower bounded by production cost): purchase price, use costs, maintenance costs, upgrade costs, disposal costs
2267:
on the sold products, the reason being simply that since businesses need to design their own production systems this then becomes the focus of
2094:
4798:
Katehakis M.N. and C. Derman (1989). "On the maintenance of systems composed of highly reliable components", Management Science, 6 (5): 16–28.
1804:"For our present purpose a phenomenon will be said to be controlled when, through the use of past experience, we can predict, at least within
3120:; these also come in some varieties: reorder kanbans, alarm kanbans, triangular kanbans, etc. In the classic kanban procedure with one card:
2387:(MTS). According to this classification different kinds of systems will have different customer order decoupling points (CODP), meaning that
3381:. Queue theory is employed in modelling queue and processing times in production systems while mathematical optimization draws heavily from
1348:
around 1912. The Gilbreths took advantage of taking motion pictures at known time intervals while operators were performing the given task.
3820:
1302:, the extent to which the division is carried out varied considerably depending on period and location. Compared to the Middle Ages, the
4808:
3612:
3145:
If required parts are available he removes the move kanban and places them in another box, otherwise he chooses another production card
4579:
3899:
3455:
Since real production processes are always affected by disturbances in both inputs and outputs, many companies implement some form of
2945:
The MPS can be seen as a kind of aggregate planning for production coming in two fundamentally opposing varieties: plans which try to
3349:). This technique is mainly used in push approach but also in production system configuration. The interior and surface of the green
2141:
2696:
engineering if the individual operations are heavily automated, if the manual component is the prevalent one, methods used include:
3710:
3759:
1638:
1232:
described the advantages of dividing the various operations necessary for the production of shoes among different individuals in
4620:
3185:
In Toyota the TPS represented more of a philosophy of production than a set of specific lean tools, the latter would include:
1854:
techniques were known for a very long time, from the simple methods employed by Harris to the more elaborate techniques of the
3885:
OperationsAcademia.org: The state-of-the-art of PhD research in Operations Research/Management Science and related disciplines
2965:
2545:
According to Fitzsimmons, Fitzsimmons and Bordoloi (2014) differences between manufactured goods and services are as follows:
4693:
4668:
4643:
4528:
4515:
4002:
3967:
3940:
2763:
1083:
159:
3155:
Since the number of kanbans in the production system is set by managers as a constant number, the kanban procedure works as
1765:
Harris described his theory as "reasonably correct", although "not rigorously accurate". His paper inspired a large body of
4939:
4200:
3689:
3623:
3131:
4578:
Roger W. Schmenner, How Can Service Businesses Survive and Prosper?, Sloan Management Review, vol. 27, no. 3, Spring 1986
5616:
4153:(1903), a handbook read before the American Society of mechanical engineers, New York (this has been republished in 1911
3369:
There are also fields of mathematical theory which have found applications in the field of operations management such as
3207:
2359:
Delivery lead time is the blue bar, manufacturing time is the whole bar, the green bar is the difference between the two.
2186:
1843:
a predetermined time standard which is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made.
1460:
took materials to homes where artisans performed the necessary work, craft guilds on the other hand were associations of
2048:
was developed by Gene Thomas at IBM, and expanded the original MRP software to include additional production functions.
5717:
4905:
4752:"Factory Physics for Managers", E. S. Pound, J. H. Bell, and M. L. Spearman, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p 47
4107:
3560:
3127:
The downstream station moves the kanban to the upstream station and starts producing the part at the downstream station
2864:, a number of techniques have been developed based on the work of Ford W. Harris (1913), which came to be known as the
2747:
2715:
An ABC cumulated curve. Typically one curve is constructed for revenue (consumption) and another for inventory (stock).
2533:
787:
1902:, the first electronic digital computer that was all programmable, and the possibility to computationally solve large
5631:
5621:
5360:
5340:
4787:
4417:
4258:
3800:
3217:
3007:
2912:
2701:
2201:
to the activities within major capital projects such as encountered in oil and gas and civil infrastructure delivery.
1825:
1337:
1169:. The operations function requires management of both the strategic and day-to-day production of goods and services.
644:
68:
46:
3516:. Keeping quality under control is relevant to both increasing customer satisfaction and reducing processing waste.
2446:: real systems may present themselves as hybrids of those categories. Consider, for example, that the production of
2407:(volume) vs degree of customization (variety). With a high degree of labor intensity there are mass services (e.g.,
1172:
In managing manufacturing or service operations, several types of decisions are made including operations strategy,
39:
5801:
5271:
5204:
3703:
3413:
3000:
1935:
1524:
1076:
693:
2769:
2661:
2116:
4122:
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1896), A Piece Rate System, read before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
5595:
5209:
4366:
R.W. Grubbström, Modelling production opportunities – an historical overview, Int. J. Production Economics 1995
3696:
3257:
2927:
2332:
2021:
1931:
1793:
1761:" on the job fix the minimum. Experience has shown one manager a way to determine the economical size of lots."
4463:
2195:: the application of the analytical tools and techniques developed for operations management, as described in
2131:") within a manufacturing or service process. Lean also takes into account waste created through overburden ("
1974:
setups, zero breakdowns, zero handling, zero lead time and zero surging. This period also marks the spread of
5796:
5765:
5014:
4763:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-_Project_as_Production_System
3835:
3810:
3302:
3189:
2644:
2391:(WIP) cycle stock levels are practically nonexistent regarding operations located after the CODP (except for
2228:
2192:
1699:
1418:
1064:
809:
719:
370:
2953:
plans which try to keep uniform capacity utilization. Many models have been proposed to solve MPS problems:
1691:
4964:
4599:"How blue jeans is made – material, manufacture, making, history, used, procedure, steps, product, machine"
3661:
3464:
3436:
3265:
2996:
2049:
1585:
927:
713:
541:
4065:
3635:
The Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Society (MSOM) of INFORMS which supports the journal:
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engaging in a transaction. This view can be seen as a unifying approach between operations management and
1679:
5791:
5600:
5463:
5097:
3775:
3296:
3078:, which however may only be feasible through set-up reduction. A standard tool for achieving this is the
1797:
1445:
917:
804:
754:
4253:, Economic control of quality of manufactured product, 1931, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. pp. 501
5751:
5590:
5345:
4354:
R. J. Schnonberger, Japanese Manufacturing Techniques: Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity, New York 1982
4298:
L. V. Kantorovich, Mathematical Methods of Organizing and Planning Production, Management Science 1960
3421:
3052:
2931:
1341:
947:
4862:(Part 1 contains both description and critical evaluation of the historical development of the field).
4123:
1381:
developed the first auto assembly system where a car chassis was moved through the assembly line by a
5458:
5350:
5082:
4166:
3855:
3785:
3572:
3417:
3374:
3317:
3095:
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1895:
1520:
1492:
1483:
The beginning of the industrial revolution is usually associated with the eighteenth-century English
952:
731:
673:
375:
207:
2044:. Orlicky wrote "Materials Requirement Planning" in 1975, the first hard cover book on the subject.
5712:
5468:
4932:
4580:
http://umairbali.ekalaam.com/Business%20Process%20Workflow%20Analysis/Week6/SMR-ServiceBusiness.pdf
3865:
3840:
3795:
3780:
3509:
3322:
2950:
2946:
2805:
2236:
1975:
1939:
1883:
1817:
1618:
1565:
1528:
1324:
967:
942:
678:
388:
322:
292:
33:
5781:
5647:
5493:
5453:
5291:
5155:
5019:
4992:
4982:
4319:
J. N. Edwards, MRP and Kanban-American style, APICS 26th Conference Proceedings, pp. 586–603 1983
4250:
3860:
3588:
3564:
3056:
3033:
2991:, which influenced successive modifications of the original software architecture in the form of
2865:
2834:
2755:
2678:
2252:
2053:
1958:
1757:
sets a maximum limit to the quantity of parts which can be profitably manufactured at one time; "
1738:
1687:
1600:
1403:
1345:
957:
937:
922:
877:
703:
448:
428:
379:
365:
360:
356:
317:
111:
1133:
It is concerned with managing an entire production system that converts inputs (in the forms of
5786:
5739:
5682:
5677:
5662:
5498:
5448:
5355:
5276:
5102:
4987:
3568:
2873:
2830:
1855:
1723:
1604:
1390:
1370:
1107:
1017:
1002:
932:
794:
698:
347:
247:
227:
217:
182:
50:
3921:, F.R. Jacobs, N. Aquilano, Operations Management: For Competitive Advantage, McGraw-Hill 2007
5702:
5667:
5488:
5385:
5286:
5239:
5092:
5067:
5029:
5024:
5009:
4997:
4959:
4482:
3805:
3656:
The following high-ranked academic journals are concerned with operations management issues:
3382:
3067:
2738:
2697:
2396:
2120:
1957:
company. Toyota evolved a unique manufacturing system centered on two complementary notions:
1938:
software, in post-war Japan a series of events at Toyota Motor led to the development of the
1821:
1737:
published a paper on "How many parts to make at once", in which he presented the idea of the
1695:
1683:
1642:
1532:
1435:
1410:
has opened new opportunities for operations, manufacturing, production, and service systems.
1316:
1291:
899:
769:
661:
654:
629:
591:
566:
516:
423:
384:
132:
4815:
5697:
5672:
5657:
5564:
5443:
5375:
5365:
5195:
5087:
5057:
4329:
4180:
3896:
3427:
3249:
3195:
3170:
2984:
2476:
2467:
2256:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2052:(ERP) is the modern software architecture, which addresses, besides production operations,
1987:
1863:
1217:
962:
887:
872:
759:
749:
726:
666:
634:
536:
478:
240:
137:
4489:, Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution, Harper Business 1993
8:
5559:
5332:
5312:
5128:
4925:
3850:
3825:
3770:
3729:
3584:
3502:
3444:
3402:
3370:
3342:
3291:
production systems production planning and information gathering may be executed via the
3211:
3011:
2821:
2793:
2759:
2743:
2723:
2455:
2328:
2164:
2160:
1923:
1879:
1770:
1754:
1734:
1589:
1465:
1430:. The textile industry is the prototypical example of the English industrial revolution.
1399:
1394:
1115:
1044:
1027:
1012:
862:
839:
824:
744:
708:
683:
639:
511:
501:
483:
351:
307:
222:
202:
101:
4286:
H.B. Maynard, J.L. Schwab, G.J. Stegemerten, Methods Time Measurement, McGraw-Hill 1948
2762:
measures, that is an estimation of the maximum output of a given production system, and
1603:
was noted in 1973 by Daniel Bell. He stated that the future economy would provide more
5722:
5508:
5410:
5249:
5214:
5162:
5150:
5133:
5112:
5072:
4223:
4154:
3830:
3576:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3456:
3394:
3338:
3210:: an algorithm which groups machines and product families together, used for designing
3017:
2961:
2923:
2826:
2689:
2648:
2621:
2538:
2408:
2309:
2033:
1943:
1903:
1703:
1593:
1548:
1224:
such as the construction of the pyramids. By 1100 B.C., labor was being specialized in
1181:
1007:
882:
867:
834:
829:
819:
814:
764:
688:
596:
561:
252:
85:
4287:
1934:
and successive modifications, and ever more sophisticated optimization techniques and
5734:
5692:
5626:
5420:
5415:
5380:
5322:
5317:
5296:
5244:
5138:
5077:
4901:
4783:
4689:
4664:
4639:
4524:
4413:
4337:
4254:
4103:
4096:
4008:
3998:
3973:
3963:
3936:
3790:
3544:
3481:
3277:
3024:
between the end of World War II and the seventies. It comes mainly from the ideas of
3010:, loading (tools to use), part type selection (parts to work on) and applications of
2935:
2908:
2861:
2380:
2368:
2071:
Dramatic changes were occurring in the service industries as well. Beginning in 1955
2037:
1979:
1911:
1899:
1774:
1626:
1508:
1365:
1295:
1189:
1185:
987:
894:
850:
776:
649:
556:
526:
463:
257:
4730:
Taft, E. W. "The most economical production lot." Iron Age 101.18 (1918): 1410–1412.
1294:
was facilitated by two elements: interchangeability of parts and division of labor.
5473:
5231:
5221:
5143:
5004:
4865:
4468:
4215:
3432:
3362:
3358:
3261:
3243:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2388:
2251:
A production system comprises both technological elements (machines and tools) and
2172:
2029:
1875:
1766:
1500:
1484:
1360:
1307:
1111:
1039:
857:
799:
624:
619:
581:
418:
413:
172:
4598:
5585:
5526:
5483:
5478:
5390:
5370:
5187:
5107:
4859:
4854:
4586:
4498:
4486:
4406:
3903:
3845:
3815:
3750:
3580:
3536:
3497:
3460:
3406:
3354:
3269:
3252:: a product costing approach in which costing is delayed until goods are finished
3198:: a graphical method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state
3174:
3160:
3156:
2939:
2838:
2423:), while with a low degree of labor intensity there are service factories (e.g.,
2392:
2276:
2197:
2061:
1983:
1781:
1581:
1464:
which passed work from one shop to another, for example: leather was tanned by a
1449:
1356:
1166:
992:
844:
737:
601:
531:
521:
438:
335:
302:
267:
187:
167:
97:
4782:
Zipkin Paul H., Foundations of Inventory Management, Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000,
3621:
Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) which supports the journal:
3256:
Seen more broadly, JIT can include methods such as: product standardization and
2647:
between quantities produced in the system), volume (capacity to increase system
5687:
4842:
4137:, On the Art of Cutting Metals, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1906)
3487:
3386:
3346:
3334:
3292:
3273:
3101:
3064:
3029:
2853:
2813:
2789:
2674:
2436:
2403:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2041:
1970:
1919:
1915:
1805:
1634:: faster workers reducing their production rate to that of the slowest worker.
1496:
1488:
1407:
1233:
1177:
1173:
1022:
551:
546:
473:
468:
458:
312:
287:
262:
3977:
3329:
3232:: any mechanism in lean manufacturing that helps an equipment operator avoid (
3226:: when one operator is responsible for operating several machines or processes
1965:(automation with a human touch). Regarding JIT, Ohno was inspired by American
5775:
5707:
5652:
5554:
5503:
4683:
4566:
4341:
4146:
4134:
4051:
3528:
3281:
3130:
The upstream operator takes the most urgent kanban from his list (compare to
2893:
2785:
2751:
2705:
2693:
2608:
2586:
2412:
2384:
2376:
2320:
2316:
2288:
2146:
2072:
1785:
1561:
1536:
1382:
1333:
1200:
The history of production and operation systems begins around 5000 B.C. when
1154:
1138:
997:
433:
280:
4721:
Grando A., Organizzazione e Gestione della Produzione Industriale, Egea 1993
4012:
2224:
2009:
Correcting one's own errors: worker fixed a defective part if he produced it
4307:
3957:
3765:
3476:
3398:
3390:
3378:
3079:
3037:
3025:
2889:
2849:
2719:
2684:
2655:
2486:
2215:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1891:
1851:
1707:
1542:
1512:
1453:
1386:
1299:
1244:
1213:
1150:
1134:
576:
453:
443:
155:
4546:
A. Portioli, A.Pozzetti, Progettazione dei sistemi produttivi, Hoepli 2003
4219:
4098:
The coming of the post-industrial society: a venture in social forecasting
88:
assembly line: the classical example of a manufacturing production system.
5531:
3992:
3918:
3471:
2797:
2635:
2480:
2471:
2443:
2159:
between 1985 and 1987): Six Sigma refers to control limits placed at six
2065:
1907:
1887:
1809:
1719:
1715:
1671:
1504:
1385:
while workers added components to it until the car was completed. During
1374:
1312:
1303:
1256:
1032:
571:
212:
197:
192:
5536:
4948:
4081:
4047:
3599:
The following organizations support and promote operations management:
3556:
3088:
2988:
2801:
2604:
2416:
2260:
2168:
2105:
2057:
1758:
1711:
1631:
1557:
1516:
1473:
1378:
1280:
1123:
125:
4227:
2012:
The 100% check: automated inspection techniques and foolproof machines
1978:(TQM) in Japan, ideas initially developed by American authors such as
1377:
was the first to manufacture cars using the assembly line system, but
16:
In business operations, controlling the process of production of goods
5438:
5281:
4900:. First Edition. Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London 2016.
4385:
Levitt, Theodore (1972). "The Production-Line Approach to Services".
4035:
3930:
3520:
3513:
3492:
3440:
3288:
3229:
3178:
3071:
2971:
2904:
2844:
2727:
2670:
2631:
2582:
2432:
2364:
2324:
2244:
2152:
1998:
1871:
1824:, J.L. Schwab and G.J. Stegemerten. MTM was the first of a series of
1789:
1646:
1622:
1573:
1457:
1328:
1260:
1248:
1205:
1158:
506:
408:
401:
3884:
3412:
When analytical models are not enough, managers may resort to using
2926:
approach to inventory control and production planning, now known as
4501:, Jones, Roos, The Machine that Changed the World, Free Press, 1990
4124:
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/107/109902/ch17_a3_d2.pdf
3722:
3350:
3313:
3134:
from queue theory) and produces it and attach its respective kanban
3048:
2732:
2424:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2156:
2098:
1867:
1746:
1469:
1461:
1272:
1229:
1221:
1209:
1142:
1127:
1119:
342:
297:
2792:
variables. Choices in production technology involve: dimensioning
4686:
Service Operations:Management: Improving Service Service Delivery
3142:
The downstream operator takes the production kanban from his list
3117:
2463:
2451:
2420:
2232:
2127:
Lean systems is a systemic method for the elimination of waste ("
2097:(ISO), recognizing the growing importance of quality, issued the
2086:
1654:
1552:
1427:
1359:
has been used multiple times in history prior to Henry Ford: the
1268:
1162:
177:
3357:, while the red line indicates the optimally chosen sequence of
3284:(JIT production is very sensitive to replenishment conditions).
3148:
He produces the part and attach its respective production kanban
1812:
that the observed phenomenon will fall within the given limits."
81:
5760:
3744:
3683:
International Journal of Operations & Production Management
3617:
International Journal of Operations & Production Management
3021:
2992:
2809:
2808:). Choices in the organizational area involve: defining worker
2726:, it posits that since revenue from items on inventory will be
2516:
Operations systems can be broadly divided into two categories:
2459:
2428:
2301:
2045:
1840:
1661:
1527:
was used to describe the new approach that was evolving in the
1477:
1276:
1264:
1146:
1059:
5581:
Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
4633:
3645:
Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
2848:
Classic EOQ model: trade-off between ordering cost (blue) and
2651:), gamma (capacity to expand the product family in the system)
2503:
of goods and services, an operations system is concerned with
1706:
in 1921. Other contemporaries of Taylor worth remembering are
4917:
3630:
Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
3295:, attention should be paid however to avoid problems such as
3108:
2816:, team coordination, worker incentives and information flow.
2615:
2447:
2355:
2305:
2297:
2240:
2176:
2079:
1922:. These methods are known today as belonging to the field of
1859:
1750:
1225:
1201:
980:
142:
3994:
Integrated operations management: a supply chain perspective
3405:
and MRP and some inventory problems can be formulated using
3051:: production smoothing presupposes a level strategy for the
2911:, traditional MRP planning, control (bottom) concerned with
2833:
approach, with the later including the singular approach of
2711:
2231:: in the middle there are two rails for the shuttle to move
2112:
Recent trends in the field revolve around concepts such as:
3448:
3041:
2627:
2180:
1997:
Easy able-to-see quality: boards, gauges, meters, etc. and
1994:
Process control: SPC and worker responsibility over quality
1698:, which is centered on the concepts of standard method and
1423:
4684:
Johnston, Robert; Clark, Graham; Shulver, Michael (2012).
4663:(10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
4375:
Orlickly, Materials Requirement Planning, McGraw-Hill 1975
3166:
3124:
Parts are kept in containers with their respective kanbans
3040:(jidoka), all aimed at reducing waste (usually applied in
1551:
in 1903, with $ 28,000 capital from twelve investors. The
4261:(edition 1st). LCCN 132090. OCLC 1045408. LCC TS155 .S47.
2804:
of operations, trade-off between volume and variety (see
2402:
The concept of production systems can be expanded to the
2025:
1702:. Frank Gilbreth is also responsible for introducing the
1398:
on solving specific and focused problems. The synergy of
586:
4658:
3931:
Krajewski, L.J.; Ritzman, L. P.; Malhorta, M.J. (2013).
3547:
involves adjusting company outputs with market demands.
3159:
controlling device, which for a given arrival rate, per
2597:
2235:
between machining centers (there are also FMS which use
2135:") and waste created through unevenness in work loads ("
1836:
The methods-time measurement may be defined as follows:
1543:
Second Industrial Revolution and post-industrial society
4636:
Service Management: Operations, Strategy and Technology
4634:
Fitzsimmons, J.; Fitzsimmons, M.; Bordoloi, S. (2014).
3467:
designation provides a summary of commonly used tools:
2899:
2139:"). The term lean manufacturing was coined in the book
1898:
went through a major boost with the development of the
1667:
The scientific education and development of the worker;
100:. Operations management studies both manufacturing and
4178:
Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1921)
5749:
3416:. Simulation has been traditionally done through the
2315:
Part production (e.g. cars and ovens) comprises both
4155:
https://archive.org/details/shopmanagement00taylgoog
3990:
3740:
2006:
Line stop: stop the line to correct quality problems
1886:(1876) moving to the electromechanical computers of
1792:, central to his method was the distinction between
4288:
http://www.library.wisc.edu/selectedtocs/ca1794.pdf
3955:
3032:which are centered on the complementary notions of
1283:, for example, were prohibited from tanning hides.
4891:Statistical Quality Control: A Modern Introduction
4405:
4310:, Toyota Production System, Productivity Pres 1988
4275:Statistical Quality Control: A Modern Introduction
4095:
3933:Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains
2888:. These models usually involve the calculation of
4054:, The Evolution of Management Thought, Wiley 2009
3997:(2nd ed.). Ohio, OH: Thomson/South-Western.
3669:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
3637:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
2585:have been widely applied to services. Likewise,
2367:(manufacturing lead time vs delivery lead time):
2279:(also called "configuring" a production system).
1678:Taylor is also credited for developing stopwatch
1580:This became one of the central ideas that led to
5773:
4877:Modeling & Analysis Of Manufacturing Systems
3074:. Besides volume, heijunka also means attaining
2363:Another possible classification is one based on
1788:through a technical memorandum while working at
1568:(1913), he characterized the system as follows:
1547:Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the
1440:Productivity improving technologies (historical)
1106:is concerned with designing and controlling the
4870:Operations Management for Competitive Advantage
4509:
4507:
4464:"14 Quirky Things You Didn't Know About Amazon"
3897:Great Operations: What is Operations Management
3550:
3220:, the opposite of the traditional push approach
2868:(EOQ) model. This model marks the beginning of
2775:
2746:, processing time variability, scraps, setups,
2491:, both process production and part production.
1188:, facilities planning, production planning and
4617:"The Services Sector: How Best to Measure it?"
4194:
4192:
4190:
2183:(for designing new products and new processes)
2095:International Organization for Standardization
4933:
4688:(Fourth ed.). London, England: Pearson.
4269:
4267:
3959:Operations management: an integrated approach
3723:International Journal of Production Economics
3138:The two-card kanban procedure differs a bit:
2722:is a method for analyzing inventory based on
2499:If a production system is concerned with the
1714:(speed-and-feed-calculating slide rules) and
1084:
4504:
3821:National Institute of Industrial Engineering
3730:International Journal of Production Research
3299:, as these can lead to productivity losses.
3020:is an approach to production which arose in
2960:Exact optimization algorithmic models (e.g.
2957:Analytical models (e.g. Magee Boodman model)
2415:) and professional services (e.g., personal
2015:Continual improvement: ideally zero defects.
1741:model. He described the problem as follows:
1448:, work was mainly done through two systems:
4542:
4540:
4513:
4246:
4244:
4187:
4184:. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
3608:Production and Inventory Management Journal
3163:, works as a lead time controlling device.
2825:, there is a basic distinction between the
2796:, fractioning capacity, capacity location,
4940:
4926:
4884:Stochastic models of manufacturing systems
4328:
4264:
3613:European Operations Management Association
3401:are usually based on modeling demand as a
3177:to derive lead time from stock levels and
2942:and production orders (also called jobs).
2578:the service (product and process design).
1363:(1104); Smith's pin manufacturing, in the
1275:contributed to economic output and formed
1091:
1077:
2750:time, lack of orders, lack of materials,
2611:metrics. Effectiveness metrics involve:
2104:With the coming of the Internet, in 1994
2003:Insistence on compliance: "quality first"
1531:which was based on two central features:
1298:has been a feature from the beginning of
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
4537:
4362:
4360:
4241:
3962:(Seventh ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3711:European Journal of Operational Research
3426:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3192:: a method for reducing changeover times
3165:
3107:
2898:
2843:
2710:
2550:Simultaneous production and consumption.
2354:
2223:
2214:
1611:
1417:
1413:
1243:
91:
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
4447:
3760:Association for Supply Chain Management
3641:Institute of Operations Management (UK)
2351:(both manual and automated operations).
1728:Factory Organization and Administration
1674:between the management and the workers.
1639:The Principles of Scientific Management
5774:
4384:
4198:
3956:Reid, R. Dan; Nada R. Sanders (2019).
3451:and red points represent alarm points.
1874:were slowly being developed, first as
1576:are only one of many means to an end"
4921:
4879:, John Wiley and Sons, New York 1993.
4710:Manufacturing Strategy-Text and Cases
4432:
4357:
3991:Hanna, Mark; W. Rocky Newman (2007).
3604:Association for Operations Management
3008:scheduling (sequencing of production)
2930:(MRP), which takes as input both the
2660:Ecological Soundness: biological and
2598:Metrics: efficiency and effectiveness
2527:
2494:
2210:
2155:(an approach to quality developed at
4882:J. A. Buzacott, J. G. Shanthikumar,
4523:. New Age International Publishers.
4403:
4093:
4084:, Today and Tomorrow, New York, 1926
4066:"American Labor in the 20th Century"
4063:
3914:
3912:
3690:Production and Operations Management
3624:Production and Operations Management
2907:, rough-cut capacity planning, MPS,
18:
5617:Bachelor of Business Administration
4849:, 3rd edition, New York Wiley 1987.
4847:The Evolution of Management Thought
4659:Heizer, Jay; Render, Barry (2011).
4514:Kumar, S. Anil; Suresh, N. (2009).
4280:
2852:(red). Total cost (green) admits a
2782:configuration of production systems
2511:
2323:systems. In the first category are
2187:Reconfigurable manufacturing system
1625:and manual labor. The differential
13:
5718:Organizational behavior management
4872:, 11th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
4835:
3508:These are used in approaches like
3337:, a classical approach to solving
2534:Operations management for services
2142:The Machine that Changed the World
1961:(produce only what is needed) and
1584:, one of the main elements of the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
5813:
5632:Doctor of Business Administration
5622:Master of Business Administration
4913:
3909:
3801:Failure mode and effects analysis
3070:can be equaled to the inverse of
3014:have a significant role to play.
2860:The traditional pull approach to
2702:predetermined motion time systems
2339:. In the assembly category there
2282:
2263:or the operations carried by the
1826:predetermined motion time systems
1338:predetermined motion time systems
1332:occurred with the development of
1065:Business and economics portal
5759:
5733:
4201:"How Many Parts to Make at Once"
3743:
3704:Journal of Operations Management
3697:Transportation Research – Part E
3594:
3435:output variable is modeled by a
3001:advanced planning and scheduling
2442:The systems described above are
2167:, this became very famous after
1660:The scientific selection of the
1525:American system of manufacturing
1058:
23:
4875:Askin, R. G., C.R. Standridge,
4868:, F. R. Jacobs, N. J.Aquilano,
4858:, 3rd ed. Waveland Press, 2011
4801:
4792:
4776:
4767:
4755:
4746:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4702:
4677:
4652:
4627:
4609:
4591:
4572:
4560:
4549:
4492:
4476:
4456:
4441:
4426:
4397:
4378:
4369:
4348:
4322:
4313:
4301:
4292:
4172:
4160:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4087:
4075:
4057:
3341:optimization problems and also
2800:processes, process technology,
2770:Overall equipment effectiveness
2483:arises. Most products require,
2117:Business process re-engineering
5596:Chartered Management Institute
4947:
4743:, 3rd ed. Waveland Press, 2011
4064:Fisk, Donald M. (2003-01-30).
4041:
4028:
4019:
3984:
3949:
3924:
3890:
3878:
2928:material requirements planning
2922:and others at IBM developed a
2909:capacity requirements planning
2643:: mix (capacity to change the
2624:: specification and compliance
2333:flexible manufacturing systems
2179:(for improving processes) and
2022:material requirements planning
1794:common cause and special cause
1637:In 1911 Taylor published his "
1588:, along with emergence of the
1:
4408:McDonald's: Behind the Arches
3887:Retrieved on October 22, 2016
3872:
3836:Project production management
3811:Inventory management software
3717:Annals of Operations Research
3303:Project production management
2229:Flexible Manufacturing System
2193:Project production management
1850:Up to this point in history,
1641:", in which he characterized
720:management information system
371:Chief human resources officer
4965:Index of management articles
4038:, Book VIII, Delphi Classics
3615:(EurOMA) which supports the
3551:Safety, risk and maintenance
3465:Seven Basic Tools of Quality
3437:probability density function
3389:. Queue theory is based on
3353:geometrically represent the
3266:total productive maintenance
3204:elimination of time batching
3006:In this context problems of
2997:enterprise resource planning
2776:Configuration and management
2050:Enterprise resource planning
1894:however, the development of
1718:(Gantt chart). Also in 1910
1586:Second Industrial Revolution
1487:, with the invention of the
714:Enterprise resource planning
542:Financial statement analysis
7:
5601:Critical management studies
5464:Full range leadership model
4712:, 3rd ed. Mc-Graw Hill 2000
3776:Business process management
3736:
3651:
3606:(APICS) which supports the
3061:If these conditions are met
2974:models (e.g. Aucamp model).
2431:) and service shops (e.g.,
1914:and later in 1947 with the
1800:(SPC). He defined control:
1798:statistical process control
1769:focusing on the problem of
1446:First Industrial Revolution
1317:interchangeability of parts
1315:popularized the concept of
1126:in using resources to meet
10:
5818:
5591:Certified Business Manager
4452:. New York: Penguin Books.
3935:(10th ed.). Pearson.
3484:(Cause-and-effect diagram)
3422:transaction-level modeling
2932:master production schedule
2664:of the system under study.
2531:
1653:The development of a true
1630:system was the problem of
1433:
1195:
5731:
5640:
5609:
5573:
5545:
5517:
5459:Evidence-based management
5429:
5403:
5331:
5305:
5262:
5230:
5186:
5175:
5121:
5056:
5049:
5038:
4973:
4955:
4638:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4448:Fishman, Charles (2006).
4199:Harris, Ford W. (1990) .
4167:Taylor, Frederick Winslow
4102:. New York: Basic Books.
3906:Retrieved on July 3, 2013
3786:Cause-and-effect analysis
3573:safety management systems
3531:requires calculating the
3418:discrete event simulation
3375:mathematical optimization
2634:, information lead time,
2205:
1896:mathematical optimization
1521:Crystal Palace Exhibition
1472:, and finally arrived at
1456:. In the domestic system
376:Chief information officer
208:Limited liability company
5713:Organization development
5469:Management by objectives
4332:, Armand Vallin (1961).
3866:Work breakdown structure
3841:Requirements engineering
3796:Customer benefit package
3781:Business process mapping
3510:total quality management
3323:equilibrium distribution
2806:Hayes-Wheelwright matrix
2149:has been widely applied.
1976:total quality management
1940:Toyota Production System
1936:manufacturing simulation
1910:in 1939 working for the
1890:(1939 and 1941). During
1830:Methods-Time Measurement
1818:methods-time measurement
1560:used the concept of the
1529:United States of America
1519:in 1765. In 1851 at the
1325:Frederick Winslow Taylor
1263:. In the feudal system,
389:Chief technology officer
323:Mergers and acquisitions
293:Constitutional documents
118:Management of a business
5802:Supply chain management
5494:Social entrepreneurship
5454:Earned value management
4387:Harvard Business Review
4251:Shewhart, Walter Andrew
4214:(6). INFORMS: 947–950.
3861:Supply chain operations
3565:reliability engineering
3092:(ex:transporting dies).
3057:final assembly schedule
2886:fixed time period model
2874:Wagner-Within procedure
2866:economic order quantity
2255:(division of labor and
2253:organizational behavior
2243:required for different
1820:(MTM) was developed by
1767:mathematical literature
1739:economic order quantity
1601:post-industrial economy
449:Environmental economics
429:International economics
380:Chief marketing officer
366:Chief financial officer
361:Chief operating officer
357:Chief executive officer
318:International trade law
112:Business administration
53:more precise citations.
5766:Business and economics
5740:Systems science portal
5683:Management development
5678:Management cybernetics
5663:Executive compensation
5499:Sustainable management
5361:Information technology
5341:Environmental resource
4886:, Prentice Hall, 1993.
4852:W. Hopp, M. Spearman,
4739:W. Hopp, M. Spearman,
4404:Love, John F. (1986).
3569:maintenance philosophy
3519:Operations management
3452:
3366:
3326:
3224:multi-process handling
3182:
3113:
3076:mixed-model production
2916:
2857:
2716:
2360:
2248:
2221:
1856:calculus of variations
1848:
1814:
1763:
1749:on capital tied up in
1724:industrial engineering
1682:. This, combined with
1578:
1431:
1371:Portsmouth Block Mills
1252:
1242:
1018:International business
1003:Business judgment rule
348:Chief business officer
248:Annual general meeting
228:State-owned enterprise
218:Privately held company
105:
89:
5703:Managerial psychology
5668:Management consulting
5489:Scientific management
5272:Customer relationship
4960:Outline of management
4661:Operations Management
4517:Operations Management
4433:Birla, Madan (2007).
4334:Total Quality Control
4220:10.1287/opre.38.6.947
4094:Bell, Daniel (1973).
3856:Silver–Meal heuristic
3806:Industrial technology
3430:
3383:multivariate calculus
3332:
3316:
3309:Optimization modeling
3208:Rank order clustering
3169:
3111:
2902:
2872:, which includes the
2847:
2714:
2698:time and motion study
2662:environmental impacts
2395:due to queues). (See
2358:
2227:
2218:
1834:
1802:
1743:
1696:time and motion study
1643:scientific management
1612:Operations management
1570:
1535:and extensive use of
1533:interchangeable parts
1436:Industrial Revolution
1421:
1414:Industrial Revolution
1292:Industrial Revolution
1247:
1238:
1228:; by about 370 B.C.,
1104:Operations management
694:Customer relationship
630:Business intelligence
592:Financial institution
567:International finance
517:Cash conversion cycle
424:Development economics
385:Chief product officer
133:Management accounting
95:
84:
5797:Production economics
5698:Managerial economics
5658:Corporate governance
5565:Oliver E. Williamson
5444:Collaborative method
4893:, 7th edition, 2012.
4412:. New York: Bantam.
3395:stochastic processes
3333:Illustration of the
3250:backflush accounting
3196:Value stream mapping
3171:Value stream mapping
2764:capacity utilization
2477:vertical integration
1988:Armand V. Feigenbaum
1722:published the first
635:Business development
479:Economic development
241:Corporate governance
138:Financial accounting
5560:Eliyahu M. Goldratt
4208:Operations Research
3851:Root cause analysis
3826:Performance metrics
3771:Business management
3676:Operations Research
3585:facility management
3563:policies (see also
3403:normal distribution
3371:operations research
3343:integer programming
3212:manufacturing cells
3012:operations research
2822:production planning
2724:Pareto distribution
2450:involves initially
2329:manufacturing cells
2165:normal distribution
2163:from the mean of a
2161:standard deviations
1949:In 1943, in Japan,
1924:operations research
1906:problems, first by
1880:Sir William Thomson
1771:production planning
1735:Ford Whitman Harris
1590:electrical industry
1404:intelligent systems
1400:operations research
1395:systems engineering
1369:(1776) or Brunel's
1346:Lillian M. Gilbreth
1045:Business statistics
1028:International trade
1013:Business operations
709:Electronic business
614:Types of management
502:Financial statement
484:Economic statistics
352:Chief brand officer
308:Corporate liability
223:Sole proprietorship
203:Joint-stock company
5792:Management by type
5723:Pointy-haired Boss
5673:Management control
5509:Virtual management
4889:D. C. Montgomery,
4585:2013-11-13 at the
4437:. New York: Wiley.
4277:, 7th edition 2012
3902:2016-10-07 at the
3831:Project management
3662:Management Science
3577:safety engineering
3541:Demand forecasting
3533:standard deviation
3525:demand forecasting
3457:quality management
3453:
3397:. Computations of
3367:
3361:used to reach the
3327:
3201:lot-size reduction
3183:
3114:
3018:Lean manufacturing
2917:
2858:
2717:
2690:inventory turnover
2539:Service industries
2528:Service operations
2495:Operations systems
2411:bill payments and
2409:commercial banking
2361:
2310:petroleum products
2249:
2222:
2211:Production systems
2034:independent demand
1944:lean manufacturing
1904:linear programming
1704:flow process chart
1670:Intimate friendly
1594:petroleum industry
1549:Ford Motor Company
1432:
1253:
1182:quality management
1008:Consumer behaviour
810:Product life-cycle
597:Capital management
562:Managerial finance
253:Board of directors
106:
90:
86:Ford Motor Company
5747:
5746:
5693:Management system
5627:PhD in management
5399:
5398:
5258:
5257:
5171:
5170:
5139:Product lifecycle
4695:978-0-273-74048-3
4670:978-0-13-611941-8
4645:978-0-07-802407-8
4530:978-81-224-2883-4
4273:D.C. Montgomery,
4004:978-0-324-37787-3
3969:978-1-119-49733-2
3942:978-0-13-280739-5
3791:Change management
3559:problems involve
3545:capacity planning
3482:Ishikawa diagrams
3431:A control chart:
3278:flat organization
2936:bill of materials
2862:inventory control
2829:approach and the
2397:Order fulfillment
2381:assemble to order
2373:purchase to order
2369:engineer to order
2145:. Subsequently,
2038:bill of materials
1912:Soviet government
1900:Colossus computer
1775:inventory control
1627:piece-rate system
1539:to produce them.
1509:Richard Arkwright
1366:Wealth of Nations
1296:Division of labor
1190:inventory control
1101:
1100:
988:Business analysis
557:Corporate finance
527:Capital budgeting
464:Knowledge economy
258:Supervisory board
79:
78:
71:
5809:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5737:
5474:Management style
5184:
5183:
5054:
5053:
5047:
5046:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4820:
4814:. Archived from
4813:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4744:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4619:. Archived from
4613:
4607:
4606:
4595:
4589:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4522:
4511:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4469:Business Insider
4460:
4454:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4411:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4262:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4205:
4196:
4185:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4158:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4101:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4039:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4017:
4016:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3555:Other important
3363:optimal solution
3359:pivot operations
3262:group technology
3132:queue discipline
2882:base stock model
2878:newsvendor model
2870:inventory theory
2814:responsibilities
2573:quality service.
2389:work in progress
2257:information flow
2173:General Electric
2030:dependent demand
1876:analog computers
1619:Frederick Taylor
1511:in 1769 and the
1501:James Hargreaves
1485:textile industry
1361:Venetian Arsenal
1355:The idea of the
1308:Age of Discovery
1130:requirements.
1118:, ensuring that
1093:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1062:
1040:Business process
582:Financial market
419:Labour economics
414:Public economics
173:Corporation sole
108:
107:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5758:
5750:
5748:
5743:
5727:
5636:
5605:
5586:Business school
5569:
5547:
5541:
5527:Decision-making
5519:
5513:
5484:Micromanagement
5479:Macromanagement
5431:
5425:
5395:
5351:Human resources
5346:Field inventory
5327:
5301:
5264:
5254:
5226:
5179:
5177:
5167:
5117:
5060:
5042:
5040:
5034:
4976:of organization
4975:
4969:
4951:
4946:
4916:
4911:
4855:Factory Physics
4838:
4836:Further reading
4833:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4741:Factory Physics
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4632:
4628:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4587:Wayback Machine
4577:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4481:
4477:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4450:Wal-Mart Effect
4446:
4442:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4402:
4398:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4336:. McGraw-Hill.
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4265:
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4203:
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4188:
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4173:
4165:
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4151:Shop Management
4145:
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4121:
4117:
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4062:
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4029:
4024:
4020:
4005:
3989:
3985:
3970:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3910:
3904:Wayback Machine
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3846:Risk management
3816:Line management
3751:Business portal
3749:
3742:
3739:
3654:
3597:
3581:risk management
3553:
3537:forecast errors
3498:scatter diagram
3461:quality control
3407:optimal control
3355:feasible region
3325:of the network.
3311:
3270:job enlargement
2940:purchase orders
2920:Joseph Orlickly
2839:purchase orders
2778:
2600:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2497:
2285:
2277:decision making
2213:
2208:
2198:Factory Physics
2062:human resources
1862:in 1733 or the
1784:introduced the
1782:Walter Shewhart
1753:, material and
1645:(also known as
1614:
1582:mass production
1545:
1450:domestic system
1442:
1416:
1357:production line
1327:introduced the
1198:
1167:human resources
1097:
1057:
1050:
1049:
993:Business ethics
983:
973:
972:
913:
905:
904:
615:
607:
606:
602:Venture capital
532:Commercial bank
522:Insider dealing
497:
489:
488:
439:Planned economy
404:
394:
393:
338:
336:Corporate title
328:
327:
303:Corporate crime
283:
273:
272:
268:Audit committee
243:
233:
232:
188:Holding company
168:Corporate group
163:
156:Business entity
148:
147:
128:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5815:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Business terms
5769:
5768:
5745:
5744:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:Management fad
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Administration
5644:
5642:
5638:
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5176:On activity or
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4915:
4914:External links
4912:
4910:
4909:
4906:978-3662485132
4896:R. G. Poluha:
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4644:
4626:
4623:on 2010-12-03.
4608:
4590:
4571:
4559:
4548:
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4503:
4491:
4475:
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4440:
4435:FedEx Delivers
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4377:
4368:
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4291:
4279:
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4181:Process Charts
4171:
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4115:
4109:978-0465012817
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3552:
3549:
3523:usually cover
3506:
3505:
3503:stratification
3500:
3495:
3490:
3488:control charts
3485:
3479:
3474:
3387:linear algebra
3347:branch and cut
3335:Simplex method
3318:Queue networks
3310:
3307:
3293:control system
3274:job enrichment
3254:
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3247:
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3099:
3096:Cross training
3093:
3086:
3083:
3030:Toyoda Sakichi
2981:planning bills
2976:
2975:
2969:
2958:
2934:(MPS) and the
2854:global optimum
2790:organizational
2784:involves both
2780:Designing the
2777:
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2665:
2658:
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2554:
2532:Main article:
2529:
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2512:Classification
2510:
2496:
2493:
2437:auto mechanics
2404:service sector
2353:
2352:
2349:assembly shops
2345:assembly lines
2341:fixed position
2337:transfer lines
2313:
2284:
2283:Classification
2281:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2184:
2150:
2125:
2121:Michael Hammer
2042:product design
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1971:Toyoda Sakichi
1916:simplex method
1694:, gave way to
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1658:
1623:cutting metals
1613:
1610:
1544:
1541:
1497:spinning jenny
1489:flying shuttle
1415:
1412:
1408:World Wide Web
1234:ancient Greece
1208:started using
1197:
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1178:process design
1174:product design
1099:
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5787:Manufacturing
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5708:Managerialism
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5653:Collaboration
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5555:Peter Drucker
5553:
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5504:Team building
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5109:
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5084:
5083:Communication
5081:
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4907:
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4888:
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4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4821:on 2013-05-27
4817:
4810:
4804:
4795:
4789:
4788:0-256-11379-3
4785:
4779:
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4764:
4758:
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4630:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4568:
4567:J.C. Wortmann
4563:
4557:
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4526:
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4500:
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4479:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4451:
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4436:
4429:
4421:
4419:0-553-34759-4
4415:
4410:
4409:
4400:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
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4325:
4316:
4309:
4304:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:0-87389-076-0
4256:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4163:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4147:Taylor, F. W.
4143:
4136:
4135:Taylor, F. W.
4131:
4125:
4119:
4111:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4052:A. G. Bedeian
4049:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3987:
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3809:
3807:
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3600:
3595:Organizations
3592:
3591:integration.
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3529:safety stocks
3526:
3522:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3477:Pareto charts
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3439:and for each
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3399:safety stocks
3396:
3392:
3391:Markov chains
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:problems and
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3282:vendor rating
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:single-point
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
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3158:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3133:
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3126:
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3122:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
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3062:
3058:
3054:
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3046:
3045:
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3035:
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3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
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3009:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2970:
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2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
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2948:
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2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:buffer stocks
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:technological
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:work sampling
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:manufacturing
2691:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:: productive
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:effectiveness
2606:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:manufacturing
2519:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2488:
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2478:
2473:
2469:
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2461:
2457:
2453:
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2440:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:state schools
2410:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2385:make to stock
2382:
2378:
2377:make to order
2374:
2370:
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2289:manufacturing
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2174:
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2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:lean services
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:(launched by
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2110:
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2100:
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2027:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2008:
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1996:
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1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1884:James Thomson
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:in 1811, and
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:developed by
1857:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:In the 1940s
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:control chart
1783:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:standard time
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
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1652:
1651:
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1644:
1640:
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1633:
1628:
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1606:
1602:
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1595:
1591:
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1583:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1566:Highland Park
1563:
1562:assembly line
1559:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1537:mechanization
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:in 1765, the
1502:
1498:
1495:in 1733, the
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:conveyor belt
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:work sampling
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
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1262:
1261:feudal system
1258:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
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1215:
1211:
1207:
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1191:
1187:
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1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:supply chains
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:raw materials
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1074:
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1066:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
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1041:
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1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Business plan
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
982:
977:
976:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Communication
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
909:
908:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
888:administrator
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
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861:
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852:
849:
848:
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826:
823:
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801:
798:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:
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780:
778:
775:
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770:administrator
768:
767:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
739:
736:
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733:
730:
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Configuration
677:
675:
672:
668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
611:
610:
603:
600:
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595:
593:
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588:
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583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
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560:
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548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
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528:
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523:
520:
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510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
493:
492:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Mixed economy
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
403:
398:
397:
390:
386:
383:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
332:
331:
324:
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319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:Corporate law
277:
276:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
157:
152:
151:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
130:
127:
122:
121:
117:
116:
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110:
109:
103:
99:
94:
87:
83:
73:
70:
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35:
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21:
20:
5738:
5292:Supply chain
5265:relationship
5263:On aspect or
5200:
5156:Construction
5122:On component
5043:organization
5015:Intelligence
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4853:
4846:
4823:. Retrieved
4816:the original
4803:
4794:
4778:
4769:
4757:
4748:
4740:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4685:
4679:
4660:
4654:
4635:
4629:
4621:the original
4611:
4602:
4593:
4574:
4562:
4555:
4551:
4516:
4494:
4478:
4467:
4458:
4449:
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4428:
4407:
4399:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4371:
4350:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4308:Taiichi Ohno
4303:
4294:
4282:
4274:
4231:. Retrieved
4211:
4207:
4179:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4097:
4089:
4077:
4059:
4043:
4030:
4021:
3993:
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3958:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3892:
3880:
3766:Benchmarking
3728:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3655:
3622:
3607:
3598:
3589:supply chain
3554:
3518:
3507:
3472:check sheets
3454:
3411:
3379:queue theory
3368:
3301:
3286:
3255:
3237:
3236:) mistakes (
3233:
3184:
3175:Little's law
3161:Little's law
3154:
3137:
3115:
3080:Heijunka box
3060:
3038:autonomation
3034:just in time
3026:Taiichi Ohno
3016:
3005:
2977:
2944:
2918:
2890:cycle stocks
2859:
2850:holding cost
2835:just in time
2820:
2818:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2737:
2720:ABC analysis
2718:
2685:Productivity
2683:
2675:segmentation
2667:
2656:availability
2607:metrics and
2601:
2592:
2587:lean service
2580:
2576:
2570:Tangibility.
2569:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2505:provisioning
2504:
2500:
2498:
2487:supply chain
2484:
2441:
2401:
2362:
2319:systems and
2286:
2250:
2196:
2140:
2111:
2103:
2093:In 1987 the
2092:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2054:distribution
2018:
1967:supermarkets
1963:autonomation
1959:just in time
1955:Toyota Motor
1951:Taiichi Ohno
1948:
1928:
1892:World War II
1866:employed by
1852:optimization
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1822:H.B. Maynard
1815:
1803:
1779:
1764:
1744:
1732:
1727:
1708:Morris Cooke
1692:motion study
1677:
1636:
1615:
1598:
1579:
1571:
1546:
1513:steam engine
1482:
1468:, passed to
1454:craft guilds
1443:
1387:World War II
1364:
1354:
1350:
1322:
1300:civilization
1289:
1285:
1254:
1239:
1214:organization
1199:
1171:
1151:organization
1132:
1103:
1102:
918:Architecture
912:Organization
878:Supply chain
781:
704:Earned value
577:Stock market
454:Open economy
444:Econometrics
183:Conglomerate
96:Post office
65:
56:
37:
5532:Forecasting
5449:Distributed
5356:Information
5333:On resource
5277:Engineering
5103:Performance
5061:(top-level)
4988:Association
4866:R. B. Chase
4843:Daniel Wren
4603:madehow.com
4393:(4): 41–52.
3919:R. B. Chase
3561:maintenance
3287:In heavily
2949:demand and
2798:outsourcing
2756:bottlenecks
2748:maintenance
2679:positioning
2645:proportions
2641:Flexibility
2636:punctuality
2557:Perishable.
2489:perspective
2481:outsourcing
2472:distressing
2444:ideal types
2317:fabrication
2247:operations.
2066:procurement
1953:arrived at
1908:Kantorovich
1888:Konrad Zuse
1882:(1872) and
1864:multipliers
1810:probability
1759:setup costs
1720:Hugo Diemer
1716:Henry Gantt
1672:cooperation
1505:water frame
1444:Before the
1422:Marshall's
1375:Ransom Olds
1313:Eli Whitney
1304:Renaissance
1257:Middle Ages
1153:along with
1033:Trade route
948:Engineering
943:Development
795:Performance
738:development
699:Distributed
572:Liquidation
213:Partnership
198:Corporation
193:Cooperative
51:introducing
5776:Categories
5537:Leadership
5520:activities
5432:approaches
5386:Technology
5306:On problem
5287:Perception
5240:Accounting
5205:production
5201:Operations
5178:department
5093:Innovation
5068:Capability
5030:Reputation
5010:Healthcare
4998:Restaurant
4949:Management
4825:2012-07-17
4809:"Rankings"
4330:Feigenbaum
4082:Henry Ford
4048:D. A. Wren
4034:Xenophon,
3978:1119125081
3873:References
3575:(see also
3557:management
3414:simulation
3258:modularity
3218:scheduling
3068:throughput
2999:(ERP) and
2989:lead times
2987:and fixed
2913:scheduling
2802:automation
2744:breakdowns
2739:Throughput
2605:efficiency
2564:Ownership.
2501:production
2417:physicians
2383:(ATO) and
2261:purchasing
2169:Jack Welch
2124:processes.
2073:McDonald's
2058:accounting
1942:(TPS) and
1712:Carl Barth
1680:time study
1632:soldiering
1558:Henry Ford
1517:James Watt
1474:shoemakers
1434:See also:
1406:, and the
1391:industrial
1379:Henry Ford
1281:shoemakers
1249:Shoemakers
1120:businesses
1108:production
900:Technology
782:Operations
662:Commercial
655:innovation
645:Capability
537:Derivative
126:Accounting
34:references
5574:Education
5546:Pioneers,
5439:Adhocracy
5404:Positions
5376:Materials
5366:Knowledge
5282:Logistics
5196:Marketing
5088:Financial
5058:Strategic
5041:within an
5039:By focus,
4708:T. Hill,
4342:250573852
4036:Cyropedia
3632:(INFORMS)
3521:textbooks
3514:Six Sigma
3493:histogram
3441:statistic
3373:: mainly
3297:deadlocks
3289:automated
3230:poka-yoke
3179:takt time
3072:takt time
2972:Heuristic
2905:workloads
2728:power law
2671:marketing
2632:lead time
2583:Six Sigma
2508:factors.
2468:finishing
2433:hospitals
2365:lead time
2343:systems,
2325:job shops
2245:machining
2153:Six Sigma
2024:(MRP) at
1999:poka-yoke
1872:computers
1790:Bell Labs
1690:Gilbreth
1647:Taylorism
1574:conveyors
1523:the term
1458:merchants
1329:stopwatch
1323:In 1883,
1220:in large
1206:Egyptians
1159:marketing
1143:consumers
1124:efficient
968:Structure
953:Hierarchy
873:Strategic
760:Materials
750:Knowledge
727:Financial
667:Marketing
512:Factoring
507:Insurance
409:Commodity
402:Economics
59:July 2024
5548:scholars
5430:Methods,
5313:Conflict
5129:Facility
5050:On scope
5020:Military
4993:Business
4983:Academic
4583:Archived
4487:J.Champy
4483:M.Hammer
4013:73996956
3900:Archived
3737:See also
3652:Journals
3351:polytope
3065:expected
3049:Heijunka
2985:capacity
2884:and the
2794:capacity
2760:capacity
2733:stockout
2456:spinning
2425:airlines
2321:assembly
2273:modeling
2269:analysis
2265:customer
2220:machine.
2157:Motorola
2099:ISO 9000
1868:Lagrange
1780:In 1924
1755:overhead
1747:Interest
1733:In 1913
1493:John Kay
1478:saddlers
1470:curriers
1462:artisans
1426:mill in
1373:(1802).
1342:Frank B.
1306:and the
1273:artisans
1230:Xenophon
1222:projects
1210:planning
1202:Sumerian
1186:capacity
1128:customer
1116:services
958:Patterns
938:Conflict
923:Behavior
863:Security
840:Resource
825:Property
788:services
745:Incident
684:Conflict
640:Capacity
343:Chairman
298:Contract
102:services
5610:Degrees
5518:Skills,
5411:Interim
5250:Records
5215:Quality
5210:Process
5180:managed
5163:Program
5151:Project
5134:Product
5113:Systems
5073:Capital
4974:By type
4233:Nov 21,
3762:(APICS)
3647:(ATMAE)
3443:of the
3433:process
3118:kanbans
3003:(APS).
2752:strikes
2622:Quality
2560:supply.
2518:service
2485:from a
2464:weaving
2452:carding
2421:lawyers
2379:(MTO),
2375:(PTO),
2371:(ETO),
2233:pallets
2087:Walmart
1920:Dantzig
1688:Lillian
1655:science
1553:model T
1428:Holbeck
1265:vassals
1255:In the
1218:control
1196:History
1163:finance
933:Culture
883:Systems
868:Service
847:
835:Records
830:Quality
820:Project
815:Product
805:Process
784:
765:Network
734:
716:
689:Content
496:Finance
178:Company
47:improve
5752:Portal
5421:Senior
5416:Middle
5381:Skills
5323:Stress
5318:Crisis
5297:Talent
5245:Office
5078:Change
5025:Public
4904:
4860:online
4786:
4692:
4667:
4642:
4527:
4499:Womack
4416:
4340:
4257:
4228:170962
4226:
4106:
4011:
4001:
3976:
3966:
3939:
3463:. The
3445:sample
3234:yokeru
3102:Layout
3089:Set-up
3055:and a
3022:Toyota
2993:MRP II
2876:, the
2810:skills
2654:Stock
2649:output
2460:dyeing
2429:hotels
2302:cement
2206:Topics
2106:Amazon
2046:MRP II
2040:, via
1980:Deming
1841:motion
1806:limits
1726:book:
1662:worker
1649:) as:
1466:tanner
1277:guilds
1251:, 1568
1216:, and
1147:energy
1145:, and
895:Talent
851:crisis
777:Office
650:Change
36:, but
5641:Other
5232:Staff
5222:Sales
5144:Brand
5098:Legal
5005:Court
4819:(PDF)
4812:(PDF)
4521:(PDF)
4224:JSTOR
4204:(PDF)
4069:(PDF)
3345:(ex:
2951:level
2947:chase
2673:(see
2616:Price
2448:jeans
2306:nylon
2298:paper
2241:tools
2177:DMAIC
2080:FedEx
1984:Juran
1860:Euler
1751:wages
1684:Frank
1269:serfs
1226:China
1139:labor
1112:goods
981:Trade
963:Space
858:Sales
800:Power
755:Legal
625:Brand
620:Asset
143:Audit
98:queue
5391:Time
5371:Land
5188:Line
5108:Risk
4902:ISBN
4784:ISBN
4690:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4640:ISBN
4525:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4338:OCLC
4255:ISBN
4235:2012
4104:ISBN
4050:and
4009:OCLC
3999:ISBN
3974:OCLC
3964:ISBN
3937:ISBN
3587:and
3579:and
3567:and
3512:and
3449:mean
3393:and
3385:and
3280:and
3238:poka
3190:SMED
3042:PDCA
3036:and
3028:and
2964:and
2924:push
2892:and
2831:pull
2827:push
2812:and
2788:and
2704:and
2677:and
2628:Time
2520:and
2479:and
2470:and
2462:and
2435:and
2427:and
2419:and
2347:and
2335:and
2308:and
2291:).
2275:and
2237:AGVs
2181:DFSS
2137:Mura
2133:Muri
2129:Muda
2064:and
2032:and
1986:and
1773:and
1686:and
1599:The
1592:and
1564:was
1476:and
1452:and
1438:and
1424:flax
1393:and
1344:and
1336:and
1290:The
1267:and
1165:and
1122:are
1114:and
845:Risk
160:list
4216:doi
3583:),
3571:),
3535:of
3459:or
3157:WIP
3053:MPS
2966:ILP
2819:In
2681:).
2439:).
2399:.)
2393:WIP
2171:of
2026:IBM
1932:MRP
1918:of
1878:by
1605:GDP
1515:by
1507:by
1499:by
1491:by
1110:of
587:Tax
5778::
4845:,
4601:.
4539:^
4506:^
4485:,
4466:.
4391:50
4389:.
4359:^
4266:^
4243:^
4222:.
4212:38
4210:.
4206:.
4189:^
4149:,
4007:.
3972:.
3911:^
3539:.
3409:.
3339:LP
3276:,
3272:,
3268:,
3264:,
3260:,
3244:5S
3063:,
2995:,
2962:LP
2880:,
2766:.
2735:.
2708:.
2700:,
2688:(=
2524:.
2458:,
2454:,
2331:,
2327:,
2304:,
2300:,
2271:,
2068:.
2060:,
2056:,
1982:,
1946:.
1926:.
1832:.
1777:.
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