2139:
infusion is then started to keep the reversal at that level, while maintaining pain relief. Opioid antagonists remain the standard treatment for respiratory depression following opioid overdose, with naloxone being by far the most commonly used, although the longer acting antagonist nalmefene may be used for treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone, and diprenorphine is used for reversing the effects of extremely potent opioids used in veterinary medicine such as etorphine and carfentanil. However, since opioid antagonists also block the beneficial effects of opioid analgesics, they are generally useful only for treating overdose, with use of opioid antagonists alongside opioid analgesics to reduce side effects, requiring careful dose titration and often being poorly effective at doses low enough to allow analgesia to be maintained.
5237:). The first scientific publication to use it, in 1963, included a footnote stating, "In this paper, the term, 'opioid', is used in the sense originally proposed by George H. Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities". By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed "opioid receptors". The definition of "opioid" was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors. One modern pharmacology textbook states: "the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides". Another pharmacology reference eliminates the
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5016:(1803–1858). Processing the residue left from Gregory's procedure, Robiquet isolated a crystalline substance from the other active components of opium. He wrote of his discovery: "Here is a new substance found in opium ... We know that morphine, which so far has been thought to be the only active principle of opium, does not account for all the effects and for a long time the physiologists are claiming that there is a gap that has to be filled." His discovery of the alkaloid led to the development of a generation of antitussive and antidiarrheal medicines based on codeine.
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5674:, not on the brain or spinal cord). Research is starting to show that morphine and related drugs may indeed have peripheral effects as well, such as morphine gel working on burns. Recent investigations discovered opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons. A significant fraction (up to 60%) of opioid analgesia can be mediated by such peripheral opioid receptors, particularly in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, traumatic or surgical pain. Inflammatory pain is also blunted by endogenous opioid peptides activating peripheral opioid receptors.
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454:(such as pain following surgery). For immediate relief of moderate to severe acute pain, opioids are frequently the treatment of choice due to their rapid onset, efficacy and reduced risk of dependence. However, a new report showed a clear risk of prolonged opioid use when opioid analgesics are initiated for an acute pain management following surgery or trauma. They have also been found to be important in
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4735:
5324:. The amount of raw poppy materials that each country can demand annually based on these provisions must correspond to an estimate of the country's needs taken from the national consumption within the preceding two years. In many countries, underprescription of morphine is rampant because of the high prices and the lack of training in the prescription of poppy-based drugs. The
865:, methadone was involved in 31% of opioid related deaths in the US between 1999–2010 and 40% as the sole drug involved, far higher than other opioids. Studies of long term opioids have found that many stop them, and that minor side effects were common. Addiction occurred in about 0.3%. In the United States in 2016 opioid overdose resulted in the death of 1.7 in 10,000 people.
4845:. The book's five volumes include information on opium's preparation, an array of physical effects, its use to treat a variety of illness, contraindications for its use, its potential danger as a poison and its potential for addiction. Avicenna discouraged opium's use except as a last resort, preferring to address the causes of pain rather than trying to minimize it with
2499:
312:
1563:), may be tried. A 2018 (updated in 2022) Cochrane review found that the evidence was moderate for alvimopan, naloxone, or methylnaltrexone bromide but with increased risk of adverse events. Naloxone by mouth appears to be the most effective. A daily 0.2 mg dose of naldemedine has been shown to significantly improve symptoms in patients with OIC.
4707:, the United States and Canada lead the per capita consumption of prescription opioids. The number of opioid prescriptions per capita in the United States and Canada is double the consumption in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand. Certain populations have been affected by the opioid addiction crisis more than others, including
527:. This practice has now led to a new and growing problem with addiction and misuse of opioids. Because of various negative effects the use of opioids for long-term management of chronic pain is not indicated unless other less risky pain relievers have been found ineffective. Chronic pain which occurs only periodically, such as that from
297:. In 2013, between 28 and 38 million people used opioids illicitly (0.6% to 0.8% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). In 2011, an estimated 4 million people in the United States used opioids recreationally or were dependent on them. As of 2015, increased rates of recreational use and addiction are attributed to
1743:, may be consequences of long-term treatment with opioid analgesics, especially when increasing tolerance has resulted in loss of efficacy and consequent progressive dose escalation over time. This appears to largely be a result of actions of opioid drugs at targets other than the three classic opioid receptors, including the
10642:
becoming an innocent victim of a war waged against opioid abuse and addiction if the norms regarding the two kinds of use (therapeutic or nontherapeutic) are not clearly distinct. Furthermore, health professionals may be worried about regulatory scrutiny and may opt not to use opioid therapy for this reason.
2138:
may be used. In patients taking opioids regularly it is essential that the opioid is only partially reversed to avoid a severe and distressing reaction of waking in excruciating pain. This is achieved by not giving a full dose but giving this in small doses until the respiratory rate has improved. An
2103:
or ethanol increases the rates of adverse events and overdose. Despite this, opioids and benzodiazepines are concurrently dispensed in many settings. As with an overdose of opioid alone, the combination of an opioid and another depressant may precipitate respiratory depression often leading to death.
519:
Opioids are contraindicated as a first-line treatment for headache because they impair alertness, bring risk of dependence, and increase the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic. Opioids can also cause heightened sensitivity to headache pain. When other treatments fail or are unavailable,
5385:
and non-medical use include the use of drugs for reasons or at doses other than prescribed. Opioid misuse can also include providing medications to persons for whom it was not prescribed. Such diversion may be treated as crimes, punishable by imprisonment in many countries. In 2014, almost 2 million
4930:
saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity in 1683 AD. In 1773 the
Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts,
13103:
The CDC reported that methadone contributed to 31.4% of opioid-related deaths in the United States from 1999–2010. Methadone also accounted for 39.8% of all single-drug opioid-related deaths. The overdose death rate associated with methadone was significantly higher than that associated with other
10641:
number of studies, however, have also reported inadequate pain control in 40%–70% of patients, resulting in the emergence of a new type of epidemiology, that of 'failed pain control', caused by a series of obstacles preventing adequate cancer pain management.... The cancer patient runs the risk of
1846:
found that opioid therapy suppressed testosterone levels in men by about 165 ng/dL (5.7 nmol/L) on average, which was a reduction in testosterone level of almost 50%. Conversely, opioid therapy did not significantly affect testosterone levels in women. However, opioids can also interfere
966:
Tolerance is a physiologic process where the body adjusts to a medication that is frequently present, usually requiring higher doses of the same medication over time to achieve the same effect. It is a common occurrence in individuals taking high doses of opioids for extended periods, but does not
10720:
In the strict sense, opiates are drugs derived from opium and include the natural products morphine, codeine, thebaine and many semi-synthetic congeners derived from them. In the wider sense, opiates are morphine-like drugs with non-peptidic structures. The older term opiates is now more and more
5276:
As of 2015, prescription drug monitoring programs exist in every state, except for
Missouri. These programs allow pharmacists and prescribers to access patients' prescription histories in order to identify suspicious use. However, a survey of US physicians published in 2015 found that only 53% of
4702:
In the 1990s, opioid prescribing increased significantly. Once used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute pain or pain due to cancer, opioids are now prescribed liberally for people experiencing chronic pain. This has been accompanied by rising rates of accidental addiction and accidental
2549:
table is used to find the equivalent dosage of another. Such tables are used in opioid rotation practices, and to describe an opioid by comparison to morphine, the reference opioid. Equianalgesic tables typically list drug half-lives, and sometimes equianalgesic doses of the same drug by means of
2490:
exhibits high affinity to ĸ receptors. It is this combinatorial mechanism that allows for such a wide class of opioids and molecular designs to exist, each with its own unique effect profile. Their individual molecular structure is also responsible for their different duration of action, whereby
895:
may often play an important role other mechanisms are also known. Tolerance is more pronounced for some effects than for others; tolerance occurs slowly to the effects on mood, itching, urinary retention, and respiratory depression, but occurs more quickly to the analgesia and other physical side
5285:
published its
Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, recommending that opioids only be used when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks, and then used at the lowest effective dosage, with avoidance of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use whenever possible.
1053:
is a complex set of behaviors typically associated with misuse of certain drugs, developing over time and with higher drug dosages. Addiction includes psychological compulsion, to the extent that the affected person persists in actions leading to dangerous or unhealthy outcomes. Opioid addiction
5633:
Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor system and therefore have none of the other (narcotic) qualities of opioids although they may produce euphoria by relieving pain—a euphoria that, because of the way it is
5176:
In the 1980s the World Health
Organization published guidelines for prescribing drugs, including opioids, for different levels of pain. In the U.S., Kathleen Foley and Russell Portenoy became leading advocates for the liberal use of opioids as painkillers for cases of "intractable non-malignant
1087:
Slow-release formulations of medications are intended to curb misuse and lower addiction rates while trying to still provide legitimate pain relief and ease of use to pain patients. Questions remain, however, about the efficacy and safety of these types of preparations. Further tamper resistant
838:
In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as "sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls". As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury. Opioids do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other
10753:
Opiate is a specific term that is used to describe drugs (natural and semi-synthetic) derived from the juice of the opium poppy. For example morphine is an opiate but methadone (a completely synthetic drug) is not. Opioid is a general term that includes naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, and
5654:
have painkilling effect as well, but they're thought to do so by indirectly activating the endogenous opioid system. Paracetamol is predominantly a centrally acting analgesic (non-narcotic) which mediates its effect by action on descending serotoninergic (5-hydroxy triptaminergic) pathways, to
5188:
As a result, health care organizations and public health groups, such as
Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, have called for decreases in the prescription of opioids. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a new set of guidelines for the prescription of
1767:
respectively. No drugs are currently approved specifically for counteracting opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans and in severe cases the only solution may be to discontinue use of opioid analgesics and replace them with non-opioid analgesic drugs. However, since individual sensitivity to the
5184:
in 1996 was accompanied by an aggressive marketing campaign promoting the use of opioids for pain relief. Increasing prescription of opioids fueled a growing black market for heroin. Between 2000 and 2014 there was an "alarming increase in heroin use across the country and an epidemic of drug
4890:, that was superior to all others, particularly when death was to be cheated. ("Ich hab' ein Arcanum – heiss' ich Laudanum, ist über das Alles, wo es zum Tode reichen will.") Later writers have asserted that Paracelsus' recipe for laudanum contained opium, but its composition remains unknown.
1923:
People who take opioids long term have increased likelihood of being unemployed. Taking opioids may further disrupt the patient's life and the adverse effects of opioids themselves can become a significant barrier to patients having an active life, gaining employment, and sustaining a career.
1612:
is the most serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use, but it usually is seen with the use of a single, intravenous dose in an opioid-naïve patient. In patients taking opioids regularly for pain relief, tolerance to respiratory depression occurs rapidly, so that it is not a clinical
978:
is the physiological adaptation of the body to the presence of a substance, in this case opioid medication. It is defined by the development of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued, when the dose is reduced abruptly or, specifically in the case of opioids, when an antagonist
4716:
and deaths caused by opioid overdoses should be considered in assessing their cost-effectiveness. Data from 2017 suggest that in the U.S. about 3.4 percent of the U.S. population are prescribed opioids for daily pain management. Calls for opioid deprescribing have led to broad scale
1768:
development of this side effect is highly dose dependent and may vary depending which opioid analgesic is used, many patients can avoid this side effect simply through dose reduction of the opioid drug (usually accompanied by the addition of a supplemental non-opioid analgesic),
4711:
communities and low-income populations. Public health specialists say that this may result from the unavailability or high cost of alternative methods for addressing chronic pain. Opioids have been described as a cost-effective treatment for chronic pain, but the impact of the
5205:
announced the launch of a new education campaign to help
Americans understand the important role they play in removing and properly disposing of unused prescription opioids from their homes. This new initiative is part of the FDA's continued efforts to address the nationwide
17142:
Takayama H, Ishikawa H, Kurihara M, Kitajima M, Aimi N, Ponglux D, et al. (April 2002). "Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands".
1991:, dizziness, headache, urinary retention, ureteric or biliary spasm, muscle rigidity, myoclonus (with high doses), and flushing (due to histamine release, except fentanyl and remifentanil). Both therapeutic and chronic use of opioids can compromise the function of the
315:
20817:
314:
319:
318:
313:
2090:
Physicians treating patients using opioids in combination with other drugs keep continual documentation that further treatment is indicated and remain aware of opportunities to adjust treatment if the patient's condition changes to merit less risky therapy.
320:
6459:(does cross the blood–brain barrier but is quickly pumped into the non-central nervous system by P-Glycoprotein. Mild opiate withdrawal in animal models exhibits this action after sustained and prolonged use including rhesus monkeys, mice, and rats.)
322:
321:
17058:
DeWire SM, Yamashita DS, Rominger DH, Liu G, Cowan CL, Graczyk TM, et al. (March 2013). "A G protein-biased ligand at the μ-opioid receptor is potently analgesic with reduced gastrointestinal and respiratory dysfunction compared with morphine".
323:
4800:) and his students for its sleep-inducing properties, and used for the treatment of pain. The Latin saying "Sedare dolorem opus divinum est", trans. "Alleviating pain is the work of the divine", has been variously ascribed to Hippocrates and to
2413:. Another receptor of clinical importance is the opioid-receptor-like receptor 1 (ORL1), which is involved in pain responses as well as having a major role in the development of tolerance to μ-opioid agonists used as analgesics. These are all
340:
Opiates v. opioids with chemical structures indicated. Many classical opiates are also referred to as opioids in modern nomenclature. But keep in mind, the chemical structures are not 100% true, for example codeine is missing its 3-methyl group
10754:
synthetic drugs, which produce their effects by combining with opioid receptors and are competitively antagonized by nalaxone. In this context the term opioid refers to opioid agonists, opioid antagonists, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors.
2076:
after birth due to exposure to opioids in the womb. Maternal opioid use during pregnancy can also have long-term effects on the child's development. These effects may include cognitive and behavioral problems, as well as an increased risk of
24856:
1342:(pethidine) tend to produce comparatively less sedation, but individual patients responses can vary markedly and some degree of trial and error may be needed to find the most suitable drug for a particular patient. Otherwise, treatment with
18971:
Sedare dolorem opus divinum est – an old Latin inscription – means "alleviating pain is the work of the divine". This inscription is often attributed to either
Hippocrates of Kos or Galen of Pergamum, but it is most likely an anonymous
1919:
treat chronic or acute pain with opioids. Workplaces which manage workers who perform safety-sensitive operations should assign workers to less sensitive duties for so long as those workers are treated by their physician with opioids.
4906:. Sydenham's 1669 recipe for laudanum mixed opium with wine, saffron, clove and cinnamon. Sydenham's laudanum was used widely in both Europe and the Americas until the 20th century. Other popular medicines, based on opium, included
18234:
16321:
Allegri N, Mennuni S, Rulli E, Vanacore N, Corli O, Floriani I, et al. (March 2019). "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on
Neuropsychological Effects of Long-Term Use of Opioids in Patients With Chronic Noncancer Pain".
11047:
Mohamadi A, Chan JJ, Lian J, Wright CL, Marin AM, Rodriguez EK, et al. (August 2018). "Risk
Factors and Pooled Rate of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Trauma or Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-(Regression) Analysis".
10083:
Opiate is the older term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium. Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including
21451:
Odell LR, Skopec J, McCluskey A (March 2008). "Isolation and identification of unique marker compounds from the
Tasmanian poppy Papaver somniferum N. Implications for the identification of illicit heroin of Tasmanian origin".
20426:
5655:
increase 5-HT release (which inhibits release of pain mediators). It also decreases cyclo-oxygenase activity. It has recently been discovered that most or all of the therapeutic efficacy of paracetamol is due to a metabolite,
317:
5024:
Synthetic opioids were invented, and biological mechanisms for their actions discovered, in the 20th century. Scientists have searched for non-addictive forms of opioids, but have created stronger ones instead. In England
2518:
into consideration. This strategy strives to increase the activation of desirable signalling pathways while reducing the impact on undesirable pathways. This differential strategy has been given several names, including
1388:
are useful for counteracting itching when it occurs. Non-sedating antihistamines such as fexofenadine are often preferred as they avoid increasing opioid induced drowsiness. However, some sedating antihistamines such as
20807:
5630:. There are also strains which produce copious amounts of thebaine, an important raw material for making many semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids. Of all of the more than 120 poppy species, only two produce morphine.
13004:
Sanger N, Bhatt M, Singhal N, Ramsden K, Baptist-Mohseni N, Panesar B, et al. (March 2019). "Adverse Outcomes Associated with Prescription Opioids for Acute Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
14525:
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (26 June 2014). "Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness".
231:, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent, escalating recreational use of opioids typically results in addiction. An
2142:
Naltrexone does not appear to increase risk of serious adverse events, which confirms the safety of oral naltrexone. Mortality or serious adverse events due to rebound toxicity in patients with naloxone were rare.
5348:
regulated system by maintaining the balance and closed system that it establishes while providing finished product morphine to those in severe pain and unable to access poppy-based drugs under the current system.
2064:. Opioids are substances that can cross the placenta, exposing the developing fetus to the drugs. This exposure can potentially lead to various adverse effects on fetal development, including an increased risk of
1030:
withdrawal. The acute withdrawal phase is often followed by a protracted phase of depression and insomnia that can last for months. The symptoms of opioid withdrawal can be treated with other medications, such as
669:
among others. However, findings from two recent systematic reviews of the literature found that opioids were not necessarily more effective in treating shortness of breath in patients who have advanced cancer.
5328:
is now working with administrations from various countries to train healthworkers and to develop national regulations regarding drug prescription to facilitate a greater prescription of poppy-based medicines.
1879:
levels of heroin addicts returned to normal within one month of abstinence, suggesting that the effect is readily reversible and is not permanent. As of 2013, the effect of low-dose or acute opioid use on the
16952:"Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and its related compounds. VI. Structure-analgesic activity relationship for fentanyl, methyl-substituted fentanyls and other analogues"
13343:
Santillán R, Hurlé MA, Armijo JA, de los Mozos R, Flórez J (May 1998). "Nimodipine-enhanced opiate analgesia in cancer patients requiring morphine dose escalation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study".
15574:
Díaz JL, Zamanillo D, Corbera J, Baeyens JM, Maldonado R, Pericàs MA, et al. (September 2009). "Selective sigma-1 (sigma1) receptor antagonists: emerging target for the treatment of neuropathic pain".
26270:
11500:
16136:
White KT, Dillingham TR, González-Fernández M, Rothfield L (December 2009). "Opiates for chronic nonmalignant pain syndromes: can appropriate candidates be identified for outpatient clinic management?".
17528:
Codd EE, Shank RP, Schupsky JJ, Raffa RB (September 1995). "Serotonin and norepinephrine uptake inhibiting activity of centrally acting analgesics: structural determinants and role in antinociception".
29349:
18162:
Fujimoto RA, Boxer J, Jackson RH, Simke JP, Neale RF, Snowhill EW, et al. (June 1989). "Synthesis, opioid receptor binding profile, and antinociceptive activity of 1-azaspirodecan-10-yl amides".
11091:
Davis CS, Lieberman AJ, Hernandez-Delgado H, Suba C (1 January 2019). "Laws limiting the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain in the United States: A national systematic legal review".
15686:
Candiotti KA, Gitlin MC (July 2010). "Review of the effect of opioid-related side effects on the undertreatment of moderate to severe chronic non-cancer pain: tapentadol, a step toward a solution?".
20735:
16799:
Musazzi UM, Matera C, Dallanoce C, Vacondio F, De Amici M, Vistoli G, et al. (July 2015). "On the selection of an opioid for local skin analgesia: Structure-skin permeability relationships".
1669:) can all reduce respiratory depression caused by opioids without affecting analgesia, but most of these drugs are only moderately effective or have side effects which preclude use in humans. 5-HT
611:
have found that it may be no better than a placebo for some causes including acute cough in children. As a consequence, it is not recommended for children. Additionally, there is no evidence that
19354:
12654:
11857:"Research gaps on use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain: findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and American Academy of Pain Medicine clinical practice guideline"
1867:. It also may increase pain and thereby interfere with the intended clinical effect of opioid treatment. Opioid-induced hypogonadism is likely caused by their agonism of opioid receptors in the
17556:
Linz K, Christoph T, Tzschentke TM, Koch T, Schiene K, Gautrois M, et al. (June 2014). "Cebranopadol: a novel potent analgesic nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide and opioid receptor agonist".
15065:
Manzke T, Guenther U, Ponimaskin EG, Haller M, Dutschmann M, Schwarzacher S, et al. (July 2003). "5-HT4(a) receptors avert opioid-induced breathing depression without loss of analgesia".
14254:
5241:
requirement: "Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists)". Some sources define the term
1167:
are sometimes used when nausea is severe or continuous and disturbing, despite their greater cost. A less expensive alternative is dopamine antagonists such as domperidone and metoclopramide.
28497:
28492:
28487:
27815:
26733:
26728:
26723:
13927:"Frequency, risk factors and symptomatology of iatrogenic withdrawal from opioids and benzodiazepines in critically Ill neonates, children and adults: A systematic review of clinical studies"
10721:
replaced by the term opioids which applies to any substance, whether endogenous or synthetic, peptidic or non-peptidic, that produces morphine-like effects through action on opioid receptors.
20515:
In this paper, the term, 'opioid', is used in the sense originally proposed by DR. GEORGE H. ACHESON (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities.
16050:
11769:
Katsarava Z, Schneeweiss S, Kurth T, Kroener U, Fritsche G, Eikermann A, et al. (March 2004). "Incidence and predictors for chronicity of headache in patients with episodic migraine".
18226:
6648:(Methylnaltrexone is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antithesis of
5214:
is targeting women ages 35–64, who are most likely to oversee household health care decisions and often serve as the gatekeepers to opioids and other prescription medications in the home.
27213:
1569:
is one method suggested to minimise the impact of constipation in long-term users. While all opioids cause constipation, there are some differences between drugs, with studies suggesting
4926:
Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks involving India, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and China, among others. The British
2130:
bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This displaces the agonist, attenuating or reversing the agonist effects. However, the
1703:
The initial 24 hours after opioid administration appear to be the most critical with regard to life-threatening OIRD, but may be preventable with a more cautious approach to opioid use.
29070:
18363:
1393:
can produce a synergistic pain relieving effect permitting smaller doses of opioids be used. Consequently, several opioid/antihistamine combination products have been marketed, such as
417:
and opioids, and their source materials; it is also loosely applied to any illegal or controlled psychoactive drug. In some jurisdictions all controlled drugs are legally classified as
28196:
20632:
20418:
20134:
9917:
10452:
5126:
in 1932. Meperidine was the first opiate to have a structure unrelated to morphine, but with opiate-like properties. Its analgesic effects were discovered by Otto Schaumann in 1939.
2470:
receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor. Each group of opioid receptors elicits a distinct set of neurological responses, with the receptor subtypes (such as μ
1108:
Some people build tolerance to opioids over time. This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects.
27930:
26263:
20579:
18263:
13300:
Santillán R, Maestre JM, Hurlé MA, Flórez J (July 1994). "Enhancement of opiate analgesia by nimodipine in cancer patients chronically treated with morphine: a preliminary report".
6658:(Naloxegol is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antitheses of
316:
5290:(COT) can at times be prevented through state legislative guidelines and efforts by health plans that devote resources and establish shared expectations for reducing higher doses.
5173:
under the Chairmanship of the President of the Royal College of Physicians reasserted medical control and established the "British system" of control—which lasted until the 1960s.
19624:
11423:"Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology"
5316:
supplies, leaving many emerging countries lacking in pain relief medication. The current system of supply of raw poppy materials to make poppy-based medicines is regulated by the
17313:
12856:
Parthvi R, Agrawal A, Khanijo S, Tsegaye A, Talwar A (May–June 2019). "Acute Opiate Overdose: An Update on Management Strategies in Emergency Department and Critical Care Unit".
29341:
5177:
pain". With little or no scientific evidence to support their claims, industry scientists and advocates suggested that people with chronic pain would be resistant to addiction.
1035:. Physical dependence does not predict drug misuse or true addiction, and is closely related to the same mechanism as tolerance. While there is anecdotal claims of benefit with
13559:
Wong CS, Cherng CH, Luk HN, Ho ST, Tung CS (February 1996). "Effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on inhibition of morphine tolerance in rats: binding at mu-opioid receptors".
19066:
14017:
Schneider JP, Matthews M, Jamison RN (October 2010). "Abuse-deterrent and tamper-resistant opioid formulations: what is their role in addressing prescription opioid abuse?".
5677:
It was discovered in 1953, that humans and some animals naturally produce minute amounts of morphine, codeine, and possibly some of their simpler derivatives like heroin and
5158:
of 1914, and by many other laws. The use of opioids was stigmatized, and it was seen as a dangerous substance, to be prescribed only as a last resort for dying patients. The
2482:
the μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors are activated at different magnitudes according to the specific receptor binding affinities of the opioid). For example, the opiate alkaloid
27208:
21252:
Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, et al. (July 2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol".
13772:
Ledeboer A, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Johnson KW (July 2007). "Ibudilast (AV-411). A new class therapeutic candidate for neuropathic pain and opioid withdrawal syndromes".
17778:
Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, VanAlstine MA, Cohen DJ, et al. (January 2009). "Syntheses and opioid receptor binding properties of carboxamido-substituted opioids".
15192:
Cozowicz C, Chung F, Doufas AG, Nagappa M, Memtsoudis SG (October 2018). "Opioids for Acute Pain Management in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review".
9962:
1613:
problem. Several drugs have been developed which can partially block respiratory depression, although the only respiratory stimulant currently approved for this purpose is
1441:(OIC) develops in 90 to 95% of people taking opioids long-term. Since tolerance to this problem does not generally develop, most people on long-term opioids need to take a
29521:
27624:
26256:
18698:
17257:
Raynor K, Kong H, Chen Y, Yasuda K, Yu L, Bell GI, et al. (February 1994). "Pharmacological characterization of the cloned kappa-, delta-, and mu-opioid receptors".
10453:"Report III: FDA Approved Medications for the Treatment of Opiate Dependence: Literature Reviews on Effectiveness & Cost- Effectiveness, Treatment Research Institute"
10383:"FDA requires strong warnings for opioid analgesics, prescription opioid cough products, and benzodiazepine labeling related to serious risks and death from combined use"
29554:
28822:
28070:
27113:
21137:
16032:
20223:
4300:
21505:
18392:
15957:
Brede E, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ (February 2012). "Prediction of failure to retain work 1 year after interdisciplinary functional restoration in occupational injuries".
5273:. The administration's concerns about addiction and accidental overdosing have been echoed by numerous other medical and government advisory groups around the world.
4978:
and others. Development of a glass syringe with a subcutaneous needle made it possible to easily administer controlled measurable doses of a primary active compound.
900:(the constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to two millimeters). This idea has been challenged, however, with some authors arguing that tolerance
29336:
28241:
27950:
24876:
19871:
19663:
18593:
17675:
Katsumata S, Minami M, Nakagawa T, Iwamura T, Satoh M (November 1995). "Pharmacological study of dihydroetorphine in cloned mu-, delta- and kappa-opioid receptors".
16478:
Islam MM, Wollersheim D (2020). "Trends and Variations in Concurrent Dispensing of Prescription Opioids and Benzodiazepines in Australia: A Retrospective Analysis".
4561:(nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. Assays were done mostly with cloned or cultured rodent receptors.
2822:
1452:
Treatment of OIC is successional and dependent on severity. The first mode of treatment is non-pharmacological, and includes lifestyle modifications like increasing
1091:
The amount of evidence available only permits making a weak conclusion, but it suggests that a physician properly managing opioid use in patients with no history of
19802:
18663:
19109:
5287:
11506:
4981:
Morphine was initially hailed as a wonder drug for its ability to ease pain. It could help people sleep, and had other useful side effects, including control of
3079:
1022:. Slowly reducing the intake of opioids over days and weeks can reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms. The speed and severity of withdrawal depends on the
1084:
for a longer treatment of addiction. In other European countries including the UK, this is also legally used for OST although on a varying scale of acceptance.
29447:
29235:
26643:
24444:
22206:
21520:
21077:
14954:
Dorn S, Lembo A, Cremonini F (September 2014). "Opioid-induced bowel dysfunction: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and initial therapeutic approach".
11405:
6953:
2378:(mu, kappa, and delta), although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (Epsilon, Iota, Lambda and Zeta) receptors. Conversely, σ (
1732:. Opioid induced hyperalgesia more commonly occurs with chronic use or brief high doses but some research suggests that it may also occur with very low doses.
19307:
28321:
20843:
20067:
2505:: selective agonist of KOR-DOR and KOR-MOR heteromers. Does not recruit β-arrestin II. Antinociceptive devoid of aversion, tolerance, and dependence in mice.
1724:
experience more pain as a result of that medication – has been observed in some people. This phenomenon, although uncommon, is seen in some people receiving
145:
The terms 'opioid' and 'opiate' are sometimes used interchangeably, but there are key differences based on the manufacturing processes of these medications.
67:
13485:"Effect of intrathecal magnesium in the presence or absence of local anaesthetic with and without lipophilic opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5096:
26594:
21408:
Busch-Dienstfertig M, Stein C (July 2010). "Opioid receptors and opioid peptide-producing leukocytes in inflammatory pain--basic and therapeutic aspects".
11622:
10427:
2104:
These risks are lessened with close monitoring by a physician, who may conduct ongoing screening for changes in patient behavior and treatment compliance.
995:) is administered. Physical dependence is a normal and expected aspect of certain medications and does not necessarily imply that the patient is addicted.
20731:
15503:
10104:
2478:
for example) providing even more specific responses. Unique to each opioid is its distinct binding affinity to the various classes of opioid receptors (
2134:
of naloxone can be shorter than that of the opioid itself, so repeat dosing or continuous infusion may be required, or a longer acting antagonist such as
29442:
28316:
25834:
12926:
Buckeridge D, Huang A, Hanley J, Kelome A, Reidel K, Verma A, et al. (September 2010). "Risk of injury associated with opioid use in older adults".
10575:
9967:
9912:
19698:
19330:
12982:
12741:
Yang DZ, Sin B, Beckhusen J, Xia D, Khaimova R, Iliev I (May–June 2019). "Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Nonsurgical Setting: A Systematic Review".
12646:
1728:, most often when dose is increased rapidly. If encountered, rotation between several different opioid pain medications may decrease the development of
29559:
25612:
20667:
12288:
Matthys H, Bleicher B, Bleicher U (1983). "Dextromethorphan and codeine: objective assessment of antitussive activity in patients with chronic cough".
5379:
and are frequently used recreationally. Traditionally associated with illicit opioids such as heroin, prescription opioids are misused recreationally.
5233:
The term "opioid" originated in the 1950s. It combines "opium" + "-oid" meaning "opiate-like" ("opiates" being morphine and similar drugs derived from
26653:
20015:
10390:
5312:
as essential in the treatment of severe pain. As of 2002, seven countries (USA, UK, Italy, Australia, France, Spain and Japan) use 77% of the world's
27198:
26663:
25126:
20481:
Wikler A, Martin WR, Pescor FT, Eades CG (October 1963). "Factors regulating oral consumption of an opioid (Etonitazene) by morphine-addicted rats".
20448:
14246:
12460:
18424:
Backhaus I, Mannocci A, La Torre G (2019). "A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluation Studies of Drug-Based Non-Malignant Chronic Pain Treatment".
17398:
Tam SW (February 1985). "(+)-SKF 10,047, (+)-ethylketocyclazocine, mu, kappa, delta and phencyclidine binding sites in guinea pig brain membranes".
10040:
477:
Guidelines have suggested that the risk of opioids is likely greater than their benefits when used for most non-cancer chronic conditions including
28211:
27684:
24871:
20170:
Mars S (2003). "Peer pressure and imposed consensus: the making of the 1984 Guidelines of Good Clinical Practice in the Treatment of Drug Misuse".
10360:
6714:
4136:
1255:(large volume vomiting, brief nausea relieved by vomiting, oesophageal reflux, epigastric fullness, early satiation), besides direct action on the
489:. Thus they should be used cautiously in chronic non-cancer pain. If used the benefits and harms should be reassessed at least every three months.
16036:
7621:
5700:. Noscapine is a marginal case as it does have CNS effects but not necessarily similar to morphine, and it is probably in a category all its own.
5557:
Endogenous opioids, non-peptide: Morphine, and some other opioids, which are produced in small amounts in the body, are included in this category.
4963:
from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first
308:. Conversely, fears about overprescribing, exaggerated side effects, and addiction from opioids are similarly blamed for under-treatment of pain.
29728:
29369:
29361:
28422:
27880:
27765:
27574:
27421:
26302:
24866:
18564:
Opium is one of the world's oldest drugs, and its derivatives morphine and codeine are among the most used clinical drugs to relieve severe pain.
17710:
Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Vetulani J, Havemann U, Kuschinsky K (1982). "3H-dihydromorphine binding sites in subcellular fractions of rat striatum".
17599:
Frink MC, Hennies HH, Englberger W, Haurand M, Wilffert B (November 1996). "Influence of tramadol on neurotransmitter systems of the rat brain".
12716:
1793:
1681:
also counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression, but at the same time reduce analgesia, which limits their usefulness for this application.
615:
is useful in children. Similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline regarding the treatment of acute cough does not recommend its use. (The opioid analogue
13524:
Larson AA, Kovács KJ, Spartz AK (November 2000). "Intrathecal Zn2+ attenuates morphine antinociception and the development of acute tolerance".
458:
to help with the severe, chronic, disabling pain that may occur in some terminal conditions such as cancer, and degenerative conditions such as
29638:
29402:
27679:
25859:
25839:
25617:
24424:
22505:
21570:
20942:
13686:
Watkins LR, Kinscheck IB, Mayer DJ (April 1984). "Potentiation of opiate analgesia and apparent reversal of morphine tolerance by proglumide".
12073:
2545:
Extensive research has been conducted to determine equivalence ratios comparing the relative potency of opioids. Given a dose of an opioid, an
19832:
17348:
Filizola M, Villar HO, Loew GH (January 2001). "Molecular determinants of non-specific recognition of delta, mu, and kappa opioid receptors".
29417:
28742:
28627:
28020:
27375:
27038:
26698:
25437:
18367:
16670:"Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after 'treat and release' practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review"
7970:
20636:
20145:
13090:
5344:
could provide cheap pain relief solutions to emerging countries as part of a second-tier system of supply that would complement the current
4600:
29564:
29534:
29485:
29205:
29195:
28296:
28291:
27800:
25963:
25397:
20586:
19236:
7201:
6752:
5029:
developed hundreds of opiate compounds in his search for a nonaddictive opium derivative. In 1874 he became the first person to synthesize
3403:
1959:
Infrequent adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include: dose-related respiratory depression (especially with more
1539:
If laxatives are insufficiently effective (which is often the case), opioid formulations or regimens that include a peripherally-selective
18256:
14891:
10460:
1155:
once at night) are very effective. Due to severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, haloperidol is now rarely used. A related drug,
29673:
29145:
28999:
28662:
28477:
28120:
27529:
25557:
22453:
19207:
16987:
15118:"5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A/7 and 4alpha receptors differentially prevent opioid-induced inhibition of brain stem cardiorespiratory function"
8674:
5211:
20053:
19984:
19616:
17102:
Johnson N, Itzhak Y, Pasternak GW (June 1984). "Interaction of two phencyclidine opiate-like derivatives with 3H-opioid binding sites".
1198:
is very commonly used, with the added advantages of not causing movement disorders, and also possessing analgesic-sparing properties. Δ-
619:, long claimed to be as effective a cough suppressant as codeine, has similarly demonstrated little benefit in several recent studies.)
29584:
29574:
28767:
27780:
25152:
17285:
16093:
Cherubino P, Sarzi-Puttini P, Zuccaro SM, Labianca R (February 2012). "The management of chronic pain in important patient subgroups".
16068:
Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health problems and functional recovery in workers
7750:
5282:
5278:
862:
19523:
Kotwal A (March 2005). "Innovation, diffusion and safety of a medical technology: a review of the literature on injection practices".
14358:
13461:
12678:"Evidence of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in clinical populations after chronic opioid exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
11012:
Alexander GC, Kruszewski SP, Webster DW (November 2012). "Rethinking opioid prescribing to protect patient safety and public health".
29620:
29589:
29490:
29377:
29230:
29210:
29100:
29080:
28807:
28130:
27128:
26758:
15779:
14853:"Efficacy of pharmacological therapies for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation: systematic review and network meta-analysis"
7077:
4997:
and diseases of a "nervous character". At first it was assumed (wrongly) that this new method of application would not be addictive.
3866:
2917:
19058:
18288:
16070:(online March 2014) (3rd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. p. 11.
10290:
Sterken J, Troubleyn J, Gasthuys F, Maes V, Diltoer M, Verborgh C (October 2004). "Intentional overdose of Large Animal Immobilon".
28812:
28376:
28165:
27265:
26587:
25864:
25043:
21133:
17628:"Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of tramadol, its enantiomers and its M1 metabolite in the rat kindling model of epilepsy"
16611:"Serious adverse events reported in placebo randomised controlled trials of oral naltrexone: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
8662:
8006:
7282:
7029:
4771:
Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the fourth century BC, when ideograms on
2382:) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist
1306:
Patients with chronic pain using opioids had small improvements in pain and physically functioning and increased risk of vomiting.
13974:
Bannwarth B (September 2012). "Will abuse-deterrent formulations of opioid analgesics be successful in achieving their purpose?".
13847:
Hermann D, Klages E, Welzel H, Mann K, Croissant B (June 2005). "Low efficacy of non-opioid drugs in opioid withdrawal symptoms".
13729:
Tang J, Chou J, Iadarola M, Yang HY, Costa E (June 1984). "Proglumide prevents and curtails acute tolerance to morphine in rats".
10134:
8953:
5792:
4852:
Exactly when the world became aware of opium in India and China is uncertain, but opium was mentioned in the Chinese medical work
492:
In treating chronic pain, opioids are an option to be tried after other less risky pain relievers have been considered, including
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29225:
29220:
29155:
25622:
25162:
24841:
24414:
21047:
10831:
9566:
9256:
8736:
8698:
7065:
6819:
6702:
3241:
1903:
Persons performing any safety-sensitive task should not use opioids. Health care providers should not recommend that workers who
1202:
relieves nausea and vomiting; it also produces analgesia that may allow lower doses of opioids with reduced nausea and vomiting.
520:
opioids may be appropriate for treating headache if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache.
193:
20929:
The opioid effects transcending analgesia include sedation, respiratory depression, constipation and a strong sense of euphoria.
19030:
18842:
18364:"Socially disadvantaged Ontarians being prescribed opioids on an ongoing basis and at doses that far exceed Canadian guidelines"
13618:
13432:"Antinociceptive potentiation and attenuation of tolerance by intrathecal co-infusion of magnesium sulfate and morphine in rats"
13185:
12531:
Wiseman R, Rowett D, Allcroft P, Abernethy A, Currow DC (March 2013). "Chronic refractory dyspnoea--evidence based management".
8648:
2442:
response to an opioid depends upon the receptor to which it binds, its affinity for that receptor, and whether the opioid is an
469:
Just over half of all states in the US have enacted laws that restrict the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain.
27524:
25852:
25522:
25053:
20603:
18686:
15992:
Volinn E, Fargo JD, Fine PG (April 2009). "Opioid therapy for nonspecific low back pain and the outcome of chronic work loss".
9292:
9001:
7552:
7387:
6788:
2989:
134:
plant. Opioids work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including pain relief. As a class of substances, they act on
21129:
14160:
Malik Z, Baik D, Schey R (February 2015). "The role of cannabinoids in regulation of nausea and vomiting, and visceral pain".
8977:
25905:
25532:
24851:
24394:
23348:
20691:"Most primary care physicians are aware of prescription drug monitoring programs, but many find the data difficult to access"
20563:
20351:
20215:
20187:
20047:
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19657:
19596:
19569:
19458:
19348:
19248:
18993:
18657:
18587:
17467:
16780:
16753:
16728:
16536:
16075:
15662:
15343:
Vella-Brincat J, Macleod AD (2007). "Adverse effects of opioids on the central nervous systems of palliative care patients".
14694:
14662:
13831:
12109:
11900:
10970:
10891:
10864:
10777:
10746:
10739:
Opioids in Medicine: A Comprehensive Review on the Mode of Action and the Use of Analgesics in Different Clinical Pain States
10713:
10628:
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10076:
10034:
9218:
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7010:
6936:
5317:
4704:
10801:
7165:
1318:
usually develops over 5–7 days, but if troublesome, switching to an alternative opioid often helps. Certain opioids such as
25131:
24046:
21956:
21657:
21107:
18945:
Türe H, Türe U, Gögüs FY, Valavanis A, Yasargil MG (September 2006). "987 The Art of Alleviating Pain in Greek Mythology".
18399:
9690:
9304:
8915:
8612:
7294:
6948:
5270:
4955:
In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist
301:
10654:
McCarberg BH (March 2011). "Pain management in primary care: strategies to mitigate opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion".
8686:
5806:
5732:
is a unique selective, powerful ĸ-opioid receptor agonist. It is not properly considered an opioid nevertheless, because:
27178:
26580:
25477:
24846:
22964:
22525:
22493:
20865:
19094:
13387:
Smith FL, Dombrowski DS, Dewey WL (February 1999). "Involvement of intracellular calcium in morphine tolerance in mice".
12340:
8433:
7490:
6855:
5681:, in addition to endogenous opioid peptides. Some bacteria are capable of producing some semi-synthetic opioids such as
5321:
5189:
opioids "for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care" and the increase of
552:
20759:"The Impact of Opioid Risk Reduction Initiatives on High-Dose Opioid Prescribing for Patients on Chronic Opioid Therapy"
18624:
12599:"Pharmacologic Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
7306:
25572:
24946:
24227:
23404:
21563:
16928:
14796:"Mu-opioid antagonists for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care"
14276:
Abrams DI, Couey P, Shade SB, Kelly ME, Benowitz NL (December 2011). "Cannabinoid-opioid interaction in chronic pain".
9726:
9139:
9113:
8989:
8481:
8469:
8123:
8018:
7929:
7683:
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4775:
clay tablets mention the use of "Hul Gil", a "plant of joy". Opium was known to the Egyptians, and is mentioned in the
1838:. Most studies suggest that the majority (perhaps as much as 90%) of chronic opioid users develop hypogonadism. A 2015
1119:
All of the opioids can cause side effects. Common adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include
16221:
Orriols L, Delorme B, Gadegbeku B, Tricotel A, Contrand B, Laumon B, et al. (November 2010). Pirmohamed M (ed.).
15473:
14113:"Complications of long-term opioid therapy for management of chronic pain: the paradox of opioid-induced hyperalgesia"
8965:
7227:
5696:
and other derivatives of the opium poppy are not opioids or narcotics; the best example is the smooth-muscle relaxant
1772:, or by switching to a milder opioid with a mixed mode of action that also counteracts neuropathic pain, particularly
25971:
25592:
25577:
25547:
25402:
25312:
24998:
24963:
24315:
24066:
23503:
9206:
9015:
8600:
7898:
7053:
6843:
6726:
5739:
it has no typical opioid properties: absolutely no anxiolytic or cough-suppressant effects. It is instead a powerful
5714:
have no opioid analgesic effect at all despite their structural similarity to other opioids; instead they are potent
563:
are considered safer alternatives. They are frequently used combined with opioids, such as paracetamol combined with
21069:
15245:"Risk factors for opioid-induced respiratory depression in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analyses"
11391:
28942:
25562:
25467:
25382:
25327:
25136:
24968:
24956:
23365:
19295:
17739:"Nalmefene induced elevation in serum prolactin in normal human volunteers: partial kappa opioid agonist activity?"
11695:"Acute migraine medications and evolution from episodic to chronic migraine: a longitudinal population-based study"
10355:
10268:
10068:
Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application: Expert Consult – Online and Print
9175:
8939:
8927:
8903:
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7786:
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7695:
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7578:
7516:
7435:
7041:
6867:
6776:
6719:
20840:"Feasibility Study on Opium Licensing in Afghanistan for the Production of Morphine and Other Essential Medicines"
20839:
14852:
28937:
25801:
25725:
25627:
25322:
25286:
25121:
25028:
24389:
21159:
20078:
16513:
Stuth EA, Stucke AG, Zuperku EJ (2012). "Effects of anesthetics, sedatives, and opioids on ventilatory control".
15157:
Ren J, Poon BY, Tang Y, Funk GD, Greer JJ (December 2006). "Ampakines alleviate respiratory depression in rats".
13643:
McCleane GJ (2003). "The cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide enhances the analgesic effect of dihydrocodeine".
11618:
9614:
9602:
8891:
8834:
8786:
8080:
7454:
5634:
produced, does not form the basis of habituation, physical dependence, or addiction. Foremost amongst these are
5281:
was tasked with establishing and publishing a new guideline, and was heavily lobbied. In 2016, the United States
2394:
2057:
1042:
Critical patients who received regular doses of opioids experience iatrogenic withdrawal as a frequent syndrome.
892:
20245:
Portenoy RK, Foley KM (May 1986). "Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases".
18316:"Researching Prescription Drug Misuse among First Nations in Canada: Starting from a Health Promotion Framework"
14321:"Analgesic impact of intra-operative opioids vs. opioid-free anaesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
12218:
Paul IM (February 2012). "Therapeutic options for acute cough due to upper respiratory infections in children".
11640:
10990:
10412:
9776:
8760:
7860:
4761:
28862:
25847:
25602:
25587:
25567:
25542:
25527:
25487:
25427:
25377:
25013:
13125:
Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C, et al. (January 2010). Noble M (ed.).
10096:
9764:
9504:
9490:
7502:
7466:
7368:
7270:
7091:
6924:
6764:
5467:
5436:
opiates: slightly chemically altered but more natural than the semi-synthetics, as most are morphine prodrugs,
5269:
In 2011, the Obama administration released a white paper describing the administration's plan to deal with the
4993:, opium and laudanum were used extensively to treat soldiers. It was also prescribed frequently for women, for
1835:
19894:
10127:"Alcohol and Drug Policy Commission : Opiates or Opioids — What's the difference? : State of Oregon"
9628:
438:, in low doses and combined with one or more other drugs, is commonly available in prescription medicines and
26347:
26087:
25781:
25730:
25502:
25497:
25492:
25417:
25412:
25407:
25347:
25058:
23903:
21556:
20419:"FDA launches public education campaign to encourage safe removal of unused opioid pain medicines from homes"
19686:
19474:
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. (December 2015).
14650:
14439:
Reissig JE, Rybarczyk AM (April 2005). "Pharmacologic treatment of opioid-induced sedation in chronic pain".
12970:
11387:
10567:
9938:
9590:
9578:
9194:
8810:
8586:
8419:
8295:
8259:
8042:
7762:
7356:
7344:
7239:
7139:
6974:
6962:
6831:
6690:
6299:
5848:
5764:
5309:
4886:. He extolled opium's benefits for medical use. He also claimed to have an "arcanum", a pill which he called
1889:
1885:
21330:
Stein C, Schäfer M, Machelska H (August 2003). "Attacking pain at its source: new perspectives on opioids".
21295:
Rojas-Corrales MO, Gibert-Rahola J, Micó JA (1998). "Tramadol induces antidepressant-type effects in mice".
20659:
20111:
16787:
The lipid solubility of hydromorphone lies between morphine and fentanyl, but is closer to that of morphine.
9752:
8357:
8197:
7669:
4721:
practices with little scientific evidence to support the safety or benefit for patients with chronic pain.
1951:
Opioids have been shown to reduce attention, more so when used with antidepressants and/or anticonvulsants.
512:, are preferentially treated with drugs other than opioids. The efficacy of using opioids to lessen chronic
28060:
25607:
25597:
25552:
25537:
25517:
25507:
25482:
25462:
25392:
25352:
25342:
25332:
22820:
22463:
21493:
20007:
19694:
12452:
12051:"Safety and efficacy of the combination acetaminophen-codeine in the treatment of pain of different origin"
10523:
Tarabar AF, Nelson LS (April 2003). "The resurgence and abuse of heroin by children in the United States".
10382:
9888:
9850:
9664:
9454:
9442:
9230:
9163:
9101:
8636:
8624:
8562:
8445:
8345:
8247:
8159:
7953:
7774:
7540:
7206:
7115:
6881:
5862:
5202:
2502:
2451:
2069:
1706:
Patients with cardiac, respiratory disease and/or obstructive sleep apnoea are at increased risk for OIRD.
20456:
18687:"The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area"
11896:
8457:
7941:
7731:
6900:
5146:, a synthetic drug with 30 to 50 times the potency of heroin. Nearly 150 synthetic opioids are now known.
1303:
Evidence suggests that opioid-inclusive anaesthesia is associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting.
835:
Each year 69,000 people worldwide die of opioid overdose, and 15 million people have an opioid addiction.
29630:
26066:
25703:
25639:
25582:
25457:
25452:
25447:
25432:
25422:
25372:
25367:
25357:
25337:
25317:
25276:
24727:
20610:
9950:
9862:
9800:
9738:
9714:
9652:
9540:
9354:
9342:
9280:
9268:
9242:
9125:
9077:
9039:
8798:
8748:
8574:
8321:
8283:
8221:
8209:
8171:
8147:
8104:
8092:
8030:
7886:
7798:
7478:
7423:
7332:
7153:
5026:
2523:
and biased agonism. The first opioid that was intentionally designed as a biased agonist and placed into
1715:
1112:
1069:
956:
808:
699:
421:. The term can have pejorative connotations and its use is generally discouraged where that is the case.
20973:
19933:
14482:
Corey PJ, Heck AM, Weathermon RA (December 1999). "Amphetamines to counteract opioid-induced sedation".
11529:
Painter JT, Crofford LJ (March 2013). "Chronic opioid use in fibromyalgia syndrome: a clinical review".
10350:
10022:
8395:
7965:
7910:
5367:
5134:, also at IG Farben, built on the work of Eisleb and Schaumann. They developed "Hoechst 10820" (later
4753:
1095:
can give long-term pain relief with little risk of developing addiction, or other serious side effects.
649:
The ability to suppress diarrhea also produces constipation when opioids are used beyond several weeks.
29040:
29035:
28427:
27770:
26858:
25811:
25786:
25512:
25472:
25442:
25387:
23801:
22483:
21695:
11730:"Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study"
9826:
9702:
9552:
9151:
9089:
9063:
8860:
8848:
8724:
8538:
8507:
8333:
8309:
8068:
8054:
7848:
7824:
7755:
7602:
7528:
7411:
7318:
7251:
7189:
6986:
6738:
6250:
5890:
5876:
5834:
5778:
5497:
5155:
4975:
4779:
as an ingredient in a mixture for the soothing of children, and for the treatment of breast abscesses.
2414:
1256:
1176:
946:
26248:
17009:
Le Naour M, Lunzer MM, Powers MD, Kalyuzhny AE, Benneyworth MA, Thomas MJ, et al. (August 2014).
12677:
12049:
Franceschi F, Iacomini P, Marsiliani D, Cordischi C, Antonini EF, Alesi A, et al. (August 2013).
6060:
acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors.
2048:
during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of complications, including an elevated risk of
29060:
28050:
27775:
27093:
26428:
26321:
26125:
25898:
25816:
25063:
24797:
24742:
23875:
23486:
21864:
11636:
9924:
9838:
9528:
9466:
9330:
9318:
8958:
8550:
8519:
8495:
8271:
8185:
7874:
7812:
7707:
7590:
7564:
7215:
7103:
7082:
6998:
6707:
5904:
5325:
5210:(see below) and aims to help decrease unnecessary exposure to opioids and prevent new addiction. The
5159:
5013:
3709:
1065:
844:
255:
21506:
World Health Organization guidelines for the availability and accessibility of controlled substances
19382:
13596:"Interaction of memantine and ketamine in morphine- and pentazocine-induced antinociception in mice"
13212:"Ligand-directed trafficking of the δ-opioid receptor in vivo: two paths toward analgesic tolerance"
12050:
10246:
5277:
doctors used these programs, while 22% were not aware that the programs were available to them. The
4989:. It was widely prescribed by doctors, and dispensed without restriction by pharmacists. During the
2386:, they do not exhibit high-affinity binding for classical opioids, and they are stereoselective for
653:, a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist is now available to treat opioid induced constipation.
29030:
28972:
28432:
28191:
27436:
26505:
26188:
26044:
24434:
23198:
23159:
21949:
20757:
Von Korff M, Dublin S, Walker RL, Parchman M, Shortreed SM, Hansen RN, et al. (January 2016).
19824:
18881:
16515:
15243:
Gupta K, Nagappa M, Prasad A, Abrahamyan L, Wong J, Weingarten TN, et al. (14 December 2018).
11336:
9788:
9478:
9416:
9380:
9366:
9051:
8822:
8407:
8135:
8011:
7836:
7287:
7127:
7034:
5651:
5610:
and various substances with opioid action are also found elsewhere, including molecules present in
4902:
introduced the first liquid tincture of opium, "laudanum" came to mean a mixture of both opium and
1784:
1544:
631:
96:
21185:
Roth BL, Baner K, Westkaemper R, Siebert D, Rice KC, Steinberg S, et al. (3 September 2002).
18066:"The atypical antidepressant and neurorestorative agent tianeptine is a μ-opioid receptor agonist"
16891:
Volpe DA, McMahon Tobin GA, Mellon RD, Katki AG, Parker RJ, Colatsky T, et al. (April 2011).
11924:"Long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain: unproven efficacy and neglected safety?"
11656:
Bigal ME, Lipton RB (April 2009). "Excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine".
442:
to treat mild pain. Other opioids are usually reserved for the relief of moderate to severe pain.
29610:
29025:
27649:
27431:
25974:
25116:
25083:
25073:
25023:
25018:
24643:
23962:
23957:
23353:
23069:
22473:
22129:
16893:"Uniform assessment and ranking of opioid μ receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs"
16182:"Basic concepts in opioid prescribing and current concepts of opioid-mediated effects on driving"
9900:
9876:
9676:
9640:
9404:
9392:
9006:
8982:
8703:
7177:
7070:
6824:
6148:
6143:
5918:
5461:
5453:
2068:. One of the most well-known consequences of maternal opioid use during pregnancy is the risk of
1988:
1172:
1062:
1055:
911:
283:
25106:
20943:"What constitutes prescription drug misuse? Problems and pitfalls of current conceptualizations"
18516:
Manglik A, Kruse AC, Kobilka TS, Thian FS, Mathiesen JM, Sunahara RK, et al. (March 2012).
13082:
6800:
5083:, an opioid alkaloid in opium poppies, in 1914. Next, Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer developed
28437:
27451:
27426:
27325:
25197:
24633:
24628:
24364:
24165:
23969:
23898:
23397:
23117:
22073:
21804:
18876:
17011:"Putative kappa opioid heteromers as targets for developing analgesics free of adverse effects"
14380:
Busse JW, Wang L, Kamaleldin M, Craigie S, Riva JJ, Montoya L, et al. (18 December 2018).
12597:
Feliciano JL, Waldfogel JM, Sharma R, Zhang A, Gupta A, Sedhom R, et al. (February 2021).
12558:
Dy SM, Gupta A, Waldfogel JM, Sharma R, Zhang A, Feliciano JL, et al. (19 November 2020).
9814:
9516:
9428:
8872:
8679:
7557:
7392:
6793:
5170:
2520:
2127:
2078:
1960:
1609:
1512:, may be used. A common laxative regimen for OIC is the combination of docusate and bisacodyl.
1343:
1105:
Some people find that opioids side effects cause problems which outweigh the therapy's benefit.
1092:
813:
687:
639:
259:
251:
212:
24525:
21515:
19855:
19647:
19586:
19559:
19237:"The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890"
19188:
18577:
17450:
Corbett AD, Paterson SJ, Kosterlitz HW (1993). "Selectivity of Ligands for Opioid Receptors".
16770:
16609:
Bolton M, Hodkinson A, Boda S, Mould A, Panagioti M, Rhodes S, et al. (15 January 2019).
16372:"Risks, management, and monitoring of combination opioid, benzodiazepines, and/or alcohol use"
14652:
12099:
10187:
10066:
4956:
2654:
704:
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) has been evident in patients after chronic opioid exposure.
29771:
28592:
26888:
25078:
25033:
24993:
24449:
23691:
23527:
23413:
22876:
22570:
22488:
22478:
22190:
22133:
20037:
19968:
19786:
19476:"Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review"
19448:
18647:
14684:
14651:
Alguire PC, American College of Physicians, Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine (2009).
13925:
Duceppe MA, Perreault MM, Frenette AJ, Burry LD, Rico P, Lavoie A, et al. (April 2019).
10734:
8383:
7657:
7633:
7399:
7015:
6941:
6912:
5983:
5820:
5723:
5362:
5072:
in 1898. Bayer ceased production in 1913, after heroin's addictive potential was recognized.
4841:
2600:
2588:
2375:
2371:
2131:
2024:
2017:
1630:
1274:). If vomiting has already started, these drugs need to be administered by a non-oral route (
1175:
and produce adverse central antidopaminergic effects, but blocks opioid emetic action in the
643:
576:
568:
439:
181:
18115:"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the novel synthetic opioid, U-47700, in male rats"
16223:"Prescription medicines and the risk of road traffic crashes: a French registry-based study"
16066:
Weiss MS, Bowden K, Branco F, et al. (2011). "Opioids Guideline". In Hegmann KT (ed.).
11814:
Manchikanti L, Helm S, Fellows B, Janata JW, Pampati V, Grider JS, et al. (July 2012).
4967:
to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery.
1927:
In addition, lack of employment may be a predictor of aberrant use of prescription opioids.
26668:
26648:
26024:
25891:
25806:
25698:
25111:
25068:
25008:
24936:
24909:
24429:
24404:
24374:
24369:
24195:
23996:
23087:
23048:
22881:
22871:
22866:
22693:
22498:
22414:
22056:
21580:
21198:
18763:
18529:
17969:
16432:
16031:
15074:
14915:"Efficacy of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation: A meta-analysis"
13695:
13431:
13210:
Pradhan AA, Walwyn W, Nozaki C, Filliol D, Erbs E, Matifas A, et al. (December 2010).
11144:"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a position paper of the American Academy of Neurology"
10703:
9695:
9309:
8920:
8765:
8691:
7299:
6611:
6598:
6440:
5967:
5009:
4898:
The term laudanum was used generically for a useful medicine until the 17th century. After
4805:
2636:
2463:
1752:
1244:
1199:
459:
294:
28405:
27748:
26614:
25926:
17958:"Salvinorin A: a potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist"
15610:
Mitra S (2018). "Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: pathophysiology and clinical implications".
10327:
Drug Dealer, MD: How Doctors Were Duped, Patients Got Hooked, and Why It's So Hard to Stop
6027:
6013:
5979:
5592:
1855:(LH). Opioid-induced hypogonadism likely causes the strong association of opioid use with
1088:
medications are currently under consideration with trials for market approval by the FDA.
8:
29733:
29319:
29165:
29125:
28452:
28271:
28251:
27549:
27511:
27466:
26371:
26286:
25999:
25776:
25713:
25281:
25217:
24951:
24653:
24575:
24022:
24006:
23952:
23836:
22836:
22468:
22297:
22198:
22137:
22024:
22013:
21942:
21593:
18292:
17956:, Baner K, Westkaemper R, Siebert D, Rice KC, Steinberg S, et al. (September 2002).
14062:"Opioid therapy pharmacogenomics for noncancer pain: efficacy, adverse events, and costs"
10909:"Non-prescription (OTC) oral analgesics for acute pain - an overview of Cochrane reviews"
9731:
8994:
8970:
8667:
8438:
7495:
6860:
6256:
6137:
5445:
5358:
5012:. Robiquet was reviewing a method for morphine extraction, described by Scottish chemist
4699:
Opioid prescriptions in the US increased from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013.
2515:
2447:
2045:
1852:
1744:
1521:
1477:
1263:, the vomiting centre of the brain. Vomiting can thus be prevented by prokinetic agents (
975:
874:
413:, derived from words meaning 'numbness' or 'sleep', as an American legal term, refers to
275:
228:
177:
161:
24472:
21510:
21202:
18767:
18533:
17973:
16436:
15078:
14320:
13699:
13034:"Safety of Opioids in Osteoarthritis: Outcomes of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
11458:"EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine--revised report of an EFNS task force"
11255:
11230:
4931:
between 1797 and 1949. The British balanced an economic deficit from the importation of
2690:
2118:
Opioid effects (adverse or otherwise) can be reversed with an opioid antagonist such as
462:. In many cases opioids are a successful long-term care strategy for those with chronic
29265:
28572:
28261:
27995:
27885:
27539:
27219:
27003:
26843:
26803:
26606:
26174:
25720:
25307:
24926:
24782:
24737:
24717:
24676:
23794:
23662:
23614:
23464:
23274:
22841:
22739:
22410:
22268:
22202:
21873:
21767:
21727:
21689:
21681:
21648:
21627:
21433:
21355:
21277:
21016:
20991:
20915:
20890:
20783:
20758:
20506:
20395:
20368:
20319:
20294:
20270:
19925:
19500:
19475:
19424:
19397:
19370:
19332:
Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma'
18962:
18927:
18550:
18517:
18498:
18449:
18340:
18315:
18139:
18114:
18090:
18065:
18041:
18016:
17930:
17903:
17652:
17627:
17581:
17084:
17035:
17010:
16979:
16868:
16835:
16645:
16610:
16586:
16561:
16495:
16455:
16420:
16396:
16371:
16347:
16298:
16273:
16249:
16222:
16198:
16181:
16162:
16118:
15801:
15774:
15732:
Bawor M, Bami H, Dennis BB, Plater C, Worster A, Varenbut M, et al. (April 2015).
15711:
15551:
15526:
15454:
15411:
15368:
15325:
15277:
15244:
15225:
15134:
15117:
15098:
15015:
14990:
14883:
14828:
14795:
14759:
Davis MP, Goforth HW (2016). "Oxycodone with an opioid receptor antagonist: A review".
14736:
14711:
14625:
14598:
14570:
14507:
14464:
14416:
14381:
14350:
14301:
14228:
14185:
14137:
14112:
14088:
14061:
14042:
13999:
13872:
13797:
13754:
13668:
13412:
13369:
13325:
13236:
13211:
13151:
13126:
13058:
13033:
12951:
12881:
12833:
12809:"Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects"
12808:
12774:
12708:
12623:
12614:
12598:
12508:
12483:
12388:
12363:
12313:
12243:
12195:
12178:
12151:
12126:
11991:
11974:
11950:
11923:
11794:
11782:
11757:
11681:
11590:
11565:
11487:
11360:
11331:
11307:
11282:
11217:
11124:
11073:
10933:
10908:
10769:
Compact Clinical Guide to Cancer Pain Management: An Evidence-Based Approach for Nurses
10679:
10548:
10500:
10483:
10234:
10218:
10126:
9118:
9020:
8741:
8653:
8486:
8474:
8128:
7958:
6410:
6051:
5561:
5525:
4990:
4927:
4883:
4825:
4744:
4064:
3133:
2576:
2398:
2367:
1936:
1826:
Clinical studies have consistently associated medical and recreational opioid use with
1560:
1493:
1481:
819:
790:
777:
406:
360:
131:
29050:
28206:
27446:
21548:
21308:
21229:
21187:"Salvinorin A: A potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous κ opioid selective agonist"
21186:
21039:
19913:
19770:
19753:
18958:
18437:
17992:
17957:
17887:
17861:"Activation profiles of opioid ligands in HEK cells expressing delta opioid receptors"
17860:
17844:
17817:
17361:
13537:
13400:
13357:
11745:
10457:
Advancing Access to Addiction Medications: Implications for Opioid Addiction Treatment
10027:
Pharmacology and physiology for anesthesia : foundations and clinical application
7903:
6008:
is widely distributed in the CNS and in immune cells; -enkephalin is a product of the
2007:
migration. However the relevance of this in the context of pain relief is not known.
29781:
29055:
28447:
28442:
28216:
27461:
27023:
26658:
26477:
26467:
26238:
26218:
26152:
26133:
26115:
25791:
25771:
25362:
25167:
25038:
24899:
24696:
24663:
24638:
24150:
23883:
23556:
23390:
23058:
22913:
22901:
22788:
22194:
21843:
21810:
21758:
21703:
21676:
21469:
21425:
21390:
21347:
21312:
21269:
21234:
21216:
21070:"Chronic Pain Management and Opioid Misuse: A Public Health Concern (Position Paper)"
21021:
21007:
20965:
20920:
20788:
20712:
20559:
20536:
20498:
20400:
20347:
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20262:
20258:
20193:
20183:
20043:
19974:
19917:
19861:
19792:
19732:
19653:
19592:
19565:
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19505:
19491:
19454:
19429:
19344:
19166:
19022:
19010:
18989:
18919:
18817:
18791:
18786:
18751:
18653:
18583:
18555:
18490:
18453:
18441:
18345:
18197:
18179:
18144:
18130:
18095:
18046:
17997:
17935:
17892:
17849:
17795:
17760:
17719:
17692:
17688:
17657:
17608:
17573:
17538:
17473:
17463:
17415:
17411:
17365:
17305:
17266:
17160:
17119:
17115:
17076:
17040:
16971:
16920:
16912:
16873:
16855:
16816:
16776:
16749:
16724:
16699:
16691:
16650:
16632:
16591:
16542:
16532:
16499:
16460:
16401:
16339:
16303:
16289:
16254:
16203:
16154:
16110:
16106:
16071:
16009:
15974:
15939:
15912:
15885:
15850:
15806:
15755:
15750:
15733:
15703:
15668:
15658:
15627:
15592:
15556:
15527:"Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: clinically relevant or extraneous research phenomenon?"
15495:
15446:
15403:
15360:
15317:
15282:
15264:
15217:
15209:
15174:
15139:
15090:
15047:
15020:
15006:
14971:
14936:
14875:
14833:
14815:
14776:
14741:
14690:
14658:
14630:
14599:"Opioid-induced constipation: pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and management"
14562:
14527:
14499:
14456:
14421:
14403:
14342:
14293:
14220:
14177:
14142:
14093:
14034:
14030:
13991:
13987:
13956:
13948:
13907:
13864:
13827:
13789:
13746:
13742:
13711:
13660:
13656:
13610:
13595:
13576:
13572:
13541:
13506:
13453:
13448:
13404:
13361:
13317:
13313:
13282:
13277:
13260:
13241:
13174:
13156:
13063:
13032:
Fuggle N, Curtis E, Shaw S, Spooner L, Bruyère O, Ntani G, et al. (April 2019).
13014:
12943:
12939:
12908:
12873:
12838:
12766:
12758:
12700:
12628:
12579:
12540:
12513:
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12393:
12305:
12270:
12235:
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12156:
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11996:
11955:
11878:
11837:
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11716:
11711:
11694:
11673:
11595:
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11479:
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11312:
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11165:
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11108:
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11065:
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10966:
10938:
10887:
10860:
10823:
10773:
10742:
10709:
10671:
10620:
10540:
10536:
10505:
10330:
10307:
10303:
10203:
10166:
10072:
10030:
8605:
8140:
7058:
6848:
6731:
6622:
6163:
5457:
4971:
4915:
4911:
4817:
4801:
4765:
4757:
3439:
2748:
2421:
2158:
2113:
1839:
1540:
1461:
888:
767:
263:
21465:
21437:
21359:
21281:
20808:"Trump says opioid crisis is a national emergency, pledges more money and attention"
20510:
20274:
19536:
18966:
18931:
18837:
18502:
17286:"Utilization of a radioreceptor assay for the analysis of fentanyl analogs in urine"
16983:
16851:
16351:
16166:
16122:
15458:
15415:
15372:
15329:
15229:
15102:
14931:
14914:
14887:
14574:
14524:
14511:
14468:
14354:
14189:
14046:
14003:
13801:
13758:
13672:
13416:
13373:
13329:
12955:
12885:
12778:
12712:
12317:
12247:
11798:
11761:
11685:
11456:
Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, Goadsby PJ, Linde M, May A, et al. (September 2009).
11128:
11077:
10683:
10552:
10484:"Non-Medical Prescription Opioid Use and Prescription Opioid Use Disorder: A Review"
10194:. Vol. 51 (2nd ed.). Ames, USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 723, 727.
5999:
5122:(later demerol), found serendipitously by German chemist Otto Eisleb (or Eislib) at
1533:
29776:
29455:
29392:
29215:
28931:
28857:
28582:
28311:
28065:
27905:
27619:
26878:
26513:
26413:
26279:
26192:
26034:
25708:
25291:
25207:
24988:
24931:
24919:
24618:
24497:
24439:
24399:
24356:
24257:
24160:
24121:
24104:
24042:
23939:
23135:
22609:
21905:
21825:
21461:
21417:
21382:
21339:
21304:
21261:
21224:
21206:
21011:
21003:
20957:
20910:
20906:
20902:
20778:
20770:
20702:
20490:
20390:
20380:
20314:
20306:
20254:
20175:
19929:
19909:
19765:
19532:
19495:
19487:
19419:
19409:
19336:
19199:
19156:
19145:"In the arms of Morpheus the development of morphine for postoperative pain relief"
18954:
18909:
18832:
18781:
18771:
18545:
18537:
18480:
18433:
18335:
18327:
18171:
18134:
18126:
18085:
18077:
18036:
18028:
17987:
17977:
17925:
17915:
17882:
17872:
17839:
17829:
17787:
17750:
17684:
17647:
17639:
17585:
17565:
17455:
17407:
17357:
17297:
17152:
17111:
17088:
17068:
17030:
17022:
16963:
16904:
16863:
16847:
16808:
16681:
16640:
16622:
16581:
16577:
16573:
16524:
16487:
16450:
16440:
16391:
16383:
16331:
16293:
16285:
16244:
16234:
16193:
16146:
16102:
16001:
15966:
15877:
15840:
15796:
15788:
15745:
15715:
15695:
15650:
15619:
15584:
15546:
15538:
15485:
15438:
15429:
Fine PG (2004). "Opioid insights:opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid rotation".
15395:
15352:
15309:
15272:
15256:
15201:
15166:
15129:
15082:
15010:
15002:
14963:
14926:
14867:
14823:
14811:
14807:
14768:
14731:
14723:
14620:
14610:
14554:
14545:
McCarberg BH (July 2013). "Overview and treatment of opioid-induced constipation".
14491:
14448:
14411:
14393:
14332:
14305:
14285:
14232:
14212:
14169:
14132:
14124:
14083:
14073:
14026:
13983:
13938:
13899:
13876:
13856:
13781:
13738:
13703:
13652:
13568:
13533:
13496:
13443:
13396:
13353:
13309:
13272:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13146:
13142:
13138:
13053:
13045:
12935:
12865:
12828:
12820:
12750:
12692:
12618:
12610:
12569:
12503:
12495:
12424:
12383:
12375:
12297:
12227:
12190:
12146:
12138:
12023:
11986:
11945:
11935:
11868:
11827:
11778:
11741:
11706:
11665:
11585:
11581:
11577:
11538:
11491:
11469:
11434:
11355:
11345:
11332:"The Modified WHO Analgesic Ladder: Is It Appropriate for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain?"
11302:
11294:
11250:
11242:
11221:
11199:
11155:
11100:
11057:
11021:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10663:
10610:
10532:
10495:
10299:
10213:
10195:
9223:
8932:
8908:
8777:
8238:
7791:
7724:
7700:
7440:
7046:
6781:
6645:
6503:
6158:
6125:
5703:
5643:
5622:
5573:
5437:
5075:
Several semi-synthetic opioids were developed in Germany in the 1910s. The first,
5038:
4944:
3655:
3169:
2708:
2053:
2003:, and affect cell differentiation (Roy & Loh, 1996). Opioids may also inhibit
1881:
1755:, and can be counteracted in animal models by antagonists at these targets such as
1740:
1525:
1513:
1489:
1156:
1058:
or injection, rather than taking opioids orally as prescribed for medical reasons.
932:
803:
616:
513:
287:
16836:"Fentanyl: Receptor pharmacology, abuse potential, and implications for treatment"
16812:
10598:
5433:
4849:. Many of Avicenna's observations have been supported by modern medical research.
29105:
28632:
28587:
27935:
27910:
26953:
26883:
26738:
26629:
26603:
26491:
26107:
26074:
26052:
26028:
25796:
25745:
25683:
25182:
25157:
25003:
24787:
24701:
24623:
24613:
24384:
24379:
24262:
24200:
24177:
23821:
23811:
23319:
23238:
23220:
23033:
22798:
22783:
22724:
22107:
22008:
21497:
21265:
20812:
20660:"Every state but Missouri has opioid drug tracking. Why are senators against it?"
19725:
18914:
18897:
18398:. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. 8 September 2010. Archived from
18314:
Dell CA, Roberts G, Kilty J, Taylor K, Daschuk M, Hopkins C, et al. (2012).
17459:
16718:
16445:
16239:
16150:
16045:
16041:
15881:
15734:"Testosterone suppression in opioid users: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
15699:
15490:
15205:
14247:"UCSF Study Finds Medical Marijuana Could Help Patients Reduce Pain with Opiates"
13903:
12869:
12754:
12142:
12027:
11832:
11815:
11631:
11627:
11542:
11400:
11396:
11160:
11143:
10960:
10881:
10854:
10793:
10767:
10160:
10001:
9996:
9986:
8896:
8791:
6757:
6309:
6286:
6039:
5971:
5678:
5568:) contain a few naturally-occurring opioids, active via Mu- and Delta receptors.
5371:
Prescription opioid pain reliever overdose deaths in the United States over years
5337:
5223:
5190:
5049:
4940:
4899:
4742:
Opioids are among the world's oldest known drugs. The earliest known evidence of
4718:
4713:
4618:
3529:
3313:
3295:
3277:
3187:
2804:
2439:
2359:
2152:
2100:
2073:
1940:
1912:
1908:
1872:
1769:
1725:
1566:
1505:
1369:
1234:
1191:
1183:
1072:(OST) for patients who do not well tolerate the side effects of buprenorphine or
928:
824:
713:
622:
Low dose morphine may help chronic cough but its use is limited by side effects.
544:
455:
244:
189:
165:
135:
102:
84:
29045:
28201:
27441:
21973:
21969:
21584:
21532:—A short educational film about the practical management of opioid side effects.
21099:
20961:
20774:
20554:
Mehdi B (2008). "Opioid analgesics and antagonists". In Seth SD, Seth V (eds.).
16908:
16686:
16669:
15930:
Smith HS, Elliott JA (July 2012). "Opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD)".
15654:
15588:
15260:
12261:
Verlee L, Verheij TJ, Hopstaken RM, Prins JM, Salomé PL, Bindels PJ (2012). "".
11873:
11856:
10708:. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 903.
5131:
4815:– 90 AD), a Greek physician serving in the Roman army, in his five-volume work,
2027:
can have significant implications for both the mother and the developing fetus.
1159:
is more often used, although it has similar risks. Stronger antiemetics such as
29407:
28732:
28030:
28010:
28005:
27810:
27068:
27028:
27018:
26978:
26873:
26838:
26743:
26718:
26673:
26557:
26379:
26138:
26129:
26103:
26095:
26080:
25693:
25659:
25634:
25224:
24941:
24767:
24757:
24671:
24580:
24520:
24464:
24217:
24172:
24072:
23459:
23449:
23359:
23314:
23077:
22957:
22932:
22808:
22793:
22263:
22143:
22094:
22061:
21890:
21820:
21386:
21373:
Stein C, Lang LJ (February 2009). "Peripheral mechanisms of opioid analgesia".
21191:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
19340:
18756:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
18393:"Avoiding Abuse, Achieving a Balance: Tackling the Opioid Public Health Crisis"
18032:
17962:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
17791:
16005:
15970:
15868:
Brennan MJ (March 2013). "The effect of opioid therapy on endocrine function".
15399:
15313:
14871:
13049:
12301:
11669:
8617:
8362:
7934:
7521:
7507:
7471:
7373:
7311:
7275:
7096:
6929:
6769:
6544:
6539:
6415:
6336:
6315:
6177:
6017:
6005:
5719:
5707:
5647:
5333:
5127:
5045:
4994:
4903:
4879:
3673:
3592:
3475:
3421:
2766:
2524:
2387:
2379:
2363:
1964:
1802:
1748:
1469:
1385:
1271:
1050:
884:
855:
848:
608:
380:
298:
250:
Opioids act by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the
240:
224:
79:
25883:
21529:
21421:
20872:
20707:
20690:
20369:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016"
20179:
19203:
18113:
Truver MT, Smith CR, Garibay N, Kopajtic TA, Swortwood MJ, Baumann MH (2020).
17454:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 104 / 1. pp. 645–679.
16967:
16627:
15792:
15542:
15170:
14173:
14128:
13860:
13785:
12696:
12379:
12231:
11693:
Bigal ME, Serrano D, Buse D, Scher A, Stewart WF, Lipton RB (September 2008).
5963:
2672:
1720:
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia – where individuals using opioids to relieve pain
1115:, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain.
29765:
29723:
29382:
29160:
29115:
29065:
28988:
28976:
28682:
28597:
28577:
28562:
28557:
28502:
28276:
28266:
27970:
27890:
27614:
27554:
27544:
27481:
27456:
27250:
27193:
26983:
26928:
26918:
26913:
26893:
26828:
26778:
26763:
26678:
26572:
26543:
26441:
26437:
26399:
26395:
26334:
26330:
26294:
26208:
26204:
26200:
26178:
26142:
26119:
25996:
25978:
25766:
25740:
25735:
25649:
25212:
25172:
24792:
24772:
24681:
24608:
24535:
24530:
24515:
24311:
24111:
24094:
24062:
23841:
23782:
23647:
23579:
23561:
23532:
23499:
23481:
23248:
23243:
23233:
23163:
23125:
22583:
22358:
22288:
22148:
22117:
22066:
21922:
21830:
21800:
21535:
21220:
20310:
20039:
Methadone Matters: Evolving Community Methadone Treatment of Opiate Addiction
19414:
18898:"References to anesthesia, pain, and analgesia in the Hippocratic Collection"
18616:
18015:
Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, Denhardt C, Jin J, et al. (April 2009).
17709:
17477:
16975:
16916:
16859:
16695:
16636:
16491:
16387:
15268:
15213:
14819:
14727:
14558:
14407:
13952:
12762:
12564:
12453:"Press Announcements - FDA approves Movantik for opioid-induced constipation"
12332:
11283:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain--United States, 2016"
11112:
10667:
9991:
9199:
8815:
8591:
8424:
8300:
8264:
8202:
7767:
7688:
7674:
7361:
7349:
7244:
7170:
6979:
6967:
6836:
6497:
6451:
6391:
6341:
6331:
6216:
6201:
6187:
6182:
6020:, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors.
6009:
5991:
5682:
5491:
5487:
5471:
5207:
5112:
5100:
4776:
3565:
3547:
3385:
3205:
3115:
2881:
2546:
2540:
2231:
2049:
1992:
1860:
1843:
1764:
1721:
1696:
1641:
1598:
1453:
1260:
1252:
1077:
782:
600:
548:
232:
169:
72:
24510:
21511:
CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016
18776:
18518:"Crystal structure of the µ-opioid receptor bound to a morphinan antagonist"
17569:
17072:
16951:
16892:
16274:"Opioid analgesics and the risk of fractures in older adults with arthritis"
15086:
14398:
13890:
Brown TK (March 2013). "Ibogaine in the treatment of substance dependence".
13707:
11855:
Chou R, Ballantyne JC, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, Miaskowski C (February 2009).
11025:
10907:
Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Maguire T, Roy YM, Tyrrell L (November 2015).
10615:
5286:
Research suggests that the prescription of high doses of opioids related to
1384:
tends not to be a severe problem when opioids are used for pain relief, but
227:, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and
29718:
29653:
29579:
29387:
28962:
28927:
28727:
28532:
28391:
27985:
27980:
27875:
27850:
27845:
27669:
27594:
27340:
27295:
27148:
27143:
27098:
26998:
26833:
26798:
26793:
26472:
26283:
26009:
25654:
25202:
24904:
24590:
24409:
24344:
24289:
24237:
24116:
24082:
24034:
23930:
23748:
23604:
23517:
23253:
23228:
22986:
22891:
22775:
22562:
22550:
22540:
22515:
22383:
22373:
22303:
22178:
22173:
22084:
21616:
21473:
21429:
21394:
21351:
21273:
21238:
21211:
21025:
20969:
20924:
20792:
20716:
20502:
20449:"opioid: definition of opioid in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)"
20404:
20385:
20328:
20197:
19788:
The power of the poppy : harnessing nature's most dangerous plant ally
19544:
19509:
19433:
19335:. Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies series. Palgrave Macmillan.
19170:
19026:
18923:
18559:
18494:
18445:
18349:
18148:
18099:
18050:
18001:
17982:
17939:
17896:
17877:
17853:
17818:"Activity of opioid ligands in cells expressing cloned mu opioid receptors"
17799:
17764:
17755:
17738:
17661:
17643:
17577:
17369:
17164:
17080:
17044:
16924:
16877:
16820:
16703:
16654:
16595:
16546:
16464:
16405:
16343:
16307:
16258:
16207:
16158:
16114:
16013:
15978:
15943:
15916:
15889:
15854:
15810:
15759:
15707:
15672:
15631:
15596:
15560:
15499:
15450:
15407:
15364:
15321:
15286:
15221:
15178:
15143:
15094:
15051:
15024:
14975:
14940:
14879:
14837:
14780:
14745:
14634:
14566:
14531:
14503:
14460:
14425:
14382:"Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
14346:
14318:
14297:
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14038:
13995:
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13793:
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13018:
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12912:
12877:
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12574:
12559:
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12035:
12000:
11959:
11882:
11841:
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11753:
11720:
11677:
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11483:
11448:
11369:
11316:
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11213:
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11033:
10942:
10675:
10624:
10544:
10509:
10311:
9669:
9235:
9211:
9168:
9144:
9106:
8641:
8629:
8567:
8462:
8450:
8400:
8350:
8252:
8164:
7946:
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7545:
6886:
6743:
6405:
6376:
6366:
6321:
6281:
6271:
6153:
6131:
6073:
6035:
5856:
5740:
5729:
5639:
5569:
5449:
5441:
5294:
5139:
5092:
5061:
5044:
Heroin received little attention until it was independently synthesized by
4936:
4264:
4100:
3938:
3794:
3610:
2953:
2366:
and other tissues. There are three principal classes of opioid receptors,
2287:
2065:
1876:
1868:
1856:
1848:
1827:
1729:
1617:, which has only limited efficacy in this application. Newer drugs such as
1457:
1438:
1425:
1402:
1390:
1296:
1187:
1132:
795:
742:
536:
524:
505:
486:
216:
21934:
21316:
20540:
20266:
19921:
19453:(1 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 36–37.
18867:
Rosso AM (2010). "Poppy and Opium in Ancient Times: Remedy or Narcotic?".
18795:
18183:
17920:
17834:
17723:
17696:
17612:
17542:
17419:
17309:
17301:
17270:
17123:
16135:
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15442:
15356:
14967:
14772:
14615:
14289:
14078:
13750:
13715:
13580:
13457:
13408:
13365:
13321:
12309:
11385:
For information on the use and overuse of opioids to treat migraines, see
11061:
10199:
5297:
declared the opioid crisis a (non-FEMA) national public health emergency.
523:
Opioids are being used more frequently in the management of non-malignant
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29625:
29539:
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29412:
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29260:
29250:
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29135:
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28952:
28947:
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28902:
28892:
28872:
28867:
28827:
28792:
28782:
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28547:
28522:
28507:
28482:
28472:
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28457:
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28286:
28281:
28256:
28115:
28105:
28085:
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28015:
28000:
27965:
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27860:
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27729:
27724:
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27704:
27694:
27629:
27559:
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27290:
27260:
27245:
27230:
27203:
27168:
27153:
27138:
27123:
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27078:
27048:
27033:
27008:
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26968:
26958:
26948:
26908:
26903:
26863:
26853:
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26773:
26748:
26708:
26693:
26683:
26527:
26487:
26445:
26407:
26391:
26315:
26091:
26048:
26020:
25945:
25101:
25048:
24894:
24732:
24600:
24555:
24477:
24454:
24187:
24145:
23853:
23716:
23642:
23597:
23444:
23299:
23279:
23188:
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23020:
22981:
22906:
22856:
22851:
22750:
22686:
22614:
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22368:
22353:
22348:
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22333:
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22278:
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22253:
22248:
22217:
22212:
22168:
22153:
22122:
22101:
22079:
21917:
21671:
21621:
20104:"Laws Learn about the laws concerning opioids from the 1800s until today"
19473:
19011:"Medicinal aspects of opium as described in Avicenna's Canon of Medicine"
17737:
Bart G, Schluger JH, Borg L, Ho A, Bidlack JM, Kreek MJ (December 2005).
16528:
14794:
Candy B, Jones L, Vickerstaff V, Larkin PJ, Stone P (15 September 2022).
14712:"Evolving paradigms in the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction"
13501:
13484:
11439:
11422:
11330:
Yang J, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL, Chon TY, Xiao L (17 February 2020).
11246:
11204:
11187:
9867:
9743:
9719:
9707:
9619:
9607:
9545:
9509:
9359:
9347:
9285:
9273:
9261:
9247:
9180:
9130:
9082:
9044:
9032:
8803:
8753:
8715:
8579:
8326:
8288:
8226:
8214:
8176:
8152:
8109:
8097:
8085:
8035:
7891:
7803:
7650:
7583:
7483:
7428:
7337:
7232:
7158:
6615:
6588:
6568:
6534:
6522:
6483:
6477:
6425:
6420:
6346:
6326:
6276:
6227:
6211:
6112:
6057:
6047:
6031:
5995:
5956:
5842:
5786:
5758:
5711:
5686:
5551:
5509:
5483:
5475:
5407:
5382:
5341:
5088:
5076:
5034:
5030:
4932:
4783:
4708:
4323:
4282:
4246:
4210:
4172:
4154:
4082:
4046:
3776:
3754:
3691:
3367:
3259:
3007:
2935:
2899:
2863:
2845:
2528:
2341:
2037:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1831:
1797:
1529:
1365:
1327:
1286:
1267:
1224:
1214:
1195:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1152:
992:
916:
907:
Tolerance to opioids is attenuated by a number of substances, including:
612:
572:
540:
493:
463:
364:
293:
Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are
173:
149:
23382:
18541:
18175:
17902:
Gharagozlou P, Hashemi E, DeLorey TM, Clark JD, Lameh J (January 2006).
15845:
15828:
15300:
Wilson GR, Reisfield GM (2003). "Morphine hyperalgesia: a case report".
15116:
Wang X, Dergacheva O, Kamendi H, Gorini C, Mendelowitz D (August 2007).
12824:
12499:
11350:
10260:
4970:
The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the
286:, but can displace other opioids from binding to those receptors in the
29743:
29713:
29688:
29569:
29480:
29460:
29437:
29280:
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29245:
29200:
29190:
29175:
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28984:
28912:
28907:
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28852:
28842:
28817:
28802:
28777:
28747:
28722:
28712:
28672:
28652:
28642:
28622:
28552:
28537:
28356:
28336:
28331:
28306:
28236:
28175:
28155:
28110:
28100:
28095:
28035:
28025:
27955:
27870:
27719:
27709:
27699:
27689:
27654:
27644:
27609:
27579:
27569:
27564:
27501:
27345:
27320:
27315:
27310:
27300:
27285:
27255:
27173:
27163:
27158:
27108:
27063:
27043:
27013:
26963:
26943:
26898:
26823:
26713:
26703:
26551:
26495:
26451:
26423:
26403:
26387:
26383:
26356:
26311:
26278:
26222:
26146:
26060:
26003:
25986:
25982:
25915:
25177:
24914:
24648:
24540:
24013:
23858:
23806:
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23329:
23324:
23269:
23206:
23149:
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22861:
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22831:
22765:
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22676:
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22635:
22589:
22576:
22545:
22510:
22393:
22388:
22363:
22313:
22308:
22283:
22238:
22163:
21848:
21782:
21721:
21709:
21666:
21323:
21040:"Prescription Opioid Overdose Data | Drug Overdose | CDC Injury Center"
20494:
19161:
19144:
18331:
18081:
17953:
16335:
15649:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 194. pp. 3–30.
14752:
14337:
14319:
Frauenknecht J, Kirkham KR, Jacot-Guillarmod A, Albrecht E (May 2019).
13943:
13926:
11975:"Opioids versus nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in noncancer pain"
11940:
9831:
9805:
9781:
9595:
9156:
9094:
9068:
8944:
8865:
8853:
8729:
8543:
8512:
8338:
8314:
8073:
8059:
7865:
7853:
7829:
7607:
7533:
7459:
7416:
7323:
7256:
7194:
7120:
6991:
6659:
6649:
6640:
6583:
6563:
6558:
6528:
6456:
6435:
6266:
6261:
5946:
5884:
5870:
5828:
5772:
5697:
5689:
when living in a solution containing morphine or codeine respectively.
5664:
5587:, which act as monoamine uptake inhibitors also act as mild and potent
5584:
5543:
5531:
5521:
5423:
5165:
In the United Kingdom the 1926 report of the Departmental Committee on
5154:
Non-clinical use of opium was criminalized in the United States by the
5119:
5087:, also from thebaine, at the University of Frankfurt in 1916. In 1920,
5065:
4868:
4846:
4359:
4341:
4010:
3920:
3884:
3628:
3493:
3457:
3097:
2784:
2487:
2306:
2249:
2123:
2061:
2000:
1996:
1810:
1806:
1777:
1574:
1410:
1398:
1346:
1339:
1315:
1124:
950:
752:
747:
635:
528:
384:
271:
236:
153:
30:
18720:
Sonnedecker G (1962). "Emergence of the Concept of Opiate Addiction".
18579:
The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe
17904:"Pharmacological profiles of opioid ligands at kappa opioid receptors"
17156:
17026:
15903:
Colameco S, Coren JS (January 2009). "Opioid-induced endocrinopathy".
15040:
Nan Fang Yi Ke da Xue Xue Bao = Journal of Southern Medical University
14710:
Poulsen JL, Brock C, Olesen AE, Nilsson M, Drewes AM (November 2015).
14495:
14452:
13430:
McCarthy RJ, Kroin JS, Tuman KJ, Penn RD, Ivankovich AD (April 1998).
12429:
12412:
5470:: created from either the natural opiates or morphine esters, such as
4878:–1541) is often credited with reintroducing opium into medical use in
1026:
of the opioid; heroin and morphine withdrawal occur more quickly than
115:
29698:
29693:
29643:
29615:
29544:
29505:
29500:
29475:
29470:
29397:
29305:
29295:
29185:
29095:
29009:
28967:
28957:
28897:
28887:
28877:
28847:
28837:
28832:
28787:
28757:
28637:
28617:
28517:
28512:
28467:
28386:
28381:
28341:
28326:
28301:
28231:
28170:
28140:
28090:
28080:
28075:
27940:
27830:
27795:
27790:
27734:
27659:
27639:
27634:
27604:
27534:
27496:
27476:
27471:
27411:
27395:
27385:
27330:
27240:
27188:
27183:
27118:
27073:
27053:
26933:
26923:
26768:
26539:
26535:
26517:
26482:
26417:
26338:
26168:
26164:
26099:
25949:
25688:
25644:
25192:
25187:
24762:
24747:
24722:
24570:
24565:
24550:
24545:
24505:
24482:
24419:
24276:
24249:
24133:
23991:
23974:
23947:
23863:
23826:
23816:
23789:
23760:
23721:
23708:
23686:
23657:
23454:
23334:
23294:
23289:
23143:
22991:
22952:
22896:
22826:
22760:
22755:
22732:
22714:
22699:
22671:
22650:
22645:
22640:
22599:
22555:
22343:
22318:
22183:
22112:
22040:
21965:
21900:
21883:
21853:
21815:
21777:
21737:
21714:
21637:
21601:
21401:
19588:
Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery
18485:
18468:
16421:"A comparison of opioids and benzodiazepines dispensing in Australia"
16092:
12048:
10986:
9929:
9843:
9769:
9633:
9571:
9557:
9533:
9495:
9471:
9335:
9323:
8555:
8524:
8500:
8276:
8190:
8023:
7879:
7817:
7712:
7595:
7569:
7220:
7108:
7003:
6655:
6630:
6508:
6446:
6430:
6360:
6221:
6206:
6108:
6100:
6023:
5975:
5951:
5941:
5898:
5693:
5660:
5616:
5607:
5596:
5547:
5539:
5513:
5505:
5479:
5427:
5403:
5261:
used inclusively is considered modern, preferred and is in wide use.
5181:
5135:
5123:
5108:
5104:
5084:
5057:
4935:
by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of
4907:
4749:
4539:
4377:
4190:
4118:
4028:
3902:
3727:
3511:
3331:
3025:
2730:
2427:
2325:
2211:
2135:
2033:
2004:
1972:
1916:
1864:
1756:
1736:
1692:
1678:
1674:
1594:
1578:
1552:
1548:
1517:
1501:
1414:
1361:
1331:
1128:
1073:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1011:
999:
959:
940:
919:
772:
683:
679:
650:
564:
556:
532:
497:
482:
478:
368:
279:
200:
39:
19857:
Botanical miracles : chemistry of plants that changed the world
18227:"America's Addiction to Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse"
18064:
Gassaway MM, Rives ML, Kruegel AC, Javitch JA, Sames D (July 2014).
15386:
Mercadante S, Arcuri E (2005). "Hyperalgesia and opioid switching".
14216:
11729:
4856:(973 AD) By 1590 AD, opium poppies were a staple spring crop in the
539:, frequently is better treated with medications other than opioids.
336:
29703:
29495:
29240:
29150:
29130:
29120:
29075:
29004:
28797:
28707:
28692:
28657:
28647:
28527:
28351:
28246:
28221:
28160:
28145:
28055:
27975:
27945:
27925:
27895:
27840:
27820:
27785:
27674:
27599:
27584:
27506:
27486:
27355:
27350:
27335:
27305:
27275:
27235:
27103:
26993:
26938:
26848:
26783:
26753:
26638:
26547:
26531:
26509:
26499:
26360:
26303:
26212:
26196:
26156:
26111:
26038:
25990:
25937:
24691:
24585:
24487:
24210:
24141:
24099:
24089:
24057:
24052:
24017:
23831:
23738:
23698:
23674:
23627:
23522:
23491:
23304:
23183:
23178:
23038:
22937:
22709:
22704:
22681:
22630:
22604:
22594:
22403:
22398:
22378:
22293:
22273:
22222:
22035:
22020:
21910:
21895:
21835:
21788:
21748:
21743:
21611:
21606:
20888:
20604:"First Do No Harm: Responding to Canada's Prescription Drug Crisis"
18752:"A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors"
12971:"Rational use of opioid analgesics in chronic musculoskeletal pain"
12560:"Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer"
11090:
9855:
9793:
9757:
9583:
9483:
9421:
9385:
9371:
9056:
8827:
8412:
8047:
7841:
7144:
7132:
6695:
6635:
6578:
6573:
6471:
6246:
6095:
6090:
6043:
5990:. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary
5987:
5600:
5580:
5517:
5501:
5419:
5411:
5376:
5313:
5305:
5166:
5143:
5080:
4986:
4982:
4964:
4960:
4887:
4829:
4443:
4419:
4395:
3992:
3974:
3956:
3848:
3830:
3812:
3349:
3151:
2618:
2483:
2455:
2383:
2268:
2192:
2119:
1968:
1900:
Use of opioids may be a risk factor for failing to return to work.
1788:
1773:
1688:
1659:
1637:
1614:
1590:
1582:
1570:
1556:
1465:
1442:
1357:
1335:
1323:
1319:
1081:
1036:
1003:
984:
936:
560:
509:
501:
402:
393:
376:
372:
356:
220:
204:
185:
157:
139:
45:
21343:
20580:"Epidemic: Responding to America's Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis"
17815:
5332:
Another idea to increase morphine availability is proposed by the
2099:
The concurrent use of opioids with other depressant drugs such as
2032:
are a class of drugs that include prescription painkillers (e.g.,
854:
Prescription of opioids for acute low back pain and management of
29668:
29549:
29427:
29110:
28994:
28772:
28762:
27990:
27920:
27855:
27805:
27664:
27416:
27390:
27380:
27365:
27270:
27083:
27058:
26808:
26688:
26182:
26160:
26070:
26016:
25929:
24802:
24321:
24304:
24299:
24284:
24232:
24222:
24205:
24077:
23918:
23913:
23846:
23772:
23592:
23512:
23309:
23284:
23154:
23139:
22886:
22816:
22448:
22420:
22243:
22158:
22003:
21251:
20689:
Rutkow L, Turner L, Lucas E, Hwang C, Alexander GC (March 2015).
20216:"This one-paragraph letter may have launched the opioid epidemic"
20103:
18895:
18201:
18198:"Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016"
17816:
Gharagozlou P, Demirci H, David Clark J, Lameh J (January 2003).
16769:
Chestnut DH, Wong CA, Tsen LC, Kee WD, Beilin Y, Mhyre J (2014).
16272:
Miller M, Stürmer T, Azrael D, Levin R, Solomon DH (March 2011).
10158:
9905:
9893:
9881:
9645:
9459:
9447:
9409:
9397:
7182:
6905:
6805:
6381:
6085:
5933:
5912:
5635:
5588:
5535:
5415:
5399:
5005:
4634:
4521:
4503:
4485:
4467:
2971:
2443:
2390:
2029:
1904:
1760:
1586:
1381:
1019:
840:
678:
Though not typically a first line of treatment, opioids, such as
662:
604:
596:
580:
435:
414:
267:
18289:"Opioid Consumption Data | Pain & Policy Studies Group"
17141:
16562:"Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal"
13771:
13342:
12899:
Baumann S (2009). "A nursing approach to pain in older adults".
12806:
11768:
1330:(heroin) tend to be particularly sedating, while others such as
896:
effects. However, tolerance does not develop to constipation or
29678:
29663:
29658:
29529:
29422:
29085:
28752:
28567:
28226:
28150:
28135:
28125:
27900:
27491:
27370:
26988:
26868:
25957:
25941:
24752:
24686:
24155:
24001:
23981:
23743:
23667:
23632:
22089:
21991:
21490:
21294:
18017:"Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors"
16220:
16049:, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,
15775:"Testosterone deficiency in non-cancer opioid-treated patients"
15472:
Lee M, Silverman SM, Hansen H, Patel VB, Manchikanti L (2011).
9955:
9819:
9657:
9521:
9433:
8877:
7915:
6872:
6593:
5611:
5565:
5264:
5069:
4666:
2486:
exhibits high-affinity binding to the μ-opioid receptor, while
2431:
2041:
1622:
1618:
1144:
1120:
1102:
Some people find that opioids do not relieve all of their pain.
1015:
1007:
897:
734:
686:, are sometimes used in the treatment of severe and refractory
347:
305:
208:
20295:"The Ongoing Opioid Prescription Epidemic: Historical Context"
20108:
The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment
19561:
Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration
18988:. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ibidis Press. pp. 607–611.
18645:
17901:
17674:
16798:
15827:
Fountas A, Chai ST, Kourkouti C, Karavitaki N (October 2018).
15826:
15064:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13114:
13112:
12530:
10735:"Part II. Mechanism of action of opioids and clinical effects"
5162:
of 1970 eventually relaxed the harshness of the Harrison Act.
2531:. It displays analgesic activity and reduced adverse effects.
1460:(around 1.5 L (51 US fl oz) per day), and
29683:
29285:
29180:
28922:
28677:
28542:
27915:
27865:
27825:
27589:
27280:
27224:
27133:
26818:
26813:
25953:
23888:
23726:
23679:
23542:
22323:
22030:
21995:
21526:
20756:
19617:"Inside the Story of America's 19th-Century Opiate Addiction"
17859:
Gharagozlou P, Demirci H, Clark JD, Lameh J (November 2002).
17598:
17008:
16890:
13924:
13482:
13104:
opioid-related deaths among multidrug and single-drug deaths.
12807:
Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Tunks E (May 2006).
12596:
11386:
9943:
9681:
9297:
8839:
8388:
7662:
7638:
7404:
6917:
6614:
do not belong to the opioids, instead they are classified as
6386:
6077:
5814:
5800:
5656:
5234:
5053:
4857:
4772:
4228:
3223:
3061:
3043:
1666:
1652:
1509:
1446:
1061:
In European nations such as Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovakia,
352:
26624:
20732:"Painkiller politics: Effort to curb prescribing under fire"
20633:"UK: Task Force offers ideas for opioid addiction solutions"
18896:
Astyrakaki E, Papaioannou A, Askitopoulou H (January 2010).
17858:
15645:
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15242:
14203:
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12855:
11973:
Dhalla IA, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN (January 2012).
11813:
11505:, Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement, archived from
10289:
5386:
Americans abused or were dependent on prescription opioids.
4752:
period around 5,700–5,500 BCE. Its seeds have been found at
4734:
1278:
subcutaneous for metoclopramide, rectally for domperidone).
1194:) may also be effective. The first-generation antihistamine
130:
that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the
28687:
26056:
24777:
24294:
23908:
23777:
23765:
23733:
23551:
23474:
23469:
21184:
20344:
Dreamland : the true tale of America's opiate epidemic
18063:
17952:
17555:
16320:
16033:
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
15573:
15115:
14793:
13483:
Morrison AP, Hunter JM, Halpern SH, Banerjee A (May 2013).
13299:
13124:
13109:
12925:
12260:
11854:
11728:
Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, Lipton RB (November 2003).
11329:
8376:
6371:
5715:
5345:
4861:
4650:
2418:
1039:, data to support its use in substance dependence is poor.
923:
729:
666:
504:. Some types of chronic pain, including the pain caused by
451:
127:
21521:
Links to all language versions of the previous publication
18469:"National trends in long-term use of prescription opioids"
18112:
17057:
16139:
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
15191:
15159:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
14379:
13209:
12962:
11972:
11011:
5056:
Laboratories. Dreser brought the new drug to market as an
2393:
while the other opioid receptors are stereo-selective for
24877:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
24560:
23986:
23753:
18646:
Chevalier A, Marinova E, Pena-Chocarro L (1 April 2014).
18161:
17625:
17558:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
17531:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
17449:
17061:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
15773:
Coluzzi F, Billeci D, Maggi M, Corona G (December 2018).
15772:
14709:
14646:
14644:
13003:
11617:
6030:, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the
5560:
Natural opioids, non-animal, non-opiate: the leaves from
266:
and the somatic effects of opioids. Opioid drugs include
21366:
19450:
Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world
19008:
18582:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 179–181.
18515:
18423:
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16608:
16271:
14016:
13127:"Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain"
12058:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
6002:
is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus.
5308:
and other poppy-based medicines have been identified by
2550:
administration, such as morphine: oral and intravenous.
282:
for opioid-induced constipation, which do not cross the
21578:
21407:
20480:
19189:"The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies"
17445:
17443:
17441:
17439:
17437:
17435:
17433:
17431:
17429:
15829:"MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endocrinology of opioids"
15474:"A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia"
15471:
13846:
13821:
13031:
12287:
11727:
11563:
10906:
2498:
998:
The withdrawal symptoms for opiates may include severe
351:, an older term that refers to such drugs derived from
21500:—Information about Opioid and opiate withdrawal issues
20889:
Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Bianchi E (2015).
20688:
18944:
18313:
17626:
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17527:
17101:
16668:
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13429:
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12557:
11050:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
11046:
10852:
10568:"Heroin Gains Popularity as Cheap Doses Flood the U.S"
6194:
5710:, a semi-synthetic opioid agonist) and its metabolite
5019:
4782:
Opium was also known to the Greeks. It was valued by
4458:
4453:
4448:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4198:
3767:
3762:
26348:
21329:
20940:
18649:
Plants and People: Choices and Diversity through Time
16667:
16369:
16037:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
15822:
15820:
15731:
15431:
Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy
15388:
The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care
15345:
Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy
15302:
The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care
14850:
14654:
Internal Medicine Essentials for Clerkship Students 2
14275:
13685:
11692:
11623:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
11455:
11392:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
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10192:
Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia
10162:
Textbook of Drug Design and Discovery, Fourth Edition
2495:-dealkylation) is responsible for opioid metabolism.
1939:. Opioids may increase risk of traffic accidents and
665:
particularly in advanced diseases such as cancer and
21450:
20941:
Barrett SP, Meisner JR, Stewart SH (November 2008).
20805:
17426:
17256:
16370:
Gudin JA, Mogali S, Jones JD, Comer SD (July 2013).
15577:
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
15342:
14956:
The American Journal of Gastroenterology Supplements
14678:
14676:
14674:
13822:
Doyle D, Hanks G, Cherney I, Calman K, eds. (2004).
13728:
13386:
12675:
12484:"The use of opioids for dyspnea in advanced disease"
10159:
Stromgaard K, Krogsgaard-Larsen P, Madsen U (2009).
6304:
Benzimidazoles opioids are also known as nitazenes.
1417:), and these may also reduce opioid induced nausea.
843:
and paracetamol. They are not associated with upper
26308:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
20366:
16768:
16743:
15905:
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
14851:Luthra P, Burr NE, Brenner DM, Ford AC (May 2018).
14596:
14592:
14590:
14588:
14586:
14584:
14481:
13593:
12740:
11499:Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (2011),
11280:
1585:may cause relatively less constipation, while with
1464:. If non-pharmacological measures are ineffective,
1147:
occurs within 7–10 days, during which antiemetics (
603:, but this position is now questioned. Some recent
21658:
20635:. Delhidailynews.com. 11 June 2014. Archived from
19724:
19289:
17736:
17347:
16792:
16512:
15817:
14991:"A new look at the respiratory stimulant doxapram"
14953:
14912:
13594:Malec D, Mandryk M, Fidecka S (March–April 2008).
13523:
12131:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
12013:
11564:McNicol ED, Midbari A, Eisenberg E (August 2013).
10883:Behavioral and Psychopharmacologic Pain Management
6398:
6063:
5149:
2560:Binding profiles of opioids at opioid receptors (K
2514:A new strategy of drug development takes receptor
2397:isomers. In addition, there are three subtypes of
409:although some include semi-synthetic derivatives.
397:are sometimes encountered as synonyms for opioid.
26429:
26322:
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20527:Martin WR (December 1967). "Opioid antagonists".
20135:"The Early Criminalization of Narcotic Addiction"
19970:Youth substance abuse : a reference handbook
19287:
19285:
19283:
19281:
19279:
19277:
19275:
19273:
19271:
19269:
16949:
16065:
15956:
15038:Tan ZM, Liu JH, Dong T, Li JX (August 2006). "".
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11228:
10965:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 61.
10154:
10152:
7983:
4910:, a much milder liquid preparation for children;
4804:. The medical use of opium is later discussed by
1002:, craving for another opiate dose, irritability,
967:predict any relationship to misuse or addiction.
450:Opioids are effective for the treatment of acute
192:. Opioids can cause death and have been used for
29763:
29746:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
18745:
18743:
18741:
18739:
18737:
18735:
18684:
18206:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2018
17523:
17521:
17519:
17517:
17515:
17513:
17511:
17509:
17507:
17343:
17341:
17339:
17337:
17335:
17333:
17331:
17252:
17250:
17248:
17246:
17244:
17242:
17240:
17238:
17236:
17234:
17232:
17230:
17228:
17226:
17224:
17222:
17220:
17218:
17216:
17214:
17212:
17210:
17208:
17206:
17204:
17202:
17200:
17198:
17196:
17194:
17137:
17135:
17133:
16477:
16418:
15959:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
15727:
15725:
15524:
15385:
14581:
14438:
11229:Rich JD, Green TC, McKenzie MS (February 2011).
11181:
11179:
10765:
5394:There are a number of broad classes of opioids:
5103:was synthesized by adding hydrogen to morphine.
4828:, the use of opium was discussed in detail by
4301:
1888:. Long-term use of opioids can affect the other
583:but is also intended to deter recreational use.
25913:
20989:
19973:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 41–60.
19946:Bayer registered the name heroin in June, 1898.
19395:
19142:
18575:
18262:. INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD. 2012.
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17811:
17809:
17777:
17505:
17503:
17501:
17499:
17497:
17495:
17493:
17491:
17489:
17487:
17393:
17391:
17389:
17387:
17385:
17383:
17381:
17379:
17192:
17190:
17188:
17186:
17184:
17182:
17180:
17178:
17176:
17174:
15991:
15685:
15299:
15156:
13558:
12124:
12097:
12014:Marret E, Beloeil H, Lejus C (March 2009). "".
11528:
10060:
10058:
2823:
2072:(NAS). NAS occurs when the newborn experiences
1930:
1601:constipation may be comparatively more severe.
962:have also been researched for this application.
26602:
24425:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
21540:
20174:. Clio Medica. Vol. 75. pp. 149–83.
19266:
18387:
18385:
16559:
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14919:Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases
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10958:
10481:
10413:"Status and Trend Analysis of Illict [
10149:
10023:"Chapter 15 – Opioid Agonists and Antagonists"
5196:
4729:
2094:
26588:
26559:
26264:
25899:
23398:
21950:
21564:
20895:Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism
20367:Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R (March 2016).
20244:
19389:
19059:"The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India"
18732:
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18008:
17946:
17771:
17730:
17619:
17549:
17328:
17130:
17002:
16412:
16265:
16214:
16129:
16086:
16027:
16025:
16023:
15985:
15950:
15902:
15766:
15722:
15679:
15638:
15603:
15567:
13931:Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
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12290:The Journal of International Medical Research
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11188:"A flood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths"
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10697:
10695:
10693:
10522:
6672:
5982:. β-endorphin has many effects, including on
5138:) around 1937. In 1959 the Belgian physician
4703:overdoses leading to death. According to the
2601:
2589:
1709:
1098:Problems with opioids include the following:
23425:
20866:"Assuring Availability of Opioid Analgesics"
20068:"Fact Sheet: Fentanyl and Synthetic Opioids"
19853:
19182:
19180:
19138:
19136:
19134:
19132:
19130:
19088:
19086:
19084:
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18977:
18713:
18257:"Narcotic Drugs Stupéfiants Estupefacientes"
18021:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
17806:
17780:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters
17668:
17592:
17484:
17376:
17171:
17095:
15929:
15037:
14758:
14682:
14202:
13636:
13252:
12997:
11557:
11323:
11005:
10064:
10055:
5626:plants and some species of poppy aside from
5265:Efforts to reduce recreational use in the US
4748:in a human archaeological site dates to the
634:, opioids may be used to suppress diarrhea.
156:. Other medical uses include suppression of
21964:
21444:
20871:. World Health Organization. Archived from
20288:
20286:
20284:
19817:
19610:
19608:
19446:
19052:
19050:
19048:
18983:
18889:
18818:"Uma breve história do ópio e dos opióides"
18719:
18382:
16833:
16566:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
14913:Esmadi M, Ahmad D, Hewlett A (March 2019).
14800:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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11570:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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10913:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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10759:
6464:
2454:analgesic properties of the opioid agonist
891:that result in reduced drug effects. While
26595:
26581:
26271:
26257:
25906:
25892:
25153:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
23405:
23391:
21957:
21943:
21874:
21768:
21728:
21628:
21571:
21557:
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12410:
12330:
12263:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
12176:
11606:
11376:
11276:
11274:
10596:
10029:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.
5936:that are produced in the body include:
5375:Opioids can produce strong feelings of
4947:(1856–1860) between China and Britain.
1851:in women by limiting the production of
1770:rotating between different opioid drugs
858:seem to have long-term adverse effects
327:Educational video on opioid dependence.
29764:
25054:Office of National Drug Control Policy
24842:International drug control conventions
21122:
20891:"The pharmacological basis of opioids"
20547:
20526:
20213:
20126:
20056:from the original on 23 December 2015.
19966:
19778:
19713:
19701:from the original on 30 September 2020
19678:
19584:
19557:
19522:
19322:
19234:
19143:Hamilton GR, Baskett TF (April 2000).
18860:
18815:
16897:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
16840:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
16801:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
16716:
16560:Gowing L, Ali R, White JM (May 2017).
16358:
16053:from the original on 11 September 2014
14683:Elliott JA, Smith HS (19 April 2016).
14603:Gastroenterology Research and Practice
14597:Kumar L, Barker C, Emmanuel A (2014).
14278:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
14205:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
13824:Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine
13808:
13624:from the original on 30 September 2020
12785:
12722:from the original on 18 September 2020
12361:
12101:Pharmacology and therapeutics of cough
11921:
11816:"Opioid epidemic in the United States"
10705:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology
10631:from the original on 10 September 2015
10324:
10292:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
10185:
5978:and in immune cells, and acts through
5736:chemically, it is not an alkaloid; and
5217:
4573:Global estimates of drug users in 2016
1735:Side effects such as hyperalgesia and
1138:
970:
656:
180:use. Opioids are also frequently used
148:Medically they are primarily used for
26576:
26353:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
26252:
25887:
25245:
24823:
24395:List of cannabis rights organizations
24342:
23424:
23386:
21938:
21552:
21539:
21140:from the original on 24 December 2018
21074:American Academy of Family Physicians
20820:from the original on 24 November 2020
20738:from the original on 22 December 2018
20670:from the original on 27 December 2020
20553:
20163:
20114:from the original on 22 December 2020
20096:
19999:
19987:from the original on 15 December 2023
19936:from the original on 17 December 2020
19874:from the original on 15 December 2023
19805:from the original on 15 December 2023
19784:
19722:
19684:
19666:from the original on 15 December 2023
19627:from the original on 23 December 2020
19328:
19310:from the original on 5 September 2018
19293:
19095:"Laudanum in the Works of Paracelsus"
19033:from the original on 13 February 2023
18938:
18866:
18701:from the original on 16 December 2020
18666:from the original on 15 December 2023
18596:from the original on 15 December 2023
18291:. Painpolicy.wisc.edu. Archived from
17316:from the original on 21 November 2023
16990:from the original on 15 December 2023
16834:Comer SD, Cahill CM (November 2019).
15644:
15609:
15506:from the original on 14 December 2020
14361:from the original on 15 December 2023
14257:from the original on 17 December 2020
14110:
13889:
13464:from the original on 11 February 2010
12463:from the original on 16 February 2017
12179:"Codeine for acute cough in children"
12167:
11408:from the original on 1 September 2013
10979:
10856:Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
10834:from the original on 14 November 2020
10732:
7615:Orvinols & Oripavine derivatives
6680:Table of morphinan opioids: click to
6621:
6239:
6170:
6118:
5927:
5318:International Narcotics Control Board
5118:The first fully synthetic opioid was
5099:, deriving it from codeine. In 1924,
5037:which involved boiling morphine with
4705:International Narcotics Control Board
2598:
2586:
2574:
2462:receptor; respiratory depression and
1895:
1875:. One study found that the depressed
20806:Achenbach J, Wagner J, Bernstein L.
20657:
20429:from the original on 2 December 2020
20169:
20060:
20018:from the original on 7 November 2020
20005:
18848:from the original on 10 January 2021
18825:Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
18627:from the original on 22 January 2019
18615:Kunzig R, Tzar J (1 November 2002).
18473:Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
18426:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
18269:from the original on 21 October 2020
18233:. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
17350:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
16931:from the original on 4 December 2023
16180:Kaye AM, Kaye AD, Lofton EC (2013).
15688:Current Medical Research and Opinion
15428:
14988:
13259:Kollars JP, Larson MD (March 2005).
13191:from the original on 16 January 2021
13093:from the original on 4 December 2020
12657:from the original on 5 November 2023
12217:
12079:from the original on 26 October 2020
11502:Headache, Diagnosis and Treatment of
11271:
11185:
10804:from the original on 25 January 2021
10578:from the original on 2 December 2020
10565:
10137:from the original on 2 November 2023
10107:from the original on 2 November 2023
6667:
6353:
6234:
5670:Other analgesics work peripherally (
2534:
2107:
1954:
553:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
199:Side effects of opioids may include
21080:from the original on 4 October 2023
21050:from the original on 24 August 2019
20558:. Elsevier India. p. III.137.
19357:from the original on 1 October 2020
19115:from the original on 9 October 2022
17397:
12364:"Pharmacologic management of cough"
11235:The New England Journal of Medicine
11192:The New England Journal of Medicine
6195:Semi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives
5352:
5322:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
5300:
5020:Semisynthetic and synthetic opioids
2553:
2458:are mediated by activation of the μ
1536:), are also commonly used for OIC.
401:is properly limited to the natural
262:. These receptors mediate both the
172:. Extremely potent opioids such as
13:
25972:voltage-dependent calcium channels
24947:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
21110:from the original on 19 April 2021
20226:from the original on 6 August 2020
19835:from the original on 21 March 2018
19591:. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 564.
19564:. SAGE Publications. p. 123.
19069:from the original on 6 August 2020
18224:
15135:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091033
14894:from the original on 6 August 2020
12615:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37632
12343:from the original on 31 March 2019
11903:from the original on 6 August 2020
11783:10.1212/01.WNL.0000113747.18760.D2
10794:"21 U.S. Code § 802 – Definitions"
10393:from the original on 23 April 2019
10351:"Drug Facts: Prescription Opioids"
10329:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
10271:from the original on 6 August 2020
10043:from the original on 26 March 2019
7627:6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine
6068:
5107:was synthesized in 1960, from the
4921:
1528:(magnesium hydroxide), as well as
707:
14:
29793:
28563:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
27891:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
26844:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
26829:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
26434:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
26327:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
26139:Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)
24964:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
23049:Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)
21484:
21254:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
20846:from the original on 3 March 2016
20613:from the original on 2 March 2019
20469:Opioid: 1950s: from opium + -oid.
20373:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
20299:American Journal of Public Health
20132:
19791:. Park Street Press. p. 69.
19213:from the original on 27 July 2018
18685:Kritikos PG, Papadaki SP (1967).
18438:10.2174/1389201020666190717095443
15833:European Journal of Endocrinology
15531:Current Pain and Headache Reports
14686:Handbook of Acute Pain Management
12985:from the original on 3 March 2012
12104:. Berlin: Springer. p. 248.
11421:Silberstein SD (September 2000).
11404:, American Academy of Neurology,
11227:Responses to Okie's perspective:
10993:from the original on 16 July 2017
10798:LII / Legal Information Institute
10433:from the original on 27 June 2015
10363:from the original on 12 June 2019
6293:
5389:
5033:(heroin), using a process called
1230:Anti-cholinergic antihistamines (
630:In cases of diarrhea-predominate
28943:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
24969:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
24863:Other treaties addressing drugs
24343:
21831:Hydromorphone (extended-release)
21288:
21245:
21178:
21152:
21092:
21062:
21032:
21008:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007
20983:
20882:
20858:
20832:
20799:
20750:
20734:. Philly.com. Associated Press.
20723:
20682:
20651:
20625:
20596:
20572:
20520:
20474:
20441:
20411:
20077:. September 2016. Archived from
20030:
19578:
19492:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
18509:
18460:
18417:
18356:
18307:
18281:
18249:
18237:from the original on 25 May 2018
18218:
18190:
18131:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108195
18106:
17703:
17677:European Journal of Pharmacology
17400:European Journal of Pharmacology
17277:
17104:European Journal of Pharmacology
17051:
16943:
16884:
16827:
16762:
16737:
16710:
16661:
16602:
16553:
16506:
16471:
16419:Islam MM, Wollersheim D (2019).
16314:
16290:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03318.x
16173:
16107:10.2165/11630060-000000000-00000
15923:
15896:
15870:The American Journal of Medicine
15861:
15751:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.038
15518:
15465:
15422:
15379:
15336:
15293:
15236:
15185:
15150:
15109:
15058:
15031:
15007:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2006.00236.x
14982:
14947:
14906:
14844:
14787:
14538:
14518:
14475:
14432:
14373:
14312:
14162:Current Gastroenterology Reports
14031:10.2165/11584260-000000000-00000
13988:10.2165/11635860-000000000-00000
13657:10.1097/00002508-200305000-00008
13561:European Journal of Pharmacology
13526:European Journal of Pharmacology
13449:10.1097/00000539-199804000-00028
13278:10.1097/00000542-200503000-00047
12940:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03015.x
12858:American Journal of Therapeutics
12743:American Journal of Therapeutics
11712:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01217.x
11531:Journal of Clinical Rheumatology
11475:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02748.x
11105:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.022
10537:10.1097/00008480-200304000-00013
10304:10.1097/00063110-200410000-00013
9961:
9949:
9937:
9923:
9911:
9899:
9887:
9875:
9861:
9849:
9837:
9825:
9813:
9799:
9787:
9775:
9763:
9751:
9737:
9725:
9713:
9701:
9689:
9675:
9663:
9651:
9639:
9627:
9613:
9601:
9589:
9577:
9565:
9551:
9539:
9527:
9515:
9503:
9489:
9477:
9465:
9453:
9441:
9427:
9415:
9403:
9391:
9379:
9365:
9353:
9341:
9329:
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9229:
9217:
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9124:
9112:
9100:
9088:
9076:
9062:
9050:
9038:
9026:
9014:
9000:
8988:
8976:
8964:
8952:
8938:
8926:
8914:
8902:
8890:
8871:
8859:
8847:
8833:
8821:
8809:
8797:
8785:
8771:
8759:
8747:
8735:
8723:
8709:
8697:
8685:
8673:
8661:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8585:
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8561:
8549:
8537:
8518:
8506:
8494:
8480:
8468:
8456:
8444:
8432:
8418:
8406:
8394:
8382:
8370:
8356:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8294:
8282:
8270:
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8232:
8220:
8208:
8196:
8184:
8170:
8158:
8146:
8134:
8122:
8103:
8091:
8079:
8067:
8053:
8041:
8029:
8017:
8005:
7964:
7952:
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7909:
7897:
7885:
7873:
7859:
7847:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7797:
7785:
7773:
7761:
7749:
7730:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7620:
7601:
7589:
7577:
7563:
7551:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7501:
7489:
7477:
7465:
7453:
7434:
7422:
7410:
7398:
7386:
7367:
7355:
7343:
7331:
7317:
7305:
7293:
7281:
7269:
7250:
7238:
7226:
7214:
7200:
7188:
7176:
7164:
7152:
7138:
7126:
7114:
7102:
7090:
7076:
7064:
7052:
7040:
7028:
7009:
6997:
6985:
6973:
6961:
6947:
6935:
6923:
6911:
6899:
6880:
6866:
6854:
6842:
6830:
6818:
6799:
6787:
6775:
6763:
6751:
6737:
6725:
6713:
6701:
6689:
5917:
5903:
5889:
5875:
5861:
5847:
5833:
5819:
5805:
5791:
5777:
5763:
5659:, which enhances the release of
5320:under the provision of the 1961
4306:Tooltip 7-Spiroindinooxymorphone
2016:This section is an excerpt from
28938:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
25802:Regulation of therapeutic goods
25726:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
25287:Opium production in Afghanistan
21466:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.002
21375:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
20042:. CRC Press. 2003. p. 13.
19537:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.044
19149:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
19015:Acta medico-historica Adriatica
18838:10.1590/S0034-70942005000100015
18652:. Oxbow Books. pp. 97–99.
17632:British Journal of Pharmacology
16852:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.005
14932:10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.281.any
14269:
14239:
14196:
14153:
14104:
14053:
14010:
13967:
13918:
13883:
13840:
13765:
13722:
13679:
13587:
13552:
13517:
13476:
13423:
13380:
13336:
13293:
13203:
13167:
13081:Stephens E (23 November 2015).
13074:
13025:
12919:
12892:
12849:
12734:
12669:
12639:
12590:
12551:
12524:
12475:
12445:
12404:
12355:
12324:
12281:
12211:
12118:
12098:Chung KF, Widdicombe J (2008).
12091:
12042:
12007:
11966:
11915:
11889:
11848:
11807:
11522:
11135:
11084:
11040:
10900:
10873:
10846:
10816:
10786:
10772:. Springer Publishing Company.
10647:
10590:
10559:
10516:
10475:
10375:
10343:
9968:Beta-amine ketone 'compound 29'
6399:Diphenylpropylamine derivatives
6115:, are still occasionally used.
6064:Opium alkaloids and derivatives
5150:Criminalization and medical use
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
2828:Tooltip 7-Benzylidenenaltrexone
2795:
2721:
2716:
2146:
2085:
2058:intrauterine growth restriction
1432:
1111:Long-term opioid use can cause
1080:can also be used together with
424:
243:commonly results in death from
194:executions in the United States
28863:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
26088:positive allosteric modulators
25750:of tobacco or other substances
22817:Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)
21454:Forensic Science International
20730:Perrone M (20 December 2015).
18164:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
17145:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
17015:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
16578:10.1002/14651858.CD002021.pub4
14812:10.1002/14651858.CD006332.pub4
13489:British Journal of Anaesthesia
13228:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3748-10.2010
13143:10.1002/14651858.CD006605.pub2
12685:British Journal of Anaesthesia
11922:Kissin I (28 September 2015).
11582:10.1002/14651858.CD006146.pub2
11566:"Opioids for neuropathic pain"
11142:Franklin GM (September 2014).
10959:Fleisher GR, Ludwig S (2010).
10925:10.1002/14651858.CD010794.pub2
10886:. Cambridge University Press.
10318:
10283:
10253:
10119:
10089:
10014:
7984:Table of non-morphinan opioids
6038:, including in particular the
5440:(morphine diacetate; heroin),
5406:contained in the resin of the
4914:, a stronger preparation; and
2040:) and illicit substances like
887:is a process characterized by
571:) and ibuprofen combined with
496:/acetaminophen or NSAIDs like
331:
270:, like the anti-diarrhea drug
1:
28838:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
28031:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
27640:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
27069:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
25782:Needle and syringe programmes
25731:Long-term effects of cannabis
25132:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
25059:School district drug policies
21410:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
21309:10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00369-5
19914:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)07115-3
19771:10.1016/S0187-893X(13)72507-2
19525:Social Science & Medicine
19402:Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
19296:"Opioids' Devastating Return"
18959:10.1016/S1090-3801(06)60990-7
17362:10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00223-6
16813:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.071
16748:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
14484:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
14441:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
14117:Journal of Medical Toxicology
13538:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00715-9
13401:10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00168-3
13358:10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00019-0
12413:"Opioid-Induced Constipation"
11746:10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00293-8
11462:European Journal of Neurology
11388:American Academy of Neurology
10525:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
10065:Hemmings HC, Egan TD (2013).
10007:
6300:List of benzimidazole opioids
6012:gene, and acts through μ and
5310:the World Health Organization
5228:
4872:
4833:
4809:
4794:
4787:
2606:Tooltip kappa-Opioid receptor
2594:Tooltip delta-Opioid receptor
2491:metabolic breakdown (such as
1309:
796:Decreased testosterone levels
445:
235:or concurrent use with other
28061:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
26067:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
24852:1971 Psychotropic Substances
21266:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097
21160:"Esters of Morphine Opioids"
20907:10.11138/ccmbm/2015.12.3.219
20259:10.1016/0304-3959(86)90091-6
19695:Chemical Heritage Foundation
19615:Trickey E (4 January 2018).
19187:Farooqui A (December 2016).
18915:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b188c2
18722:Journal Mondial de Pharmacie
17689:10.1016/0922-4106(95)90078-0
17460:10.1007/978-3-642-77460-7_26
17412:10.1016/0014-2999(85)90536-9
17116:10.1016/0014-2999(84)90171-7
16446:10.1371/journal.pone.0221438
16240:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000366
16151:10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181bc006e
15882:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.12.001
15700:10.1185/03007995.2010.483941
15612:Journal of Opioid Management
15206:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003549
14761:Journal of Opioid Management
14657:. ACP Press. pp. 272–.
13904:10.2174/15672050113109990001
13743:10.1016/0028-3908(84)90171-0
13645:The Clinical Journal of Pain
13573:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00728-8
13314:10.1016/0304-3959(94)90192-9
12870:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000681
12755:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000734
12177:Goldman RD (December 2010).
12143:10.1097/ACI.0b013e3280115145
12028:10.1016/j.annfar.2009.01.006
11543:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3182863447
11161:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000839
10859:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
10459:. p. 41. Archived from
7207:N-Phenethyl-14-Ethoxymetopon
6128:(morphine diacetate; heroin)
6107:Preparations of mixed opium
5203:Food and Drug Administration
2409:, and the newly discovered μ
2070:neonatal abstinence syndrome
2010:
1931:Increased accident-proneness
1625:may be much more effective.
1045:
987:) or an agonist-antagonist (
879:
361:semi-synthetic and synthetic
7:
29714:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
29342:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
28723:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
27209:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
26219:Orexin receptor antagonists
25640:Pharmaceutical distribution
25277:Coca production in Colombia
24728:Counterculture of the 1960s
22459:Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
21836:Morphine (extended-release)
21525:Video: Opioid side effects
20996:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
20962:10.2174/1874473710801030255
20775:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.002
19893:Sneader W (November 1998).
18816:Duarte DF (February 2005).
18750:Brownstein MJ (June 1993).
16909:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.007
16687:10.1136/emermed-2018-207534
16095:Clinical Drug Investigation
15655:10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_1
15589:10.2174/1871524910909030172
15261:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024086
14689:. CRC Press. pp. 89–.
14066:Pain Research and Treatment
13216:The Journal of Neuroscience
12533:Australian Family Physician
12411:Webster LR (October 2015).
12362:Bolser DC (February 2010).
11874:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.10.007
11093:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
10880:Ebert MH, Kerns RD (2010).
9980:
5663:and inhibits the uptake of
5253:comprehensively instead of
5027:Charles Romley Alder Wright
4950:
4893:
4730:Naturally occurring opioids
2415:G-protein coupled receptors
2095:With other depressant drugs
2025:Opioid use during pregnancy
1716:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
1113:opioid-induced hyperalgesia
1070:opiate substitution therapy
957:phosphodiesterase inhibitor
947:cholecystokinin antagonists
700:Opioid-induced hyperalgesia
646:used to suppress diarrhea.
625:
375:; antagonist drugs such as
10:
29798:
29734:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
29354:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
28458:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
27625:Methylsamidorphan chloride
26859:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
26684:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
26035:Dopamine receptor agonists
25812:Substance abuse prevention
25787:Opioid replacement therapy
21879:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
21773:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
21733:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
21633:Tooltip Adrenergic agonist
21541:Articles Related to Opioid
21491:Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms
21387:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.009
20950:Current Drug Abuse Reviews
20453:www.oxforddictionaries.com
20293:Meldrum ML (August 2016).
20006:Crow JM (3 January 2017).
19860:. CRC Press. p. 137.
19691:Chemical Heritage Magazine
19652:. Williams & Wilkins.
18033:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078
17792:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.134
16674:Emergency Medicine Journal
16480:Contemporary Drug Problems
16006:10.1016/j.pain.2008.12.017
15971:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.029
15400:10.1177/104990910502200411
15314:10.1177/104990910302000608
14872:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316001
14111:Brush DE (December 2012).
13892:Current Drug Abuse Reviews
13050:10.1007/s40266-019-00666-9
12302:10.1177/030006058301100206
11670:10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.013
10989:. Drugs.com. 15 May 2022.
10597:Maltoni M (January 2008).
10566:Gray E (4 February 2014).
7916:3-Iodobenzoyl Naltrexamine
7381:Active opiate metabolites
6673:Table of morphinan opioids
6297:
6251:list of fentanyl analogues
5753:Skeletal molecular images
5356:
5221:
5212:"Remove the Risk" campaign
5156:Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
5060:and a cough treatment for
5008:was discovered in 1832 by
5000:
4724:
3116:(+)-Desmetramadol (O-DSMT)
2582:Tooltip mu-Opioid receptor
2538:
2150:
2111:
2015:
1713:
1710:Increased pain sensitivity
1376:
1257:chemoreceptor trigger zone
1177:chemoreceptor trigger zone
1066:oral morphine formulations
872:
809:Increased pain sensitivity
719:Adverse effects of opioids
711:
697:
405:found in the resin of the
359:itself. Other opioids are
223:. Long-term use can cause
160:, replacement therapy for
48:, the prototypical opioid.
29654:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
29602:
29514:
29329:
29318:
29061:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
29018:
28973:Tricyclic antidepressants
28415:
28404:
28184:
28051:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
27758:
27747:
27404:
27094:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
26613:
26506:NMDA receptor antagonists
26460:
26370:
26293:
26232:
26189:NMDA receptor antagonists
26045:Dopamine releasing agents
25922:
25825:
25817:Supervised injection site
25759:
25674:
25300:
25267:
25256:
25252:
25246:
25241:
25145:
25107:Anabolic steroid legality
25094:
24979:
24887:
24872:Convention Against Doping
24867:Law of the Sea Convention
24834:
24830:
24819:
24798:Urban legends about drugs
24710:
24662:
24599:
24496:
24463:
24355:
24351:
24338:
24275:
24248:
24186:
24132:
24033:
23938:
23929:
23874:
23707:
23570:
23435:
23431:
23420:
23343:
23262:
23219:
23197:
23160:Tricyclic antidepressants
23116:
23068:
23057:
23019:
22974:
22923:
22807:
22774:
22723:
22659:
22623:
22533:
22524:
22433:
22231:
22049:
21990:
21981:
21865:Benzodiazepine dependence
21863:
21757:
21647:
21592:
21546:
21422:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.013
20708:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.1085
20180:10.1163/9789004333109_009
19895:"The discovery of heroin"
19829:Science History Institute
19204:10.1590/2236-463320161404
18986:Dioscorides (translation)
18869:Biomedicine International
16968:10.1007/s11419-007-0039-1
16628:10.1186/s12916-018-1242-0
15793:10.1007/s40618-018-0964-3
15543:10.1007/s11916-010-0171-1
15171:10.1164/rccm.200606-778OC
14174:10.1007/s11894-015-0429-1
14129:10.1007/s13181-012-0260-0
13861:10.1080/13556210500123514
13786:10.1517/13543784.16.7.935
12697:10.1016/j.bja.2018.09.019
12482:Gallagher R (July 2011).
12380:10.1016/j.otc.2009.11.008
12333:"Do Cough Remedies Work?"
12232:10.1007/s00408-011-9319-y
12183:Canadian Family Physician
11979:Canadian Family Physician
11637:American Headache Society
11619:American Headache Society
10599:"Opioids, pain, and fear"
10021:Ogura T, Egan TD (2013).
9187:
8884:
8531:
8116:
7999:
7922:
7743:
7614:
7447:
7380:
7263:
7083:7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone
7023:Morphinones and morphols
7022:
6893:
6813:3,6-diesters of morphine
6812:
6708:2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine
6551:
5652:Tricyclic antidepressants
5572:, found naturally in the
5448:(morphine dipropionate),
5444:(morphine dinicotinate),
5326:World Health Organization
5160:Controlled Substances Act
5048:(1868–1946), working for
4556:
3710:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
2358:Opioids bind to specific
1785:NMDA receptor antagonists
1292:Anti-cholinergic agents (
1182:Some antihistamines with
955:Newer agents such as the
845:gastrointestinal bleeding
256:peripheral nervous system
114:
109:
95:
90:
78:
66:
58:
53:
37:
28:
23:
29639:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
29611:Enkephalinase inhibitors
29540:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
29522:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
29438:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
25613:Turks and Caicos Islands
25122:Methamphetamine legality
24435:Marijuana Policy Project
23426:Major recreational drugs
22494:+propyphenazone/caffeine
20842:. ICoS. September 2005.
20658:Kite A (29 April 2018).
20556:Textbook of Pharmacology
20311:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303297
20214:Jacobs H (26 May 2016).
19752:Wisniak J (March 2013).
19723:Booth M (12 June 1999).
19415:10.4103/0019-5049.193696
19247:(Spring). Archived from
18947:European Journal of Pain
18902:Anesthesia and Analgesia
18070:Translational Psychiatry
16516:Comprehensive Physiology
16492:10.1177/0091450920919443
16388:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2684
15491:10.36076/ppj.2011/14/145
15194:Anesthesia and Analgesia
14728:10.1177/1756283X15589526
14559:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2651
14060:Xu Y, Johnson A (2013).
13436:Anesthesia and Analgesia
11928:Journal of Pain Research
11833:10.36076/ppj.2012/15/ES9
11337:Journal of Pain Research
11186:Okie S (November 2010).
10824:"Definition of NARCOTIC"
10668:10.3810/pgm.2011.03.2270
7288:14-Hydroxydihydrocodeine
7264:Various semi-synthetics
7035:14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone
6465:Benzomorphan derivatives
6076:naturally occurring in (
5115:was discovered in 1972.
4754:Cueva de los Murciélagos
4567:
2709:(+)-cis-3-methylfentanyl
2434:of the morphine molecule
1935:Opioid use may increase
1629:Respiratory stimulants:
1545:methylnaltrexone bromide
1349:is generally effective.
1240:Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (
912:calcium channel blockers
791:Impaired sexual function
783:Delayed gastric emptying
632:irritable bowel syndrome
591:
586:
304:and inexpensive illicit
29337:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
28608:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
27650:Nalorphine dinicotinate
24390:Cannabis rights leaders
20529:Pharmacological Reviews
19447:Courtwright DT (2009).
19241:Economic Working Papers
18984:Osbaldeston TA (2000).
18777:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391
18467:Mojtabai R (May 2018).
17743:Neuropsychopharmacology
17570:10.1124/jpet.114.213694
17073:10.1124/jpet.112.201616
16746:Clinical Anesthesiology
16044:: an initiative of the
15087:10.1126/science.1084674
14399:10.1001/jama.2018.18472
13708:10.1126/science.6546809
13603:Pharmacological Reports
11630:: an initiative of the
11399:: an initiative of the
11026:10.1001/jama.2012.14282
10828:www.merriam-webster.com
10188:"52 Nondomestic Equids"
10101:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
8704:Pyrrolidinylthiambutene
7756:5'-Guanidinonaltrindole
6894:Codeine-dionine family
6825:Acetylpropionylmorphine
6149:Acetylpropionylmorphine
6144:Diacetyldihydromorphine
6140:(morphine dipropionate)
6134:(morphine dinicotinate)
5498:Fully synthetic opioids
5462:diacetyldihydromorphine
5454:acetylpropionylmorphine
5201:In April 2019 the U.S.
5079:, was synthesized from
4575:(in millions of users)
2128:competitive antagonists
2079:substance use disorders
1989:orthostatic hypotension
1863:, due to deficiency in
869:Reinforcement disorders
473:Chronic non-cancer pain
429:
28953:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
28898:Pethidine (meperidine)
28091:Pethidine (meperidine)
27781:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
27427:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
27326:Tetrahydropapaveroline
27241:Pethidine (meperidine)
26153:nACh receptor agonists
25198:Politics of drug abuse
24166:Mandragora officinarum
22344:Pethidine (meperidine)
21496:10 August 2018 at the
21212:10.1073/pnas.182234399
20386:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1
20008:"Addicted to the cure"
19754:"Pierre-Jean Robiquet"
19727:Opium : a history
19687:"Frontline Pharmacies"
19480:Biotechnology Advances
19341:10.14296/RiH/2014/2010
18203:World Drug Report 2018
17983:10.1073/pnas.182234399
17878:10.1186/1471-2202-3-19
17756:10.1038/sj.npp.1300811
17644:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703562
17601:Arzneimittel-Forschung
17259:Molecular Pharmacology
12575:10.23970/ahrqepccer232
11299:10.1001/jama.2016.1464
10424:World Drug Report 2015
8959:α-Methylacetylfentanyl
8680:Ethylmethylthiambutene
7558:Furethylnorlevorphanol
6794:N-Phenethylnormorphine
5591:(respectively) of the
5468:Semi-synthetic opioids
5372:
5288:chronic opioid therapy
5111:in opium poppy straw.
4939:bans. This led to the
4739:
4191:Pethidine (meperidine)
2521:functional selectivity
2510:Functional selectivity
2506:
2435:
1822:Low sex hormone levels
1655:), δ-opioid agonists (
1610:Respiratory depression
1605:Respiratory depression
1482:bulk-forming laxatives
1220:Dopamine antagonists (
1127:, itching, dry mouth,
1093:substance use disorder
832:
814:Irregular menstruation
688:restless legs syndrome
674:Restless legs syndrome
661:Opioids may help with
644:without a prescription
640:peripherally selective
581:boosts the pain relief
440:without a prescription
342:
328:
260:gastrointestinal tract
245:respiratory depression
213:respiratory depression
188:effects or to prevent
176:are approved only for
44:Chemical structure of
29644:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
29131:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
29031:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
28593:Dinalbuphine sebacate
28468:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
28192:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
28151:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
27791:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
27437:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
27417:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
26889:Dinalbuphine sebacate
26239:Recreational drug use
26175:Nitric oxide prodrugs
25558:Saint Kitts and Nevis
24857:1988 Drug Trafficking
24450:Cannabis and religion
23414:Recreational drug use
22965:+paracetamol/caffeine
22943:Metamizole (dipyrone)
22877:Morpholine salicylate
22821:+paracetamol/caffeine
19646:Schechter NL (1993).
19063:Bulletin on Narcotics
18691:Bulletin on Narcotics
17921:10.1186/1471-2210-6-3
17835:10.1186/1471-2210-3-1
17712:Pol J Pharmacol Pharm
16376:Postgraduate Medicine
15938:(3 Suppl): ES145-56.
15624:10.5055/jom.2008.0017
15443:10.1080/J354v18n03_08
15357:10.1080/J354v21n01_05
14968:10.1038/ajgsup.2014.7
14773:10.5055/jom.2016.0313
14547:Postgraduate Medicine
14290:10.1038/clpt.2011.188
12969:Schneider JP (2010).
12907:(2): 77–82, quiz 83.
11062:10.2106/JBJS.17.01239
10702:Offermanns S (2008).
10656:Postgraduate Medicine
10616:10.1093/annonc/mdm555
10200:10.1002/9781118792919
9007:β-Hydroxythiofentanyl
7448:Synthetic morphinans
7016:Methyldihydromorphine
6942:Codeine methylbromide
6612:allosteric modulators
6606:Allosteric modulators
6516:Morphinan derivatives
6491:Oripavine derivatives
5706:(the stereoisomer of
5595:. Both drugs produce
5370:
5363:Recreational drug use
4842:The Canon of Medicine
4738:A sample of raw opium
4737:
2501:
2430:
2132:elimination half-life
2018:Opioids and pregnancy
1999:progenitor cells and
1963:opioids), confusion,
1817:Other adverse effects
1631:carotid chemoreceptor
893:receptor upregulation
724:Common and short term
721:
339:
326:
302:of opioid medications
295:controlled substances
16:Psychoactive chemical
29501:Sunobinop (S-117957)
29236:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
28568:Diamorphine (heroin)
27901:Diamorphine (heroin)
26869:Diamorphine (heroin)
26669:Acetyldihydrocodeine
26649:7-Hydroxymitragynine
26644:7-Acetoxymitragynine
26372:Ion channel blockers
25807:Responsible drug use
25618:United Arab Emirates
24937:Drug Policy Alliance
24825:Legality of drug use
24430:Legality of cannabis
24405:Cannabis Social Club
24375:Cannabis cultivation
24370:Cannabis consumption
24201:Cannabis (Marijuana)
24023:Psilocybin mushrooms
23088:Gabapentin enacarbil
22882:Potassium salicylate
22872:Magnesium salicylate
22867:Imidazole salicylate
22694:Indometacin farnesil
22090:Diamorphine (heroin)
22057:Acetyldihydrocodeine
21130:"Esters of Morphine"
20664:The Kansas City Star
20346:. Bloomsbury Press.
20172:Making Health Policy
20142:William White Papers
20075:Drug Policy Alliance
19093:Sigerist HE (1941).
17284:Alburges ME (1992).
16529:10.1002/cphy.c100061
15876:(3 Suppl 1): S12-8.
13044:(Suppl 1): 129–143.
11440:10.1212/WNL.55.6.754
11247:10.1056/NEJMc1014490
11231:"Opioids and deaths"
11205:10.1056/NEJMp1011512
9310:7-Hydroxymitragynine
8983:α-Methylthiofentanyl
8921:3-Methylthiofentanyl
8766:Dioxaphetyl butyrate
8692:Piperidylthiambutene
8117:4-Phenylpiperidines
7300:Acetyldihydrocodeine
6954:Dihydroheterocodeine
6599:7-Hydroxymitragynine
6441:Levomethadyl acetate
5970:(POMC) cells in the
5968:Pro-opiomelanocortin
5726:cough suppressants.
5010:Pierre Jean Robiquet
4806:Pedanius Dioscorides
2637:7-Hydroxymitragynine
2450:. For example, the
1753:Toll-like receptor 4
1684:Opioid antagonists (
1200:tetrahydrocannabinol
460:rheumatoid arthritis
29704:Ubenimex (bestatin)
29448:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
29056:β-Chlornaltrexamine
29026:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
28448:β-Chlornaltrexamine
28322:N-Benzylnaltrindole
28217:β-Chlornaltrexamine
28136:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
27801:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
27462:β-Chlornaltrexamine
27432:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
26659:α-Chlornaltrexamine
25914:Drugs which induce
25865:Tobacco consumption
25835:Alcohol consumption
25777:Drug rehabilitation
25714:Effects of cannabis
25438:Indian Ocean region
25218:Philippine drug war
24847:1961 Narcotic Drugs
23528:nail polish remover
22837:Carbasalate calcium
21690:General anesthetics
21594:Nicotine dependence
21203:2002PNAS...9911934R
21197:(18): 11934–11939.
20878:on 1 December 2009.
20763:The Journal of Pain
20483:Psychopharmacologia
20342:Quinones S (2015).
19254:on 12 November 2020
19057:Asthana SN (1954).
18768:1993PNAS...90.5391B
18542:10.1038/nature10954
18534:2012Natur.485..321M
18370:on 12 November 2019
18176:10.1021/jm00126a019
17974:2002PNAS...9911934R
17302:10.1093/jat/16.1.36
16956:Forensic Toxicology
16720:Miller's Anesthesia
16437:2019PLoSO..1421438I
16186:The Ochsner Journal
15846:10.1530/EJE-18-0270
15738:Drug Alcohol Depend
15079:2003Sci...301..226M
14616:10.1155/2014/141737
14253:. 6 December 2011.
14079:10.1155/2013/943014
13700:1984Sci...224..395W
12825:10.1503/cmaj.051528
12500:10.1503/cmaj.110024
12423:(Suppl 1): S16-21.
11861:The Journal of Pain
11826:(3 Suppl): ES9-38.
11351:10.2147/JPR.S244173
10463:on 24 February 2021
10417:] Drug Markets"
9732:O-Desmethyltramadol
8885:Anilidopiperidines
8668:Dimethylthiambutene
8532:Open chain opioids
8439:Acetoxyketobemidone
7496:Levophenacylmorphan
6861:Dipropanoylmorphine
6531:—agonist/antagonist
6525:—agonist/antagonist
6480:—agonist/antagonist
6474:—agonist/antagonist
6257:Alphamethylfentanyl
6224:(sold as OxyContin)
6138:Dipropanoylmorphine
5446:dipropanoylmorphine
5359:Opioid use disorder
5293:On 10 August 2017,
5218:Society and culture
5041:for several hours.
4957:Friedrich Sertürner
4839:– June 1037 AD) in
4576:
3314:(+)-Ethylketazocine
3296:(−)-Ethylketazocine
2655:β-Chlornaltrexamine
2566:
2525:clinical evaluation
2516:signal transduction
2464:physical dependence
2161:
2074:withdrawal symptoms
1853:luteinizing hormone
1745:nociceptin receptor
1522:polyethylene glycol
1494:stimulant laxatives
1478:polyethylene glycol
1282:Prokinetic agents (
1251:Vomiting is due to
1173:blood–brain barrier
1171:does not cross the
1139:Nausea and vomiting
976:Physical dependence
971:Physical dependence
904:develop to miosis.
875:Opioid use disorder
787:Decreased sex drive
663:shortness of breath
657:Shortness of breath
381:endogenous peptides
284:blood–brain barrier
229:physical dependence
162:opioid use disorder
29266:Norbinaltorphimine
28573:Diacetylnalorphine
28262:Diacetylnalorphine
27886:Desmethylclozapine
27540:Diacetylnalorphine
27220:Papaver somniferum
26804:Chloroxymorphamine
26116:nonbenzodiazepines
25721:Drug-related crime
25398:Dominican Republic
25308:Illegal drug trade
24783:Religion and drugs
24738:Drug paraphernalia
24718:Chasing the dragon
24677:Fashion cigarettes
24258:Calea zacatechichi
23953:Psychoactive toads
23663:Mitragyna speciosa
23615:Dextropropoxyphene
23557:Nonbenzodiazepines
23465:Alcoholic beverage
23370:Never to phase III
23275:Analgesic adjuvant
23176:1.7/1.8-selective:
22842:Choline salicylate
22269:Dextropropoxyphene
21844:Opioid antagonists
21704:Opioid antagonists
21682:Hydrogen cyanamide
21649:Alcohol dependence
21046:. 31 August 2018.
20495:10.1007/bf00405575
20151:on 26 October 2020
19967:Newton DE (2016).
19585:Fisher GL (2009).
19558:Mosher CJ (2013).
19162:10.1007/BF03020955
18953:(S1): S255b–S255.
18332:10.4137/SART.S9247
18295:on 30 January 2019
18082:10.1038/tp.2014.30
16717:Miller RD (2010).
16336:10.1111/papr.12741
16101:(Suppl 1): 35–44.
14338:10.1111/anae.14582
13944:10.1111/jcpt.12787
13502:10.1093/bja/aet064
11941:10.2147/JPR.S47182
11643:on 3 December 2013
11621:(September 2013),
11509:on 29 October 2013
10603:Annals of Oncology
10389:. 31 August 2016.
9119:Parafluorofentanyl
8742:Dextropropoxyphene
8654:Diethylthiambutene
8487:Propylketobemidone
8475:Methylketobemidone
8129:4-Fluoromeperidine
7959:Norbinaltorphimine
6623:Opioid antagonists
6411:Dextropropoxyphene
6240:Anilidopiperidines
6171:Ethers of morphine
6119:Esters of morphine
6052:supraoptic nucleus
6028:κ-opioid receptors
6014:δ-opioid receptors
5980:μ-opioid receptors
5928:Endogenous opioids
5628:Papaver somniferum
5562:Mitragyna speciosa
5526:dextropropoxyphene
5434:Esters of morphine
5373:
5185:overdose deaths".
4991:American Civil War
4937:Chinese government
4928:East India Company
4884:German Renaissance
4826:Islamic Golden Age
4745:Papaver somniferum
4740:
4572:
4065:Norbinaltorphimine
3134:Dextropropoxyphene
2558:
2507:
2436:
2157:
1937:accident-proneness
1896:Disruption of work
1561:oxycodone/naloxone
1534:lubricant laxative
818:Increased risk of
601:cough suppressants
343:
329:
29759:
29758:
29753:
29752:
29598:
29597:
29443:Nociceptin (1-11)
29314:
29313:
28443:14-Methoxymetopon
28400:
28399:
28317:Methylnaltrindole
27743:
27742:
27412:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
27024:Levacetylmethadol
26570:
26569:
26478:Botulinum toxin A
26468:Alpha lipoic acid
26414:Local anesthetics
26287:pharmacotherapies
26246:
26245:
26104:ethanol (alcohol)
25927:μ-Opioid receptor
25881:
25880:
25877:
25876:
25873:
25872:
25792:Pharmacovigilance
25772:Drug legalization
25670:
25669:
25237:
25236:
25233:
25232:
25168:Cognitive liberty
25112:Cannabis legality
24900:Decriminalization
24815:
24814:
24811:
24810:
24697:Smoking fetishism
24334:
24333:
24330:
24329:
24271:
24270:
24151:Atropa belladonna
23518:contact adhesives
23460:Ethanol (alcohol)
23380:
23379:
23215:
23214:
23199:Potassium openers
23136:Local anesthetics
23078:Alcohol (ethanol)
23015:
23014:
22914:methyl salicylate
22902:Sodium salicylate
22789:Meclofenamic acid
22464:+aspirin/caffeine
22429:
22428:
21932:
21931:
21811:Levacetylmethadol
21759:Opioid dependence
21677:Calcium carbimide
20565:978-81-312-1158-8
20425:. 24 March 2020.
20353:978-1-62040-251-1
20189:978-90-04-33310-9
20084:on 29 August 2020
20049:978-0-203-63309-0
19980:978-1-4408-3983-2
19867:978-1-4987-0428-1
19798:978-1-59477-399-0
19758:Educación Química
19738:978-0-312-20667-3
19685:Hicks RD (2011).
19659:978-0-683-07588-5
19598:978-1-4522-6601-5
19571:978-1-4833-2188-2
19460:978-0-674-02990-3
19350:978-0-230-29646-6
19329:Mills JH (2016).
19235:Deming S (2011).
18995:978-0-620-23435-1
18659:978-1-84217-514-9
18589:978-1-59874-988-5
18119:Neuropharmacology
17469:978-3-642-77462-1
17157:10.1021/jm010576e
17027:10.1021/jm500159d
16782:978-0-323-11374-8
16755:978-0-07-110515-6
16730:978-0-443-06959-8
16538:978-0-470-65071-4
16077:978-0-615-45227-2
16035:(February 2014),
15787:(12): 1377–1388.
15664:978-3-540-79089-1
14696:978-1-4665-9635-1
14664:978-1-934465-13-4
14496:10.1345/aph.19024
14453:10.1345/aph.1E309
14392:(23): 2448–2460.
13849:Addiction Biology
13833:978-0-19-856698-4
13731:Neuropharmacology
13083:"Opioid Toxicity"
13038:Drugs & Aging
12975:J Musculoskel Med
12603:JAMA Network Open
12430:10.1111/pme.12911
12374:(1): 147–55, xi.
12111:978-3-540-79842-2
11390:(February 2013),
11056:(15): 1332–1340.
10972:978-1-60547-159-4
10893:978-1-139-49354-3
10866:978-81-312-4371-8
10779:978-0-8261-0974-3
10748:978-1-4020-5947-6
10715:978-3-540-38916-3
10336:978-1-4214-2140-7
10325:Lembke A (2016).
10209:978-1-118-79291-9
10186:Walzer C (2014).
10172:978-1-4398-8240-5
10078:978-1-4377-1679-5
10036:978-1-4377-1679-5
9992:Opiate comparison
9978:
9977:
9974:
9973:
8995:β-Hydroxyfentanyl
8606:Levacetylmethadol
8141:Allylnorpethidine
7981:
7980:
7977:
7976:
7923:Morphinan dimers
7059:14-Methoxymetopon
6849:Dibenzoylmorphine
6732:Chlornaltrexamine
6668:Tables of opioids
6354:Phenylpiperidines
6235:Synthetic opioids
6164:Dibenzoylmorphine
5925:
5924:
5606:Some minor opium
5593:μ-opioid receptor
5458:dibenzoylmorphine
5249:, and others use
5197:"Remove the Risk"
4972:hypodermic needle
4945:Second Opium Wars
4854:K'ai-pao-pen-tsdo
4818:De Materia Medica
4802:Galen of Pergamum
4766:Italian Peninsula
4758:Iberian Peninsula
4697:
4696:
4565:
4564:
3440:Levacetylmethadol
2535:Opioid comparison
2422:neurotransmission
2356:
2355:
2159:Opioid comparison
2114:Opioid antagonist
2108:Opioid antagonist
1955:Rare side effects
1947:Reduced Attention
1840:systematic review
1673:agonists such as
1662:) and AMPAkines (
1541:opioid antagonist
1514:Osmotic laxatives
1490:fiber supplements
1462:physical activity
1186:properties (e.g.
861:According to the
768:Opioid dependence
764:Cognitive effects
642:opioid available
324:
299:over-prescription
170:suppressing cough
121:
120:
54:Class identifiers
29789:
29633:
29560:Nociceptin (1-7)
29456:Norbuprenorphine
29393:Dihydroetorphine
29327:
29326:
29216:Methylnaltrexone
29126:Catechin gallate
28858:Norbuprenorphine
28583:Dihydroetorphine
28453:β-Funaltrexamine
28413:
28412:
28312:Methylnaltrexone
28252:Catechin gallate
28066:Norbuprenorphine
27906:Dihydroetorphine
27756:
27755:
27620:Methylnaltrexone
27512:Catechin gallate
27467:β-Funaltrexamine
26879:Dihydroetorphine
26622:
26621:
26597:
26590:
26583:
26574:
26573:
26561:
26558:Sodium oxybate (
26514:dextromethorphan
26435:
26431:
26354:
26350:
26328:
26324:
26309:
26305:
26280:Neuropathic pain
26273:
26266:
26259:
26250:
26249:
25908:
25901:
25894:
25885:
25884:
25709:Drug harmfulness
25704:Driving impaired
25523:Papua New Guinea
25292:Rolling meth lab
25265:
25264:
25254:
25253:
25243:
25242:
25208:Mexican drug war
25117:Cocaine legality
25102:Alcohol legality
24932:Demand reduction
24920:Supply reduction
24832:
24831:
24821:
24820:
24498:Drinking culture
24440:Medical cannabis
24400:Cannabis smoking
24357:Cannabis culture
24353:
24352:
24340:
24339:
24316:recreational use
24161:Hyoscyamus niger
24122:Salvia divinorum
24105:Amanita muscaria
24067:recreational use
24047:recreational use
23936:
23935:
23504:recreational use
23433:
23432:
23422:
23421:
23407:
23400:
23393:
23384:
23383:
23070:Calcium blockers
23066:
23065:
22962:
22911:
22737:
22725:COX-2 inhibitors
22691:
22610:Tiaprofenic acid
22581:
22568:
22560:
22531:
22530:
22408:
22188:
22127:
22099:
22071:
21988:
21987:
21959:
21952:
21945:
21936:
21935:
21906:Chlordiazepoxide
21880:
21876:
21826:Dihydroetorphine
21774:
21770:
21734:
21730:
21660:
21634:
21630:
21573:
21566:
21559:
21550:
21549:
21537:
21536:
21478:
21477:
21448:
21442:
21441:
21405:
21399:
21398:
21370:
21364:
21363:
21327:
21321:
21320:
21303:(12): PL175-80.
21292:
21286:
21285:
21249:
21243:
21242:
21232:
21214:
21182:
21176:
21175:
21173:
21171:
21156:
21150:
21149:
21147:
21145:
21126:
21120:
21119:
21117:
21115:
21096:
21090:
21089:
21087:
21085:
21066:
21060:
21059:
21057:
21055:
21036:
21030:
21029:
21019:
20987:
20981:
20980:
20979:on 15 June 2010.
20978:
20972:. Archived from
20947:
20938:
20932:
20931:
20918:
20886:
20880:
20879:
20877:
20870:
20862:
20856:
20855:
20853:
20851:
20836:
20830:
20829:
20827:
20825:
20803:
20797:
20796:
20786:
20754:
20748:
20747:
20745:
20743:
20727:
20721:
20720:
20710:
20686:
20680:
20679:
20677:
20675:
20655:
20649:
20648:
20646:
20644:
20629:
20623:
20622:
20620:
20618:
20608:
20600:
20594:
20593:
20592:on 3 March 2012.
20591:
20584:
20576:
20570:
20569:
20551:
20545:
20544:
20524:
20518:
20517:
20478:
20472:
20471:
20466:
20464:
20455:. Archived from
20445:
20439:
20438:
20436:
20434:
20415:
20409:
20408:
20398:
20388:
20364:
20358:
20357:
20339:
20333:
20332:
20322:
20290:
20279:
20278:
20242:
20236:
20235:
20233:
20231:
20220:Business Insider
20211:
20202:
20201:
20167:
20161:
20160:
20158:
20156:
20150:
20144:. Archived from
20139:
20130:
20124:
20123:
20121:
20119:
20100:
20094:
20093:
20091:
20089:
20083:
20072:
20064:
20058:
20057:
20034:
20028:
20027:
20025:
20023:
20003:
19997:
19996:
19994:
19992:
19964:
19949:
19948:
19943:
19941:
19908:(9141): 1697–9.
19899:
19890:
19884:
19883:
19881:
19879:
19851:
19845:
19844:
19842:
19840:
19825:"Felix Hoffmann"
19821:
19815:
19814:
19812:
19810:
19785:Filan K (2011).
19782:
19776:
19775:
19773:
19749:
19743:
19742:
19730:
19720:
19711:
19710:
19708:
19706:
19682:
19676:
19675:
19673:
19671:
19643:
19637:
19636:
19634:
19632:
19612:
19603:
19602:
19582:
19576:
19575:
19555:
19549:
19548:
19520:
19514:
19513:
19503:
19486:(8): 1582–1614.
19471:
19465:
19464:
19444:
19438:
19437:
19427:
19417:
19393:
19387:
19386:
19380:
19376:
19374:
19366:
19364:
19362:
19326:
19320:
19319:
19317:
19315:
19294:Rinde M (2018).
19291:
19264:
19263:
19261:
19259:
19253:
19232:
19223:
19222:
19220:
19218:
19212:
19193:
19184:
19175:
19174:
19164:
19140:
19125:
19124:
19122:
19120:
19114:
19099:
19090:
19079:
19078:
19076:
19074:
19054:
19043:
19042:
19040:
19038:
19006:
19000:
18999:
18981:
18975:
18974:
18942:
18936:
18935:
18917:
18893:
18887:
18886:
18884:
18864:
18858:
18857:
18855:
18853:
18847:
18840:
18822:
18813:
18800:
18799:
18789:
18779:
18747:
18730:
18729:
18717:
18711:
18710:
18708:
18706:
18682:
18676:
18675:
18673:
18671:
18643:
18637:
18636:
18634:
18632:
18612:
18606:
18605:
18603:
18601:
18573:
18567:
18566:
18553:
18513:
18507:
18506:
18488:
18486:10.1002/pds.4278
18464:
18458:
18457:
18421:
18415:
18414:
18412:
18410:
18404:
18397:
18389:
18380:
18379:
18377:
18375:
18360:
18354:
18353:
18343:
18311:
18305:
18304:
18302:
18300:
18285:
18279:
18278:
18276:
18274:
18268:
18261:
18253:
18247:
18246:
18244:
18242:
18222:
18216:
18215:
18213:
18211:
18194:
18188:
18187:
18159:
18153:
18152:
18142:
18110:
18104:
18103:
18093:
18061:
18055:
18054:
18044:
18012:
18006:
18005:
17995:
17985:
17950:
17944:
17943:
17933:
17923:
17908:BMC Pharmacology
17900:
17890:
17880:
17865:BMC Neuroscience
17857:
17847:
17837:
17822:BMC Pharmacology
17813:
17804:
17803:
17775:
17769:
17768:
17758:
17734:
17728:
17727:
17707:
17701:
17700:
17672:
17666:
17665:
17655:
17623:
17617:
17616:
17596:
17590:
17589:
17553:
17547:
17546:
17525:
17482:
17481:
17447:
17424:
17423:
17395:
17374:
17373:
17345:
17326:
17325:
17323:
17321:
17281:
17275:
17274:
17254:
17169:
17168:
17139:
17128:
17127:
17110:(3–4): 281–284.
17099:
17093:
17092:
17055:
17049:
17048:
17038:
17006:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16995:
16947:
16941:
16940:
16938:
16936:
16888:
16882:
16881:
16871:
16831:
16825:
16824:
16796:
16790:
16789:
16766:
16760:
16759:
16741:
16735:
16734:
16714:
16708:
16707:
16689:
16665:
16659:
16658:
16648:
16630:
16606:
16600:
16599:
16589:
16557:
16551:
16550:
16523:(4): 2281–2367.
16510:
16504:
16503:
16475:
16469:
16468:
16458:
16448:
16416:
16410:
16409:
16399:
16367:
16356:
16355:
16318:
16312:
16311:
16301:
16269:
16263:
16262:
16252:
16242:
16233:(11): e1000366.
16218:
16212:
16211:
16201:
16177:
16171:
16170:
16145:(12): 995–1001.
16133:
16127:
16126:
16090:
16084:
16081:
16061:
16060:
16058:
16029:
16018:
16017:
15989:
15983:
15982:
15954:
15948:
15947:
15927:
15921:
15920:
15900:
15894:
15893:
15865:
15859:
15858:
15848:
15839:(4): R183–R196.
15824:
15815:
15814:
15804:
15770:
15764:
15763:
15753:
15729:
15720:
15719:
15683:
15677:
15676:
15642:
15636:
15635:
15607:
15601:
15600:
15571:
15565:
15564:
15554:
15522:
15516:
15515:
15513:
15511:
15493:
15469:
15463:
15462:
15426:
15420:
15419:
15383:
15377:
15376:
15340:
15334:
15333:
15297:
15291:
15290:
15280:
15240:
15234:
15233:
15189:
15183:
15182:
15154:
15148:
15147:
15137:
15113:
15107:
15106:
15062:
15056:
15055:
15035:
15029:
15028:
15018:
14995:CNS Drug Reviews
14989:Yost CS (2006).
14986:
14980:
14979:
14951:
14945:
14944:
14934:
14910:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14899:
14857:
14848:
14842:
14841:
14831:
14791:
14785:
14784:
14756:
14750:
14749:
14739:
14707:
14701:
14700:
14680:
14669:
14668:
14648:
14639:
14638:
14628:
14618:
14594:
14579:
14578:
14542:
14536:
14535:
14522:
14516:
14515:
14479:
14473:
14472:
14436:
14430:
14429:
14419:
14401:
14377:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14340:
14316:
14310:
14309:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14251:UC San Francisco
14243:
14237:
14236:
14200:
14194:
14193:
14157:
14151:
14150:
14140:
14108:
14102:
14101:
14091:
14081:
14057:
14051:
14050:
14014:
14008:
14007:
13971:
13965:
13964:
13946:
13922:
13916:
13915:
13887:
13881:
13880:
13844:
13838:
13837:
13819:
13806:
13805:
13769:
13763:
13762:
13726:
13720:
13719:
13683:
13677:
13676:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13629:
13623:
13600:
13591:
13585:
13584:
13556:
13550:
13549:
13521:
13515:
13514:
13504:
13480:
13474:
13473:
13471:
13469:
13451:
13427:
13421:
13420:
13384:
13378:
13377:
13340:
13334:
13333:
13297:
13291:
13290:
13280:
13256:
13250:
13249:
13239:
13222:(49): 16459–68.
13207:
13201:
13200:
13198:
13196:
13190:
13179:
13171:
13165:
13164:
13154:
13122:
13107:
13106:
13100:
13098:
13078:
13072:
13071:
13061:
13029:
13023:
13022:
13001:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12966:
12960:
12959:
12923:
12917:
12916:
12896:
12890:
12889:
12864:(3): e380–e387.
12853:
12847:
12846:
12836:
12804:
12783:
12782:
12749:(3): e397–e405.
12738:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12727:
12721:
12691:(6): e114–e126.
12682:
12673:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12626:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12577:
12555:
12549:
12548:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12511:
12479:
12473:
12472:
12470:
12468:
12449:
12443:
12442:
12432:
12408:
12402:
12401:
12391:
12359:
12353:
12352:
12350:
12348:
12331:Van Amburgh JA.
12328:
12322:
12321:
12285:
12279:
12278:
12258:
12252:
12251:
12215:
12209:
12208:
12198:
12174:
12165:
12164:
12154:
12122:
12116:
12115:
12095:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12084:
12078:
12055:
12046:
12040:
12039:
12011:
12005:
12004:
11994:
11970:
11964:
11963:
11953:
11943:
11919:
11913:
11912:
11910:
11908:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11876:
11852:
11846:
11845:
11835:
11811:
11805:
11802:
11765:
11724:
11714:
11689:
11651:
11650:
11648:
11639:, archived from
11615:
11604:
11603:
11593:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11526:
11520:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11495:
11477:
11452:
11442:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11383:
11374:
11373:
11363:
11353:
11327:
11321:
11320:
11310:
11278:
11269:
11268:
11258:
11225:
11207:
11183:
11174:
11173:
11163:
11139:
11133:
11132:
11088:
11082:
11081:
11044:
11038:
11037:
11009:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10983:
10977:
10976:
10956:
10947:
10946:
10936:
10919:(11): CD010794.
10904:
10898:
10897:
10877:
10871:
10870:
10850:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10790:
10784:
10783:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10733:Freye E (2008).
10730:
10724:
10723:
10699:
10688:
10687:
10651:
10645:
10644:
10638:
10636:
10618:
10594:
10588:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10563:
10557:
10556:
10520:
10514:
10513:
10503:
10479:
10473:
10472:
10470:
10468:
10449:
10443:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10432:
10421:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10322:
10316:
10315:
10287:
10281:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10244:
10240:
10238:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10221:
10183:
10177:
10176:
10156:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10123:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10062:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10018:
9965:
9953:
9941:
9927:
9915:
9903:
9891:
9879:
9865:
9853:
9841:
9829:
9817:
9803:
9791:
9779:
9767:
9755:
9741:
9729:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9679:
9667:
9655:
9643:
9631:
9617:
9605:
9593:
9581:
9569:
9555:
9543:
9531:
9519:
9507:
9493:
9481:
9469:
9457:
9445:
9431:
9419:
9407:
9395:
9383:
9369:
9357:
9345:
9333:
9321:
9307:
9295:
9283:
9271:
9259:
9245:
9233:
9224:Metethoheptazine
9221:
9209:
9197:
9178:
9166:
9154:
9142:
9128:
9116:
9104:
9092:
9080:
9066:
9054:
9042:
9030:
9021:β-Methylfentanyl
9018:
9004:
8992:
8980:
8971:α-Methylfentanyl
8968:
8956:
8942:
8933:4-Phenylfentanyl
8930:
8918:
8909:3-Methylfentanyl
8906:
8894:
8875:
8863:
8851:
8837:
8825:
8813:
8801:
8789:
8778:Levopropoxyphene
8775:
8763:
8751:
8739:
8727:
8713:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8665:
8651:
8639:
8627:
8615:
8603:
8589:
8577:
8565:
8553:
8541:
8522:
8510:
8498:
8484:
8472:
8460:
8448:
8436:
8422:
8410:
8398:
8386:
8374:
8360:
8348:
8336:
8324:
8312:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8262:
8250:
8239:Hydroxypethidine
8236:
8224:
8212:
8200:
8188:
8174:
8162:
8150:
8138:
8126:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8057:
8045:
8033:
8021:
8009:
7997:
7996:
7988:
7987:
7968:
7956:
7944:
7932:
7913:
7901:
7889:
7877:
7863:
7851:
7839:
7827:
7815:
7801:
7789:
7777:
7765:
7753:
7734:
7725:Norbuprenorphine
7722:
7710:
7701:Dihydroetorphine
7698:
7686:
7672:
7660:
7648:
7636:
7624:
7605:
7593:
7581:
7567:
7555:
7543:
7531:
7519:
7505:
7493:
7481:
7469:
7457:
7441:Morphine-N-oxide
7438:
7426:
7414:
7402:
7390:
7371:
7359:
7347:
7335:
7321:
7309:
7297:
7285:
7273:
7254:
7242:
7230:
7218:
7204:
7192:
7180:
7168:
7156:
7142:
7130:
7118:
7106:
7094:
7080:
7068:
7056:
7047:14-Ethoxymetopon
7044:
7032:
7013:
7001:
6989:
6977:
6965:
6951:
6939:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6884:
6870:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6822:
6803:
6791:
6782:Methyldesorphine
6779:
6767:
6755:
6741:
6729:
6717:
6705:
6693:
6686:
6685:
6677:
6676:
6646:Methylnaltrexone
6504:Dihydroetorphine
6500:—partial agonist
6159:Methyldesorphine
6126:Diacetylmorphine
5966:is expressed in
5921:
5907:
5893:
5879:
5865:
5851:
5837:
5823:
5809:
5795:
5781:
5767:
5750:Opioid peptides
5747:
5746:
5724:over-the-counter
5716:NMDA antagonists
5704:Dextromethorphan
5644:phenyltoloxamine
5623:Salvia divinorum
5574:Salvia divinorum
5438:diacetylmorphine
5353:Recreational use
5301:Global shortages
5097:Helene Löwenheim
5091:was prepared by
5039:acetic anhydride
4943:(1839–1842) and
4877:
4874:
4838:
4835:
4814:
4811:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4577:
4571:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4307:
4303:
4200:
3769:
3764:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3656:Dextromethorphan
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3170:Dihydroetorphine
2829:
2825:
2797:
2723:
2718:
2691:β-Funaltrexamine
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2554:Binding profiles
2360:opioid receptors
2162:
2156:
2054:low birth weight
1941:accidental falls
1890:hormonal systems
1882:endocrine system
1741:neuropathic pain
1526:milk of magnesia
1421:Antihistamines (
1157:prochlorperazine
933:dextromethorphan
929:NMDA antagonists
889:neuroadaptations
825:Slowed breathing
804:Immunodeficiency
778:Loss of appetite
617:dextromethorphan
514:neuropathic pain
434:The weak opioid
345:Opioids include
325:
288:myenteric plexus
268:partial agonists
237:depressant drugs
136:opioid receptors
105:
42:
21:
20:
29797:
29796:
29792:
29791:
29790:
29788:
29787:
29786:
29762:
29761:
29760:
29755:
29754:
29749:
29631:
29594:
29525:
29510:
29451:
29373:
29365:
29357:
29353:
29345:
29322:
29310:
29106:Binaltorphimine
29051:6β-Naltrexol-d4
29014:
28633:Ethylketazocine
28588:Dihydromorphine
28408:
28396:
28207:6β-Naltrexol-d4
28180:
27936:Ethylketazocine
27911:Dihydromorphine
27751:
27739:
27447:6β-Naltrexol-d4
27400:
27199:Oxymorphonazine
26954:Furanylfentanyl
26884:Dihydromorphine
26739:Benzhydrocodone
26628:
26626:
26617:
26609:
26604:Opioid receptor
26601:
26571:
26566:
26456:
26433:
26380:Anticonvulsants
26366:
26352:
26326:
26307:
26289:
26277:
26247:
26242:
26228:
26108:alcoholic drink
26096:benzodiazepines
26084:
26075:methylphenidate
26053:methamphetamine
26013:
25967:
25918:
25912:
25882:
25869:
25827:
25821:
25797:Reagent testing
25755:
25746:Passive smoking
25676:
25666:
25296:
25282:Drug precursors
25269:
25260:
25258:
25248:
25229:
25183:Drug possession
25158:Cannabis rights
25141:
25137:Salvia legality
25090:
24981:
24975:
24883:
24826:
24807:
24788:Self-medication
24706:
24702:Tobacco smoking
24664:Smoking culture
24658:
24595:
24492:
24459:
24415:Cannabis vaping
24385:Cannabis rights
24380:Cannabis edible
24347:
24326:
24267:
24263:Silene capensis
24244:
24182:
24178:Diphenhydramine
24128:
24029:
23925:
23870:
23822:Methylphenidate
23812:Methamphetamine
23703:
23566:
23450:Benzodiazepines
23427:
23416:
23411:
23381:
23376:
23375:
23360:Clinical trials
23339:
23320:Phenazopyridine
23258:
23239:Cyclobenzaprine
23211:
23193:
23175:
23118:Sodium blockers
23112:
23060:
23053:
23011:
22970:
22960:
22919:
22909:
22803:
22799:Tolfenamic acid
22784:Flufenamic acid
22770:
22735:
22719:
22689:
22655:
22619:
22579:
22566:
22558:
22520:
22484:+metoclopramide
22425:
22406:
22227:
22186:
22125:
22108:Dihydromorphine
22097:
22069:
22045:
21977:
21963:
21933:
21928:
21891:Benzodiazepines
21878:
21859:
21772:
21753:
21732:
21643:
21632:
21588:
21581:drug dependence
21577:
21542:
21498:Wayback Machine
21487:
21482:
21481:
21449:
21445:
21406:
21402:
21371:
21367:
21332:Nature Medicine
21328:
21324:
21293:
21289:
21260:(10): 1437–49.
21250:
21246:
21183:
21179:
21169:
21167:
21158:
21157:
21153:
21143:
21141:
21128:
21127:
21123:
21113:
21111:
21098:
21097:
21093:
21083:
21081:
21068:
21067:
21063:
21053:
21051:
21038:
21037:
21033:
20988:
20984:
20976:
20945:
20939:
20935:
20887:
20883:
20875:
20868:
20864:
20863:
20859:
20849:
20847:
20838:
20837:
20833:
20823:
20821:
20813:Washington Post
20804:
20800:
20755:
20751:
20741:
20739:
20728:
20724:
20687:
20683:
20673:
20671:
20656:
20652:
20642:
20640:
20631:
20630:
20626:
20616:
20614:
20606:
20602:
20601:
20597:
20589:
20582:
20578:
20577:
20573:
20566:
20552:
20548:
20525:
20521:
20479:
20475:
20462:
20460:
20459:on 27 June 2014
20447:
20446:
20442:
20432:
20430:
20417:
20416:
20412:
20365:
20361:
20354:
20340:
20336:
20291:
20282:
20243:
20239:
20229:
20227:
20212:
20205:
20190:
20168:
20164:
20154:
20152:
20148:
20137:
20131:
20127:
20117:
20115:
20102:
20101:
20097:
20087:
20085:
20081:
20070:
20066:
20065:
20061:
20050:
20036:
20035:
20031:
20021:
20019:
20012:Chemistry World
20004:
20000:
19990:
19988:
19981:
19965:
19952:
19939:
19937:
19897:
19891:
19887:
19877:
19875:
19868:
19852:
19848:
19838:
19836:
19823:
19822:
19818:
19808:
19806:
19799:
19783:
19779:
19750:
19746:
19739:
19721:
19714:
19704:
19702:
19683:
19679:
19669:
19667:
19660:
19644:
19640:
19630:
19628:
19613:
19606:
19599:
19583:
19579:
19572:
19556:
19552:
19521:
19517:
19472:
19468:
19461:
19445:
19441:
19408:(11): 861–862.
19394:
19390:
19378:
19377:
19368:
19367:
19360:
19358:
19351:
19327:
19323:
19313:
19311:
19292:
19267:
19257:
19255:
19251:
19233:
19226:
19216:
19214:
19210:
19191:
19185:
19178:
19141:
19128:
19118:
19116:
19112:
19102:Bull. Hist. Med
19097:
19091:
19082:
19072:
19070:
19055:
19046:
19036:
19034:
19007:
19003:
18996:
18982:
18978:
18943:
18939:
18894:
18890:
18865:
18861:
18851:
18849:
18845:
18820:
18814:
18803:
18748:
18733:
18718:
18714:
18704:
18702:
18683:
18679:
18669:
18667:
18660:
18644:
18640:
18630:
18628:
18613:
18609:
18599:
18597:
18590:
18574:
18570:
18528:(7398): 321–6.
18514:
18510:
18465:
18461:
18432:(11): 910–919.
18422:
18418:
18408:
18406:
18402:
18395:
18391:
18390:
18383:
18373:
18371:
18362:
18361:
18357:
18320:Substance Abuse
18312:
18308:
18298:
18296:
18287:
18286:
18282:
18272:
18270:
18266:
18259:
18255:
18254:
18250:
18240:
18238:
18223:
18219:
18209:
18207:
18196:
18195:
18191:
18160:
18156:
18111:
18107:
18062:
18058:
18013:
18009:
17968:(18): 11934–9.
17951:
17947:
17814:
17807:
17776:
17772:
17749:(12): 2254–62.
17735:
17731:
17708:
17704:
17673:
17669:
17624:
17620:
17607:(11): 1029–36.
17597:
17593:
17554:
17550:
17526:
17485:
17470:
17448:
17427:
17396:
17377:
17346:
17329:
17319:
17317:
17282:
17278:
17255:
17172:
17140:
17131:
17100:
17096:
17056:
17052:
17021:(15): 6383–92.
17007:
17003:
16993:
16991:
16948:
16944:
16934:
16932:
16889:
16885:
16832:
16828:
16807:(1–2): 177–85.
16797:
16793:
16783:
16767:
16763:
16756:
16742:
16738:
16731:
16715:
16711:
16666:
16662:
16607:
16603:
16572:(5): CD002021.
16558:
16554:
16539:
16511:
16507:
16476:
16472:
16431:(8): e0221438.
16417:
16413:
16368:
16359:
16319:
16315:
16270:
16266:
16219:
16215:
16178:
16174:
16134:
16130:
16091:
16087:
16078:
16056:
16054:
16046:ABIM Foundation
16042:Choosing Wisely
16030:
16021:
15990:
15986:
15955:
15951:
15928:
15924:
15901:
15897:
15866:
15862:
15825:
15818:
15771:
15767:
15730:
15723:
15684:
15680:
15665:
15643:
15639:
15608:
15604:
15572:
15568:
15523:
15519:
15509:
15507:
15470:
15466:
15427:
15423:
15384:
15380:
15341:
15337:
15298:
15294:
15255:(12): e024086.
15241:
15237:
15200:(4): 988–1001.
15190:
15186:
15165:(12): 1384–91.
15155:
15151:
15114:
15110:
15073:(5630): 226–9.
15063:
15059:
15036:
15032:
15001:(3–4): 236–49.
14987:
14983:
14952:
14948:
14911:
14907:
14897:
14895:
14855:
14849:
14845:
14806:(9): CD006332.
14792:
14788:
14757:
14753:
14708:
14704:
14697:
14681:
14672:
14665:
14649:
14642:
14595:
14582:
14543:
14539:
14523:
14519:
14480:
14476:
14437:
14433:
14378:
14374:
14364:
14362:
14317:
14313:
14274:
14270:
14260:
14258:
14245:
14244:
14240:
14217:10.1002/cpt.108
14201:
14197:
14158:
14154:
14109:
14105:
14058:
14054:
14015:
14011:
13982:(13): 1713–23.
13972:
13968:
13923:
13919:
13888:
13884:
13845:
13841:
13834:
13820:
13809:
13770:
13766:
13727:
13723:
13694:(4647): 395–6.
13684:
13680:
13641:
13637:
13627:
13625:
13621:
13598:
13592:
13588:
13557:
13553:
13522:
13518:
13481:
13477:
13467:
13465:
13428:
13424:
13385:
13381:
13341:
13337:
13298:
13294:
13257:
13253:
13208:
13204:
13194:
13192:
13188:
13177:
13173:
13172:
13168:
13137:(1): CD006605.
13123:
13110:
13096:
13094:
13079:
13075:
13030:
13026:
13002:
12998:
12988:
12986:
12967:
12963:
12924:
12920:
12901:Medsurg Nursing
12897:
12893:
12854:
12850:
12819:(11): 1589–94.
12805:
12786:
12739:
12735:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12680:
12674:
12670:
12660:
12658:
12645:
12644:
12640:
12609:(2): e2037632.
12595:
12591:
12556:
12552:
12529:
12525:
12480:
12476:
12466:
12464:
12451:
12450:
12446:
12409:
12405:
12360:
12356:
12346:
12344:
12329:
12325:
12286:
12282:
12259:
12255:
12216:
12212:
12175:
12168:
12123:
12119:
12112:
12096:
12092:
12082:
12080:
12076:
12064:(16): 2129–35.
12053:
12047:
12043:
12012:
12008:
11971:
11967:
11920:
11916:
11906:
11904:
11895:
11894:
11890:
11853:
11849:
11812:
11808:
11646:
11644:
11632:ABIM Foundation
11628:Choosing Wisely
11616:
11607:
11576:(8): CD006146.
11562:
11558:
11527:
11523:
11512:
11510:
11498:
11411:
11409:
11401:ABIM Foundation
11397:Choosing Wisely
11384:
11377:
11328:
11324:
11293:(15): 1624–45.
11279:
11272:
11226:
11184:
11177:
11154:(14): 1277–84.
11140:
11136:
11089:
11085:
11045:
11041:
11010:
11006:
10996:
10994:
10985:
10984:
10980:
10973:
10957:
10950:
10905:
10901:
10894:
10878:
10874:
10867:
10851:
10847:
10837:
10835:
10822:
10821:
10817:
10807:
10805:
10792:
10791:
10787:
10780:
10764:
10760:
10749:
10731:
10727:
10716:
10700:
10691:
10652:
10648:
10634:
10632:
10595:
10591:
10581:
10579:
10564:
10560:
10521:
10517:
10480:
10476:
10466:
10464:
10451:
10450:
10446:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10419:
10411:
10410:
10406:
10396:
10394:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10366:
10364:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10337:
10323:
10319:
10288:
10284:
10274:
10272:
10265:www.drugbank.ca
10259:
10258:
10254:
10242:
10241:
10232:
10231:
10224:
10222:
10210:
10184:
10180:
10173:
10157:
10150:
10140:
10138:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10110:
10108:
10103:. 11 May 2023.
10095:
10094:
10090:
10079:
10063:
10056:
10046:
10044:
10037:
10019:
10015:
10010:
10002:Opioid tapering
9997:Opioid epidemic
9987:Froehde reagent
9983:
9188:Various others
8897:3-Allylfentanyl
8792:Norpropoxyphene
7986:
7904:6β-Naltrexol-d4
6758:Dihydromorphine
6675:
6670:
6665:
6626:
6608:
6603:
6554:
6549:
6518:
6513:
6493:
6488:
6467:
6462:
6401:
6396:
6356:
6351:
6310:Metodesnitazene
6302:
6296:
6291:
6287:Ohmecarfentanil
6242:
6237:
6232:
6197:
6192:
6173:
6168:
6121:
6105:
6071:
6069:Opium alkaloids
6066:
6050:neurons in the
6040:arcuate nucleus
5984:sexual behavior
5972:arcuate nucleus
5961:
5930:
5679:dihydromorphine
5392:
5365:
5355:
5338:Afghan Morphine
5303:
5267:
5231:
5226:
5224:Opioid epidemic
5220:
5199:
5191:opioid tapering
5180:The release of
5152:
5052:(1860–1924) at
5050:Heinrich Dreser
5022:
5014:William Gregory
5003:
4953:
4924:
4922:The opium trade
4900:Thomas Sydenham
4896:
4875:
4836:
4812:
4797:
4790:
4732:
4727:
4719:opioid tapering
4714:opioid epidemic
4603:type stimulants
4602:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4305:
3530:Dextromethadone
3278:Ethylketazocine
3188:Dihydromorphine
2864:(−)-Bremazocine
2827:
2805:Binaltorphimine
2605:
2593:
2581:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2537:
2512:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2440:pharmacodynamic
2412:
2408:
2404:
2388:dextro-rotatory
2187:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2153:Opioid receptor
2149:
2116:
2110:
2101:benzodiazepines
2097:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2021:
2013:
1957:
1933:
1909:heavy equipment
1898:
1873:pituitary gland
1824:
1819:
1803:Anticonvulsants
1726:palliative care
1718:
1712:
1672:
1645:
1607:
1567:Opioid rotation
1470:stool softeners
1437:Opioid-induced
1435:
1379:
1370:methylphenidate
1312:
1235:diphenhydramine
1209:
1192:diphenhydramine
1184:anticholinergic
1141:
1048:
1018:, vomiting and
973:
882:
877:
871:
849:kidney toxicity
839:drugs, such as
833:
720:
716:
714:Opioid overdose
710:
708:Adverse effects
702:
676:
659:
628:
594:
589:
475:
456:palliative care
448:
432:
427:
334:
311:
241:benzodiazepines
166:opioid overdose
142:-like effects.
126:are a class of
101:
85:Opioid receptor
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
29795:
29785:
29784:
29779:
29774:
29757:
29756:
29751:
29750:
29748:
29747:
29737:
29736:
29731:
29726:
29721:
29716:
29707:
29706:
29701:
29696:
29691:
29686:
29681:
29676:
29671:
29666:
29661:
29656:
29651:
29646:
29641:
29636:
29634:-Phenylalanine
29628:
29623:
29618:
29606:
29604:
29600:
29599:
29596:
29595:
29593:
29592:
29587:
29582:
29577:
29572:
29567:
29562:
29557:
29552:
29547:
29542:
29537:
29532:
29527:
29523:
29518:
29516:
29512:
29511:
29509:
29508:
29503:
29498:
29493:
29488:
29483:
29478:
29473:
29468:
29463:
29461:Racemethorphan
29458:
29453:
29449:
29445:
29440:
29435:
29430:
29425:
29420:
29415:
29410:
29408:Levomethorphan
29405:
29400:
29395:
29390:
29385:
29380:
29375:
29371:
29367:
29363:
29359:
29355:
29351:
29347:
29343:
29339:
29333:
29331:
29324:
29316:
29315:
29312:
29311:
29309:
29308:
29303:
29298:
29293:
29288:
29283:
29278:
29273:
29268:
29263:
29258:
29253:
29248:
29243:
29238:
29233:
29228:
29223:
29218:
29213:
29208:
29203:
29198:
29193:
29188:
29183:
29178:
29173:
29168:
29163:
29158:
29153:
29148:
29143:
29138:
29133:
29128:
29123:
29118:
29113:
29108:
29103:
29098:
29093:
29088:
29083:
29078:
29073:
29068:
29063:
29058:
29053:
29048:
29043:
29038:
29033:
29028:
29022:
29020:
29016:
29015:
29013:
29012:
29007:
29002:
28997:
28992:
28970:
28965:
28960:
28955:
28950:
28945:
28940:
28935:
28925:
28920:
28915:
28913:Racemethorphan
28910:
28905:
28900:
28895:
28890:
28885:
28880:
28875:
28870:
28865:
28860:
28855:
28850:
28845:
28840:
28835:
28830:
28825:
28820:
28815:
28810:
28805:
28800:
28795:
28790:
28785:
28780:
28775:
28770:
28765:
28760:
28755:
28750:
28745:
28740:
28735:
28733:Levomethorphan
28730:
28725:
28720:
28715:
28710:
28705:
28700:
28695:
28690:
28685:
28680:
28675:
28670:
28665:
28660:
28655:
28650:
28645:
28640:
28635:
28630:
28625:
28620:
28615:
28610:
28605:
28600:
28595:
28590:
28585:
28580:
28575:
28570:
28565:
28560:
28555:
28550:
28545:
28540:
28535:
28530:
28525:
28520:
28515:
28510:
28505:
28500:
28495:
28490:
28485:
28480:
28475:
28470:
28465:
28460:
28455:
28450:
28445:
28440:
28435:
28430:
28425:
28419:
28417:
28410:
28402:
28401:
28398:
28397:
28395:
28394:
28389:
28384:
28379:
28374:
28369:
28364:
28359:
28354:
28349:
28344:
28339:
28334:
28329:
28324:
28319:
28314:
28309:
28304:
28299:
28294:
28289:
28284:
28279:
28274:
28269:
28264:
28259:
28254:
28249:
28244:
28239:
28234:
28229:
28224:
28219:
28214:
28209:
28204:
28199:
28194:
28188:
28186:
28182:
28181:
28179:
28178:
28173:
28168:
28163:
28158:
28153:
28148:
28143:
28138:
28133:
28128:
28123:
28118:
28113:
28108:
28103:
28101:Racemethorphan
28098:
28093:
28088:
28083:
28078:
28073:
28068:
28063:
28058:
28053:
28048:
28043:
28038:
28033:
28028:
28023:
28018:
28013:
28011:Levomethorphan
28008:
28006:Leu-enkephalin
28003:
27998:
27993:
27988:
27983:
27978:
27973:
27968:
27963:
27958:
27953:
27948:
27943:
27938:
27933:
27928:
27923:
27918:
27913:
27908:
27903:
27898:
27893:
27888:
27883:
27878:
27873:
27868:
27863:
27858:
27853:
27848:
27843:
27838:
27833:
27828:
27823:
27818:
27813:
27808:
27803:
27798:
27793:
27788:
27783:
27778:
27773:
27768:
27762:
27760:
27753:
27745:
27744:
27741:
27740:
27738:
27737:
27732:
27727:
27722:
27717:
27712:
27707:
27702:
27697:
27692:
27687:
27685:Naltrexonazine
27682:
27677:
27672:
27667:
27662:
27657:
27652:
27647:
27642:
27637:
27632:
27627:
27622:
27617:
27612:
27607:
27602:
27597:
27592:
27587:
27582:
27577:
27572:
27567:
27562:
27557:
27552:
27547:
27542:
27537:
27532:
27527:
27522:
27519:
27514:
27509:
27504:
27499:
27494:
27489:
27484:
27479:
27474:
27469:
27464:
27459:
27454:
27449:
27444:
27439:
27434:
27429:
27424:
27419:
27414:
27408:
27406:
27402:
27401:
27399:
27398:
27393:
27388:
27383:
27378:
27373:
27368:
27363:
27358:
27353:
27348:
27343:
27338:
27333:
27328:
27323:
27318:
27313:
27308:
27303:
27298:
27293:
27288:
27286:Racemethorphan
27283:
27278:
27273:
27268:
27263:
27258:
27253:
27248:
27243:
27238:
27233:
27228:
27216:
27211:
27206:
27201:
27196:
27191:
27186:
27181:
27176:
27171:
27166:
27161:
27156:
27151:
27146:
27141:
27136:
27131:
27126:
27121:
27116:
27111:
27106:
27101:
27096:
27091:
27086:
27081:
27076:
27071:
27066:
27061:
27056:
27051:
27046:
27041:
27036:
27031:
27029:Levomethorphan
27026:
27021:
27019:Leu-enkephalin
27016:
27011:
27006:
27001:
26996:
26991:
26986:
26981:
26979:Hydromorphinol
26976:
26971:
26966:
26961:
26956:
26951:
26946:
26941:
26936:
26931:
26926:
26921:
26916:
26911:
26906:
26901:
26896:
26891:
26886:
26881:
26876:
26874:Dihydrocodeine
26871:
26866:
26861:
26856:
26851:
26846:
26841:
26839:Dextromoramide
26836:
26831:
26826:
26821:
26816:
26811:
26806:
26801:
26796:
26791:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26756:
26751:
26746:
26744:Benzylmorphine
26741:
26736:
26731:
26726:
26721:
26716:
26711:
26706:
26701:
26696:
26691:
26686:
26681:
26676:
26674:Acetylfentanyl
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26635:
26633:
26619:
26611:
26610:
26600:
26599:
26592:
26585:
26577:
26568:
26567:
26565:
26564:
26555:
26521:
26503:
26485:
26480:
26475:
26470:
26464:
26462:
26458:
26457:
26455:
26454:
26449:
26426:
26421:
26411:
26376:
26374:
26368:
26367:
26365:
26364:
26342:
26319:
26299:
26297:
26295:Monoaminergics
26291:
26290:
26276:
26275:
26268:
26261:
26253:
26244:
26243:
26233:
26230:
26229:
26227:
26226:
26216:
26186:
26179:alkyl nitrites
26172:
26150:
26136:
26130:sodium oxybate
26123:
26120:quinazolinones
26082:
26078:
26064:
26042:
26032:
26011:
26007:
25994:
25979:gabapentinoids
25965:
25961:
25923:
25920:
25919:
25911:
25910:
25903:
25896:
25888:
25879:
25878:
25875:
25874:
25871:
25870:
25868:
25867:
25862:
25857:
25856:
25855:
25850:
25842:
25837:
25831:
25829:
25823:
25822:
25820:
25819:
25814:
25809:
25804:
25799:
25794:
25789:
25784:
25779:
25774:
25769:
25763:
25761:
25760:Harm reduction
25757:
25756:
25754:
25753:
25752:
25751:
25743:
25738:
25733:
25728:
25723:
25718:
25717:
25716:
25706:
25701:
25696:
25694:Date rape drug
25691:
25686:
25680:
25678:
25672:
25671:
25668:
25667:
25665:
25664:
25663:
25662:
25660:Liquor license
25657:
25652:
25647:
25637:
25635:Darknet market
25632:
25631:
25630:
25625:
25620:
25615:
25610:
25605:
25600:
25595:
25590:
25585:
25580:
25575:
25570:
25565:
25560:
25555:
25550:
25545:
25540:
25535:
25530:
25525:
25520:
25515:
25510:
25505:
25500:
25495:
25490:
25485:
25480:
25475:
25470:
25465:
25460:
25455:
25450:
25445:
25440:
25435:
25430:
25425:
25420:
25415:
25410:
25405:
25400:
25395:
25390:
25385:
25380:
25375:
25370:
25365:
25360:
25355:
25350:
25345:
25340:
25335:
25330:
25325:
25320:
25315:
25304:
25302:
25298:
25297:
25295:
25294:
25289:
25284:
25279:
25273:
25271:
25262:
25250:
25249:
25239:
25238:
25235:
25234:
25231:
25230:
25228:
25227:
25225:Zero tolerance
25222:
25221:
25220:
25215:
25210:
25200:
25195:
25190:
25185:
25180:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25160:
25155:
25149:
25147:
25143:
25142:
25140:
25139:
25134:
25129:
25124:
25119:
25114:
25109:
25104:
25098:
25096:
25092:
25091:
25089:
25088:
25087:
25086:
25081:
25076:
25071:
25066:
25061:
25056:
25051:
25041:
25036:
25031:
25026:
25021:
25016:
25011:
25006:
25001:
24999:Czech Republic
24996:
24991:
24985:
24983:
24977:
24976:
24974:
24973:
24972:
24971:
24966:
24961:
24960:
24959:
24952:Liberalization
24949:
24944:
24942:Harm reduction
24939:
24934:
24924:
24923:
24922:
24917:
24912:
24907:
24902:
24891:
24889:
24885:
24884:
24882:
24881:
24880:
24879:
24874:
24869:
24861:
24860:
24859:
24854:
24849:
24838:
24836:
24828:
24827:
24817:
24816:
24813:
24812:
24809:
24808:
24806:
24805:
24800:
24795:
24790:
24785:
24780:
24775:
24770:
24768:Party and play
24765:
24760:
24758:Needle sharing
24755:
24750:
24745:
24740:
24735:
24730:
24725:
24720:
24714:
24712:
24708:
24707:
24705:
24704:
24699:
24694:
24689:
24684:
24679:
24674:
24672:Cigarette card
24668:
24666:
24660:
24659:
24657:
24656:
24651:
24646:
24641:
24636:
24631:
24626:
24621:
24616:
24611:
24605:
24603:
24597:
24596:
24594:
24593:
24588:
24583:
24581:Tailgate party
24578:
24573:
24568:
24563:
24558:
24553:
24548:
24543:
24538:
24533:
24531:Drinking games
24528:
24523:
24521:Binge drinking
24518:
24513:
24508:
24502:
24500:
24494:
24493:
24491:
24490:
24485:
24480:
24475:
24469:
24467:
24465:Coffee culture
24461:
24460:
24458:
24457:
24452:
24447:
24442:
24437:
24432:
24427:
24422:
24417:
24412:
24407:
24402:
24397:
24392:
24387:
24382:
24377:
24372:
24367:
24361:
24359:
24349:
24348:
24336:
24335:
24332:
24331:
24328:
24327:
24325:
24324:
24319:
24309:
24308:
24307:
24302:
24292:
24287:
24281:
24279:
24273:
24272:
24269:
24268:
24266:
24265:
24260:
24254:
24252:
24246:
24245:
24243:
24242:
24241:
24240:
24235:
24230:
24225:
24215:
24214:
24213:
24208:
24203:
24192:
24190:
24184:
24183:
24181:
24180:
24175:
24173:Dimenhydrinate
24170:
24169:
24168:
24163:
24158:
24153:
24138:
24136:
24130:
24129:
24127:
24126:
24125:
24124:
24114:
24109:
24108:
24107:
24097:
24092:
24087:
24086:
24085:
24080:
24075:
24073:alkyl nitrites
24070:
24055:
24050:
24039:
24037:
24031:
24030:
24028:
24027:
24026:
24025:
24011:
24010:
24009:
24004:
23999:
23997:Peruvian torch
23989:
23984:
23979:
23978:
23977:
23967:
23966:
23965:
23960:
23955:
23944:
23942:
23933:
23927:
23926:
23924:
23923:
23922:
23921:
23916:
23906:
23901:
23896:
23895:
23894:
23886:
23880:
23878:
23872:
23871:
23869:
23868:
23867:
23866:
23861:
23851:
23850:
23849:
23844:
23839:
23829:
23824:
23819:
23814:
23809:
23804:
23799:
23798:
23797:
23787:
23786:
23785:
23780:
23770:
23769:
23768:
23758:
23757:
23756:
23751:
23746:
23736:
23731:
23730:
23729:
23719:
23713:
23711:
23705:
23704:
23702:
23701:
23696:
23695:
23694:
23684:
23683:
23682:
23672:
23671:
23670:
23660:
23655:
23654:
23653:
23645:
23640:
23639:
23638:
23630:
23625:
23624:
23623:
23620:
23612:
23611:
23610:
23602:
23601:
23600:
23590:
23589:
23588:
23585:
23576:
23574:
23568:
23567:
23565:
23564:
23562:Quinazolinones
23559:
23554:
23549:
23548:
23547:
23546:
23545:
23537:
23536:
23535:
23530:
23525:
23520:
23509:
23508:
23507:
23489:
23484:
23482:Gabapentinoids
23479:
23478:
23477:
23472:
23467:
23457:
23452:
23447:
23441:
23439:
23429:
23428:
23418:
23417:
23410:
23409:
23402:
23395:
23387:
23378:
23377:
23374:
23373:
23372:
23371:
23368:
23357:
23351:
23345:
23344:
23341:
23340:
23338:
23337:
23332:
23327:
23322:
23317:
23315:Methoxyflurane
23312:
23307:
23302:
23297:
23292:
23287:
23282:
23277:
23272:
23266:
23264:
23260:
23259:
23257:
23256:
23251:
23246:
23241:
23236:
23231:
23225:
23223:
23217:
23216:
23213:
23212:
23210:
23209:
23203:
23201:
23195:
23194:
23192:
23191:
23186:
23181:
23173:
23168:
23167:
23157:
23152:
23147:
23133:
23128:
23122:
23120:
23114:
23113:
23111:
23110:
23105:
23100:
23095:
23090:
23085:
23080:
23074:
23072:
23063:
23055:
23054:
23052:
23051:
23046:
23041:
23036:
23031:
23025:
23023:
23017:
23016:
23013:
23012:
23010:
23009:
23004:
22999:
22994:
22989:
22984:
22978:
22976:
22972:
22971:
22969:
22968:
22958:Propyphenazone
22955:
22950:
22945:
22940:
22935:
22933:Aminophenazone
22929:
22927:
22921:
22920:
22918:
22917:
22904:
22899:
22894:
22889:
22884:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22864:
22859:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22839:
22834:
22829:
22824:
22813:
22811:
22805:
22804:
22802:
22801:
22796:
22794:Mefenamic acid
22791:
22786:
22780:
22778:
22772:
22771:
22769:
22768:
22763:
22758:
22753:
22748:
22743:
22729:
22727:
22721:
22720:
22718:
22717:
22712:
22707:
22702:
22697:
22684:
22679:
22674:
22669:
22663:
22661:
22657:
22656:
22654:
22653:
22648:
22643:
22638:
22633:
22627:
22625:
22621:
22620:
22618:
22617:
22612:
22607:
22602:
22597:
22592:
22587:
22574:
22553:
22548:
22543:
22537:
22535:
22528:
22522:
22521:
22519:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22502:
22501:
22496:
22491:
22486:
22481:
22476:
22471:
22466:
22456:
22451:
22446:
22440:
22438:
22431:
22430:
22427:
22426:
22424:
22423:
22418:
22401:
22396:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22376:
22371:
22366:
22361:
22356:
22351:
22346:
22341:
22336:
22331:
22326:
22321:
22316:
22311:
22306:
22301:
22291:
22286:
22281:
22276:
22271:
22266:
22264:Dextromoramide
22261:
22256:
22251:
22246:
22241:
22235:
22233:
22229:
22228:
22226:
22225:
22220:
22215:
22210:
22181:
22176:
22171:
22166:
22161:
22156:
22151:
22146:
22144:Hydromorphinol
22141:
22120:
22115:
22110:
22105:
22095:Dihydrocodeine
22092:
22087:
22082:
22077:
22064:
22062:Benzylmorphine
22059:
22053:
22051:
22047:
22046:
22044:
22043:
22038:
22033:
22028:
22018:
22017:
22016:
22011:
22000:
21998:
21985:
21979:
21978:
21962:
21961:
21954:
21947:
21939:
21930:
21929:
21927:
21926:
21914:
21908:
21903:
21898:
21887:
21869:
21867:
21861:
21860:
21858:
21857:
21851:
21840:
21839:
21838:
21833:
21828:
21823:
21821:Dihydrocodeine
21818:
21813:
21808:
21791:
21786:
21780:
21763:
21761:
21755:
21754:
21752:
21751:
21746:
21741:
21724:
21719:
21718:
21717:
21712:
21700:
21699:
21698:
21686:
21685:
21684:
21679:
21674:
21669:
21653:
21651:
21645:
21644:
21642:
21641:
21624:
21619:
21614:
21609:
21604:
21598:
21596:
21590:
21589:
21576:
21575:
21568:
21561:
21553:
21547:
21544:
21543:
21534:
21533:
21523:
21518:
21513:
21508:
21503:
21501:
21486:
21485:External links
21483:
21480:
21479:
21460:(2–3): 202–8.
21443:
21400:
21365:
21322:
21287:
21244:
21177:
21151:
21121:
21091:
21061:
21031:
21002:(1–3): 63–70.
20982:
20933:
20881:
20857:
20831:
20798:
20749:
20722:
20695:Health Affairs
20681:
20650:
20639:on 6 June 2017
20624:
20609:. March 2013.
20595:
20571:
20564:
20546:
20535:(4): 463–521.
20519:
20473:
20440:
20410:
20359:
20352:
20334:
20280:
20237:
20203:
20188:
20162:
20125:
20095:
20059:
20048:
20029:
19998:
19979:
19950:
19885:
19866:
19846:
19816:
19797:
19777:
19744:
19737:
19712:
19677:
19658:
19638:
19604:
19597:
19577:
19570:
19550:
19531:(5): 1133–47.
19515:
19466:
19459:
19439:
19388:
19379:|journal=
19349:
19321:
19265:
19224:
19176:
19126:
19080:
19044:
19001:
18994:
18976:
18937:
18888:
18882:10.1.1.846.221
18859:
18801:
18762:(12): 5391–3.
18731:
18712:
18677:
18658:
18638:
18607:
18588:
18568:
18508:
18479:(5): 526–534.
18459:
18416:
18405:on 7 June 2016
18381:
18355:
18306:
18280:
18248:
18217:
18189:
18170:(6): 1259–65.
18154:
18105:
18056:
18027:(8): 2289–94.
18007:
17945:
17805:
17770:
17729:
17718:(1–3): 73–78.
17702:
17667:
17618:
17591:
17564:(3): 535–548.
17548:
17537:(3): 1263–70.
17483:
17468:
17425:
17375:
17327:
17290:J Anal Toxicol
17276:
17170:
17151:(9): 1949–56.
17129:
17094:
17050:
17001:
16942:
16903:(3): 385–390.
16883:
16826:
16791:
16781:
16761:
16754:
16736:
16729:
16709:
16680:(4): 219–224.
16660:
16601:
16552:
16537:
16505:
16486:(2): 136–148.
16470:
16411:
16357:
16330:(3): 328–343.
16313:
16264:
16213:
16172:
16128:
16085:
16083:
16082:
16076:
16062:, which cites
16019:
16000:(3): 194–201.
15984:
15949:
15932:Pain Physician
15922:
15895:
15860:
15816:
15765:
15721:
15694:(7): 1677–84.
15678:
15663:
15647:Sensory Nerves
15637:
15602:
15566:
15517:
15478:Pain Physician
15464:
15421:
15378:
15335:
15292:
15235:
15184:
15149:
15108:
15057:
15030:
14981:
14946:
14905:
14866:(3): 434–444.
14843:
14786:
14751:
14702:
14695:
14670:
14663:
14640:
14580:
14537:
14517:
14490:(12): 1362–6.
14474:
14431:
14372:
14331:(5): 651–662.
14311:
14268:
14238:
14195:
14152:
14103:
14052:
14025:(10): 805–10.
14009:
13966:
13937:(2): 148–156.
13917:
13882:
13839:
13832:
13807:
13764:
13721:
13678:
13635:
13586:
13567:(1–2): 27–33.
13551:
13516:
13475:
13422:
13379:
13352:(1–2): 17–26.
13335:
13292:
13265:Anesthesiology
13251:
13202:
13166:
13108:
13073:
13024:
13013:(2): 119–138.
13007:Pain Physician
12996:
12961:
12934:(9): 1664–70.
12918:
12891:
12848:
12784:
12733:
12668:
12638:
12589:
12550:
12523:
12474:
12444:
12403:
12354:
12323:
12280:
12253:
12210:
12189:(12): 1293–4.
12166:
12117:
12110:
12090:
12041:
12022:(3): e135-51.
12006:
11965:
11914:
11888:
11847:
11820:Pain Physician
11806:
11804:
11803:
11766:
11725:
11705:(8): 1157–68.
11690:
11652:, which cites
11605:
11556:
11521:
11519:
11518:
11496:
11453:
11417:, which cites
11375:
11322:
11270:
11241:(7): 686–687.
11198:(21): 1981–5.
11175:
11134:
11083:
11039:
11020:(18): 1865–6.
11004:
10978:
10971:
10948:
10899:
10892:
10872:
10865:
10845:
10815:
10785:
10778:
10758:
10747:
10725:
10714:
10689:
10646:
10589:
10558:
10515:
10474:
10444:
10404:
10374:
10342:
10335:
10317:
10298:(5): 298–301.
10282:
10252:
10243:|journal=
10208:
10178:
10171:
10148:
10131:www.oregon.gov
10118:
10088:
10077:
10054:
10035:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10005:
10004:
9999:
9994:
9989:
9982:
9979:
9976:
9975:
9972:
9971:
9959:
9947:
9934:
9933:
9921:
9909:
9897:
9885:
9872:
9871:
9859:
9847:
9835:
9823:
9810:
9809:
9797:
9785:
9773:
9761:
9748:
9747:
9735:
9723:
9711:
9699:
9686:
9685:
9673:
9661:
9649:
9637:
9624:
9623:
9611:
9599:
9587:
9575:
9562:
9561:
9549:
9537:
9525:
9513:
9500:
9499:
9487:
9475:
9463:
9451:
9438:
9437:
9425:
9413:
9401:
9389:
9376:
9375:
9363:
9351:
9339:
9327:
9314:
9313:
9301:
9289:
9277:
9265:
9252:
9251:
9239:
9227:
9215:
9203:
9190:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9172:
9160:
9148:
9135:
9134:
9122:
9110:
9098:
9086:
9073:
9072:
9060:
9048:
9036:
9024:
9011:
9010:
8998:
8986:
8974:
8962:
8949:
8948:
8936:
8924:
8912:
8900:
8887:
8886:
8882:
8881:
8869:
8857:
8844:
8843:
8831:
8819:
8807:
8795:
8782:
8781:
8769:
8757:
8745:
8733:
8720:
8719:
8707:
8695:
8683:
8671:
8658:
8657:
8645:
8633:
8621:
8618:Dextromoramide
8609:
8596:
8595:
8583:
8571:
8559:
8547:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8516:
8504:
8491:
8490:
8478:
8466:
8454:
8442:
8429:
8428:
8416:
8404:
8392:
8380:
8367:
8366:
8354:
8342:
8330:
8318:
8305:
8304:
8292:
8280:
8268:
8256:
8243:
8242:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8194:
8181:
8180:
8168:
8156:
8144:
8132:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8101:
8089:
8077:
8064:
8063:
8051:
8039:
8027:
8015:
8002:
8001:
8000:Benzomorphans
7993:
7992:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7975:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7935:Pseudomorphine
7925:
7924:
7920:
7919:
7907:
7895:
7883:
7870:
7869:
7857:
7845:
7833:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7795:
7783:
7771:
7759:
7746:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7679:
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7630:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7574:
7573:
7561:
7549:
7537:
7525:
7522:Norlevorphanol
7512:
7511:
7508:Levomethorphan
7499:
7487:
7475:
7463:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7444:
7432:
7420:
7408:
7396:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7377:
7374:1-Iodomorphine
7365:
7353:
7341:
7328:
7327:
7315:
7312:Dihydrocodeine
7303:
7291:
7279:
7276:Chloromorphide
7266:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7248:
7236:
7224:
7211:
7210:
7198:
7186:
7174:
7162:
7149:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7097:Acetylmorphone
7087:
7086:
7074:
7062:
7050:
7038:
7025:
7024:
7020:
7019:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6971:
6958:
6957:
6945:
6933:
6930:Benzylmorphine
6921:
6909:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6890:
6877:
6876:
6864:
6852:
6840:
6828:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6797:
6785:
6773:
6770:Hydromorphinol
6761:
6748:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6699:
6682:
6681:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6620:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6545:Racemethorphan
6542:
6540:Levomethorphan
6537:
6532:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6416:Dextromoramide
6413:
6408:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6337:Etonitazepipne
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6316:Etodesnitazene
6313:
6306:
6298:Main article:
6295:
6294:Benzimidazoles
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6178:Dihydrocodeine
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6082:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6018:leu-enkephalin
6006:Met-enkephalin
6000:α-neoendorphin
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5737:
5708:levomethorphan
5648:antihistamines
5646:or some other
5642:, and perhaps
5578:
5577:
5558:
5555:
5529:
5495:
5465:
5431:
5391:
5390:Classification
5388:
5354:
5351:
5334:Senlis Council
5302:
5299:
5266:
5263:
5230:
5227:
5222:Main article:
5219:
5216:
5198:
5195:
5151:
5148:
5128:Gustav Ehrhart
5046:Felix Hoffmann
5021:
5018:
5002:
4999:
4995:menstrual pain
4976:Alexander Wood
4952:
4949:
4923:
4920:
4916:Dover's powder
4895:
4892:
4880:Western Europe
4867:The physician
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4137:Oxymorphindole
4133:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3849:Morphine, (+)-
3845:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:Morphine, (−)-
3827:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3674:Levomethorphan
3670:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3593:Dextrallorphan
3589:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3476:Met-enkephalin
3472:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:Leu-enkephalin
3418:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2539:Main article:
2536:
2533:
2511:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2364:nervous system
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2148:
2145:
2112:Main article:
2109:
2106:
2096:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2081:later in life.
2022:
2014:
2012:
2009:
1965:hallucinations
1956:
1953:
1932:
1929:
1897:
1894:
1836:dose-dependent
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1749:sigma receptor
1730:increased pain
1714:Main article:
1711:
1708:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1670:
1643:
1606:
1603:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1386:antihistamines
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1272:metoclopramide
1253:gastric stasis
1249:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1207:
1140:
1137:
1123:and vomiting,
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1051:Drug addiction
1047:
1044:
972:
969:
964:
963:
953:
944:
926:
914:
881:
878:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
856:osteoarthritis
831:
830:
827:
822:
816:
811:
806:
801:
798:
793:
788:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
737:
732:
718:
717:
709:
706:
698:Main article:
675:
672:
658:
655:
627:
624:
593:
590:
588:
585:
516:is uncertain.
474:
471:
447:
444:
431:
428:
426:
423:
363:drugs such as
333:
330:
182:recreationally
119:
118:
112:
111:
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
91:External links
88:
87:
82:
80:Mode of action
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
29794:
29783:
29780:
29778:
29775:
29773:
29770:
29769:
29767:
29745:
29742:
29739:
29738:
29735:
29732:
29730:
29729:Pronociceptin
29727:
29725:
29724:Proenkephalin
29722:
29720:
29717:
29715:
29712:
29709:
29708:
29705:
29702:
29700:
29697:
29695:
29692:
29690:
29687:
29685:
29682:
29680:
29677:
29675:
29672:
29670:
29667:
29665:
29662:
29660:
29657:
29655:
29652:
29650:
29647:
29645:
29642:
29640:
29637:
29635:
29629:
29627:
29624:
29622:
29619:
29617:
29614:
29612:
29608:
29607:
29605:
29601:
29591:
29588:
29586:
29583:
29581:
29578:
29576:
29573:
29571:
29568:
29566:
29563:
29561:
29558:
29556:
29553:
29551:
29548:
29546:
29543:
29541:
29538:
29536:
29533:
29531:
29528:
29526:
29520:
29519:
29517:
29513:
29507:
29504:
29502:
29499:
29497:
29494:
29492:
29489:
29487:
29484:
29482:
29479:
29477:
29474:
29472:
29469:
29467:
29464:
29462:
29459:
29457:
29454:
29452:
29446:
29444:
29441:
29439:
29436:
29434:
29431:
29429:
29426:
29424:
29421:
29419:
29416:
29414:
29411:
29409:
29406:
29404:
29401:
29399:
29396:
29394:
29391:
29389:
29386:
29384:
29383:Buprenorphine
29381:
29379:
29376:
29374:
29368:
29366:
29360:
29358:
29348:
29346:
29340:
29338:
29335:
29334:
29332:
29328:
29325:
29321:
29317:
29307:
29304:
29302:
29299:
29297:
29294:
29292:
29289:
29287:
29284:
29282:
29279:
29277:
29274:
29272:
29269:
29267:
29264:
29262:
29259:
29257:
29254:
29252:
29249:
29247:
29244:
29242:
29239:
29237:
29234:
29232:
29229:
29227:
29224:
29222:
29219:
29217:
29214:
29212:
29209:
29207:
29204:
29202:
29199:
29197:
29194:
29192:
29189:
29187:
29184:
29182:
29179:
29177:
29174:
29172:
29169:
29167:
29164:
29162:
29159:
29157:
29154:
29152:
29149:
29147:
29144:
29142:
29139:
29137:
29134:
29132:
29129:
29127:
29124:
29122:
29119:
29117:
29116:Buprenorphine
29114:
29112:
29109:
29107:
29104:
29102:
29099:
29097:
29094:
29092:
29089:
29087:
29084:
29082:
29079:
29077:
29074:
29072:
29069:
29067:
29066:Amentoflavone
29064:
29062:
29059:
29057:
29054:
29052:
29049:
29047:
29044:
29042:
29039:
29037:
29034:
29032:
29029:
29027:
29024:
29023:
29021:
29017:
29011:
29008:
29006:
29003:
29001:
28998:
28996:
28993:
28990:
28989:nortriptyline
28986:
28982:
28978:
28977:amitriptyline
28974:
28971:
28969:
28966:
28964:
28961:
28959:
28956:
28954:
28951:
28949:
28946:
28944:
28941:
28939:
28936:
28933:
28929:
28926:
28924:
28921:
28919:
28916:
28914:
28911:
28909:
28906:
28904:
28901:
28899:
28896:
28894:
28891:
28889:
28886:
28884:
28881:
28879:
28876:
28874:
28871:
28869:
28866:
28864:
28861:
28859:
28856:
28854:
28851:
28849:
28846:
28844:
28841:
28839:
28836:
28834:
28831:
28829:
28826:
28824:
28821:
28819:
28816:
28814:
28811:
28809:
28806:
28804:
28801:
28799:
28796:
28794:
28791:
28789:
28786:
28784:
28781:
28779:
28776:
28774:
28771:
28769:
28766:
28764:
28761:
28759:
28756:
28754:
28751:
28749:
28746:
28744:
28741:
28739:
28736:
28734:
28731:
28729:
28726:
28724:
28721:
28719:
28716:
28714:
28711:
28709:
28706:
28704:
28701:
28699:
28696:
28694:
28691:
28689:
28686:
28684:
28683:Hydromorphone
28681:
28679:
28676:
28674:
28671:
28669:
28666:
28664:
28661:
28659:
28656:
28654:
28651:
28649:
28646:
28644:
28641:
28639:
28636:
28634:
28631:
28629:
28626:
28624:
28621:
28619:
28616:
28614:
28611:
28609:
28606:
28604:
28601:
28599:
28598:Diprenorphine
28596:
28594:
28591:
28589:
28586:
28584:
28581:
28579:
28578:Difelikefalin
28576:
28574:
28571:
28569:
28566:
28564:
28561:
28559:
28558:Cyprenorphine
28556:
28554:
28551:
28549:
28546:
28544:
28541:
28539:
28536:
28534:
28531:
28529:
28526:
28524:
28521:
28519:
28516:
28514:
28511:
28509:
28506:
28504:
28503:Big dynorphin
28501:
28499:
28496:
28494:
28491:
28489:
28486:
28484:
28481:
28479:
28476:
28474:
28471:
28469:
28466:
28464:
28461:
28459:
28456:
28454:
28451:
28449:
28446:
28444:
28441:
28439:
28436:
28434:
28431:
28429:
28426:
28424:
28423:3CS-nalmefene
28421:
28420:
28418:
28414:
28411:
28407:
28403:
28393:
28390:
28388:
28385:
28383:
28380:
28378:
28375:
28373:
28370:
28368:
28365:
28363:
28360:
28358:
28355:
28353:
28350:
28348:
28345:
28343:
28340:
28338:
28335:
28333:
28330:
28328:
28325:
28323:
28320:
28318:
28315:
28313:
28310:
28308:
28305:
28303:
28300:
28298:
28295:
28293:
28290:
28288:
28285:
28283:
28280:
28278:
28275:
28273:
28270:
28268:
28267:Diprenorphine
28265:
28263:
28260:
28258:
28255:
28253:
28250:
28248:
28245:
28243:
28240:
28238:
28235:
28233:
28230:
28228:
28225:
28223:
28220:
28218:
28215:
28213:
28210:
28208:
28205:
28203:
28200:
28198:
28195:
28193:
28190:
28189:
28187:
28183:
28177:
28174:
28172:
28169:
28167:
28164:
28162:
28159:
28157:
28154:
28152:
28149:
28147:
28144:
28142:
28139:
28137:
28134:
28132:
28129:
28127:
28124:
28122:
28119:
28117:
28114:
28112:
28109:
28107:
28104:
28102:
28099:
28097:
28094:
28092:
28089:
28087:
28084:
28082:
28079:
28077:
28074:
28072:
28069:
28067:
28064:
28062:
28059:
28057:
28054:
28052:
28049:
28047:
28044:
28042:
28039:
28037:
28034:
28032:
28029:
28027:
28024:
28022:
28019:
28017:
28014:
28012:
28009:
28007:
28004:
28002:
27999:
27997:
27994:
27992:
27989:
27987:
27984:
27982:
27979:
27977:
27974:
27972:
27971:Hydromorphone
27969:
27967:
27964:
27962:
27959:
27957:
27954:
27952:
27949:
27947:
27944:
27942:
27939:
27937:
27934:
27932:
27929:
27927:
27924:
27922:
27919:
27917:
27914:
27912:
27909:
27907:
27904:
27902:
27899:
27897:
27894:
27892:
27889:
27887:
27884:
27882:
27881:Deltorphin II
27879:
27877:
27874:
27872:
27869:
27867:
27864:
27862:
27859:
27857:
27854:
27852:
27849:
27847:
27844:
27842:
27839:
27837:
27834:
27832:
27829:
27827:
27824:
27822:
27819:
27817:
27814:
27812:
27809:
27807:
27804:
27802:
27799:
27797:
27794:
27792:
27789:
27787:
27784:
27782:
27779:
27777:
27774:
27772:
27769:
27767:
27766:3CS-nalmefene
27764:
27763:
27761:
27757:
27754:
27750:
27746:
27736:
27733:
27731:
27728:
27726:
27723:
27721:
27718:
27716:
27713:
27711:
27708:
27706:
27703:
27701:
27698:
27696:
27693:
27691:
27688:
27686:
27683:
27681:
27678:
27676:
27673:
27671:
27668:
27666:
27663:
27661:
27658:
27656:
27653:
27651:
27648:
27646:
27643:
27641:
27638:
27636:
27633:
27631:
27628:
27626:
27623:
27621:
27618:
27616:
27615:Methocinnamox
27613:
27611:
27608:
27606:
27603:
27601:
27598:
27596:
27593:
27591:
27588:
27586:
27583:
27581:
27578:
27576:
27575:Ginsenoside R
27573:
27571:
27568:
27566:
27563:
27561:
27558:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27548:
27546:
27545:Diprenorphine
27543:
27541:
27538:
27536:
27533:
27531:
27528:
27526:
27523:
27520:
27518:
27515:
27513:
27510:
27508:
27505:
27503:
27500:
27498:
27495:
27493:
27490:
27488:
27485:
27483:
27480:
27478:
27475:
27473:
27470:
27468:
27465:
27463:
27460:
27458:
27455:
27453:
27450:
27448:
27445:
27443:
27440:
27438:
27435:
27433:
27430:
27428:
27425:
27423:
27422:3CS-nalmefene
27420:
27418:
27415:
27413:
27410:
27409:
27407:
27403:
27397:
27394:
27392:
27389:
27387:
27384:
27382:
27379:
27377:
27374:
27372:
27369:
27367:
27364:
27362:
27359:
27357:
27354:
27352:
27349:
27347:
27344:
27342:
27339:
27337:
27334:
27332:
27329:
27327:
27324:
27322:
27319:
27317:
27314:
27312:
27309:
27307:
27304:
27302:
27299:
27297:
27294:
27292:
27289:
27287:
27284:
27282:
27279:
27277:
27274:
27272:
27269:
27267:
27264:
27262:
27259:
27257:
27254:
27252:
27251:Phencyclidine
27249:
27247:
27244:
27242:
27239:
27237:
27234:
27232:
27229:
27226:
27222:
27221:
27217:
27215:
27212:
27210:
27207:
27205:
27202:
27200:
27197:
27195:
27194:Oxymorphazone
27192:
27190:
27187:
27185:
27182:
27180:
27177:
27175:
27172:
27170:
27167:
27165:
27162:
27160:
27157:
27155:
27152:
27150:
27147:
27145:
27142:
27140:
27137:
27135:
27132:
27130:
27127:
27125:
27122:
27120:
27117:
27115:
27112:
27110:
27107:
27105:
27102:
27100:
27097:
27095:
27092:
27090:
27087:
27085:
27082:
27080:
27077:
27075:
27072:
27070:
27067:
27065:
27062:
27060:
27057:
27055:
27052:
27050:
27047:
27045:
27042:
27040:
27037:
27035:
27032:
27030:
27027:
27025:
27022:
27020:
27017:
27015:
27012:
27010:
27007:
27005:
27002:
27000:
26997:
26995:
26992:
26990:
26987:
26985:
26984:Hydromorphone
26982:
26980:
26977:
26975:
26972:
26970:
26967:
26965:
26962:
26960:
26957:
26955:
26952:
26950:
26947:
26945:
26942:
26940:
26937:
26935:
26932:
26930:
26929:Ethylmorphine
26927:
26925:
26922:
26920:
26919:Endomorphin-2
26917:
26915:
26914:Endomorphin-1
26912:
26910:
26907:
26905:
26902:
26900:
26897:
26895:
26894:Diphenoxylate
26892:
26890:
26887:
26885:
26882:
26880:
26877:
26875:
26872:
26870:
26867:
26865:
26862:
26860:
26857:
26855:
26852:
26850:
26847:
26845:
26842:
26840:
26837:
26835:
26832:
26830:
26827:
26825:
26822:
26820:
26817:
26815:
26812:
26810:
26807:
26805:
26802:
26800:
26797:
26795:
26792:
26790:
26787:
26785:
26782:
26780:
26779:Butyrfentanyl
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26764:Buprenorphine
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26745:
26742:
26740:
26737:
26735:
26732:
26730:
26727:
26725:
26722:
26720:
26717:
26715:
26712:
26710:
26707:
26705:
26702:
26700:
26697:
26695:
26692:
26690:
26687:
26685:
26682:
26680:
26679:Acrylfentanyl
26677:
26675:
26672:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26654:ψ-Akuammigine
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26636:
26634:
26631:
26623:
26620:
26616:
26612:
26608:
26605:
26598:
26593:
26591:
26586:
26584:
26579:
26578:
26575:
26563:
26556:
26553:
26549:
26545:
26544:buprenorphine
26541:
26537:
26533:
26529:
26525:
26522:
26519:
26515:
26511:
26507:
26504:
26501:
26497:
26493:
26489:
26486:
26484:
26481:
26479:
26476:
26474:
26471:
26469:
26466:
26465:
26463:
26459:
26453:
26450:
26447:
26443:
26442:nortriptyline
26439:
26438:amitriptyline
26432:
26427:
26425:
26422:
26419:
26415:
26412:
26409:
26405:
26401:
26400:oxcarbazepine
26397:
26396:carbamazepine
26393:
26389:
26385:
26381:
26378:
26377:
26375:
26373:
26369:
26362:
26358:
26351:
26346:
26343:
26340:
26336:
26335:nortriptyline
26332:
26331:amitriptyline
26325:
26320:
26317:
26313:
26306:
26301:
26300:
26298:
26296:
26292:
26288:
26285:
26281:
26274:
26269:
26267:
26262:
26260:
26255:
26254:
26251:
26241:
26240:
26237:
26231:
26224:
26220:
26217:
26214:
26210:
26209:phencyclidine
26206:
26205:nitrous oxide
26202:
26201:methoxetamine
26198:
26194:
26190:
26187:
26184:
26180:
26176:
26173:
26170:
26166:
26162:
26158:
26154:
26151:
26148:
26144:
26143:dexamethasone
26140:
26137:
26135:
26131:
26127:
26124:
26121:
26117:
26113:
26109:
26105:
26101:
26097:
26093:
26089:
26086:
26079:
26076:
26072:
26068:
26065:
26062:
26058:
26054:
26050:
26046:
26043:
26040:
26036:
26033:
26030:
26026:
26022:
26018:
26015:
26008:
26005:
26001:
25998:
25997:AMPA receptor
25995:
25992:
25988:
25984:
25980:
25976:
25973:
25969:
25962:
25959:
25955:
25951:
25947:
25943:
25939:
25935:
25931:
25928:
25925:
25924:
25921:
25917:
25909:
25904:
25902:
25897:
25895:
25890:
25889:
25886:
25866:
25863:
25861:
25858:
25854:
25851:
25849:
25846:
25845:
25843:
25841:
25838:
25836:
25833:
25832:
25830:
25826:Countries by
25824:
25818:
25815:
25813:
25810:
25808:
25805:
25803:
25800:
25798:
25795:
25793:
25790:
25788:
25785:
25783:
25780:
25778:
25775:
25773:
25770:
25768:
25767:Drug checking
25765:
25764:
25762:
25758:
25749:
25748:
25747:
25744:
25742:
25739:
25737:
25736:Neurotoxicity
25734:
25732:
25729:
25727:
25724:
25722:
25719:
25715:
25712:
25711:
25710:
25707:
25705:
25702:
25700:
25697:
25695:
25692:
25690:
25687:
25685:
25682:
25681:
25679:
25673:
25661:
25658:
25656:
25653:
25651:
25650:Cannabis shop
25648:
25646:
25643:
25642:
25641:
25638:
25636:
25633:
25629:
25626:
25624:
25623:United States
25621:
25619:
25616:
25614:
25611:
25609:
25606:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25586:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25576:
25574:
25571:
25569:
25566:
25564:
25561:
25559:
25556:
25554:
25551:
25549:
25546:
25544:
25541:
25539:
25536:
25534:
25531:
25529:
25526:
25524:
25521:
25519:
25516:
25514:
25511:
25509:
25506:
25504:
25501:
25499:
25496:
25494:
25491:
25489:
25486:
25484:
25481:
25479:
25478:Latin America
25476:
25474:
25471:
25469:
25466:
25464:
25461:
25459:
25456:
25454:
25451:
25449:
25446:
25444:
25441:
25439:
25436:
25434:
25431:
25429:
25426:
25424:
25421:
25419:
25416:
25414:
25411:
25409:
25406:
25404:
25401:
25399:
25396:
25394:
25391:
25389:
25386:
25384:
25381:
25379:
25376:
25374:
25371:
25369:
25366:
25364:
25361:
25359:
25356:
25354:
25351:
25349:
25346:
25344:
25341:
25339:
25336:
25334:
25331:
25329:
25326:
25324:
25321:
25319:
25316:
25314:
25311:
25310:
25309:
25306:
25305:
25303:
25299:
25293:
25290:
25288:
25285:
25283:
25280:
25278:
25275:
25274:
25272:
25266:
25263:
25255:
25251:
25244:
25240:
25226:
25223:
25219:
25216:
25214:
25213:Plan Colombia
25211:
25209:
25206:
25205:
25204:
25201:
25199:
25196:
25194:
25191:
25189:
25186:
25184:
25181:
25179:
25176:
25174:
25173:Designer drug
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25159:
25156:
25154:
25151:
25150:
25148:
25144:
25138:
25135:
25133:
25130:
25128:
25125:
25123:
25120:
25118:
25115:
25113:
25110:
25108:
25105:
25103:
25100:
25099:
25097:
25095:Drug legality
25093:
25085:
25082:
25080:
25077:
25075:
25072:
25070:
25067:
25065:
25062:
25060:
25057:
25055:
25052:
25050:
25047:
25046:
25045:
25044:United States
25042:
25040:
25037:
25035:
25032:
25030:
25027:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25015:
25012:
25010:
25007:
25005:
25002:
25000:
24997:
24995:
24992:
24990:
24987:
24986:
24984:
24978:
24970:
24967:
24965:
24962:
24958:
24957:Latin America
24955:
24954:
24953:
24950:
24948:
24945:
24943:
24940:
24938:
24935:
24933:
24930:
24929:
24928:
24927:Policy reform
24925:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24906:
24903:
24901:
24898:
24897:
24896:
24893:
24892:
24890:
24886:
24878:
24875:
24873:
24870:
24868:
24865:
24864:
24862:
24858:
24855:
24853:
24850:
24848:
24845:
24844:
24843:
24840:
24839:
24837:
24835:International
24833:
24829:
24822:
24818:
24804:
24801:
24799:
24796:
24794:
24793:Sex and drugs
24791:
24789:
24786:
24784:
24781:
24779:
24776:
24774:
24773:Poly drug use
24771:
24769:
24766:
24764:
24761:
24759:
24756:
24754:
24751:
24749:
24746:
24744:
24741:
24739:
24736:
24734:
24731:
24729:
24726:
24724:
24721:
24719:
24716:
24715:
24713:
24709:
24703:
24700:
24698:
24695:
24693:
24690:
24688:
24685:
24683:
24682:Cloud-chasing
24680:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24670:
24669:
24667:
24665:
24661:
24655:
24652:
24650:
24647:
24645:
24642:
24640:
24637:
24635:
24632:
24630:
24627:
24625:
24622:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24610:
24609:Psychonautics
24607:
24606:
24604:
24602:
24598:
24592:
24589:
24587:
24584:
24582:
24579:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24552:
24549:
24547:
24544:
24542:
24539:
24537:
24536:Drinking song
24534:
24532:
24529:
24527:
24526:Diethyl ether
24524:
24522:
24519:
24517:
24516:Beer festival
24514:
24512:
24509:
24507:
24504:
24503:
24501:
24499:
24495:
24489:
24486:
24484:
24481:
24479:
24476:
24474:
24471:
24470:
24468:
24466:
24462:
24456:
24453:
24451:
24448:
24446:
24443:
24441:
24438:
24436:
24433:
24431:
24428:
24426:
24423:
24421:
24418:
24416:
24413:
24411:
24408:
24406:
24403:
24401:
24398:
24396:
24393:
24391:
24388:
24386:
24383:
24381:
24378:
24376:
24373:
24371:
24368:
24366:
24363:
24362:
24360:
24358:
24354:
24350:
24346:
24341:
24337:
24323:
24320:
24317:
24313:
24312:Nitrous oxide
24310:
24306:
24303:
24301:
24298:
24297:
24296:
24293:
24291:
24288:
24286:
24283:
24282:
24280:
24278:
24274:
24264:
24261:
24259:
24256:
24255:
24253:
24251:
24247:
24239:
24236:
24234:
24231:
24229:
24226:
24224:
24221:
24220:
24219:
24216:
24212:
24209:
24207:
24204:
24202:
24199:
24198:
24197:
24194:
24193:
24191:
24189:
24185:
24179:
24176:
24174:
24171:
24167:
24164:
24162:
24159:
24157:
24154:
24152:
24149:
24148:
24147:
24143:
24140:
24139:
24137:
24135:
24131:
24123:
24120:
24119:
24118:
24115:
24113:
24110:
24106:
24103:
24102:
24101:
24098:
24096:
24093:
24091:
24088:
24084:
24081:
24079:
24076:
24074:
24071:
24068:
24064:
24063:Nitrous oxide
24061:
24060:
24059:
24056:
24054:
24051:
24048:
24044:
24041:
24040:
24038:
24036:
24035:Dissociatives
24032:
24024:
24021:
24020:
24019:
24015:
24012:
24008:
24005:
24003:
24000:
23998:
23995:
23994:
23993:
23990:
23988:
23985:
23983:
23980:
23976:
23973:
23972:
23971:
23968:
23964:
23961:
23959:
23956:
23954:
23951:
23950:
23949:
23946:
23945:
23943:
23941:
23937:
23934:
23932:
23931:Hallucinogens
23928:
23920:
23917:
23915:
23912:
23911:
23910:
23907:
23905:
23902:
23900:
23897:
23892:
23891:
23890:
23887:
23885:
23882:
23881:
23879:
23877:
23873:
23865:
23862:
23860:
23857:
23856:
23855:
23852:
23848:
23845:
23843:
23840:
23838:
23835:
23834:
23833:
23830:
23828:
23825:
23823:
23820:
23818:
23815:
23813:
23810:
23808:
23805:
23803:
23800:
23796:
23793:
23792:
23791:
23788:
23784:
23781:
23779:
23776:
23775:
23774:
23771:
23767:
23764:
23763:
23762:
23759:
23755:
23752:
23750:
23749:Energy drinks
23747:
23745:
23742:
23741:
23740:
23737:
23735:
23732:
23728:
23725:
23724:
23723:
23720:
23718:
23715:
23714:
23712:
23710:
23706:
23700:
23697:
23693:
23690:
23689:
23688:
23685:
23681:
23678:
23677:
23676:
23673:
23669:
23666:
23665:
23664:
23661:
23659:
23656:
23651:
23650:
23649:
23648:Hydromorphone
23646:
23644:
23641:
23636:
23635:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23621:
23618:
23617:
23616:
23613:
23608:
23607:
23606:
23603:
23599:
23596:
23595:
23594:
23591:
23586:
23583:
23582:
23581:
23580:Buprenorphine
23578:
23577:
23575:
23573:
23569:
23563:
23560:
23558:
23555:
23553:
23550:
23544:
23541:
23540:
23538:
23534:
23533:Paint thinner
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23516:
23515:
23514:
23510:
23505:
23501:
23500:Nitrous oxide
23498:
23497:
23495:
23494:
23493:
23490:
23488:
23485:
23483:
23480:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23462:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23442:
23440:
23438:
23434:
23430:
23423:
23419:
23415:
23408:
23403:
23401:
23396:
23394:
23389:
23388:
23385:
23369:
23367:
23364:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23355:
23352:
23350:
23347:
23346:
23342:
23336:
23333:
23331:
23328:
23326:
23323:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23267:
23265:
23261:
23255:
23252:
23250:
23249:Methocarbamol
23247:
23245:
23244:Mephenoxalone
23242:
23240:
23237:
23235:
23234:Chlorzoxazone
23232:
23230:
23227:
23226:
23224:
23222:
23218:
23208:
23205:
23204:
23202:
23200:
23196:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23170:
23169:
23165:
23164:amitriptyline
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23145:
23141:
23137:
23134:
23132:
23129:
23127:
23126:Carbamazepine
23124:
23123:
23121:
23119:
23115:
23109:
23106:
23104:
23101:
23099:
23096:
23094:
23091:
23089:
23086:
23084:
23081:
23079:
23076:
23075:
23073:
23071:
23067:
23064:
23062:
23056:
23050:
23047:
23045:
23042:
23040:
23037:
23035:
23032:
23030:
23027:
23026:
23024:
23022:
23018:
23008:
23005:
23003:
23000:
22998:
22995:
22993:
22990:
22988:
22985:
22983:
22980:
22979:
22977:
22973:
22966:
22959:
22956:
22954:
22951:
22949:
22946:
22944:
22941:
22939:
22936:
22934:
22931:
22930:
22928:
22926:
22922:
22915:
22908:
22905:
22903:
22900:
22898:
22895:
22893:
22890:
22888:
22885:
22883:
22880:
22878:
22875:
22873:
22870:
22868:
22865:
22863:
22860:
22858:
22855:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22822:
22818:
22815:
22814:
22812:
22810:
22806:
22800:
22797:
22795:
22792:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22781:
22779:
22777:
22773:
22767:
22764:
22762:
22759:
22757:
22754:
22752:
22749:
22747:
22744:
22741:
22734:
22731:
22730:
22728:
22726:
22722:
22716:
22713:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22701:
22698:
22695:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22664:
22662:
22658:
22652:
22649:
22647:
22644:
22642:
22639:
22637:
22634:
22632:
22629:
22628:
22626:
22622:
22616:
22613:
22611:
22608:
22606:
22603:
22601:
22598:
22596:
22593:
22591:
22588:
22585:
22584:Dexketoprofen
22578:
22575:
22572:
22564:
22557:
22554:
22552:
22549:
22547:
22544:
22542:
22539:
22538:
22536:
22532:
22529:
22527:
22523:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22475:
22472:
22470:
22467:
22465:
22462:
22461:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22452:
22450:
22447:
22445:
22442:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22432:
22422:
22419:
22416:
22412:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22380:
22377:
22375:
22372:
22370:
22367:
22365:
22362:
22360:
22359:Phenoperidine
22357:
22355:
22352:
22350:
22347:
22345:
22342:
22340:
22337:
22335:
22332:
22330:
22327:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22315:
22312:
22310:
22307:
22305:
22302:
22299:
22295:
22292:
22290:
22289:Ethoheptazine
22287:
22285:
22282:
22280:
22277:
22275:
22272:
22270:
22267:
22265:
22262:
22260:
22257:
22255:
22252:
22250:
22247:
22245:
22242:
22240:
22237:
22236:
22234:
22230:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22208:
22204:
22200:
22196:
22192:
22185:
22182:
22180:
22177:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22155:
22152:
22150:
22149:Hydromorphone
22147:
22145:
22142:
22139:
22135:
22131:
22124:
22121:
22119:
22118:Ethylmorphine
22116:
22114:
22111:
22109:
22106:
22103:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22075:
22068:
22067:Buprenorphine
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22054:
22052:
22050:Semisynthetic
22048:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22026:
22022:
22019:
22015:
22012:
22010:
22007:
22006:
22005:
22002:
22001:
21999:
21997:
21993:
21989:
21986:
21984:
21980:
21975:
21971:
21967:
21960:
21955:
21953:
21948:
21946:
21941:
21940:
21937:
21924:
21923:Phenobarbital
21920:
21919:
21915:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21893:
21892:
21888:
21885:
21881:
21877:
21871:
21870:
21868:
21866:
21862:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21846:
21845:
21841:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21806:
21802:
21801:Buprenorphine
21799:
21798:
21797:
21796:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21784:
21781:
21779:
21775:
21771:
21765:
21764:
21762:
21760:
21756:
21750:
21747:
21745:
21742:
21739:
21735:
21731:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21706:
21705:
21701:
21697:
21696:Nitrous oxide
21694:
21693:
21692:
21691:
21687:
21683:
21680:
21678:
21675:
21673:
21670:
21668:
21665:
21664:
21663:
21662:
21655:
21654:
21652:
21650:
21646:
21639:
21635:
21631:
21625:
21623:
21620:
21618:
21615:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21605:
21603:
21600:
21599:
21597:
21595:
21591:
21586:
21582:
21579:Treatment of
21574:
21569:
21567:
21562:
21560:
21555:
21554:
21551:
21545:
21538:
21531:
21528:
21524:
21522:
21519:
21517:
21514:
21512:
21509:
21507:
21504:
21502:
21499:
21495:
21492:
21489:
21488:
21475:
21471:
21467:
21463:
21459:
21455:
21447:
21439:
21435:
21431:
21427:
21423:
21419:
21416:(5): 683–94.
21415:
21411:
21404:
21396:
21392:
21388:
21384:
21380:
21376:
21369:
21361:
21357:
21353:
21349:
21345:
21344:10.1038/nm908
21341:
21338:(8): 1003–8.
21337:
21333:
21326:
21318:
21314:
21310:
21306:
21302:
21298:
21297:Life Sciences
21291:
21283:
21279:
21275:
21271:
21267:
21263:
21259:
21255:
21248:
21240:
21236:
21231:
21226:
21222:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21204:
21200:
21196:
21192:
21188:
21181:
21166:. 28 May 2014
21165:
21161:
21155:
21139:
21135:
21131:
21125:
21109:
21105:
21104:Science Daily
21101:
21100:"Opioid drug"
21095:
21079:
21075:
21071:
21065:
21049:
21045:
21041:
21035:
21027:
21023:
21018:
21013:
21009:
21005:
21001:
20997:
20993:
20986:
20975:
20971:
20967:
20963:
20959:
20956:(3): 255–62.
20955:
20951:
20944:
20937:
20930:
20926:
20922:
20917:
20912:
20908:
20904:
20901:(3): 219–21.
20900:
20896:
20892:
20885:
20874:
20867:
20861:
20845:
20841:
20835:
20819:
20815:
20814:
20809:
20802:
20794:
20790:
20785:
20780:
20776:
20772:
20769:(1): 101–10.
20768:
20764:
20760:
20753:
20737:
20733:
20726:
20718:
20714:
20709:
20704:
20701:(3): 484–92.
20700:
20696:
20692:
20685:
20669:
20665:
20661:
20654:
20638:
20634:
20628:
20612:
20605:
20599:
20588:
20581:
20575:
20567:
20561:
20557:
20550:
20542:
20538:
20534:
20530:
20523:
20516:
20512:
20508:
20504:
20500:
20496:
20492:
20488:
20484:
20477:
20470:
20458:
20454:
20450:
20444:
20428:
20424:
20420:
20414:
20406:
20402:
20397:
20392:
20387:
20382:
20378:
20374:
20370:
20363:
20355:
20349:
20345:
20338:
20330:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20312:
20308:
20305:(8): 1365–6.
20304:
20300:
20296:
20289:
20287:
20285:
20276:
20272:
20268:
20264:
20260:
20256:
20253:(2): 171–86.
20252:
20248:
20241:
20225:
20221:
20217:
20210:
20208:
20199:
20195:
20191:
20185:
20181:
20177:
20173:
20166:
20147:
20143:
20136:
20129:
20113:
20109:
20105:
20099:
20080:
20076:
20069:
20063:
20055:
20051:
20045:
20041:
20040:
20033:
20017:
20013:
20009:
20002:
19986:
19982:
19976:
19972:
19971:
19963:
19961:
19959:
19957:
19955:
19947:
19935:
19931:
19927:
19923:
19919:
19915:
19911:
19907:
19903:
19896:
19889:
19873:
19869:
19863:
19859:
19858:
19850:
19834:
19831:. June 2016.
19830:
19826:
19820:
19804:
19800:
19794:
19790:
19789:
19781:
19772:
19767:
19763:
19759:
19755:
19748:
19740:
19734:
19729:
19728:
19719:
19717:
19700:
19696:
19692:
19688:
19681:
19665:
19661:
19655:
19651:
19650:
19642:
19626:
19622:
19618:
19611:
19609:
19600:
19594:
19590:
19589:
19581:
19573:
19567:
19563:
19562:
19554:
19546:
19542:
19538:
19534:
19530:
19526:
19519:
19511:
19507:
19502:
19497:
19493:
19489:
19485:
19481:
19477:
19470:
19462:
19456:
19452:
19451:
19443:
19435:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19416:
19411:
19407:
19403:
19399:
19392:
19384:
19372:
19356:
19352:
19346:
19342:
19338:
19334:
19333:
19325:
19309:
19305:
19301:
19300:Distillations
19297:
19290:
19288:
19286:
19284:
19282:
19280:
19278:
19276:
19274:
19272:
19270:
19250:
19246:
19242:
19238:
19231:
19229:
19209:
19205:
19201:
19198:(14): 52–73.
19197:
19190:
19183:
19181:
19172:
19168:
19163:
19158:
19155:(4): 367–74.
19154:
19150:
19146:
19139:
19137:
19135:
19133:
19131:
19111:
19107:
19103:
19096:
19089:
19087:
19085:
19068:
19064:
19060:
19053:
19051:
19049:
19032:
19028:
19024:
19021:(1): 101–12.
19020:
19016:
19012:
19005:
18997:
18991:
18987:
18980:
18973:
18968:
18964:
18960:
18956:
18952:
18948:
18941:
18933:
18929:
18925:
18921:
18916:
18911:
18908:(1): 188–94.
18907:
18903:
18899:
18892:
18883:
18878:
18874:
18870:
18863:
18844:
18839:
18834:
18830:
18826:
18819:
18812:
18810:
18808:
18806:
18797:
18793:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18773:
18769:
18765:
18761:
18757:
18753:
18746:
18744:
18742:
18740:
18738:
18736:
18727:
18723:
18716:
18700:
18696:
18692:
18688:
18681:
18665:
18661:
18655:
18651:
18650:
18642:
18626:
18622:
18618:
18617:"La Marmotta"
18611:
18595:
18591:
18585:
18581:
18580:
18572:
18565:
18561:
18557:
18552:
18547:
18543:
18539:
18535:
18531:
18527:
18523:
18519:
18512:
18504:
18500:
18496:
18492:
18487:
18482:
18478:
18474:
18470:
18463:
18455:
18451:
18447:
18443:
18439:
18435:
18431:
18427:
18420:
18401:
18394:
18388:
18386:
18369:
18365:
18359:
18351:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18333:
18329:
18325:
18321:
18317:
18310:
18294:
18290:
18284:
18265:
18258:
18252:
18236:
18232:
18231:DrugAbuse.GOV
18228:
18221:
18205:
18204:
18199:
18193:
18185:
18181:
18177:
18173:
18169:
18165:
18158:
18150:
18146:
18141:
18136:
18132:
18128:
18124:
18120:
18116:
18109:
18101:
18097:
18092:
18087:
18083:
18079:
18075:
18071:
18067:
18060:
18052:
18048:
18043:
18038:
18034:
18030:
18026:
18022:
18018:
18011:
18003:
17999:
17994:
17989:
17984:
17979:
17975:
17971:
17967:
17963:
17959:
17955:
17949:
17941:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17922:
17917:
17913:
17909:
17905:
17898:
17894:
17889:
17884:
17879:
17874:
17870:
17866:
17862:
17855:
17851:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17827:
17823:
17819:
17812:
17810:
17801:
17797:
17793:
17789:
17785:
17781:
17774:
17766:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17748:
17744:
17740:
17733:
17725:
17721:
17717:
17713:
17706:
17698:
17694:
17690:
17686:
17683:(3): 367–73.
17682:
17678:
17671:
17663:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17645:
17641:
17638:(2): 203–12.
17637:
17633:
17629:
17622:
17614:
17610:
17606:
17602:
17595:
17587:
17583:
17579:
17575:
17571:
17567:
17563:
17559:
17552:
17544:
17540:
17536:
17532:
17524:
17522:
17520:
17518:
17516:
17514:
17512:
17510:
17508:
17506:
17504:
17502:
17500:
17498:
17496:
17494:
17492:
17490:
17488:
17479:
17475:
17471:
17465:
17461:
17457:
17453:
17446:
17444:
17442:
17440:
17438:
17436:
17434:
17432:
17430:
17421:
17417:
17413:
17409:
17405:
17401:
17394:
17392:
17390:
17388:
17386:
17384:
17382:
17380:
17371:
17367:
17363:
17359:
17355:
17351:
17344:
17342:
17340:
17338:
17336:
17334:
17332:
17315:
17311:
17307:
17303:
17299:
17295:
17291:
17287:
17280:
17272:
17268:
17264:
17260:
17253:
17251:
17249:
17247:
17245:
17243:
17241:
17239:
17237:
17235:
17233:
17231:
17229:
17227:
17225:
17223:
17221:
17219:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17211:
17209:
17207:
17205:
17203:
17201:
17199:
17197:
17195:
17193:
17191:
17189:
17187:
17185:
17183:
17181:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17166:
17162:
17158:
17154:
17150:
17146:
17138:
17136:
17134:
17125:
17121:
17117:
17113:
17109:
17105:
17098:
17090:
17086:
17082:
17078:
17074:
17070:
17067:(3): 708–17.
17066:
17062:
17054:
17046:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17028:
17024:
17020:
17016:
17012:
17005:
16989:
16985:
16981:
16977:
16973:
16969:
16965:
16961:
16957:
16953:
16946:
16930:
16926:
16922:
16918:
16914:
16910:
16906:
16902:
16898:
16894:
16887:
16879:
16875:
16870:
16865:
16861:
16857:
16853:
16849:
16845:
16841:
16837:
16830:
16822:
16818:
16814:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16795:
16788:
16784:
16778:
16774:
16773:
16765:
16757:
16751:
16747:
16740:
16732:
16726:
16722:
16721:
16713:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16688:
16683:
16679:
16675:
16671:
16664:
16656:
16652:
16647:
16642:
16638:
16634:
16629:
16624:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16605:
16597:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16579:
16575:
16571:
16567:
16563:
16556:
16548:
16544:
16540:
16534:
16530:
16526:
16522:
16518:
16517:
16509:
16501:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16485:
16481:
16474:
16466:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16438:
16434:
16430:
16426:
16422:
16415:
16407:
16403:
16398:
16393:
16389:
16385:
16382:(4): 115–30.
16381:
16377:
16373:
16366:
16364:
16362:
16353:
16349:
16345:
16341:
16337:
16333:
16329:
16325:
16324:Pain Practice
16317:
16309:
16305:
16300:
16295:
16291:
16287:
16283:
16279:
16275:
16268:
16260:
16256:
16251:
16246:
16241:
16236:
16232:
16228:
16227:PLOS Medicine
16224:
16217:
16209:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16192:(4): 525–32.
16191:
16187:
16183:
16176:
16168:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16152:
16148:
16144:
16140:
16132:
16124:
16120:
16116:
16112:
16108:
16104:
16100:
16096:
16089:
16079:
16073:
16069:
16064:
16063:
16052:
16048:
16047:
16043:
16038:
16034:
16028:
16026:
16024:
16015:
16011:
16007:
16003:
15999:
15995:
15988:
15980:
15976:
15972:
15968:
15965:(2): 268–74.
15964:
15960:
15953:
15945:
15941:
15937:
15933:
15926:
15918:
15914:
15910:
15906:
15899:
15891:
15887:
15883:
15879:
15875:
15871:
15864:
15856:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15830:
15823:
15821:
15812:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15794:
15790:
15786:
15782:
15781:
15776:
15769:
15761:
15757:
15752:
15747:
15743:
15739:
15735:
15728:
15726:
15717:
15713:
15709:
15705:
15701:
15697:
15693:
15689:
15682:
15674:
15670:
15666:
15660:
15656:
15652:
15648:
15641:
15633:
15629:
15625:
15621:
15618:(3): 123–30.
15617:
15613:
15606:
15598:
15594:
15590:
15586:
15583:(3): 172–83.
15582:
15578:
15570:
15562:
15558:
15553:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15537:(2): 129–36.
15536:
15532:
15528:
15521:
15505:
15501:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15484:(2): 145–61.
15483:
15479:
15475:
15468:
15460:
15456:
15452:
15448:
15444:
15440:
15436:
15432:
15425:
15417:
15413:
15409:
15405:
15401:
15397:
15393:
15389:
15382:
15374:
15370:
15366:
15362:
15358:
15354:
15350:
15346:
15339:
15331:
15327:
15323:
15319:
15315:
15311:
15308:(6): 459–61.
15307:
15303:
15296:
15288:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15270:
15266:
15262:
15258:
15254:
15250:
15246:
15239:
15231:
15227:
15223:
15219:
15215:
15211:
15207:
15203:
15199:
15195:
15188:
15180:
15176:
15172:
15168:
15164:
15160:
15153:
15145:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15128:(2): 368–76.
15127:
15123:
15119:
15112:
15104:
15100:
15096:
15092:
15088:
15084:
15080:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15061:
15053:
15049:
15046:(8): 1206–8.
15045:
15041:
15034:
15026:
15022:
15017:
15012:
15008:
15004:
15000:
14996:
14992:
14985:
14977:
14973:
14969:
14965:
14961:
14957:
14950:
14942:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14916:
14909:
14893:
14889:
14885:
14881:
14877:
14873:
14869:
14865:
14861:
14854:
14847:
14839:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14821:
14817:
14813:
14809:
14805:
14801:
14797:
14790:
14782:
14778:
14774:
14770:
14766:
14762:
14755:
14747:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14729:
14725:
14722:(6): 360–72.
14721:
14717:
14713:
14706:
14698:
14692:
14688:
14687:
14679:
14677:
14675:
14666:
14660:
14656:
14655:
14647:
14645:
14636:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14593:
14591:
14589:
14587:
14585:
14576:
14572:
14568:
14564:
14560:
14556:
14552:
14548:
14541:
14533:
14529:
14521:
14513:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14497:
14493:
14489:
14485:
14478:
14470:
14466:
14462:
14458:
14454:
14450:
14447:(4): 727–31.
14446:
14442:
14435:
14427:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14400:
14395:
14391:
14387:
14383:
14376:
14360:
14356:
14352:
14348:
14344:
14339:
14334:
14330:
14326:
14322:
14315:
14307:
14303:
14299:
14295:
14291:
14287:
14284:(6): 844–51.
14283:
14279:
14272:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14242:
14234:
14230:
14226:
14222:
14218:
14214:
14211:(6): 575–86.
14210:
14206:
14199:
14191:
14187:
14183:
14179:
14175:
14171:
14167:
14163:
14156:
14148:
14144:
14139:
14134:
14130:
14126:
14123:(4): 387–92.
14122:
14118:
14114:
14107:
14099:
14095:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14071:
14067:
14063:
14056:
14048:
14044:
14040:
14036:
14032:
14028:
14024:
14020:
14013:
14005:
14001:
13997:
13993:
13989:
13985:
13981:
13977:
13970:
13962:
13958:
13954:
13950:
13945:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13928:
13921:
13913:
13909:
13905:
13901:
13897:
13893:
13886:
13878:
13874:
13870:
13866:
13862:
13858:
13854:
13850:
13843:
13835:
13829:
13825:
13818:
13816:
13814:
13812:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13780:(7): 935–50.
13779:
13775:
13768:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13736:
13732:
13725:
13717:
13713:
13709:
13705:
13701:
13697:
13693:
13689:
13682:
13674:
13670:
13666:
13662:
13658:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13639:
13620:
13616:
13612:
13609:(2): 149–55.
13608:
13604:
13597:
13590:
13582:
13578:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13562:
13555:
13547:
13543:
13539:
13535:
13532:(3): 267–72.
13531:
13527:
13520:
13512:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13495:(5): 702–12.
13494:
13490:
13486:
13479:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13441:
13437:
13433:
13426:
13418:
13414:
13410:
13406:
13402:
13398:
13394:
13390:
13383:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13355:
13351:
13347:
13339:
13331:
13327:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13311:
13308:(1): 129–32.
13307:
13303:
13296:
13288:
13284:
13279:
13274:
13270:
13266:
13262:
13255:
13247:
13243:
13238:
13233:
13229:
13225:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13206:
13187:
13183:
13176:
13170:
13162:
13158:
13153:
13148:
13144:
13140:
13136:
13132:
13128:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13113:
13105:
13092:
13088:
13084:
13077:
13069:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13051:
13047:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13028:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13000:
12984:
12980:
12976:
12972:
12965:
12957:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12941:
12937:
12933:
12929:
12922:
12914:
12910:
12906:
12902:
12895:
12887:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12852:
12844:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12826:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12803:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12791:
12789:
12780:
12776:
12772:
12768:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12737:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12686:
12679:
12672:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12642:
12634:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12608:
12604:
12600:
12593:
12585:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12567:
12566:
12565:JAMA Oncology
12561:
12554:
12546:
12542:
12539:(3): 137–40.
12538:
12534:
12527:
12519:
12515:
12510:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12478:
12462:
12458:
12454:
12448:
12440:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12417:Pain Medicine
12414:
12407:
12399:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12381:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12342:
12338:
12334:
12327:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12296:(2): 92–100.
12295:
12291:
12284:
12276:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12257:
12249:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12225:
12221:
12214:
12206:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12173:
12171:
12162:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12144:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12121:
12113:
12107:
12103:
12102:
12094:
12075:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12052:
12045:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12017:
12010:
12002:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11969:
11961:
11957:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11925:
11918:
11902:
11898:
11892:
11884:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11867:(2): 147–59.
11866:
11862:
11858:
11851:
11843:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11810:
11800:
11796:
11792:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11777:(5): 788–90.
11776:
11772:
11767:
11763:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11747:
11743:
11740:(1–2): 81–9.
11739:
11735:
11731:
11726:
11722:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11696:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11664:(3): 179–82.
11663:
11659:
11654:
11653:
11642:
11638:
11634:
11633:
11629:
11624:
11620:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11601:
11597:
11592:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11567:
11560:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11540:
11536:
11532:
11525:
11508:
11504:
11503:
11497:
11493:
11489:
11485:
11481:
11476:
11471:
11468:(9): 968–81.
11467:
11463:
11459:
11454:
11450:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11433:(6): 754–62.
11432:
11428:
11424:
11419:
11418:
11407:
11403:
11402:
11398:
11393:
11389:
11382:
11380:
11371:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11326:
11318:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11277:
11275:
11266:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11248:
11244:
11240:
11236:
11232:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11206:
11201:
11197:
11193:
11189:
11182:
11180:
11171:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11153:
11149:
11145:
11138:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11118:
11114:
11110:
11106:
11102:
11098:
11094:
11087:
11079:
11075:
11071:
11067:
11063:
11059:
11055:
11051:
11043:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11015:
11008:
10992:
10988:
10982:
10974:
10968:
10964:
10963:
10955:
10953:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10910:
10903:
10895:
10889:
10885:
10884:
10876:
10868:
10862:
10858:
10857:
10849:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10819:
10803:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10781:
10775:
10771:
10770:
10762:
10755:
10750:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10729:
10722:
10717:
10711:
10707:
10706:
10698:
10696:
10694:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10673:
10669:
10665:
10662:(2): 119–30.
10661:
10657:
10650:
10643:
10630:
10626:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10593:
10577:
10573:
10569:
10562:
10554:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10519:
10511:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10494:(3): 227–33.
10493:
10489:
10485:
10478:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10448:
10429:
10425:
10418:
10416:
10408:
10392:
10388:
10384:
10378:
10362:
10359:. June 2019.
10358:
10357:
10352:
10346:
10338:
10332:
10328:
10321:
10313:
10309:
10305:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10286:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10261:"Carfentanil"
10256:
10248:
10236:
10220:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10201:
10197:
10193:
10189:
10182:
10174:
10168:
10165:. CRC Press.
10164:
10163:
10155:
10153:
10136:
10132:
10128:
10122:
10106:
10102:
10098:
10092:
10085:
10084:antagonists).
10080:
10074:
10070:
10069:
10061:
10059:
10042:
10038:
10032:
10028:
10024:
10017:
10013:
10003:
10000:
9998:
9995:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9970:
9969:
9964:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9936:
9935:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9922:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9910:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9898:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9886:
9884:
9883:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9860:
9858:
9857:
9852:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9828:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9816:
9812:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9798:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9778:
9774:
9772:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9736:
9734:
9733:
9728:
9724:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9692:
9688:
9687:
9684:
9683:
9678:
9674:
9672:
9671:
9666:
9662:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9638:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9626:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9612:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9600:
9598:
9597:
9592:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9576:
9574:
9573:
9568:
9564:
9563:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9550:
9548:
9547:
9542:
9538:
9536:
9535:
9530:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9514:
9512:
9511:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9486:
9485:
9480:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9456:
9452:
9450:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9439:
9436:
9435:
9430:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9414:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9402:
9400:
9399:
9394:
9390:
9388:
9387:
9382:
9378:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9364:
9362:
9361:
9356:
9352:
9350:
9349:
9344:
9340:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9326:
9325:
9320:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9306:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9282:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9266:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9254:
9253:
9250:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9238:
9237:
9232:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9204:
9202:
9201:
9200:Ethoheptazine
9196:
9192:
9191:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9153:
9149:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9123:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9061:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9049:
9047:
9046:
9041:
9037:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9025:
9023:
9022:
9017:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8987:
8985:
8984:
8979:
8975:
8973:
8972:
8967:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8951:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8913:
8911:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8867:
8862:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8846:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8836:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8818:
8817:
8816:Phenampromide
8812:
8808:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8768:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8756:
8755:
8750:
8746:
8744:
8743:
8738:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8705:
8700:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8688:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8620:
8619:
8614:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:Dimepheptanol
8588:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8535:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8521:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8489:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8431:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:Trimeperidine
8421:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8409:
8405:
8403:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8385:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8347:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8301:Phenoperidine
8297:
8293:
8291:
8290:
8285:
8281:
8279:
8278:
8273:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8265:Oxpheneridine
8261:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8203:Diphenoxylate
8199:
8195:
8193:
8192:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8137:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8106:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8078:
8076:
8075:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7989:
7973:
7972:
7967:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7855:
7850:
7846:
7844:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7772:
7770:
7769:
7768:Diprenorphine
7764:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7689:Cyprenorphine
7685:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7675:Buprenorphine
7671:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7655:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7514:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7492:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7433:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7362:Oxymorphazone
7358:
7354:
7352:
7351:
7350:Nicodicodeine
7346:
7342:
7340:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7316:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7245:Pentamorphone
7241:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7171:Hydromorphone
7167:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7155:
7151:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7079:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6984:
6982:
6981:
6980:Heterocodeine
6976:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:Ethylmorphine
6964:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6837:Dihydroheroin
6833:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6802:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6678:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6498:Buprenorphine
6496:
6495:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6452:Diphenoxylate
6450:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6342:Isotonitazene
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Etonitazepyne
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:Hydromorphone
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6202:Buprenorphine
6200:
6199:
6189:
6188:Heterocodeine
6186:
6184:
6183:Ethylmorphine
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:Phenanthrenes
6061:
6059:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6026:acts through
6025:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6010:proenkephalin
6007:
6003:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5992:corticotropes
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5720:sigma 1 and 2
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:hydromorphone
5680:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5492:buprenorphine
5489:
5488:ethylmorphine
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5472:hydromorphone
5469:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5271:opioid crisis
5262:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5239:morphine-like
5236:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:opioid crisis
5204:
5194:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5113:Buprenorphine
5110:
5106:
5102:
5101:hydromorphone
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4882:, during the
4881:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4827:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4803:
4798: 370 BC
4785:
4780:
4778:
4777:Ebers Papyrus
4774:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4722:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3566:Methallorphan
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Levomethadone
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Hydromorphone
3384:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Diprenorphine
3204:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Deltorphin II
3078:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Buprenorphine
2880:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:(+)-Alazocine
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:(−)-Alazocine
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2551:
2548:
2547:equianalgesic
2542:
2541:Equianalgesic
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2395:levo-rotatory
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Hydromorphone
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:(meperidine)
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2105:
2102:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:birth defects
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2050:preterm birth
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:immune system
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1861:bone fracture
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1844:meta-analysis
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:paradoxically
1717:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1697:diprenorphine
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1599:hydromorphone
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:dietary fiber
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:Tolerance to
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1261:area postrema
1258:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:antagonists (
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:Tolerance to
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:Buprenorphine
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
968:
961:
958:
954:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
925:
921:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
899:
894:
890:
886:
876:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
836:
828:
826:
823:
821:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
726:
725:
715:
705:
701:
696:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
671:
668:
664:
654:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
623:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Acetaminophen
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
470:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
338:
309:
307:
303:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
33:
32:
27:
22:
19:
29772:Anaphrodisia
29740:
29719:Prodynorphin
29711:Propeptides:
29710:
29609:
29580:Thienorphine
29403:JNJ-19385899
29388:Cebranopadol
29370:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
29362:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
29046:6β-Naltrexol
28963:Thienorphine
28928:Salvinorin A
28728:Levallorphan
28533:Cebranopadol
28392:Thienorphine
28202:6β-Naltrexol
27986:JNJ-20788560
27981:Isomethadone
27876:Deltorphin I
27871:Deltorphin A
27851:Cebranopadol
27846:Casokefamide
27680:Naltrexazone
27670:Naloxonazine
27595:Levallorphan
27442:6β-Naltrexol
27341:Thienorphine
27296:Remifentanil
27218:
27149:Nicomorphine
27144:Nicodicodine
27099:Morphiceptin
26999:Ketobemidone
26834:Desomorphine
26819:DAMGO (DAGO)
26799:Cebranopadol
26794:Casokefamide
26523:
26488:Cannabinoids
26473:Benfotiamine
26344:
26284:fibromyalgia
26235:
26234:
26092:barbiturates
26021:cannabinoids
25970:-containing
25933:
25853:Lifetime use
25655:Liquor store
25573:South Africa
25203:War on drugs
25029:Soviet Union
24905:Legalization
24743:Drug tourism
24591:Wine tasting
24511:Beer culture
24473:Coffee break
24410:Cannabis tea
24345:Drug culture
24188:Cannabinoids
24117:Salvinorin A
24083:amyl nitrite
23940:Psychedelics
23692:/paracetamol
23605:Desomorphine
23571:
23445:Barbiturates
23254:Orphenadrine
23229:Carisoprodol
23221:Myorelaxants
23171:
23021:Cannabinoids
22987:Floctafenine
22892:Salicylamide
22571:+paracetamol
22563:Dexibuprofen
22551:Flurbiprofen
22541:Benoxaprofen
22516:Propacetamol
22506:Parapropamol
22474:+hydrocodone
22415:+paracetamol
22384:Remifentanil
22374:Proheptazine
22304:Ketobemidone
22244:Alphaprodine
22191:+paracetamol
22179:Nicomorphine
22174:Nicodicodine
22130:+paracetamol
22102:+paracetamol
22085:Desomorphine
22014:+paracetamol
21982:
21918:Barbiturates
21916:
21889:
21872:
21842:
21794:
21793:
21766:
21726:
21702:
21688:
21656:
21626:
21617:Mecamylamine
21457:
21453:
21446:
21413:
21409:
21403:
21378:
21374:
21368:
21335:
21331:
21325:
21300:
21296:
21290:
21257:
21253:
21247:
21194:
21190:
21180:
21168:. Retrieved
21163:
21154:
21142:. Retrieved
21124:
21112:. Retrieved
21103:
21094:
21082:. Retrieved
21073:
21064:
21052:. Retrieved
21043:
21034:
20999:
20995:
20985:
20974:the original
20953:
20949:
20936:
20928:
20898:
20894:
20884:
20873:the original
20860:
20848:. Retrieved
20834:
20822:. Retrieved
20811:
20801:
20766:
20762:
20752:
20740:. Retrieved
20725:
20698:
20694:
20684:
20672:. Retrieved
20663:
20653:
20641:. Retrieved
20637:the original
20627:
20615:. Retrieved
20598:
20587:the original
20574:
20555:
20549:
20532:
20528:
20522:
20514:
20486:
20482:
20476:
20468:
20461:. Retrieved
20457:the original
20452:
20443:
20431:. Retrieved
20422:
20413:
20376:
20372:
20362:
20343:
20337:
20302:
20298:
20250:
20246:
20240:
20228:. Retrieved
20219:
20171:
20165:
20153:. Retrieved
20146:the original
20141:
20128:
20116:. Retrieved
20107:
20098:
20086:. Retrieved
20079:the original
20074:
20062:
20038:
20032:
20020:. Retrieved
20011:
20001:
19989:. Retrieved
19969:
19945:
19938:. Retrieved
19905:
19901:
19888:
19876:. Retrieved
19856:
19849:
19837:. Retrieved
19828:
19819:
19807:. Retrieved
19787:
19780:
19761:
19757:
19747:
19726:
19703:. Retrieved
19690:
19680:
19668:. Retrieved
19648:
19641:
19629:. Retrieved
19620:
19587:
19580:
19560:
19553:
19528:
19524:
19518:
19483:
19479:
19469:
19449:
19442:
19405:
19401:
19391:
19359:. Retrieved
19331:
19324:
19312:. Retrieved
19306:(2): 12–23.
19303:
19299:
19256:. Retrieved
19249:the original
19244:
19240:
19215:. Retrieved
19195:
19152:
19148:
19117:. Retrieved
19105:
19101:
19071:. Retrieved
19062:
19035:. Retrieved
19018:
19014:
19004:
18985:
18979:
18970:
18950:
18946:
18940:
18905:
18901:
18891:
18872:
18868:
18862:
18852:13 September
18850:. Retrieved
18828:
18824:
18759:
18755:
18725:
18721:
18715:
18703:. Retrieved
18694:
18690:
18680:
18668:. Retrieved
18648:
18641:
18629:. Retrieved
18620:
18610:
18598:. Retrieved
18578:
18571:
18563:
18525:
18521:
18511:
18476:
18472:
18462:
18429:
18425:
18419:
18407:. Retrieved
18400:the original
18372:. Retrieved
18368:the original
18358:
18323:
18319:
18309:
18297:. Retrieved
18293:the original
18283:
18271:. Retrieved
18251:
18239:. Retrieved
18230:
18220:
18208:. Retrieved
18202:
18192:
18167:
18163:
18157:
18122:
18118:
18108:
18073:
18069:
18059:
18024:
18020:
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17965:
17961:
17948:
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17868:
17864:
17825:
17821:
17786:(1): 203–8.
17783:
17779:
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17746:
17742:
17732:
17715:
17711:
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17670:
17635:
17631:
17621:
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17557:
17551:
17534:
17530:
17451:
17406:(1): 33–41.
17403:
17399:
17356:(1): 69–76.
17353:
17349:
17318:. Retrieved
17296:(1): 36–41.
17293:
17289:
17279:
17265:(2): 330–4.
17262:
17258:
17148:
17144:
17107:
17103:
17097:
17064:
17060:
17053:
17018:
17014:
17004:
16992:. Retrieved
16959:
16955:
16945:
16933:. Retrieved
16900:
16896:
16886:
16843:
16839:
16829:
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16800:
16794:
16786:
16771:
16764:
16745:
16739:
16719:
16712:
16677:
16673:
16663:
16618:
16615:BMC Medicine
16614:
16604:
16569:
16565:
16555:
16520:
16514:
16508:
16483:
16479:
16473:
16428:
16424:
16414:
16379:
16375:
16327:
16323:
16316:
16284:(3): 430–8.
16281:
16277:
16267:
16230:
16226:
16216:
16189:
16185:
16175:
16142:
16138:
16131:
16098:
16094:
16088:
16067:
16055:, retrieved
16040:
15997:
15993:
15987:
15962:
15958:
15952:
15935:
15931:
15925:
15908:
15904:
15898:
15873:
15869:
15863:
15836:
15832:
15784:
15778:
15768:
15741:
15737:
15691:
15687:
15681:
15646:
15640:
15615:
15611:
15605:
15580:
15576:
15569:
15534:
15530:
15520:
15508:. Retrieved
15481:
15477:
15467:
15434:
15430:
15424:
15394:(4): 291–4.
15391:
15387:
15381:
15351:(1): 15–25.
15348:
15344:
15338:
15305:
15301:
15295:
15252:
15248:
15238:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15162:
15158:
15152:
15125:
15122:Hypertension
15121:
15111:
15070:
15066:
15060:
15043:
15039:
15033:
14998:
14994:
14984:
14959:
14955:
14949:
14925:(1): 41–46.
14922:
14918:
14908:
14898:23 September
14896:. Retrieved
14863:
14859:
14846:
14803:
14799:
14789:
14767:(1): 67–85.
14764:
14760:
14754:
14719:
14715:
14705:
14685:
14653:
14606:
14602:
14550:
14546:
14540:
14520:
14487:
14483:
14477:
14444:
14440:
14434:
14389:
14385:
14375:
14365:15 September
14363:. Retrieved
14328:
14324:
14314:
14281:
14277:
14271:
14259:. Retrieved
14250:
14241:
14208:
14204:
14198:
14165:
14161:
14155:
14120:
14116:
14106:
14069:
14065:
14055:
14022:
14018:
14012:
13979:
13975:
13969:
13934:
13930:
13920:
13895:
13891:
13885:
13855:(2): 165–9.
13852:
13848:
13842:
13823:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13737:(6): 715–8.
13734:
13730:
13724:
13691:
13687:
13681:
13651:(3): 200–1.
13648:
13644:
13638:
13628:17 September
13626:. Retrieved
13606:
13602:
13589:
13564:
13560:
13554:
13529:
13525:
13519:
13492:
13488:
13478:
13466:. Retrieved
13442:(4): 830–6.
13439:
13435:
13425:
13395:(2): 381–8.
13392:
13388:
13382:
13349:
13345:
13338:
13305:
13301:
13295:
13268:
13264:
13254:
13219:
13215:
13205:
13193:. Retrieved
13181:
13169:
13134:
13130:
13102:
13095:. Retrieved
13086:
13076:
13041:
13037:
13027:
13010:
13006:
12999:
12987:. Retrieved
12978:
12974:
12964:
12931:
12927:
12921:
12904:
12900:
12894:
12861:
12857:
12851:
12816:
12812:
12746:
12742:
12736:
12724:. Retrieved
12688:
12684:
12671:
12659:. Retrieved
12650:
12641:
12606:
12602:
12592:
12563:
12553:
12536:
12532:
12526:
12494:(10): 1170.
12491:
12487:
12477:
12465:. Retrieved
12456:
12447:
12420:
12416:
12406:
12371:
12367:
12357:
12345:. Retrieved
12336:
12326:
12293:
12289:
12283:
12266:
12262:
12256:
12223:
12219:
12213:
12186:
12182:
12134:
12130:
12120:
12100:
12093:
12081:. Retrieved
12061:
12057:
12044:
12019:
12015:
12009:
11982:
11978:
11968:
11931:
11927:
11917:
11905:. Retrieved
11891:
11864:
11860:
11850:
11823:
11819:
11809:
11774:
11770:
11737:
11733:
11702:
11698:
11661:
11657:
11645:, retrieved
11641:the original
11626:
11573:
11569:
11559:
11534:
11530:
11524:
11511:, retrieved
11507:the original
11501:
11465:
11461:
11430:
11426:
11410:, retrieved
11395:
11341:
11335:
11325:
11290:
11286:
11238:
11234:
11195:
11191:
11151:
11147:
11137:
11096:
11092:
11086:
11053:
11049:
11042:
11017:
11013:
11007:
10995:. Retrieved
10981:
10961:
10916:
10912:
10902:
10882:
10875:
10855:
10848:
10836:. Retrieved
10827:
10818:
10806:. Retrieved
10797:
10788:
10768:
10761:
10752:
10738:
10728:
10719:
10704:
10659:
10655:
10649:
10640:
10633:. Retrieved
10606:
10602:
10592:
10580:. Retrieved
10571:
10561:
10531:(2): 210–5.
10528:
10524:
10518:
10491:
10487:
10477:
10465:. Retrieved
10461:the original
10456:
10447:
10435:. Retrieved
10423:
10414:
10407:
10395:. Retrieved
10386:
10377:
10365:. Retrieved
10354:
10345:
10326:
10320:
10295:
10291:
10285:
10273:. Retrieved
10264:
10255:
10223:. Retrieved
10191:
10181:
10161:
10139:. Retrieved
10130:
10121:
10109:. Retrieved
10100:
10091:
10082:
10067:
10045:. Retrieved
10026:
10016:
9966:
9954:
9942:
9928:
9916:
9904:
9892:
9880:
9866:
9854:
9842:
9830:
9818:
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9792:
9780:
9768:
9756:
9742:
9730:
9718:
9706:
9694:
9680:
9670:Methopholine
9668:
9656:
9644:
9632:
9618:
9606:
9594:
9582:
9570:
9556:
9544:
9532:
9520:
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9470:
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9432:
9420:
9408:
9396:
9384:
9370:
9358:
9346:
9334:
9322:
9308:
9296:
9284:
9272:
9260:
9246:
9236:Proheptazine
9234:
9222:
9212:Metheptazine
9210:
9198:
9179:
9169:Thiofentanyl
9167:
9155:
9145:Remifentanil
9143:
9129:
9117:
9107:Ohmefentanyl
9105:
9093:
9081:
9067:
9055:
9043:
9031:
9019:
9005:
8993:
8981:
8969:
8957:
8943:
8931:
8919:
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8895:
8876:
8864:
8852:
8838:
8826:
8814:
8802:
8790:
8776:
8764:
8752:
8740:
8728:
8714:
8702:
8690:
8678:
8666:
8652:
8642:Racemoramide
8640:
8630:Levomoramide
8628:
8616:
8604:
8590:
8578:
8568:Normethadone
8566:
8554:
8542:
8523:
8511:
8499:
8485:
8473:
8463:Ketobemidone
8461:
8451:Droxypropine
8449:
8437:
8423:
8411:
8399:
8387:
8375:
8361:
8351:Allylprodine
8349:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8299:
8287:
8275:
8263:
8253:Morpheridine
8251:
8237:
8225:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8175:
8165:Benzethidine
8163:
8151:
8139:
8127:
8108:
8096:
8084:
8072:
8058:
8046:
8034:
8022:
8010:
7969:
7957:
7947:Naloxonazine
7945:
7933:
7914:
7902:
7890:
7878:
7864:
7852:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7802:
7790:
7780:Levallorphan
7778:
7766:
7754:
7737:Thienorphine
7735:
7723:
7711:
7699:
7687:
7673:
7661:
7649:
7637:
7625:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7568:
7556:
7546:Phenomorphan
7544:
7532:
7520:
7506:
7494:
7482:
7470:
7458:
7439:
7427:
7415:
7403:
7391:
7372:
7360:
7348:
7336:
7322:
7310:
7298:
7286:
7274:
7255:
7243:
7231:
7219:
7205:
7193:
7181:
7169:
7157:
7143:
7131:
7119:
7107:
7095:
7081:
7069:
7057:
7045:
7033:
7014:
7002:
6990:
6978:
6966:
6952:
6940:
6928:
6916:
6904:
6887:Nicomorphine
6885:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6804:
6792:
6780:
6768:
6756:
6744:Desomorphine
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6694:
6616:opioidergics
6609:
6406:Propoxyphene
6377:Allylprodine
6367:Ketobemidone
6363:(meperidine)
6322:Metonitazene
6303:
6282:Ohmefentanyl
6272:Remifentanil
6154:Desomorphine
6132:Nicomorphine
6111:, including
6106:
6072:
6056:
6042:and in both
6036:hypothalamus
6022:
6004:
5996:melanotropes
5962:
5957:Endomorphins
5931:
5857:Morphiceptin
5741:hallucinogen
5730:Salvinorin A
5728:
5702:
5692:Many of the
5691:
5676:
5671:
5669:
5640:orphenadrine
5632:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5605:
5579:
5570:Salvinorin A
5552:endomorphins
5450:desomorphine
5442:nicomorphine
5410:, primarily
5393:
5381:
5374:
5331:
5304:
5295:Donald Trump
5292:
5275:
5268:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5200:
5187:
5179:
5175:
5164:
5153:
5140:Paul Janssen
5132:Max Bockmühl
5117:
5093:Carl Mannich
5074:
5062:tuberculosis
5043:
5023:
5004:
4980:
4969:
4954:
4925:
4897:
4866:
4853:
4851:
4840:
4823:
4816:
4781:
4770:
4743:
4741:
4701:
4698:
4682:
4601:Amphetamine-
4557:Values are K
4444:(−)-Tramadol
4420:(+)-Tramadol
4265:Salvinorin A
4101:Ohmefentanyl
3993:(+)-Naloxone
3975:(−)-Naloxone
3939:Naloxonazine
3795:Morphiceptin
3611:Levallorphan
2954:Cebranopadol
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2570:
2544:
2527:is the drug
2513:
2492:
2479:
2437:
2401:-receptor: μ
2357:
2288:Remifentanil
2147:Pharmacology
2141:
2117:
2098:
2089:
2086:Interactions
2023:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1902:
1899:
1877:testosterone
1869:hypothalamus
1857:osteoporosis
1849:menstruation
1828:hypogonadism
1825:
1765:(+)-naloxone
1734:
1719:
1705:
1702:
1685:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1634:
1608:
1565:
1538:
1516:, including
1497:
1485:
1473:
1468:, including
1458:fluid intake
1451:
1439:constipation
1436:
1433:Constipation
1426:fexofenadine
1422:
1406:
1403:promethazine
1394:
1391:orphenadrine
1380:
1354:
1353:Stimulants (
1313:
1305:
1302:
1297:orphenadrine
1293:
1283:
1275:
1264:
1250:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1188:orphenadrine
1181:
1148:
1142:
1133:constipation
1118:
1097:
1090:
1086:
1068:are used in
1063:slow-release
1060:
1056:insufflation
1049:
1041:
997:
988:
980:
974:
965:
906:
901:
883:
860:
853:
837:
834:
758:
757:
743:Constipation
723:
722:
703:
694:Hyperalgesia
693:
692:
677:
660:
648:
629:
621:
607:-controlled
595:
537:fibromyalgia
525:chronic pain
522:
518:
506:fibromyalgia
491:
487:fibromyalgia
476:
468:
449:
433:
425:Medical uses
418:
410:
398:
392:
388:
387:. The terms
355:, including
346:
344:
292:
264:psychoactive
249:
217:constipation
198:
164:, reversing
152:, including
147:
144:
123:
122:
110:Legal status
29:
18:
29649:Kelatorphan
29626:Candoxatril
29515:Antagonists
29466:Racemorphan
29433:NNC 63-0532
29418:Lexanopadol
29413:Levorphanol
29291:Quadazocine
29276:Pawhuskin A
29271:Noribogaine
29261:Navacaprant
29251:Naltrindole
29171:Epicatechin
29136:Clocinnamox
29019:Antagonists
28981:desipramine
28948:Samidorphan
28918:Racemorphan
28903:Phenazocine
28893:Pentazocine
28873:Norketamine
28868:Noribogaine
28828:Nalfurafine
28793:Mirtazapine
28783:Metkefamide
28743:Lexanopadol
28738:Levorphanol
28718:Laudanosine
28703:ICI-204,448
28698:ICI-199,441
28668:Hemorphin-4
28628:Erinacine E
28613:Eluxadoline
28603:Dynorphin A
28548:Cyclazocine
28523:Butorphanol
28508:Bremazocine
28483:Asimadoline
28473:Allomatrine
28463:Akuammicine
28372:Quadazocine
28367:Pawhuskin A
28362:Noribogaine
28347:Naltrindole
28287:Epicatechin
28282:Eluxadoline
28257:Clocinnamox
28185:Antagonists
28116:Samidorphan
28106:Racemorphan
28086:Oxymorphone
28046:Mitragynine
28041:Metkefamide
28021:Lexanopadol
28016:Levorphanol
28001:Laudanosine
27966:Hydrocodone
27961:Hemorphin-4
27861:Cyclazocine
27836:Butorphanol
27811:β-Endorphin
27730:Samidorphan
27725:Quadazocine
27715:Pawhuskin A
27705:Noribogaine
27695:Naltrindole
27630:Naldemedine
27560:Epicatechin
27517:Clocinnamox
27405:Antagonists
27376:Tubotaiwine
27361:Trimebutine
27291:Racemorphan
27261:Piritramide
27246:Phenazocine
27231:Pentazocine
27204:Oxymorphone
27169:Oliceridine
27154:Norketamine
27139:Nicocodeine
27124:Naltalimide
27089:Mitragynine
27079:Metkefamide
27049:Loxicodegol
27039:Lexanopadol
27034:Levorphanol
27009:Laudanosine
26974:Hydrocodone
26969:Hodgkinsine
26959:Hemorphin-4
26949:Frakefamide
26909:Embutramide
26904:Dynorphin A
26864:Eluxadoline
26854:Dimenoxadol
26789:Carfentanil
26774:Butorphanol
26749:Bezitramide
26719:β-Endorphin
26709:Anileridine
26699:Akuammidine
26694:Akuammicine
26664:α-Narcotine
26528:hydrocodone
26446:desipramine
26408:lamotrigine
26392:mirogabalin
26316:milnacipran
26049:amphetamine
26000:antagonists
25946:hydrocodone
25860:Opiates use
25840:Cocaine use
25675:Issues with
25593:Switzerland
25578:South Korea
25548:Puerto Rico
25533:Philippines
25403:El Salvador
25313:Afghanistan
25049:Just Say No
25039:Switzerland
25014:Netherlands
24980:Drug policy
24910:Prohibition
24895:Drug policy
24888:State level
24733:Dance party
24644:Microdosing
24601:Psychedelia
24556:Oktoberfest
24478:Coffeehouse
24455:Stoner film
24146:Scopolamine
23876:Entactogens
23854:Theobromine
23717:Amphetamine
23643:Hydrocodone
23633:Diamorphine
23437:Depressants
23356:from market
23300:Frunevetmab
23280:Bedinvetmab
23189:PF-05089771
23098:Mirogabalin
23059:Ion channel
23029:Cannabidiol
22982:Benzydamine
22925:Pyrazolones
22907:Wintergreen
22857:Ethenzamide
22852:Dipyrocetyl
22809:Salicylates
22751:Lumiracoxib
22687:Indometacin
22615:Zaltoprofen
22534:Propionates
22444:Acetanilide
22435:Paracetamol
22369:Piritramide
22354:Phenazocine
22349:Phenadoxone
22339:Pentazocine
22334:Oliceridine
22329:Norpipanone
22298:+fluanisone
22279:Dimenoxadol
22259:Carfentanil
22254:Bezitramide
22249:Anileridine
22218:Papaveretum
22213:Oxymorphone
22207:+naltrexone
22169:Nicocodeine
22154:Levorphanol
22123:Hydrocodone
22080:Butorphanol
22025:+naltrexone
21672:Acamprosate
21622:Varenicline
21170:12 February
21084:9 September
21044:www.cdc.gov
20463:14 February
20433:15 December
20379:(1): 1–49.
19764:: 139–149.
19670:6 September
19631:6 September
19621:Smithsonian
19361:5 September
19258:5 September
19217:5 September
19119:5 September
19108:: 530–544.
19073:5 September
18225:Volkow ND.
18076:(7): e411.
17320:21 November
16057:24 February
15911:(1): 20–5.
15510:11 November
15437:(3): 75–9.
14962:(1): 31–7.
14553:(4): 7–17.
14325:Anaesthesia
13898:(1): 3–16.
13468:12 November
13195:23 December
13097:24 February
12981:: 142–148.
12651:www.bcm.edu
12467:18 February
12457:www.fda.gov
12226:(1): 41–4.
12137:(1): 32–6.
12083:26 February
11647:10 December
11537:(2): 72–7.
11513:18 December
11344:: 411–417.
11099:: 166–172.
10838:12 February
10808:12 February
10635:14 February
10582:12 February
10467:14 February
10397:1 September
9868:Trimebutine
9744:Prodilidine
9720:Nortilidine
9708:NNC 63-0532
9546:Doxpicomine
9510:Bromadoline
9360:Mitragynine
9348:Hodgkinsine
9286:Etonitazene
9274:Clonitazene
9262:Piritramide
9248:Bezitramide
9181:Trefentanil
9131:Phenaridine
9083:Mirfentanil
9045:Carfentanil
9033:Brifentanil
8804:Diampromide
8754:Dimenoxadol
8716:Thiambutene
8580:Phenadoxone
8363:α-Meprodine
8327:Properidine
8289:Pheneridine
8227:Furethidine
8215:Etoxeridine
8177:Carperidine
8153:Anileridine
8110:Cyclazocine
8098:Phenazocine
8086:Pentazocine
8036:Bremazocine
7971:Somniferine
7892:Naltrindole
7804:Nalfurafine
7651:Acetorphine
7584:Butorphanol
7484:Levorphanol
7429:Normorphine
7338:Nicocodeine
7233:Oxymorphone
7159:Hydrocodone
6589:Eluxadoline
6569:Mitragynine
6535:Levorphanol
6523:Butorphanol
6484:Phenazocine
6478:Pentazocine
6426:Piritramide
6421:Bezitramide
6347:Clonitazene
6327:Etonitazene
6277:Carfentanyl
6228:Oxymorphone
6212:Hydrocodone
6113:papaveretum
6058:Endomorphin
6048:vasopressin
6032:spinal cord
5964:β-endorphin
5947:Enkephalins
5843:Endomorphin
5787:Casomorphin
5759:Adrenorphin
5712:dextrorphan
5687:hydrocodone
5544:enkephalins
5510:levorphanol
5484:oxymorphone
5476:hydrocodone
5408:opium poppy
5383:Drug misuse
5342:Afghanistan
5245:to exclude
5169:and Heroin
5089:hydrocodone
5077:oxymorphone
5035:acetylation
5031:diamorphine
4933:Chinese tea
4876: 1493
4824:During the
4784:Hippocrates
4762:La Marmotta
4709:First World
4324:Spiradoline
4283:Samidorphan
4247:Quadazocine
4211:Phenazocine
4173:Pentazocine
4155:Oxymorphone
4083:Normorphine
4047:Naltrindole
3859:>300,000
3856:>100,000
3777:Levorphanol
3755:Dextrorphan
3692:Mitragynine
3368:Hydrocodone
3260:Dynorphin A
3008:Cyclazocine
2936:Carfentanil
2900:Butorphanol
2846:Bremazocine
2673:β-Endorphin
2529:oliceridine
2452:supraspinal
2342:Carfentanil
2038:hydrocodone
2001:lymphocytes
1985:tachycardia
1981:bradycardia
1977:hypothermia
1832:sex hormone
1798:milnacipran
1530:mineral oil
1366:amphetamine
1328:diamorphine
1287:domperidone
1268:domperidone
1225:domperidone
1215:ondansetron
1196:hydroxyzine
1169:Domperidone
1165:tropisetron
1161:ondansetron
1153:haloperidol
993:pentazocine
917:intrathecal
613:hydrocodone
573:hydrocodone
541:Paracetamol
494:paracetamol
464:cancer pain
407:opium poppy
365:hydrocodone
332:Terminology
276:antagonists
174:carfentanil
150:pain relief
138:to produce
132:opium poppy
116:In Wikidata
62:Pain relief
29766:Categories
29744:Kyotorphin
29689:Spinorphin
29570:SB-612,111
29565:Nocistatin
29535:BAN-ORL-24
29486:SCH-486757
29481:SCH-221510
29320:Nociceptin
29281:PF-4455242
29256:Naringenin
29246:Naltrexone
29206:LY-2795050
29201:LY-2459989
29196:LY-2444296
29191:LY-2196044
29176:Hyperoside
29091:Aticaprant
28985:imipramine
28908:Proxorphan
28883:Oxilorphan
28853:Niravoline
28843:Nalorphine
28818:Nalbuphine
28803:Moxazocine
28778:Metazocine
28748:Lofentanil
28713:Ketazocine
28673:Herkinorin
28653:Gemazocine
28643:Fedotozine
28623:Eptazocine
28553:Cyclorphan
28538:Ciprefadol
28357:Naringenin
28337:Naltrexone
28332:Nalorphine
28307:LY-2196044
28297:ICI-174864
28292:ICI-154129
28237:Bevenopran
28212:α-Santolol
28176:Zenazocine
28156:Tonazocine
28111:RWJ-394674
28096:Proglumide
28036:Metazocine
28026:Lofentanil
27956:Fluorophen
27720:Rimonabant
27710:Oxilorphan
27700:Naringenin
27690:Naltrexone
27655:Naloxazone
27645:Nalorphine
27610:LY-2196044
27580:Hyperoside
27570:Gemazocine
27565:Eptazocine
27502:Bevenopran
27346:Tianeptine
27321:Tapentadol
27316:Sufentanil
27311:Sinomenine
27301:Salsolinol
27256:Piminodine
27174:Oxycodegol
27164:Octreotide
27159:Nufenoxole
27109:Nalbuphine
27064:Meptazinol
27044:Loperamide
27014:Lefetamine
26964:Herkinorin
26944:Fluorophen
26899:Dipipanone
26824:Dermorphin
26714:Apparicine
26704:Alfentanil
26627:(abridged;
26607:modulators
26552:tapentadol
26496:dronabinol
26452:Ziconotide
26424:Mexiletine
26404:lacosamide
26388:pregabalin
26384:gabapentin
26357:tapentadol
26312:duloxetine
26223:suvorexant
26147:prednisone
26100:carbamates
26061:mephedrone
26004:perampanel
25987:pregabalin
25983:gabapentin
25848:Annual use
25699:Dependence
25563:Seychelles
25468:Kyrgyzstan
25383:Costa Rica
25328:Bangladesh
25301:Drug trade
25270:production
25259:production
25178:Drug court
25064:California
24982:by country
24915:Regulation
24649:Smart shop
24634:Literature
24629:Experience
24576:Sports bar
24541:Happy hour
24506:Bartending
24277:Club drugs
24250:Oneirogens
24134:Deliriants
24014:Psilocybin
23837:Polacrilex
23807:Mephedrone
23709:Stimulants
23511:Hazardous
23455:Carbamates
23330:Rimazolium
23325:Proglumide
23270:Analgecine
23207:Flupirtine
23150:Mexiletine
23131:Lacosamide
23108:Ziconotide
23103:Pregabalin
23093:Leconotide
23083:Gabapentin
23061:modulators
23044:Nabiximols
23007:Proquazone
23002:Nimesulide
22997:Nabumetone
22948:Nifenazone
22862:Guacetisal
22847:Diflunisal
22832:Benorylate
22766:Valdecoxib
22746:Etoricoxib
22677:Diclofenac
22667:Acemetacin
22636:Lornoxicam
22590:Loxoprofen
22577:Ketoprofen
22546:Fenoprofen
22511:Phenacetin
22489:+oxycodone
22479:+ibuprofen
22411:+celecoxib
22394:Tapentadol
22389:Sufentanil
22364:Piminodine
22314:Meptazinol
22309:Lofentanil
22284:Dipipanone
22239:Alfentanil
22199:+ibuprofen
22164:Nalbuphine
22134:+ibuprofen
21966:Analgesics
21849:Naltrexone
21783:Lofexidine
21722:Topiramate
21710:Naltrexone
21667:Disulfiram
21381:(1): 3–8.
21054:17 January
20674:5 November
20230:30 October
20155:30 October
20133:White WL.
20118:30 October
20088:30 October
20022:30 October
19991:30 October
19940:30 October
19878:30 October
19809:30 October
19705:29 October
18728:: 275–290.
16994:4 December
16962:(1): 1–5.
16935:4 December
14609:: 141737.
14168:(2): 429.
14072:: 943014.
13271:(3): 701.
12661:6 November
11934:: 513–29.
10997:31 January
10609:(1): 5–7.
10141:2 November
10111:2 November
10008:References
9832:Tapentadol
9806:RWJ-394674
9620:ICI-204448
9608:ICI-199441
9596:Herkinorin
9157:Sufentanil
9095:Ocfentanil
9069:Lofentanil
8945:Alfentanil
8866:Lefetamine
8854:Isoaminile
8840:Methiodone
8730:Tipepidine
8544:Dipipanone
8513:Loperamide
8339:Sameridine
8315:Piminodine
8074:Metazocine
8060:Ketazocine
7866:Naltrexone
7854:Nalorphine
7830:Naloxazone
7608:Drotebanol
7534:Oxilorphan
7460:Cyclorphan
7417:Norcodeine
7324:Nalbuphine
7257:Semorphone
7195:Morphinone
7121:Conorphone
6992:Pholcodine
6660:loperamide
6650:loperamide
6641:Naltrexone
6584:Tapentadol
6564:Meptazinol
6559:Lefetamine
6529:Nalbuphine
6457:Loperamide
6436:Dipipanone
6312:(Metazene)
6267:Sufentanil
6262:Alfentanil
6249:(see also
5952:Dynorphins
5942:Endorphins
5885:Octreotide
5871:Nociceptin
5829:Dermorphin
5773:Amidorphin
5698:papaverine
5665:anandamide
5599:even when
5585:tapentadol
5548:dynorphins
5540:endorphins
5532:Endogenous
5522:tapentadol
5500:: such as
5424:papaverine
5422:, but not
5357:See also:
5229:Definition
5142:developed
5120:meperidine
5066:bronchitis
4912:Black-drop
4869:Paracelsus
4847:analgesics
4837: 980
4791: 460
4370:>10,000
4367:>10,000
4360:Tianeptine
4342:Sufentanil
4272:>10,000
4269:>10,000
4011:Naltrexone
3921:Nalorphine
3885:Nalbuphine
3853:>10,000
3629:Methorphan
3494:Metazocine
3458:Lofentanil
3404:ICI-204488
3321:>10,000
3098:Dermorphin
2785:Alfentanil
2488:ketazocine
2448:antagonist
2417:acting on
2330:1000–3000
2307:Sufentanil
2250:Alfentanil
2186:Solubility
2174:Nonionized
2151:See also:
2124:naltrexone
2062:stillbirth
2046:Opioid use
1997:macrophage
1911:including
1811:pregabalin
1807:gabapentin
1778:tapentadol
1633:agonists (
1575:tapentadol
1543:, such as
1508:), and/or
1411:dipipanone
1399:meperidine
1347:stimulants
1340:meperidine
1316:drowsiness
1310:Drowsiness
1245:dronabinol
1125:drowsiness
951:proglumide
949:, such as
931:, such as
800:Depression
748:Drowsiness
712:See also:
636:Loperamide
577:Vicoprofen
555:including
529:nerve pain
446:Acute pain
385:endorphins
272:loperamide
190:withdrawal
184:for their
178:veterinary
154:anesthesia
31:Drug class
29699:Tynorphin
29694:Thiorphan
29674:Opiorphan
29616:Amastatin
29545:J-113,397
29506:TH-030418
29476:Ro65-6570
29471:Ro64-6198
29398:Etorphine
29306:Zyklophin
29296:Taxifolin
29186:LY-255582
29146:Cyclofoxy
29096:Axelopran
29010:Xorphanol
29000:U-54,494A
28968:Tifluadom
28958:TH-030418
28888:Oxycodone
28878:Oripavine
28848:Naltriben
28833:Nalmefene
28788:Mianserin
28758:Lufuradom
28663:GR-103545
28638:Etorphine
28618:Enadoline
28518:Butorphan
28513:BRL-52537
28478:Apadoline
28387:Taxifolin
28382:SoRI-9409
28342:Naltriben
28327:Nalmefene
28302:LY-255582
28232:Axelopran
28171:Xorphanol
28141:TH-030418
28121:SB-235863
28081:Oxycodone
28076:Oripavine
27941:Etorphine
27831:Butorphan
27796:Amoxapine
27735:Taxifolin
27660:Naloxegol
27635:Nalmefene
27605:LY-255582
27535:Cyprodime
27530:Cyclofoxy
27497:Axelopran
27477:Alvimopan
27472:Akuammine
27457:α-Gliadin
27396:Xorphanol
27386:Valorphin
27331:TH-030418
27189:Oxycodone
27184:Oripavine
27119:Nalmexone
27074:Methadone
27054:LS-115509
26934:Etorphine
26924:Eseroline
26769:Butorphan
26630:full list
26540:methadone
26536:oxycodone
26518:methadone
26483:Bupropion
26418:lidocaine
26339:dosulepin
26236:See also:
26213:inhalants
26169:areca nut
26165:arecoline
26134:analogues
26112:inhalants
26023:) (e.g.,
25981:) (e.g.,
25968:δ subunit
25950:oxycodone
25936:) (e.g.,
25844:Cannabis
25689:Addiction
25645:Beer shop
25628:Venezuela
25493:Mauritius
25323:Australia
25261:and trade
25188:Drug test
24989:Australia
24763:Nootropic
24748:Entheogen
24723:Club drug
24571:Sommelier
24566:Pub crawl
24551:Nightclub
24546:Hip flask
24483:Latte art
24420:Head shop
24290:Quaaludes
24058:Inhalants
24007:San Pedro
23992:Mescaline
23975:Ayahuasca
23948:Bufotenin
23893:Benzofury
23884:2C series
23864:Chocolate
23827:Modafinil
23817:Methylone
23790:Ephedrine
23761:Cathinone
23722:Arecoline
23687:Oxycodone
23658:Methadone
23492:Inhalants
23366:Phase III
23354:Withdrawn
23335:Tanezumab
23295:Clonidine
23290:Capsaicin
23144:lidocaine
22992:Glafenine
22953:Phenazone
22897:Salsalate
22827:Aloxiprin
22776:Fenamates
22761:Rofecoxib
22756:Parecoxib
22740:+tramadol
22733:Celecoxib
22715:Zomepirac
22700:Ketorolac
22672:Bromfenac
22651:Tenoxicam
22646:Piroxicam
22641:Meloxicam
22600:Oxaprozin
22556:Ibuprofen
22499:+tramadol
22454:Butacetin
22319:Methadone
22232:Synthetic
22203:+naloxone
22184:Oxycodone
22113:Etorphine
22074:+naloxone
22041:Paregoric
21901:Lorazepam
21884:Clonidine
21854:Nalmefene
21816:Methadone
21805:+naloxone
21778:Clonidine
21738:Clonidine
21715:Nalmefene
21661:inhibitor
21638:Clonidine
21602:Bupropion
21530:(YouTube)
21221:0027-8424
20824:11 August
20742:7 January
20643:7 January
20489:: 55–76.
19381:ignored (
19371:cite book
19314:23 August
19037:28 August
18877:CiteSeerX
18875:: 81–87.
18705:23 August
18670:28 August
18631:28 August
18600:28 August
18454:197664630
18374:7 January
18326:: 23–31.
18299:7 January
17478:0171-2004
16976:1860-8973
16917:1096-0295
16860:1873-7528
16846:: 49–57.
16696:1472-0213
16637:1741-7015
16621:(1): 10.
16500:218780209
15269:2044-6055
15214:1526-7598
14820:1469-493X
14408:0098-7484
14019:CNS Drugs
13953:1365-2710
12763:1536-3686
12269:: A4188.
11985:(1): 30.
11907:7 January
11771:Neurology
11427:Neurology
11148:Neurology
11113:1879-0046
10987:"Codeine"
10245:ignored (
10235:cite book
10097:"Opioids"
9930:Alvimopan
9844:Tifluadom
9782:SB-612111
9770:Ro64-6198
9572:Faxeladol
9558:Enadoline
9534:Ciramadol
9496:BRL-52537
9472:Azaprocin
9336:Eseroline
9324:Akuammine
8556:Methadone
8525:Picenadol
8501:Alvimopan
8401:α-Prodine
8277:Pethidine
8191:Difenoxin
8024:Alazocine
7880:Naltriben
7818:Nalmefene
7713:Etorphine
7596:Cyprodime
7570:Xorphanol
7221:Oxycodone
7109:Codeinone
7004:Myrophine
6656:Naloxegol
6631:Nalmefene
6509:Etorphine
6447:Difenoxin
6431:Methadone
6361:Pethidine
6318:(Etazene)
6222:Oxycodone
6207:Etorphine
6109:alkaloids
6101:Oripavine
6024:Dynorphin
5976:brainstem
5974:, in the
5899:Opiorphin
5694:alkaloids
5661:serotonin
5617:Corydalis
5608:alkaloids
5597:analgesia
5514:methadone
5506:pethidine
5480:oxycodone
5428:noscapine
5404:alkaloids
5182:OxyContin
5171:Addiction
5136:methadone
5124:IG Farben
5109:oripavine
5105:Etorphine
5085:oxycodone
5058:analgesic
4959:isolated
4908:Paregoric
4813: 40
4773:Sumerians
4750:Neolithic
4595:estimate
4580:Substance
4540:Xorphanol
4511:>1,000
4508:>1,000
4493:>1,000
4490:>1,000
4378:Tifluadom
4331:>1,000
4316:>1,000
4239:>1,000
4236:>1,000
4119:Oxycodone
4029:Naltriben
4003:>1,000
4000:>1,000
3997:>1,000
3903:Nalmefene
3892:>1,000
3805:>1,000
3802:>1,000
3728:Morphanol
3512:Methadone
3486:>1,000
3432:>1,000
3411:>1,000
3408:>1,000
3357:>1,000
3332:Etorphine
3267:>1,000
3252:>1,000
3234:>1,000
3228:>1,000
3108:>1,000
3105:>1,000
3090:>1,000
3084:>1,000
3072:>1,000
3069:>1,000
3054:>1,000
3026:Cyprodime
3000:>1,000
2997:>1,000
2982:>1,000
2979:>1,000
2731:Alazocine
2419:GABAergic
2326:Etorphine
2311:500–1000
2212:Pethidine
2176:Fraction
2136:nalmefene
2034:oxycodone
2011:Pregnancy
2005:leukocyte
1973:urticaria
1917:forklifts
1892:as well.
1865:estradiol
1757:J-113,397
1737:allodynia
1693:nalmefene
1679:repinotan
1675:8-OH-DPAT
1595:oxycodone
1579:methadone
1553:alvimopan
1549:naloxegol
1518:lactulose
1502:bisacodyl
1466:laxatives
1415:cyclizine
1395:Meprozine
1362:modafinil
1332:oxycodone
1151:low dose
1129:dizziness
1074:methadone
1054:includes
1046:Addiction
1033:clonidine
1028:methadone
1024:half-life
1012:rhinorrea
1000:dysphoria
960:ibudilast
941:memantine
920:magnesium
885:Tolerance
880:Tolerance
773:Dizziness
753:Dry mouth
684:methadone
680:oxycodone
651:Naloxegol
579:), which
565:oxycodone
557:ibuprofen
533:migraines
498:ibuprofen
483:back pain
479:headaches
419:narcotics
403:alkaloids
369:oxycodone
280:naloxegol
225:tolerance
201:itchiness
29782:Morphine
29585:Trap-101
29575:SR-16430
29496:SR-16435
29350:(PheΨ(CH
29330:Agonists
29241:Naloxone
29151:Dezocine
29121:Catechin
29076:Apigenin
29005:U-69,593
28798:Morphine
28768:MB-1C-OH
28708:Ketamine
28693:Ibogaine
28658:GR-89696
28648:Fentanyl
28528:BW373U86
28416:Agonists
28406:κ-opioid
28352:Naloxone
28247:Catechin
28222:Apigenin
28161:Tramadol
28146:Thebaine
28056:Morphine
27976:Ibogaine
27946:Fentanyl
27926:DPI-3290
27896:Dezocine
27841:BW373U86
27821:Biphalin
27786:ADL-5859
27759:Agonists
27749:δ-opioid
27675:Naloxone
27600:Lobeline
27585:Ibogaine
27507:Catechin
27487:Apigenin
27356:Tramadol
27351:Tilidine
27336:Thebaine
27306:SC-17599
27276:Propiram
27236:Pericine
27179:OM-3-MNZ
27104:Morphine
26994:Ketamine
26939:Fentanyl
26849:Dezocine
26784:BW373U86
26754:Biphalin
26639:3-HO-PCP
26625:Agonists
26615:μ-opioid
26548:tramadol
26532:morphine
26510:ketamine
26500:nabilone
26492:cannabis
26361:tramadol
26197:ketamine
26157:nicotine
26085:receptor
26039:levodopa
26029:cannabis
26017:agonists
26014:receptor
25991:phenibut
25975:blockers
25938:morphine
25930:agonists
25916:euphoria
25828:drug use
25741:Overdose
25677:drug use
25603:Thailand
25588:Suriname
25568:Slovakia
25543:Portugal
25528:Paraguay
25488:Malaysia
25428:Honduras
25378:Colombia
25363:Cambodia
25084:Virginia
25074:Maryland
25069:Colorado
25024:Slovakia
25019:Portugal
24692:Smokeasy
24586:Wine bar
24488:Teahouse
24211:Hash oil
24142:Atropine
24100:Muscimol
24090:Ketamine
24053:Glaucine
24018:Psilocin
23832:Nicotine
23739:Caffeine
23699:Tramadol
23675:Morphine
23652:Dilaudid
23628:Fentanyl
23619:Darvocet
23609:Krokodil
23584:Suboxone
23523:Gasoline
23513:solvents
23496:Medical
23305:Ketamine
23184:Funapide
23179:DSP-2230
23039:Nabilone
23034:Cannabis
22938:Ampyrone
22710:Tolmetin
22705:Sulindac
22682:Etodolac
22660:Acetates
22631:Isoxicam
22605:Suprofen
22595:Naproxen
22469:+codeine
22404:Tramadol
22399:Tilidine
22379:Propiram
22294:Fentanyl
22274:Dezocine
22223:Thebacon
22195:+aspirin
22138:+aspirin
22036:Laudanum
22021:Morphine
22009:+aspirin
21911:Oxazepam
21896:Diazepam
21789:Ibogaine
21749:Phenibut
21744:Baclofen
21612:Lobeline
21607:Cytisine
21494:Archived
21474:17765420
21438:40205179
21430:19879349
21395:19157985
21360:25453057
21352:12894165
21282:24226747
21274:22698264
21239:12192085
21164:eOpiates
21144:10 March
21138:Archived
21136:. 1953.
21108:Archived
21078:Archived
21048:Archived
21026:19278795
20970:19630724
20925:26811699
20844:Archived
20818:Archived
20793:26476264
20736:Archived
20717:25732500
20668:Archived
20611:Archived
20511:38073529
20503:14082382
20427:Archived
20405:26987082
20329:27400351
20275:23959703
20224:Archived
20198:16212730
20112:Archived
20054:Archived
20016:Archived
19985:Archived
19934:Archived
19872:Archived
19839:21 March
19833:Archived
19803:Archived
19699:Archived
19664:Archived
19625:Archived
19545:15589680
19510:26281720
19434:27942064
19355:Archived
19308:Archived
19208:Archived
19196:Almanack
19171:10764185
19110:Archived
19067:Archived
19031:Archived
19027:23883087
18967:26539333
18932:25919738
18924:19861359
18843:Archived
18699:Archived
18664:Archived
18625:Archived
18621:Discover
18594:Archived
18560:22437502
18503:19047621
18495:28879660
18446:31322067
18350:22879752
18264:Archived
18241:30 April
18235:Archived
18149:32533977
18100:25026323
18051:19282177
18002:12192085
17940:16433932
17897:12437765
17854:12513698
17800:19027293
17765:15988468
17662:10991912
17578:24713140
17370:11197347
17314:Archived
17165:11960505
17081:23300227
17045:24978316
16988:Archived
16984:22092512
16929:Archived
16925:21215785
16878:30528374
16821:25934430
16704:30580317
16655:30642329
16596:28553701
16547:23720250
16465:31425552
16425:PLOS ONE
16406:23933900
16352:53023743
16344:30354006
16308:21391934
16259:21125020
16208:24358001
16167:43241757
16159:19789432
16123:47576095
16115:23389874
16051:archived
16014:19181448
15979:22289236
15944:22786453
15917:19193821
15890:23414717
15855:30299887
15811:30343356
15760:25702934
15708:20465361
15673:19655103
15632:18717507
15597:20021351
15561:21225380
15504:Archived
15500:21412369
15459:45555785
15451:15364634
15416:39647898
15408:16082916
15373:17757207
15365:17430825
15330:22690630
15322:14649563
15287:30552274
15249:BMJ Open
15230:49614405
15222:29958218
15179:16973981
15144:17576856
15103:13641423
15095:12855812
15052:16939923
15025:17227289
14976:25207610
14941:30851171
14892:Archived
14888:13677764
14880:29730600
14838:36106667
14781:26908305
14746:26557892
14635:24883055
14575:42872181
14567:23782897
14532:25520993
14512:23733242
14504:10630837
14469:39058371
14461:15755795
14426:30561481
14359:Archived
14355:73469631
14347:30802933
14298:22048225
14255:Archived
14225:25777363
14190:32705478
14182:25715910
14147:22983894
14098:24167729
14047:17830622
14039:20839893
14004:26082561
13996:22931520
13961:30569508
13912:23627782
13869:16191669
13802:22321634
13794:17594181
13759:33168040
13673:29229782
13665:12792559
13619:Archived
13615:18443375
13546:11068022
13511:23533255
13462:Archived
13417:37434490
13374:30963675
13330:35138704
13287:15731628
13246:21147985
13186:Archived
13161:20091598
13091:Archived
13087:Medscape
13068:31073926
13019:30921976
12989:14 April
12983:Archived
12956:25941322
12948:20863326
12913:19489204
12886:24720660
12878:28952972
12843:16717269
12779:19181545
12771:29726847
12726:24 April
12717:Archived
12713:81293413
12705:30915985
12655:Archived
12633:33630086
12584:33289989
12545:23529525
12518:21746829
12461:Archived
12439:26461071
12398:20172264
12347:10 April
12341:Archived
12337:Medscape
12318:30521239
12275:22917039
12248:23865647
12240:21892785
12205:21156892
12161:17218808
12074:Archived
12070:23893177
12036:19304445
12001:22267615
11960:23874119
11901:Archived
11883:19187891
11842:22786464
11799:20759425
11791:15007133
11762:29000302
11754:14581114
11721:18808500
11699:Headache
11686:27949021
11678:19232469
11600:23986501
11551:23364665
11484:19708964
11449:10993991
11412:1 August
11406:archived
11370:32110089
11317:26977696
11265:21323559
11256:10347760
11214:21083382
11170:25267983
11129:53567522
11121:30445274
11078:51891341
11070:30063596
11034:23150006
10991:Archived
10943:26544675
10832:Archived
10802:Archived
10684:25935364
10676:21474900
10629:Archived
10625:18073220
10576:Archived
10572:TIME.com
10553:21900231
10545:12640281
10510:26339205
10428:Archived
10391:Archived
10361:Archived
10312:15359207
10269:Archived
10135:Archived
10105:Archived
10041:Archived
9981:See also
9856:Tramadol
9794:SC-17599
9758:Profadol
9634:J-113397
9584:GR-89696
9484:Bromadol
9422:DPI-3290
9386:BW373U86
9372:Pericine
9057:Fentanyl
8828:Propiram
8413:Prosidol
8048:Dezocine
7842:Naloxone
7145:Thebacon
7133:Codoxime
6696:Morphine
6636:Naloxone
6579:Tramadol
6574:Tilidine
6472:Dezocine
6392:Promedol
6247:Fentanyl
6096:Thebaine
6091:Morphine
6044:oxytocin
5988:appetite
5934:peptides
5601:naloxone
5589:agonists
5581:Tramadol
5536:peptides
5518:tramadol
5502:fentanyl
5420:thebaine
5412:morphine
5398:Natural
5377:euphoria
5314:morphine
5306:Morphine
5167:Morphine
5144:fentanyl
5081:thebaine
4987:diarrhea
4983:coughing
4965:alkaloid
4961:morphine
4951:Morphine
4894:Laudanum
4888:laudanum
4864:region.
4830:Avicenna
4619:Cannabis
4590:estimate
4585:estimate
4396:Tramadol
3957:Naloxone
3813:Morphine
3350:Fentanyl
3152:Dezocine
2619:3-HO-PCP
2571:Compound
2484:morphine
2466:by the μ
2456:morphine
2384:naloxone
2269:Fentanyl
2193:Morphine
2181:Binding
2168:Relative
2126:. These
2120:naloxone
1969:delirium
1871:and the
1805:such as
1796:such as
1789:ketamine
1787:such as
1774:tramadol
1689:naloxone
1660:BW373U86
1646:agonists
1638:doxapram
1615:doxapram
1591:morphine
1583:fentanyl
1571:tramadol
1557:naloxone
1443:laxative
1358:caffeine
1336:tilidine
1324:morphine
1320:fentanyl
1082:naloxone
1037:ibogaine
1004:sweating
985:naloxone
937:ketamine
739:Vomiting
626:Diarrhea
569:Percocet
561:naproxen
510:migraine
502:naproxen
411:Narcotic
394:narcotic
383:such as
377:naloxone
373:fentanyl
357:morphine
258:and the
233:overdose
221:euphoria
205:sedation
186:euphoric
158:diarrhea
140:morphine
68:ATC code
46:morphine
29777:Opioids
29741:Others:
29669:RB-3007
29621:BL-2401
29590:UFP-101
29555:NalBzOH
29550:JTC-801
29491:SR-8993
29428:MT-7716
29378:BU08070
29231:MR-2266
29211:MeJDTic
29141:CVL-354
29111:BU09059
29101:AZ-MTAB
29081:Arodyne
29041:6'-GNTI
29036:5'-GNTI
28995:U-50488
28975:(e.g.,
28823:NalBzOH
28808:MR-2034
28773:Menthol
28763:Matrine
28498:BAM-22P
28493:BAM-18P
28488:BAM-12P
28428:6'-GNTI
28197:5'-NTII
28131:SNC-162
28071:NalBzOH
27991:KNT-127
27921:DPI-221
27856:Codeine
27816:BAM-18P
27806:AZD2327
27771:6'-GNTI
27665:Naloxol
27391:Viminol
27381:U-47700
27366:TRIMU 5
27271:Prodine
27214:OxyPNPH
27129:Neopine
27114:NalBzOH
27084:Metopon
27059:Matrine
26809:Codeine
26759:BU08070
26734:BAM-22P
26729:BAM-18P
26724:BAM-12P
26689:AH-7921
26526:(e.g.,
26524:Opioids
26508:(e.g.,
26490:(e.g.,
26436:(e.g.,
26416:(e.g.,
26382:(e.g.,
26355:(e.g.,
26329:(e.g.,
26310:(e.g.,
26221:(e.g.,
26191:(e.g.,
26183:poppers
26177:(e.g.,
26161:tobacco
26155:(e.g.,
26141:(e.g.,
26090:(e.g.,
26071:cocaine
26069:(e.g.,
26047:(e.g.,
26037:(e.g.,
26002:(e.g.,
25934:opioids
25503:Nigeria
25498:Moldova
25418:Germany
25413:Finland
25408:Estonia
25348:Bolivia
25004:Germany
24803:Whoonga
24654:Therapy
24322:Poppers
24300:Ecstasy
24285:Cocaine
24233:APINACA
24223:JWH-018
24206:Hashish
24078:poppers
23914:Ecstasy
23847:Tobacco
23795:Ephedra
23773:Cocaine
23593:Codeine
23587:Subutex
23572:Opioids
23310:Menthol
23285:Camphor
23162:(e.g.,
23155:Nefopam
23140:cocaine
23138:(e.g.,
22887:Salicin
22624:Oxicams
22449:Bucetin
22421:Viminol
22159:Metopon
22004:Codeine
21992:Opiates
21983:Opioids
21795:Opioids
21527:(Vimeo)
21317:9749830
21199:Bibcode
21114:25 June
21017:2975029
20916:4708964
20850:3 March
20784:4698093
20617:8 March
20541:4867058
20396:6390846
20320:4940677
20267:2873550
19930:1819676
19922:9853457
19501:4748402
19425:5125194
18972:proverb
18796:8390660
18764:Bibcode
18551:3523197
18530:Bibcode
18409:6 March
18341:3411531
18273:6 March
18184:2542556
18140:7554234
18091:4119213
18042:2791460
17970:Bibcode
17954:Roth BL
17931:1403760
17724:6300816
17697:8719422
17653:1572317
17613:8955860
17586:6942770
17543:7562497
17452:Opioids
17420:2986989
17310:1322477
17271:8114680
17124:6088255
17089:8785003
17036:4136663
16869:7233332
16646:6332608
16587:6481395
16456:6699700
16433:Bibcode
16397:4057040
16299:3371661
16250:2981588
16199:3865831
15802:6244554
15744:: 1–9.
15716:9713245
15552:3165032
15278:6303633
15075:Bibcode
15067:Science
15016:6506195
14829:9476137
14737:4622283
14626:4027019
14417:6583638
14306:4823659
14261:4 March
14233:2488112
14138:3550256
14089:3791560
13877:8017503
13751:6462377
13716:6546809
13696:Bibcode
13688:Science
13581:8851162
13458:9539610
13409:9972707
13366:9696455
13322:7970835
13237:3086517
13152:6494200
13059:6509215
12834:1459894
12624:7907959
12509:3134725
12389:2827356
12310:6852361
12196:3001921
12152:2921574
11992:3264005
11951:3712997
11591:6353125
11492:9204782
11361:7038776
11308:6390846
11222:7092234
10934:6485506
10501:4553642
10437:26 June
10219:2871358
10047:19 July
9906:Viminol
9894:U-69593
9882:U-50488
9646:JTC-801
9460:AH-7921
9448:AD-1211
9410:DPI-287
9398:DPI-221
7183:Metopon
6906:Codeine
6806:RAM-378
6382:Prodine
6086:Codeine
5932:Opioid-
5913:TRIMU 5
5636:nefopam
5534:opioid
5416:codeine
5400:opiates
5340:, that
5247:opiates
5006:Codeine
5001:Codeine
4904:alcohol
4764:in the
4756:in the
4725:History
4683:Opioids
4667:Opiates
4651:Ecstasy
4635:Cocaine
4629:234.06
4522:U-77891
4504:U-69593
4486:U-50488
4468:U-47700
4454:213,000
3867:MR-2266
2972:Codeine
2918:BW-3734
2444:agonist
2432:Locants
2391:isomers
2362:in the
2273:50–100
2179:Protein
2170:Potency
2030:Opioids
1907:or use
1886:unclear
1761:BD-1047
1587:codeine
1559:(as in
1407:Diconal
1382:Itching
1377:Itching
1259:of the
1020:myalgia
841:aspirin
730:Itching
605:placebo
597:Codeine
545:Tylenol
436:codeine
415:cocaine
348:opiates
252:central
124:Opioids
103:D000701
29679:Selank
29664:RB-120
29659:RB-101
29603:Others
29530:AT-076
29423:MCOPPB
29086:AT-076
28932:salvia
28813:N-MPPP
28753:LPK-26
28377:SDM25N
28227:AT-076
28166:TRV250
28126:SNC-80
27996:Kratom
27776:7-SIOM
27492:AT-076
27482:AM-251
27371:TRV734
27266:PL-017
27004:Kratom
26989:IBNtxA
26461:Others
26345:Opioid
26132:) and
25958:kratom
25942:heroin
25608:Turkey
25598:Taiwan
25553:Russia
25538:Poland
25518:Panama
25508:Norway
25483:Latvia
25463:Kosovo
25393:Cyprus
25353:Brazil
25343:Bhutan
25333:Belize
25079:Oregon
25034:Sweden
24994:Canada
24753:Hippie
24687:Loosie
24156:Datura
24002:Peyote
23987:LSD-25
23744:Coffee
23668:Kratom
23637:Heroin
23622:Darvon
23539:Other
23349:WHO-EM
23263:Others
22975:Others
22961:
22910:
22736:
22690:
22580:
22567:
22559:
22526:NSAIDs
22407:
22187:
22126:
22098:
22070:
21472:
21436:
21428:
21393:
21358:
21350:
21315:
21280:
21272:
21237:
21230:129372
21227:
21219:
21024:
21014:
20968:
20923:
20913:
20791:
20781:
20715:
20562:
20539:
20509:
20501:
20403:
20393:
20350:
20327:
20317:
20273:
20265:
20196:
20186:
20046:
19977:
19928:
19920:
19902:Lancet
19864:
19795:
19735:
19656:
19595:
19568:
19543:
19508:
19498:
19457:
19432:
19422:
19347:
19169:
19025:
18992:
18965:
18930:
18922:
18879:
18794:
18784:
18656:
18586:
18558:
18548:
18522:Nature
18501:
18493:
18452:
18444:
18348:
18338:
18210:7 July
18182:
18147:
18137:
18098:
18088:
18049:
18039:
18000:
17993:129372
17990:
17938:
17928:
17895:
17888:137588
17885:
17871:: 19.
17852:
17845:140036
17842:
17798:
17763:
17722:
17695:
17660:
17650:
17611:
17584:
17576:
17541:
17476:
17466:
17418:
17368:
17308:
17269:
17163:
17122:
17087:
17079:
17043:
17033:
16982:
16974:
16923:
16915:
16876:
16866:
16858:
16819:
16779:
16752:
16727:
16702:
16694:
16653:
16643:
16635:
16594:
16584:
16545:
16535:
16498:
16463:
16453:
16404:
16394:
16350:
16342:
16306:
16296:
16257:
16247:
16206:
16196:
16165:
16157:
16121:
16113:
16074:
16012:
15977:
15942:
15915:
15888:
15853:
15809:
15799:
15758:
15714:
15706:
15671:
15661:
15630:
15595:
15559:
15549:
15498:
15457:
15449:
15414:
15406:
15371:
15363:
15328:
15320:
15285:
15275:
15267:
15228:
15220:
15212:
15177:
15142:
15101:
15093:
15050:
15023:
15013:
14974:
14939:
14886:
14878:
14836:
14826:
14818:
14779:
14744:
14734:
14693:
14661:
14633:
14623:
14573:
14565:
14530:
14510:
14502:
14467:
14459:
14424:
14414:
14406:
14353:
14345:
14304:
14296:
14231:
14223:
14188:
14180:
14145:
14135:
14096:
14086:
14045:
14037:
14002:
13994:
13959:
13951:
13910:
13875:
13867:
13830:
13800:
13792:
13757:
13749:
13714:
13671:
13663:
13613:
13579:
13544:
13509:
13456:
13415:
13407:
13372:
13364:
13328:
13320:
13285:
13244:
13234:
13159:
13149:
13066:
13056:
13017:
12954:
12946:
12911:
12884:
12876:
12841:
12831:
12777:
12769:
12761:
12711:
12703:
12631:
12621:
12582:
12543:
12516:
12506:
12437:
12396:
12386:
12316:
12308:
12273:
12246:
12238:
12203:
12193:
12159:
12149:
12108:
12068:
12034:
11999:
11989:
11958:
11948:
11897:"PAIN"
11881:
11840:
11797:
11789:
11760:
11752:
11719:
11684:
11676:
11598:
11588:
11549:
11490:
11482:
11447:
11368:
11358:
11315:
11305:
11263:
11253:
11220:
11212:
11168:
11127:
11119:
11111:
11076:
11068:
11032:
10969:
10941:
10931:
10890:
10863:
10776:
10745:
10712:
10682:
10674:
10623:
10551:
10543:
10508:
10498:
10367:5 July
10333:
10310:
10275:8 July
10225:8 July
10216:
10206:
10169:
10075:
10033:
9956:MCOPPB
9820:TAN-67
9658:LPK-26
9522:C-8813
9434:SNC-80
8878:R-4066
6873:Heroin
6720:6-MDDM
6610:Plain
6594:AP-237
6552:Others
6443:(LAAM)
5620:, and
5612:kratom
5566:kratom
5550:, and
5524:, and
5418:, and
5259:opioid
5257:, but
5255:opioid
5251:opiate
5243:opioid
5070:asthma
5068:, and
4858:Subahs
4693:44.54
4677:26.15
4661:32.34
4645:22.85
4626:165.76
4623:192.15
4613:55.24
4459:53,500
4449:24,800
4435:54,000
4430:62,400
4411:42,700
4406:57,700
4105:0.0079
3763:34,700
3663:11,500
2792:21,200
2774:19,000
2446:or an
2346:10000
2254:10–25
2060:, and
2042:heroin
1961:potent
1913:cranes
1623:CX-546
1619:BIMU-8
1524:, and
1510:enemas
1447:enemas
1405:) and
1145:nausea
1131:, and
1121:nausea
1016:tremor
1008:nausea
939:, and
898:miosis
735:Nausea
609:trials
535:, and
485:, and
399:Opiate
389:opiate
379:; and
306:heroin
219:, and
209:nausea
168:, and
24:Opioid
29684:Semax
29323:(NOP)
29301:UPHIT
29286:RB-64
29226:ML350
29221:ML190
29181:JDTic
29156:DIPPA
28923:RB-64
28678:HS665
28543:CR665
28438:18-MC
28433:8-CAC
28409:(KOR)
27931:DSLET
27916:DPDPE
27866:DADLE
27826:BU-48
27752:(DOR)
27590:JDTic
27452:18-MC
27281:PZM21
27225:opium
27134:NFEPP
26814:DADLE
26618:(MOR)
26304:SNRIs
25954:opium
25684:Abuse
25583:Spain
25458:Kenya
25453:Japan
25448:Italy
25433:India
25423:Haiti
25373:China
25368:Chile
25358:Burma
25338:Benin
25318:Aruba
25247:Other
25146:Other
25009:India
24711:Other
24639:Music
24445:NORML
24305:Molly
24238:Spice
24228:APICA
23958:Vilca
23919:Molly
23889:6-APB
23859:Cocoa
23783:Crack
23734:Betel
23727:Areca
23680:Opium
23543:Freon
22437:-type
22324:NFEPP
22031:Opium
21996:opium
21434:S2CID
21356:S2CID
21278:S2CID
20977:(PDF)
20946:(PDF)
20876:(PDF)
20869:(PDF)
20607:(PDF)
20590:(PDF)
20583:(PDF)
20507:S2CID
20271:S2CID
20149:(PDF)
20138:(PDF)
20082:(PDF)
20071:(PDF)
19926:S2CID
19898:(PDF)
19252:(PDF)
19211:(PDF)
19192:(PDF)
19113:(PDF)
19098:(PDF)
19065:(3).
18963:S2CID
18928:S2CID
18846:(PDF)
18831:(1).
18821:(PDF)
18787:46725
18697:(4).
18499:S2CID
18450:S2CID
18403:(PDF)
18396:(PDF)
18267:(PDF)
18260:(PDF)
17914:: 3.
17828:: 1.
17582:S2CID
17085:S2CID
16980:S2CID
16496:S2CID
16348:S2CID
16163:S2CID
16119:S2CID
15712:S2CID
15455:S2CID
15412:S2CID
15369:S2CID
15326:S2CID
15226:S2CID
15099:S2CID
14884:S2CID
14856:(PDF)
14571:S2CID
14508:S2CID
14465:S2CID
14351:S2CID
14302:S2CID
14229:S2CID
14186:S2CID
14043:S2CID
14000:S2CID
13976:Drugs
13873:S2CID
13798:S2CID
13755:S2CID
13669:S2CID
13622:(PDF)
13599:(PDF)
13413:S2CID
13370:S2CID
13326:S2CID
13189:(PDF)
13178:(PDF)
12952:S2CID
12882:S2CID
12775:S2CID
12720:(PDF)
12709:S2CID
12681:(PDF)
12314:S2CID
12244:S2CID
12077:(PDF)
12054:(PDF)
11795:S2CID
11758:S2CID
11682:S2CID
11488:S2CID
11218:S2CID
11125:S2CID
11074:S2CID
10680:S2CID
10549:S2CID
10431:(PDF)
10420:(PDF)
9944:JDTic
9682:MT-45
9298:18-MC
8389:PEPAP
8012:8-CAC
7663:BU-48
7639:7-PET
7405:6-MAM
6918:6-MAC
6387:PEPAP
6078:opium
5815:DAMGO
5801:DADLE
5657:AM404
5235:opium
5054:Bayer
4941:First
4690:27.01
4687:34.26
4674:13.80
4671:19.38
4655:20.57
4642:13.87
4639:18.20
4610:13.42
4607:34.16
4568:Usage
4532:2,300
4475:1,220
4425:1,330
4401:2,120
4334:0.036
4287:0.052
4229:PLO17
4203:5,140
4199:4,350
4129:1,350
4075:0.027
4036:0.013
3943:0.054
3913:0.083
3768:5,950
3714:0.087
3702:1,100
3666:7,000
3660:1,280
3621:1,100
3615:0.213
3600:2,660
3597:1,140
3558:1,860
3552:0.945
3540:1,370
3450:1,020
3324:1,600
3318:2,500
3242:DSLET
3224:DPDPE
3216:0.017
3210:0.072
3144:1,220
3126:1,800
3062:DAMGO
3044:DADLE
2940:0.024
2925:0.013
2874:0.075
2856:0.089
2777:1,600
2771:1,900
2665:0.083
2626:2,300
2564:, nM)
2474:and μ
2405:and μ
2380:Sigma
2320:++++
2317:++++
2282:++++
2260:++++
2257:++++
2184:Lipid
2165:Drug
1905:drive
1847:with
1830:(low
1794:SNRIs
1667:CX717
1653:BIMU8
1555:, or
1506:senna
863:USCDC
820:falls
759:Other
638:is a
592:Cough
587:Other
353:opium
278:like
239:like
128:drugs
29071:ANTI
28688:HZ-2
28242:BNTX
27525:CTOP
27521:CTAP
26430:TCAs
26349:MRIs
26323:TCAs
26282:and
26081:GABA
26057:MDMA
25513:Oman
25473:Laos
25443:Iran
25388:Cuba
25268:Drug
25257:Drug
25193:Narc
24778:Rave
24619:Drug
24295:MDMA
24144:and
23963:Yopo
23909:MDMA
23842:Salt
23802:MDPV
23778:Coca
23766:Khat
23598:Lean
23552:Kava
23475:Wine
23470:Beer
21974:N02B
21970:N02A
21585:N07B
21470:PMID
21426:PMID
21391:PMID
21348:PMID
21313:PMID
21270:PMID
21235:PMID
21217:ISSN
21172:2016
21146:2012
21116:2021
21086:2023
21056:2017
21022:PMID
20966:PMID
20921:PMID
20852:2015
20826:2017
20789:PMID
20744:2016
20713:PMID
20676:2018
20645:2016
20619:2017
20560:ISBN
20537:PMID
20499:PMID
20465:2016
20435:2023
20401:PMID
20348:ISBN
20325:PMID
20263:PMID
20247:Pain
20232:2018
20194:PMID
20184:ISBN
20157:2018
20120:2018
20090:2018
20044:ISBN
20024:2018
19993:2018
19975:ISBN
19942:2018
19918:PMID
19880:2018
19862:ISBN
19841:2018
19811:2018
19793:ISBN
19733:ISBN
19707:2018
19672:2018
19654:ISBN
19633:2018
19593:ISBN
19566:ISBN
19541:PMID
19506:PMID
19455:ISBN
19430:PMID
19383:help
19363:2018
19345:ISBN
19316:2018
19260:2018
19219:2018
19167:PMID
19121:2018
19075:2018
19039:2018
19023:PMID
18990:ISBN
18920:PMID
18854:2019
18792:PMID
18707:2018
18672:2018
18654:ISBN
18633:2018
18602:2018
18584:ISBN
18556:PMID
18491:PMID
18442:PMID
18411:2017
18376:2016
18346:PMID
18301:2016
18275:2017
18243:2017
18212:2018
18180:PMID
18145:PMID
18096:PMID
18047:PMID
17998:PMID
17936:PMID
17893:PMID
17850:PMID
17796:PMID
17761:PMID
17720:PMID
17693:PMID
17658:PMID
17609:PMID
17574:PMID
17539:PMID
17474:ISSN
17464:ISBN
17416:PMID
17366:PMID
17322:2023
17306:PMID
17267:PMID
17161:PMID
17120:PMID
17077:PMID
17041:PMID
16996:2023
16972:ISSN
16937:2023
16921:PMID
16913:ISSN
16874:PMID
16856:ISSN
16817:PMID
16777:ISBN
16750:ISBN
16725:ISBN
16700:PMID
16692:ISSN
16651:PMID
16633:ISSN
16592:PMID
16570:2017
16543:PMID
16533:ISBN
16461:PMID
16402:PMID
16340:PMID
16304:PMID
16255:PMID
16204:PMID
16155:PMID
16111:PMID
16072:ISBN
16059:2014
16010:PMID
15994:Pain
15975:PMID
15940:PMID
15913:PMID
15886:PMID
15851:PMID
15807:PMID
15756:PMID
15704:PMID
15669:PMID
15659:ISBN
15628:PMID
15593:PMID
15557:PMID
15512:2016
15496:PMID
15447:PMID
15404:PMID
15361:PMID
15318:PMID
15283:PMID
15265:ISSN
15218:PMID
15210:ISSN
15175:PMID
15140:PMID
15091:PMID
15048:PMID
15021:PMID
14972:PMID
14937:PMID
14900:2019
14876:PMID
14834:PMID
14816:ISSN
14804:2022
14777:PMID
14742:PMID
14691:ISBN
14659:ISBN
14631:PMID
14607:2014
14563:PMID
14528:PMID
14500:PMID
14457:PMID
14422:PMID
14404:ISSN
14386:JAMA
14367:2022
14343:PMID
14294:PMID
14263:2016
14221:PMID
14178:PMID
14143:PMID
14094:PMID
14070:2013
14035:PMID
13992:PMID
13957:PMID
13949:ISSN
13908:PMID
13865:PMID
13828:ISBN
13790:PMID
13747:PMID
13712:PMID
13661:PMID
13630:2011
13611:PMID
13577:PMID
13542:PMID
13507:PMID
13470:2007
13454:PMID
13405:PMID
13362:PMID
13346:Pain
13318:PMID
13302:Pain
13283:PMID
13242:PMID
13197:2017
13157:PMID
13135:2018
13099:2016
13064:PMID
13015:PMID
12991:2010
12944:PMID
12909:PMID
12874:PMID
12839:PMID
12813:CMAJ
12767:PMID
12759:ISSN
12728:2020
12701:PMID
12663:2023
12629:PMID
12580:PMID
12541:PMID
12514:PMID
12488:CMAJ
12469:2016
12435:PMID
12394:PMID
12349:2016
12306:PMID
12271:PMID
12236:PMID
12220:Lung
12201:PMID
12157:PMID
12106:ISBN
12085:2016
12066:PMID
12032:PMID
11997:PMID
11956:PMID
11909:2016
11879:PMID
11838:PMID
11787:PMID
11750:PMID
11734:Pain
11717:PMID
11674:PMID
11658:Pain
11649:2013
11596:PMID
11547:PMID
11515:2013
11480:PMID
11445:PMID
11414:2013
11366:PMID
11313:PMID
11287:JAMA
11261:PMID
11210:PMID
11166:PMID
11117:PMID
11109:ISSN
11066:PMID
11030:PMID
11014:JAMA
10999:2023
10967:ISBN
10939:PMID
10888:ISBN
10861:ISBN
10840:2016
10810:2016
10774:ISBN
10743:ISBN
10710:ISBN
10672:PMID
10637:2016
10621:PMID
10584:2016
10541:PMID
10506:PMID
10469:2016
10439:2015
10399:2016
10369:2019
10356:NIDA
10331:ISBN
10308:PMID
10277:2019
10247:help
10227:2019
10204:ISBN
10167:ISBN
10143:2023
10113:2023
10073:ISBN
10049:2017
10031:ISBN
9918:W-18
9696:NDMC
8377:MPPP
7792:MNTX
7071:PPOM
6372:MPPP
6046:and
6034:and
5994:and
5986:and
5718:and
5685:and
5672:i.e.
5583:and
5490:and
5426:and
5361:and
5346:INCB
5130:and
5095:and
4985:and
4862:Agra
4760:and
4658:8.99
4593:High
4583:Best
4544:0.25
4514:0.59
4496:0.12
4472:11.1
4346:0.15
4302:SIOM
4293:0.23
4251:0.99
4215:0.20
4159:0.78
4123:8.69
4054:0.02
3979:0.93
3925:0.97
3907:0.24
3877:0.16
3841:23.4
3835:1.24
3784:3.61
3781:0.42
3720:79.4
3717:3.02
3699:60.3
3696:7.24
3678:11.2
3618:2.18
3603:34.6
3534:19.7
3504:13.3
3501:44.3
3480:0.65
3462:0.68
3444:9.86
3414:0.71
3396:24.9
3393:18.5
3390:0.47
3372:11.1
3354:0.39
3342:0.13
3336:0.23
3288:0.40
3213:0.23
3180:0.57
3177:1.82
3174:0.45
3138:34.5
3102:0.33
3051:0.74
3012:0.45
2994:0.18
2990:CTOP
2892:12.9
2889:25.8
2886:4.18
2871:0.78
2868:0.62
2850:0.75
2835:0.66
2824:BNTX
2815:0.79
2713:0.24
2695:0.33
2659:0.90
2641:13.5
2503:INTA
2480:e.g.
2438:The
2298:+++
2295:+++
2292:250
2279:+++
2263:+++
2244:+++
2226:+++
2223:+++
2217:0.1
1859:and
1842:and
1751:and
1686:e.g.
1677:and
1664:e.g.
1657:e.g.
1650:e.g.
1642:5-HT
1635:e.g.
1621:and
1581:and
1498:e.g.
1486:e.g.
1474:e.g.
1423:e.g.
1355:e.g.
1338:and
1326:and
1294:e.g.
1284:e.g.
1276:e.g.
1265:e.g.
1242:e.g.
1232:e.g.
1222:e.g.
1212:e.g.
1206:5-HT
1149:e.g.
989:e.g.
981:e.g.
924:zinc
922:and
902:does
847:and
829:Coma
682:and
667:COPD
559:and
551:and
452:pain
430:Pain
391:and
371:and
341:etc.
274:and
254:and
97:MeSH
73:N02A
29166:ECG
29161:EGC
28277:EGC
28272:ECG
27951:FIT
27555:EGC
27550:ECG
26560:GHB
26193:DXM
26126:GHB
26110:),
26025:THC
24624:Era
24614:Art
24561:Pub
24365:420
24196:THC
24112:PCP
24095:MXE
24043:DXM
23982:LSA
23970:DMT
23904:MDA
23899:AMT
23754:Tea
23487:GHB
21462:doi
21458:175
21418:doi
21383:doi
21340:doi
21305:doi
21262:doi
21225:PMC
21207:doi
21012:PMC
21004:doi
21000:102
20958:doi
20911:PMC
20903:doi
20779:PMC
20771:doi
20703:doi
20491:doi
20423:FDA
20391:PMC
20381:doi
20315:PMC
20307:doi
20303:106
20255:doi
20176:doi
19910:doi
19906:352
19766:doi
19533:doi
19496:PMC
19488:doi
19420:PMC
19410:doi
19337:doi
19200:doi
19157:doi
18955:doi
18910:doi
18906:110
18833:doi
18782:PMC
18772:doi
18695:XIX
18546:PMC
18538:doi
18526:485
18481:doi
18434:doi
18336:PMC
18328:doi
18172:doi
18135:PMC
18127:doi
18123:177
18086:PMC
18078:doi
18037:PMC
18029:doi
17988:PMC
17978:doi
17926:PMC
17916:doi
17883:PMC
17873:doi
17840:PMC
17830:doi
17788:doi
17751:doi
17685:doi
17681:291
17648:PMC
17640:doi
17636:131
17566:doi
17562:349
17535:274
17456:doi
17408:doi
17404:109
17358:doi
17298:doi
17153:doi
17112:doi
17108:101
17069:doi
17065:344
17031:PMC
17023:doi
16964:doi
16905:doi
16864:PMC
16848:doi
16844:106
16809:doi
16805:489
16682:doi
16641:PMC
16623:doi
16582:PMC
16574:doi
16525:doi
16488:doi
16451:PMC
16441:doi
16392:PMC
16384:doi
16380:125
16332:doi
16294:PMC
16286:doi
16245:PMC
16235:doi
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