724:
and 60 grams rice powder or other cereal into 1,000 milliliters water and boiling gently for five minutes. Give 130 mL per kilogram of body weight during per 24 hours. A child who cannot or will not eat this minimum amount should be given the diet by nasogastric tube divided into six equal feedings. Later on, the child should be given cereal made with a greater amount of skimmed milk product and vegetable oil and slightly less sugar. As appetite fully returns, the child should be eating 200 mL per kilogram of body weight per day. Zinc, potassium, vitamin A, and other vitamins and minerals should be added to both recommended cereal products, or to the oral rehydration solution itself. Children who are breastfed should continue breastfeeding.
273:
933:
720:
of ReSoMal per kilogram body weight for each of the first two hours (for example, a 9-kilogram child should be given 90 mL of ReSoMal over the course of the first hour, and another 90 mL for the second hour) and then continuing at this same rate or slower based on the child's thirst and ongoing stool losses, keeping in mind that a severely dehydrated child may be lethargic. If the child drinks poorly, a nasogastric tube should be used. The IV route should not be used for rehydration except in cases of shock and then only with care, infusing slowly to avoid flooding the circulation and overloading the heart.
42:
206:
1829:. Sometimes needs to be downloaded twice. See "4.2 Treatment Plan A: home therapy to prevent dehydration and malnutrition," "4.3 Treatment Plan B: oral rehydration therapy for children with some dehydration," and "4.4 Treatment Plan C: for patients with severe dehydration" on pages 8 to 16 (12–20 in PDF). See also "8. Management of Diarrhoea with Severe Malnutrition" on pages 22–24 (26–30 in PDF) and "Annex 2: Oral and Intravenous Rehydration Solutions" on pages 33–37 (37–41 in PDF).
837:
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1074:
a seer" (half a quart) of water and adding a fistful of sugar and a three-finger pinch of salt. Later on, the approach was broadcast over television and radio and a market for oral rehydration salts packets developed. Three decades later, national surveys have found that almost 90% of children with severe diarrhea in
Bangladesh are given oral rehydration fluids at home or in a health facility. ORT is known in Bangladesh as Orosaline or Orsaline.
947:
666:. A child with watery diarrhea typically regains their appetite as soon as dehydration is corrected, whereas a child with bloody diarrhea often eats poorly until the illness resolves. Such children should be encouraged to resume normal feeding as soon as possible. Once diarrhea is corrected, the WHO recommends giving the child an extra meal each day for two weeks, and longer if the child is malnourished.
330:
249:
5984:
240:. ORT might also be contraindicated in people who are in hemodynamic shock due to impaired airway protective reflexes. Short-term vomiting is not a contraindication to receiving oral rehydration therapy. In persons who are vomiting, drinking oral rehydration solution at a slow and continuous pace will help resolve vomiting.
342:
for IV therapy by about thirty percent when compared to standard oral rehydration solution. The incidence of vomiting is also reduced. The reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution has lower concentrations of glucose and sodium chloride than the original solution, but the concentrations of potassium and
898:
via the SGLT1 protein. Without glucose, intestinal sodium is not absorbed. This is why oral rehydration salts include both sodium and glucose. For each cycle of the transport, hundreds of water molecules move into the epithelial cell to maintain osmotic equilibrium. The resultant absorption of sodium
719:
An exception is if the severely malnourished child also has severe diarrhea (in which case ReSoMal may not provide enough sodium), in which case standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) is recommended. Malnourished children should be rehydrated slowly. The WHO recommends 10 milliliters
1073:
of fourteen women, one cook and one male supervisor traveled from village to village. After visiting with women in several villages, they hit upon the idea of encouraging the women in the village to make their own oral rehydration fluid. They used available household equipment, starting with a "half
723:
Feeding should usually resume within 2–3 hours after starting rehydration and should continue every 2–3 hours, day and night. For an initial cereal diet before a child regains his or her full appetite, the WHO recommends combining 25 grams skimmed milk powder, 20 grams vegetable oil, 60 grams sugar,
621:
WHO/UNICEF guidelines suggest ORT should begin at the first sign of diarrhea in order to prevent dehydration. Babies may be given ORS with a dropper or a syringe. Infants under two may be given a teaspoon of ORS fluid every one to two minutes. Older children and adults should take frequent sips from
235:
ORT should be discontinued and fluids replaced intravenously when vomiting is protracted despite proper administration of ORT; or signs of dehydration worsen despite giving ORT; or the person is unable to drink due to a decreased level of consciousness; or there is evidence of intestinal blockage or
161:
Oral rehydration therapy was developed in the 1940s using electrolyte solutions with or without glucose on an empirical basis chiefly for mild or convalescent patients, but did not come into common use for rehydration and maintenance therapy until after the discovery that glucose promoted sodium and
1065:
used oral rehydration therapy on the White River Apache Indian
Reservation with a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. He observed that children voluntarily drank as much of the solution as needed to restore hydration, and that rehydration and early re-feeding would
349:
The reduced osmolarity solution has been criticized by some for not providing enough sodium for adults with cholera. Clinical trials have, however, shown reduced osmolarity solution to be effective for adults and children with cholera. They seem to be safe but some caution is warranted according to
341:
of oral rehydration solution be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L. These guidelines were also updated in 2006. This recommendation was based on multiple clinical trials showing that the reduced osmolarity solution reduces stool volume in children with diarrhea by about twenty-five percent and the need
1057:
was 3.6 percent among those given ORT, compared with 30 percent in those given IV fluid therapy. After
Bangladesh won independence, there was a wide campaign to promote the use of saline in the treatment of diarrhea. In 1980, the World Health Organization recognized ORT and began a global program
315:
When oral rehydration salts packets and suitable teaspoons for measuring sugar and salt are not available, the WHO has recommended that homemade gruels, soups, etc., may be considered to help maintain hydration. A Lancet review in 2013 emphasized the need for more research on appropriate home made
226:
The degree of dehydration should be assessed before initiating ORT. ORT is suitable for people who are not dehydrated and those who show signs and symptoms of mild to moderate dehydration. People who have severe dehydration should seek professional medical help immediately and receive intravenous
217:
ORT may lower the mortality rate of diarrhea by as much as 93%. Case studies in four developing countries also have demonstrated an association between increased use of ORS and reduction in mortality. ORT using the original ORS formula has no effect on the duration of the diarrheic episode or the
661:
After severe dehydration is corrected and appetite returns, feeding the person speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function, minimizes weight loss and supports continued growth in children. Small frequent meals are best tolerated (offering the child food every three to four hours). Mothers
920:. In 1988, the definition was changed to include recommended home-made solutions, because the official preparation was not always available. The definition was also amended in 1988, to include continued feeding as associated therapy. In 1991, the definition became "an increase in administered
1005:
tried to make an effective ORT solution based on his discovery that, in the presence of glucose, sodium and chloride could be absorbed in patients with cholera; but he failed because his solution was too hypertonic and he used it to try to stop the diarrhea rather than to rehydrate patients.
1053:, a physician working with the Johns Hopkins International Center for Medical Research and Training in Calcutta, issued instructions to prepare an oral rehydration solution and to distribute it to family members and caregivers. Over 3,000 people with cholera received ORT in this way. The
2504:, Institute of Public Health Nutrition, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, May 2008, "Step 3. Treat/prevent dehydration" and "Step 4. Correct electrolyte imbalance," pages 21–23 (22-24 in PDF).
648:
As part of oral rehydration therapy, the WHO recommends supplemental zinc (10 to 20 mg daily) for ten to fourteen days, to reduce the severity and duration of the illness and make recurrent illness in the following two to three months less likely. Preparations are available as a
320:
are not optimal oral rehydration solutions, but they can be used if optimal choices are not available. They should not be withheld for lack of better options; again, rehydration takes precedence. But they are not replacements for oral rehydration solutions in nonemergency situations.
694:
flow. In children with severe malnutrition, it is often impossible to reliably distinguish between moderate and severe dehydration. A severely malnourished child who has signs of severe dehydration but who does not have a history of watery diarrhea should be treated for
1021:
appears undamaged in cholera, suggested that intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium might continue during the illness. This supported the notion that oral rehydration might be possible even during severe diarrhea due to cholera. In 1967–1968,
702:
The original ORS (90 mmol sodium/L) and the current standard reduced-osmolarity ORS (75 mmol sodium/L) both contain too much sodium and too little potassium for severely malnourished children with dehydration due to diarrhea. ReSoMal
986:
the results of using ORT to treat people with mild cholera. He gave the solution orally and rectally, along with Coleus extract, antihistamines, and antiemetics, without controls. The formula of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of
2391:
World Health
Organization, et al. (Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme) (1993). The selection of fluids and food for home therapy to prevent dehydration from diarrhoea : guidelines for developing a national policy (Report).
634:
camps, health clinics and hospital settings. Mothers should remain with their children and be taught how to give ORS. This will help to prepare them to give ORT at home in the future. Breastfeeding should be continued throughout ORT.
1369:
Nalin DR, Harland E, Ramlal A, Swaby D, McDonald J, Gangarosa R, Levine M, Akierman A, Antoine M, Mackenzie K, Johnson B (November 1980). "Comparison of low and high sodium and potassium content in oral rehydration solutions".
158:, respectively, which are both common side effects of diarrhea. A number of other formulations are also available including versions that can be made at home. However, the use of homemade solutions has not been well studied.
2363:
Pulungsih SP, Punjabi NH, Rafli K, Rifajati A, Kumala S, Simanjuntak CH, Yuwono, Lesmana M, Subekti D, Sutoto, Fontaine O (March 2006). "Standard WHO-ORS versus reduced-osmolarity ORS in the management of cholera patients".
715:
nutrition) is recommended for such children. It contains less sodium (45 mmol/L) and more potassium (40 mmol/L) than reduced osmolarity ORS. It can be obtained in packets produced by UNICEF or other manufacturers.
2773:
Crane R. K. et al. "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars." Membrane
Transport and Metabolism, proceedings of a symposium held in Prague, 22–27 August 1960. Kleinzeller A. and Kotyk A.
1626:
American
Academy of Pediatrics, Provisional Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Acute Gastroenteritis (March 1996). "Practice parameter: the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children".
1077:
From 2006 to 2011, UNICEF estimated that worldwide about a third of children under 5 who had diarrhea received an oral rehydration solution, with estimates ranging from 30% to 41% depending on the region.
1038:
and Majid Molla, reported that giving adults with cholera an oral glucose-electrolyte solution in volumes equal to those of the diarrhea losses reduced the need for IV fluid therapy by eighty percent.
2934:
Hirschhorn N, McCarthy BJ, Ranney B, Hirschhorn MA, Woodward ST, Lacapa A, Cash RA, Woodward WE, Weil WB (1973). "Ad libitum oral glucose-electrolyte therapy for acute diarrhea in apache children".
291:). They also describe other acceptable solutions, depending on material availability. Commercial preparations are available as prepared fluids and as packets of powder ready to mix with water.
3103:
973:
IV therapy by Rogers decreased the mortality rate of cholera to 40 percent, from 70. In the West, IV therapy became the "gold standard" for the treatment of moderate and severe dehydration.
107:
to reduce the duration of diarrhea in infants and children under the age of 5. Use of oral rehydration therapy has been estimated to decrease the risk of death from diarrhea by up to 93%.
622:
a cup, with a recommended intake of 200–400 mL of solution after every loose movement. The WHO recommends giving children under two a quarter- to a half-cup of fluid following each loose
308:
The optimal fluid for preparing oral rehydration solution is clean water. However, if this is not available, the usually available water should be used. Oral rehydration solution should
1026:
and
Nathaniel F. Pierce showed that people with severe cholera can absorb glucose, salt, and water and that this can occur in sufficient amounts to maintain hydration. In 1968,
146:, if not available, although the resulting mixture is not shelf stable in high-humidity environments. It works as glucose increases the uptake of sodium and thus water by the
2448:
4846:
1993:
World Health
Organization, et al. (Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme) (1986). Oral rehydration therapy for treatment of diarrhoea in the home (Report). Geneva:
786:. A healthy individual secretes 2000–3000 milligrams of sodium per day into the intestinal lumen. Nearly all of this is reabsorbed so that sodium levels in the body
287:
have jointly developed official guidelines for the manufacture of oral rehydration solution and the oral rehydration salts used to make it (both often abbreviated
1081:
ORT is one of the principal elements of the UNICEF "GOBI FFF" program (growth monitoring; ORT; breast feeding; immunization; female education; family spacing and
999:. He did not publish any balance data, and his exclusion of patients with severe dehydration did not lead to any confirming study; his report remained anecdotal.
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The current standard (hypo-osmolar) WHO ORS, with lower sodium and glucose content, was developed in order to reduce the intensity of diarrhoea in children.
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and older children a half- to a full cup. If the person vomits, the caregiver should wait 5–10 minutes and then resume giving ORS. ORS may be given by
3100:
2478:
5324:
4528:
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1625:
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and treatment of other infections. Useful signs of dehydration include an eagerness to drink, lethargy, cool and moist extremities, weak or absent
2325:
Nalin DR, Hirschhorn N, Greenough W 3rd, Fuchs GJ, Cash RA (2 June 2004). "Clinical concerns about reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution".
2086:
798:
within hours when fluid loss is severe. The objective of therapy is the replenishment of sodium and water losses by ORT or intravenous infusion.
166:. Globally, as of 2015, oral rehydration therapy is used by 41% of children with diarrhea. This use has played an important role in reducing the
3569:
3144:
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122:. If vomiting occurs, it is recommended that use be paused for 10 minutes and then gradually restarted. The recommended formulation includes
5944:
4123:
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In 1980, the
Bangladeshi nonprofit BRAC created a door-to-door and person-to-person sales force to teach ORT for use by mothers at home. A
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1965:
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17:
790:. In a diarrheal illness, sodium-rich intestinal secretions are lost before they can be reabsorbed. This can lead to life-threatening
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2459:
1752:
1915:"Diarrhoea, Diarrhea, Dehydration, Oral Rehydration, Mother and Child Nutrition, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene - Rehydration Project"
1853:"Diarrhoea, Diarrhea, Dehydration, Oral Rehydration, Mother and Child Nutrition, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene – Rehydration Project"
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e are susceptible. This reduces the volume loss due to diarrhea by 50% and shortens the duration of diarrhea to about 48 hours.
305:. The Rehydration Project states, "Making the mixture a little diluted (with more than 1 litre of clean water) is not harmful."
3698:
3584:
3544:
3529:
2899:
Hirschhorn N, Cash RA, Woodward WE, Spivey GH (1972). "Oral fluid therapy of Apache children with acute infectious diarrhoea".
2620:
2788:
Hirschhorn N (1968). "Decrease in net stool output in cholera during intestinal perfusion with glucose-containing solutions".
2627:
Paediatrics and Child Health, Canadian
Paediatric Society, nutrition committee 2006 11(8) p527–531. Accessed 17 February 2009.
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A basic oral rehydration therapy solution can also be prepared when packets of oral rehydration salts are not available. The
163:
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4042:
2521:
1793:
5442:
5317:
3549:
3539:
2969:
Hirschhorn N, Denny KM (1975). "Oral glucose-electrolyte therapy for diarrhea: A means to maintain or improve nutrition?".
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is best treated with ORT. Persons taking ORT should eat within six hours and return to their full diet within 24–48 hours.
1900:
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protect their nutrition. This led to increased use of ORT for children with diarrhea, especially in developing countries.
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noted the changes in blood composition and loss of water and salt in the stool of people with cholera and prescribed
860:
5020:
3564:
3524:
3472:
3065:
2864:
Nalin DR, Cash RA, Islam R, Molla M, Phillips RA (August 1968). "Oral maintenance therapy for cholera in adults".
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3194:
2191:
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1527:
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5226:
5072:
3129:
2220:"Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children"
272:
3120:"First Pollin prize in pediatric research recognizing developers of revolutionary oral rehydration therapy."
1408:
Water and Sanitation Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions and Preventive Measures
1085:). The program aims to increase child survival in developing nations through proven low-cost interventions.
932:
5555:
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4500:
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3042:, PATH, "PATH is an international nonprofit organization that transforms global health through innovation."
2825:"Effect of intragastric glucose-electrolyte infusion upon water and electrolyte balance in asiatic cholers"
2475:
1278:"Citrate can effectively replace bicarbonate in oral rehydration salts for cholera and infantile diarrhoea"
6024:
5858:
4195:
3783:
3457:
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5550:
4561:
4490:
4091:
3652:
3519:
2278:"Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions"
872:
5620:
2097:
1774:"Oral rehydration salts and solutions and rice-based solutions worldwide manufacturers and suppliers."
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displaced millions and an epidemic of cholera ensued among the refugees. When IV fluid ran out in the
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2016:
Sanders, et al. (2013). "Excellent can be the enemy of good: the case of diarrhoea management".
1994:
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be withheld simply because the available water is potentially unsafe; rehydration takes precedence.
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volume of fluid loss, although reduced osmolarity solutions have been shown to reduce stool volume.
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They found that, although boiled water was preferable, contaminated water was better than nothing.
1543:"Oral rehydration solutions for burn management in the field and underdeveloped regions: a review"
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1467:
3101:"Centre for Health and Population Research — 2001 Gates Award for Global Health Recipient."
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2124:"Oral rehydration of malnourished children with diarrhoea and dehydration: A systematic review"
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The WHO recommends that all severely malnourished children admitted to hospital should receive
611:
2618:"Oral rehydration therapy and early refeeding in the management of childhood gastroenteritis."
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1516:"Oral Rehydration Therapy and Early Refeeding in the Management of Childhood Gastroenteritis"
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and its role in intestinal glucose absorption. This, along with evidence that the intestinal
1002:
822:
795:
744:). In addition, hospitalized children should be checked daily for other specific infections.
302:
3032:
1976:
1823:
1226:"The effect of oral rehydration solution and recommended home fluids on diarrhoea mortality"
912:
In the early 1980s, "oral rehydration therapy" meant only the preparation prescribed by the
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moves three sodium ions into the extracellular space, while pulling into the enterocyte two
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883:, since both sodium and glucose are transported in the same direction across the membrane.
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then transport glucose across the basolateral membrane. Both SGLT1 and SGLT2 are known as
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Pneumonia and Diarrhoea: Tackling the Deadliest Diseases for the World's Poorest Children
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National Guidelines for the Management of Severely Malnourished Children in Bangladesh
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2687:(21 November 1953). "Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid".
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1966:"The treatment of diarrhea, a manual for physicians and other senior health workers"
1824:"The Treatment Of Diarrhea, A manual for physicians and other senior health workers"
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oral rehydration solution (ORS), oral rehydration salts (ORS), glucose-salt solution
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ORT is less invasive than the other strategies for fluid replacement, specifically
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91:. It involves drinking water with modest amounts of sugar and salts, specifically
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3009:"SLOW IDEAS, Some innovations spread fast. How do you speed the ones that don't?"
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Molar composition for the WHO standard and low-osmolar-oral rehydration solution
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2476:"Community health worker training materials for cholera prevention and control."
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2419:"WHO position paper on oral rehydration salts to reduce mortality from cholera"
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children. Care of these children must also include careful management of their
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rehydration as soon as possible to rapidly replenish fluid volume in the body.
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of the cell against the glucose gradient. The co-transporters are examples of
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Oral rehydration therapy may also be used as a treatment for the symptoms of
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182:(IV) fluid replacement. Mild to moderate dehydration in children seen in an
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5090:
5002:
4875:
4778:
4729:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4618:
4443:
4359:
4251:
4241:
4207:
3884:
3611:
3358:
3343:
3333:
3004:
2708:
2667:
2577:
2377:
2346:
2311:
2257:
2159:
2072:
2037:
1896:
1612:
1568:
1441:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1355:
1322:"Oral rehydration therapy in the second decade of the twenty-first century"
1259:
1046:
810:
696:
687:
683:
650:
317:
2990:
2955:
2920:
2885:
2850:
2809:
2760:
1648:
1640:
1391:
1303:
836:
653:
solution for adults, a modified solution for children and in tablet form.
5899:
5894:
5868:
5758:
5743:
5724:
5683:
5651:
5646:
5484:
5362:
5302:
5270:
5032:
5010:
4841:
4761:
4405:
4306:
4059:
3657:
3621:
3379:
3348:
2642:"Cholera, diarrhea, and oral rehydration therapy: triumph and indictment"
2087:"New formulation of Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) with reduced osmolarity"
1241:
1180:
World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.).
1130:
1116:
1027:
890:
protein requires sodium. Two sodium ions and one molecule of glucose (or
791:
787:
679:
190:
179:
151:
84:
1449:
924:"; in 1993, "an increase in administered fluids and continued feeding".
62:
5878:
5823:
5818:
5808:
5803:
5656:
5530:
5392:
5387:
5343:
5046:
4719:
4697:
4342:
4281:
3693:
3211:
2401:
2204:
2002:
1193:
1102:
1070:
982:
876:
806:
802:
741:
737:
663:
627:
358:
Formula for the WHO standard and low-osmolar-oral rehydration solution
338:
147:
46:
An oral rehydration solution (250ml) prepared according to WHO formula.
3823:
1688:"Improved formula for oral rehydration salts to save children's lives"
759:
610:
ORT is based on evidence that water continues to be absorbed from the
5863:
5729:
5708:
5590:
5515:
5467:
5397:
5352:
4996:
4966:
4829:
4807:
4660:
4511:
4485:
4347:
4337:
4224:
4185:
4118:
3950:
3667:
3363:
940:
891:
880:
852:
779:
775:
768:
512:
506:
500:
96:
2546:
Leibovici-Weissman Y, Neuberger A, Bitterman R, et al. (2014).
2545:
1469:
The State of the World's Children 2016 A fair chance for every child
801:
Sodium absorption occurs in two stages. The first is via intestinal
5914:
5853:
5843:
5778:
5615:
5595:
5520:
4630:
4608:
4320:
3862:
2658:
2641:
1713:
1515:
970:
856:
817:
protein. From the intestinal epithelial cells, sodium is pumped by
675:
155:
111:
88:
2933:
5873:
5848:
5625:
4682:
4448:
4352:
4324:
3261:
1881:"Gastroenteritis in children: part II, prevention and management"
1587:"Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy"
992:
958:
899:
and water can achieve rehydration even while diarrhea continues.
864:
782:
with the blood and contains a high quantity, about 142 mEq/L, of
631:
443:
343:
210:
139:
135:
5798:
5585:
5570:
5333:
5148:
4766:
4652:
3286:
3168:
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology: Enhanced E-book
2187:
2182:
1018:
946:
917:
783:
284:
92:
27:
Type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration
2515:"Technical Bulletin No. 17: RESOMAL – new sachet/carton sizes"
301:
of sugar to salt should be 1:1 and the solution should not be
5703:
4598:
4328:
3110:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Accessed 21 February 2009.
2362:
2324:
1098:
996:
969:(IV fluids), first administered by Latta. The prescribing of
887:
814:
691:
329:
298:
257:
248:
237:
150:, and the potassium chloride and sodium citrate help prevent
2898:
5489:
3151:
Prince Mahidol Award Foundation. Accessed 22 February 2009.
1584:
1320:
Binder HJ, Brown I, Ramakrishna BS, Young GP (March 2014).
1319:
951:
863:
use energy from this downhill sodium gradient to transport
614:
even while fluid is lost through diarrhea or vomiting. The
265:
194:
162:
water absorption during cholera in the 1960s. It is on the
4032:
3230:
886:
The co-transport of glucose into epithelial cells via the
618:
specify indications, preparations and procedures for ORT.
3225:
3192:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2390:
1992:
1816:
1514:
Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society (1994).
1435:
1179:
913:
1914:
1852:
1453:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
3196:
Oral rehydration salts : production of the new ORS
3171:. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 840.
2727:"Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy"
1368:
957:
Dehydration was a major cause of death during the 1829
164:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
2584:
5972:
1783:
Rehydration Project website. Accessed 3 January 2014.
3033:
Oral rehydration therapy / oral rehydration solution
747:
If cholera is suspected give an antibiotic to which
2863:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2122:Houston KA, Gibb JG, Maitland K (27 October 2017).
2121:
1585:Victora CG, Bryce J, Fontaine O, Monasch R (2000).
2635:
2633:
1844:
168:number of deaths in children under the age of five
99:. Oral rehydration therapy can also be given by a
2193:Oral rehydration salts: production of the new ORS
1742:
1509:
1507:
5996:
2169:
1682:
1680:
1223:
961:pandemic in Russia and Western Europe. In 1831,
2968:
2720:
2718:
2630:
2358:
2356:
2275:
1745:"Managing Acute Gastroenteritis Among Children"
252:Commercially available oral rehydration salts:
2639:
1960:
1504:
6035:World Health Organization essential medicines
5828:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
5318:
4018:
3839:
3246:
2413:
2411:
2217:
2052:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1677:
669:
337:In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended that the
333:UNICEF-WHO Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS) packet
4124:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2715:
2366:Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition
2353:
1878:
1794:"Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in children"
1669:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1224:Munos MK, Walker CL, Black RE (April 2010).
2224:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1271:
1269:
5332:
5325:
5311:
4163:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
4025:
4011:
3846:
3832:
3253:
3239:
3164:
2971:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2787:
2683:
2605:
2593:
2548:"Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera"
2408:
1937:
1869:Homemade Oral Rehydration Solution Recipe.
1798:US Department of Health and Human Services
40:
2840:
2750:
2657:
2567:
2301:
2247:
2149:
2139:
1602:
1558:
1547:International Journal of Burns and Trauma
1448:
1345:
1293:
1249:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1095:Centre for Health and Population Research
2724:
1540:
1475:. UNICEF. June 2016. pp. 117, 129.
1462:
1460:
1362:
1315:
1313:
1266:
945:
931:
835:
758:
328:
271:
247:
213:drinking oral rehydration solution (ORS)
204:
3853:
3019:from the original on 17 February 2014.
3003:
2552:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2015:
1619:
1580:
1578:
1425:from the original on 18 September 2017.
1404:
1119:, and Nathaniel Pierce, 2002 inaugural
855:ions. This creates a "downhill" sodium
638:
14:
5997:
3699:Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood
2822:
2527:from the original on 15 September 2015
2449:"Pediatric zinc sulfate oral solution"
2058:
1492:from the original on 20 September 2016
1429:
1210:
1156:
894:) are transported together across the
754:
221:
142:and sodium citrate may be replaced by
5306:
5147:
4391:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
4006:
3827:
3234:
2679:
2677:
2271:
2269:
2267:
1840:from the original on 19 October 2011.
1743:King C, Glass R, Bresee J, Duggan C.
1530:from the original on 14 October 2014.
1457:
1443:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1411:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 60.
1310:
1275:
1230:International Journal of Epidemiology
1105:, 2001 Gates award for global health.
1015:sodium-glucose co-transport mechanism
939:and his sketch of the sodium-glucose
809:). Sodium passes into these cells by
763:Intestinal epithelium (H&E stain)
324:
5443:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2640:Guerrant R. L., et al. (2003).
2554:. Art. No.: CD008625 (6): CD008625.
1903:from the original on 2 January 2014.
1755:from the original on 28 October 2014
1749:CDC MMWR Recommendations and Reports
1724:from the original on 14 October 2014
1575:
674:Dehydration may be overestimated in
276:Commercially available ORS in water.
230:
3987:Mixed disorder of acid-base balance
3090:from the original on 13 April 2007.
3067:1946–2006, sixty years for children
2469:
2458:(WHO). 15 July 2008. Archived from
1879:Churgay CA, Aftab Z (1 June 2012).
1520:The Canadian Journal of Paediatrics
1121:Pollin Prize for Pediatric Research
24:
3193:World Health Organization (2006).
3186:
2674:
2264:
2059:Dousma M, et al. (2003), "",
1694:from the original on 3 August 2008
25:
6046:
5276:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
5123:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3219:
3165:Guyton A, Hall J (19 July 2010).
605:
103:. Therapy can include the use of
5982:
5021:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2218:Hahn S, Kim S, Garner P (2002).
2141:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12357.1
1925:from the original on 8 June 2015
1859:from the original on 8 June 2015
1326:Current Gastroenterology Reports
5378:Breastfeeding and mental health
4262:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
4257:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
4134:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3135:
3113:
3094:
3058:
3045:
3026:
2997:
2962:
2927:
2892:
2857:
2816:
2781:
2767:
2611:
2539:
2507:
2441:
2384:
2318:
2211:
2079:
2009:
1986:
1907:
1872:
1786:
1767:
1736:
1706:
1534:
767:Fluid from the body enters the
690:(wrist), and reduced or absent
678:children and underestimated in
316:fluids to prevent dehydration.
173:
5016:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4866:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4688:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2560:10.1002/14651858.CD008625.pub2
2294:10.1002/14651858.CD003754.pub3
2276:Musekiwa A, Volmink J (2011).
1398:
927:
727:
243:
197:in resource-limited settings.
13:
1:
5373:Breastfeeding and medications
5073:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3130:NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital
2948:10.1016/S0022-3476(73)80215-X
2913:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)91277-9
2878:10.1016/S0140-6736(68)90591-6
2842:10.1016/S0016-5085(19)34043-0
2701:10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90668-0
2030:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61633-5
1384:10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80287-3
1149:
1041:In 1971, fighting during the
907:
138:. Glucose may be replaced by
5935:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
5556:Infant cognitive development
5453:Neonatal intensive care unit
4982:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4501:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
4109:Esophageal motility disorder
3504:1992 (AerolĂneas Argentinas)
3142:"Prince Mahidol Award 2006."
2646:Clinical Infectious Diseases
963:William Brooke O'Shaughnessy
845:sodium–potassium ATPase pump
7:
5859:Supplemental nursing system
3784:Love in the Time of Cholera
3570:2022–2024 (Southern Africa)
3260:
2802:10.1056/nejm196807252790402
200:
10:
6051:
5611:Prenatal development table
5551:Irritant diaper dermatitis
4967:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4491:Functional colonic disease
4287:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3132:Accessed 22 February 2009.
2778:, Prague, 1961, p439– 449.
2282:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1714:"Oral Rehydration Therapy"
902:
873:secondary active transport
734:broad-spectrum antibiotics
670:Children with malnutrition
656:
630:or health care workers in
83:used to prevent and treat
18:Oral rehydration solutions
5930:Prenatal cocaine exposure
5887:
5718:Infant care and equipment
5717:
5635:Socialization and Culture
5634:
5546:Infant visual development
5498:
5413:Infant and toddler safety
5341:
5261:
5140:
5081:
4995:
4952:
4798:
4789:
4742:
4696:
4651:
4537:
4424:
4314:
4301:
4176:
4168:Acute esophageal necrosis
4050:
4041:
3979:
3949:
3927:
3870:
3861:
3716:
3681:
3635:
3597:
3512:
3491:
3445:
3399:
3392:
3372:
3326:
3308:
3301:
3275:
3268:
3204:World Health Organization
3106:29 September 2011 at the
3073:. UNICEF. November 2006.
3055:. New York: UNICEF; 2012.
2936:The Journal of Pediatrics
2776:Czech Academy of Sciences
2743:10.1017/s0025727300036905
2725:Ruxin JN (October 1994).
2456:World Health Organization
2394:World Health Organization
2232:10.1002/14651858.CD002847
2184:World Health Organization
1995:World Health Organization
1973:World Health Organization
1831:World Health Organization
1541:Vyas KS, Wong LK (2013).
1437:World Health Organization
1338:10.1007/s11894-014-0376-2
1188:(WHO). pp. 349–351.
1186:World Health Organization
1088:
1043:Bangladesh Liberation War
967:intravenous fluid therapy
914:World Health Organization
827:basolateral cell membrane
616:World Health Organization
485:
368:
365:
362:
110:Side effects may include
59:
51:
39:
34:
5940:Parental child abduction
5463:Oral rehydration therapy
4267:Gastric dumping syndrome
4142:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
4129:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3798:The Horseman on the Roof
3313:Oral rehydration therapy
3125:6 September 2008 at the
3038:23 February 2014 at the
2623:4 September 2009 at the
2339:10.1001/jama.291.21.2632
1182:WHO Model Formulary 2008
978:Hemendra Nath Chatterjee
73:Oral rehydration therapy
35:Oral rehydration therapy
5945:Parental responsibility
5458:Newborn care and safety
4883:Alcoholic liver disease
4416:Bile acid malabsorption
4360:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3530:2009 (Papua New Guinea)
2500:19 October 2011 at the
2481:20 October 2011 at the
1779:7 December 2014 at the
1591:Bull World Health Organ
1282:Bull World Health Organ
1058:for its dissemination.
643:
5689:Grandparent visitation
4893:Hepatic encephalopathy
4277:Buried bumper syndrome
4208:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
4092:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
4035:human digestive system
3895:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
3453:1832 (Lord Wellington)
2606:Guyton & Hall 2010
2594:Guyton & Hall 2010
2425:. 2014. Archived from
2128:Wellcome Open Research
1975:. 2005. Archived from
995:, and 1000 mL of
954:
943:
840:
813:with glucose, via the
796:electrolyte imbalances
764:
612:gastrointestinal tract
334:
277:
269:
214:
5448:Infant sleep training
5118:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4987:Porcelain gallbladder
4099:Zenker's diverticulum
3992:Acid–base homeostasis
3964:Contraction alkalosis
3890:Diabetic ketoacidosis
3732:Memories and Vagaries
3468:1849-1850 (Tennessee)
2983:10.1093/ajcn/28.2.189
2061:Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd
1850:Rehydration Project,
1641:10.1542/peds.97.3.424
1003:Robert Allan Phillips
949:
935:
839:
823:sodium-potassium pump
762:
332:
275:
251:
208:
5606:Prenatal development
5506:Attachment parenting
5480:Shaken baby syndrome
4922:Hepatorenal syndrome
4861:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4818:Autoimmune hepatitis
4643:Intestinal adhesions
4401:Short bowel syndrome
4230:Functional dyspepsia
4148:Esophageal stricture
4114:Nutcracker esophagus
3607:Chicago cholera myth
3555:2018–2019 (Zimbabwe)
3499:1913 (Romanian Army)
2465:on 27 December 2021.
2199:. WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1.
1143:Prince Mahidol Award
1083:food supplementation
1009:In the early 1960s,
639:Associated therapies
184:emergency department
120:high blood potassium
87:, especially due to
5920:Infant ear piercing
5061:Choledocholithiasis
4932:Metabolic disorders
4898:Acute liver failure
4871:Portal hypertension
4823:Alcoholic hepatitis
4666:Radiation proctitis
4585:Mesenteric ischemia
4557:Gastroenterocolitis
4386:Blind loop syndrome
4196:Ménétrier's disease
4104:Barrett's esophagus
3855:Acid–base disorders
3725:Mastro-don Gesualdo
3717:Cultural depictions
3575:2023 (South Africa)
3540:2012 (Sierra Leone)
3483:1854 (Broad Street)
3226:Rehydration Project
3214:. WHO/FCH/CAH/06.1.
2005:. WHO/CDD/SER/80.2.
1982:on 19 October 2011.
1718:Rehydration Project
1405:Selendy JM (2011).
1236:(Suppl 1): i75–87.
847:at the basolateral
831:extracellular space
755:Physiological basis
662:should continue to
482:
359:
222:Treatment algorithm
193:and rehydration in
6025:Medical treatments
5428:Infant food safety
5236:Undefined location
5227:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
5128:Pancreatic fistula
5111:Pancreatic abscess
5066:Biliary dyskinesia
5037:Mirizzi's syndrome
4538:Large and/or small
4218:Dieulafoy's lesion
4087:Boerhaave syndrome
3585:2023–2024 (Zambia)
3545:2014–2015 (Africa)
3147:9 May 2009 at the
1242:10.1093/ije/dyq025
1109:Norbert Hirschhorn
1063:Norbert Hirschhorn
1024:Norbert Hirschhorn
955:
950:Refugee camp near
944:
922:hydrational fluids
841:
765:
480:
357:
335:
325:Reduced-osmolarity
278:
270:
215:
144:sodium bicarbonate
132:potassium chloride
5970:
5969:
5830:
5667:Children's rights
5581:Object permanence
5403:Failure to thrive
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5136:
5135:
4738:
4737:
4595:Bowel obstruction
4297:
4296:
4000:
3999:
3945:
3944:
3821:
3820:
3712:
3711:
3689:Broad Street Pump
3648:Waldemar Haffkine
3593:
3592:
3550:2016–2022 (Yemen)
3473:1853 (Copenhagen)
3388:
3387:
3297:
3296:
3178:978-0-7216-0240-0
3080:978-92-806-4053-3
2823:Pierce N (1968).
2429:on 20 August 2011
2024:(9889): 307–308.
1804:on 2 January 2014
1482:978-92-806-4838-6
1276:Islam MR (1986).
1135:Dilip Mahalanabis
1113:Dilip Mahalanabis
1051:Dilip Mahalanabis
859:within the cell.
603:
602:
495:Acceptable range
478:
477:
406:Trisodium citrate
231:Contraindications
116:high blood sodium
81:fluid replacement
70:
69:
16:(Redirected from
6042:
6020:Gastroenterology
5987:
5986:
5985:
5978:
5826:
5511:Baby-led weaning
5327:
5320:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5288:Pneumoperitoneum
5145:
5144:
5055:Common bile duct
4937:Wilson's disease
4927:Peliosis hepatis
4796:
4795:
4673:Proctalgia fugax
4580:Abdominal angina
4505:Ogilvie syndrome
4454:Pseudomembranous
4312:
4311:
4272:Gastric volvulus
4237:Pyloric stenosis
4048:
4047:
4033:Diseases of the
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
4003:
3907:Normal anion gap
3868:
3867:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3758:The Painted Veil
3633:
3632:
3617:Cholera Hospital
3560:2020 (Bengaluru)
3478:1853 (Stockholm)
3463:1833 (Lexington)
3397:
3396:
3373:Fluoroquinolones
3306:
3305:
3273:
3272:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3215:
3201:
3182:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3117:
3111:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3072:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3007:(29 July 2013).
3001:
2995:
2994:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2829:Gastroenterology
2820:
2814:
2813:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2754:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2628:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2492:
2486:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2453:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2404:. WHO/CDD/93.44.
2388:
2382:
2381:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2305:
2288:(12): CD003754.
2273:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2180:
2167:
2166:
2153:
2143:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2102:
2096:. Archived from
2091:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1962:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1885:Am Fam Physician
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1800:. Archived from
1790:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1474:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1177:
819:active transport
778:. This fluid is
483:
479:
360:
356:
105:zinc supplements
101:nasogastric tube
63:edit on Wikidata
44:
32:
31:
21:
6050:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6039:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5971:
5966:
5960:Paternity fraud
5910:Closed adoption
5883:
5839:Infant clothing
5814:Haberman Feeder
5784:Car seat safety
5713:
5694:Infant swimming
5672:UN Child rights
5630:
5541:Gestational age
5494:
5337:
5331:
5301:
5292:
5257:
5246:Internal hernia
5132:
5077:
5042:Biliary fistula
5000:
4991:
4977:Adenomyomatosis
4972:Cholesterolosis
4948:
4942:Hemochromatosis
4813:Viral hepatitis
4785:
4734:
4692:
4678:Rectal prolapse
4647:
4614:Fecal impaction
4604:Intussusception
4567:Crohn's disease
4533:
4516:Toxic megacolon
4428:
4426:Large intestine
4420:
4365:Curling's ulcer
4318:
4316:Small intestine
4305:
4293:
4201:Gastroenteritis
4172:
4037:
4031:
4001:
3996:
3975:
3941:
3923:
3857:
3852:
3822:
3817:
3775:The Seventh Sin
3739:Death in Venice
3708:
3677:
3673:Henry Whitehead
3643:Gaspard Goyrand
3631:
3589:
3580:2023 (Zimbabwe)
3525:2008 (Zimbabwe)
3508:
3487:
3441:
3384:
3368:
3354:Chloramphenicol
3322:
3293:
3281:Vibrio cholerae
3264:
3259:
3222:
3199:
3189:
3187:Further reading
3179:
3156:
3155:
3149:Wayback Machine
3140:
3136:
3127:Wayback Machine
3118:
3114:
3108:Wayback Machine
3099:
3095:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3051:Source: UNICEF.
3050:
3046:
3040:Wayback Machine
3031:
3027:
3002:
2998:
2967:
2963:
2932:
2928:
2897:
2893:
2872:(7564): 370–3.
2862:
2858:
2821:
2817:
2790:N. Engl. J. Med
2786:
2782:
2772:
2768:
2723:
2716:
2682:
2675:
2638:
2631:
2625:Wayback Machine
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2585:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2502:Wayback Machine
2493:
2489:
2483:Wayback Machine
2474:
2470:
2462:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2385:
2361:
2354:
2323:
2319:
2274:
2265:
2226:(1): CD002847.
2216:
2212:
2196:
2181:
2170:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2103:on 16 July 2014
2100:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2057:
2053:
2014:
2010:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1891:(11): 1066–70.
1877:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:Wayback Machine
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1662:
1661:
1624:
1620:
1597:(10): 1246–55.
1583:
1576:
1539:
1535:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1434:
1430:
1419:
1403:
1399:
1367:
1363:
1318:
1311:
1274:
1267:
1222:
1211:
1204:
1178:
1157:
1152:
1139:Stanley Schultz
1127:Richard A. Cash
1091:
1032:Richard A. Cash
1011:Robert K. Crane
991:, 25 g of
989:sodium chloride
930:
910:
905:
869:apical membrane
788:remain constant
757:
730:
672:
659:
646:
641:
608:
352:Cochrane review
346:are unchanged.
327:
246:
233:
224:
203:
176:
124:sodium chloride
79:) is a type of
66:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
5992:
5991:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5952:
5950:Parenting plan
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5834:Infant carrier
5831:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5774:Baby transport
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5438:Infant massage
5435:
5433:Infant formula
5430:
5425:
5423:Infant feeding
5420:
5418:Infant bathing
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5383:Bottle feeding
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5339:
5338:
5336:and their care
5330:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5283:Hemoperitoneum
5280:
5279:
5278:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5153:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5007:
5005:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4885:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4752:Blood in stool
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4725:Anal dysplasia
4722:
4717:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4592:
4590:Angiodysplasia
4587:
4582:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4525:Diverticulosis
4521:Diverticulitis
4518:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4498:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4411:Milroy disease
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Tropical sprue
4378:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4334:
4332:
4309:
4303:Lower GI tract
4299:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4043:Upper GI tract
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3955:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3912:Hyperchloremic
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3880:High anion gap
3876:
3874:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3663:Filippo Pacini
3660:
3655:
3653:George Johnson
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:2022 (Lebanon)
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3220:External links
3218:
3217:
3216:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3154:
3153:
3134:
3112:
3093:
3079:
3057:
3044:
3025:
3013:The New Yorker
2996:
2961:
2926:
2907:(7766): 15–8.
2891:
2856:
2815:
2796:(4): 176–181.
2780:
2766:
2714:
2695:(6795): 1063.
2673:
2659:10.1086/376619
2652:(3): 398–405.
2629:
2610:
2608:, p. 330.
2598:
2583:
2538:
2506:
2487:
2468:
2440:
2407:
2383:
2352:
2333:(21): 2632–5.
2317:
2263:
2210:
2168:
2114:
2078:
2067:(5): 213–214,
2051:
2008:
1985:
1936:
1906:
1871:
1843:
1815:
1785:
1766:
1735:
1705:
1676:
1635:(3): 424–435.
1618:
1574:
1533:
1526:(5): 160–164.
1503:
1481:
1456:
1428:
1417:
1397:
1378:(5): 848–853.
1361:
1309:
1288:(1): 145–150.
1265:
1209:
1202:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1124:
1106:
1090:
1087:
1061:In the 1970s,
1055:mortality rate
1028:David R. Nalin
1013:described the
929:
926:
909:
906:
904:
901:
756:
753:
736:(for example,
729:
726:
671:
668:
658:
655:
645:
642:
640:
637:
624:bowel movement
607:
606:Administration
604:
601:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
516:
510:
504:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
371:
370:
367:
364:
326:
323:
245:
242:
232:
229:
223:
220:
209:A person with
202:
199:
175:
172:
128:sodium citrate
68:
67:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6047:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5990:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Open adoption
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Child neglect
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Hidden camera
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5662:Child custody
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:Nursery rhyme
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Kangaroo care
5564:
5562:
5561:Infant crying
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5475:Preterm birth
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5368:Breastfeeding
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5314:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5157:Diaphragmatic
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Cholecystitis
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:Liver abscess
4903:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4888:Liver failure
4886:
4884:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:Enterocolitis
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:Malabsorption
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Gastroparesis
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Cushing ulcer
4211:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Megaesophagus
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3918:
3917:Renal tubular
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3814:
3813:
3812:The Ghost Map
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3627:Cholera riots
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:2010s (Haiti)
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3339:Cotrimoxazole
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:(2): 189–92.
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:(4): 562–71.
2941:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2835:(3): 333–43.
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:(4): 363–97.
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Chatterjee HN
2680:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2523:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2372:(1): 107–12.
2371:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1924:
1920:
1919:rehydrate.org
1916:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1418:9781118148600
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1203:9789241547659
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:refugee camps
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:Rafiqul Islam
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
984:
980:published in
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
948:
942:
938:
934:
925:
923:
919:
915:
900:
897:
896:cell membrane
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:SGLT proteins
858:
854:
850:
849:cell membrane
846:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:
761:
752:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
667:
665:
654:
652:
636:
633:
629:
625:
619:
617:
613:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
532:
528:
525:
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
494:
491:
488:
484:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
445:
441:
440:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
423:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
361:
355:
353:
347:
345:
340:
331:
322:
319:
318:Sports drinks
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
274:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
241:
239:
228:
219:
212:
207:
198:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
64:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5888:Other topics
5827:
5794:Cradle board
5789:Cloth diaper
5749:Baby shampoo
5735:Baby monitor
5725:Baby bouncer
5679:Circumcision
5526:Birth defect
5462:
5408:Immunization
5358:Birth weight
5235:
5214:
5091:Pancreatitis
5053:
5003:biliary tree
4876:Nutmeg liver
4853:
4779:Hematochezia
4730:Pruritus ani
4715:Anal abscess
4710:Anal fistula
4706:Anal fissure
4619:Constipation
4573:
4444:Appendicitis
4252:Gastroptosis
4242:Achlorhydria
4081:
4070:Eosinophilic
3885:Ketoacidosis
3810:
3803:
3796:
3782:
3773:
3756:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3612:Cholera belt
3458:1832 (Sligo)
3437:1961–present
3359:Furazolidone
3344:Erythromycin
3334:Tetracycline
3312:
3279:
3195:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3137:
3115:
3096:
3066:
3060:
3052:
3047:
3028:
3020:
3012:
2999:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2939:
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2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2509:
2490:
2471:
2460:the original
2443:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:the original
2422:
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2285:
2281:
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2192:
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2131:
2127:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2093:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1988:
1977:the original
1972:
1927:. Retrieved
1918:
1909:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1861:. Retrieved
1846:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1797:
1788:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1665:cite journal
1632:
1628:
1621:
1594:
1590:
1553:(3): 130–6.
1550:
1546:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1494:. Retrieved
1468:
1450:10665/325771
1440:
1431:
1407:
1400:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1329:
1325:
1285:
1281:
1233:
1229:
1181:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1040:
1034:, helped by
1008:
1001:
981:
975:
956:
911:
885:
842:
825:through the
811:co-transport
800:
766:
748:
746:
731:
722:
718:
712:
708:
704:
701:
697:septic shock
688:radial pulse
684:malnutrition
673:
660:
651:zinc sulfate
647:
620:
609:
425:KCl (NoSalt)
369:Low-osmolar
348:
336:
314:
309:
307:
303:hyperosmolar
293:
288:
279:
261:
253:
234:
225:
216:
188:
177:
174:Medical uses
160:
109:
76:
72:
71:
29:
6015:Dehydration
5900:Babywearing
5895:Baby shower
5869:Swim diaper
5759:Baby walker
5744:Baby powder
5684:Foster care
5652:Child abuse
5647:Babysitting
5499:Development
5485:Soy formula
5363:Breast pump
5271:Peritonitis
5033:Cholestasis
5011:Cholangitis
4954:Gallbladder
4842:Fatty liver
4762:Hematemesis
4744:GI bleeding
4550:Necrotizing
4479:Lymphocytic
4474:Collagenous
4469:Microscopic
4406:Steatorrhea
4307:Enteropathy
4153:Inlet patch
4075:Herpetiform
4060:Esophagitis
3971:Respiratory
3937:Respiratory
3929:Respiratory
3704:Duffy's Cut
3658:Robert Koch
3622:Cholera pit
3520:2007 (Iraq)
3380:Norfloxacin
3349:Doxycycline
3327:Antibiotics
3212:10665/69227
2402:10665/62619
2205:10665/69227
2003:10665/60117
1194:10665/44053
1131:David Nalin
1117:David Nalin
928:Development
875:. The GLUT
867:across the
807:enterocytes
792:dehydration
728:Antibiotics
711:lution for
628:aid workers
492:Low-osmolar
388:NaCl (salt)
244:Preparation
191:dehydration
180:intravenous
152:hypokalemia
85:dehydration
52:Other names
6005:Body water
5999:Categories
5879:Travel cot
5824:Infant bed
5819:High chair
5809:Baby wipes
5804:Diaper bag
5769:Baby swing
5657:Child care
5642:Attachment
5531:Childbirth
5393:Cradle cap
5344:Pediatrics
5263:Peritoneal
5241:Incisional
5162:Congenital
5106:Hereditary
5083:Pancreatic
5047:Haemobilia
4720:Hemorrhoid
4698:Anal canal
4636:Infectious
4624:Functional
4459:Ulcerative
4343:Duodenitis
4282:Gastrinoma
3805:Contagious
3694:Cefn Golau
2520:. UNICEF.
2018:The Lancet
1759:29 October
1728:29 October
1690:. UNICEF.
1629:Pediatrics
1496:14 January
1332:(3): 376.
1150:References
1103:Bangladesh
1071:task force
983:The Lancet
971:hypertonic
916:(WHO) and
908:Definition
881:symporters
877:uniporters
803:epithelial
769:intestinal
749:V. cholera
742:ampicillin
738:gentamicin
707:hydration
664:breastfeed
442:Anhydrous
363:Component
339:osmolarity
148:intestines
5955:Paternity
5864:Swaddling
5730:Baby gate
5709:Wet nurse
5699:Milk bank
5591:Parenting
5516:Baby talk
5468:Pedialyte
5398:Esotropia
5353:Baby food
5251:Richter's
5208:Spigelian
5203:Obturator
5193:Umbilical
5026:Ascending
4997:Bile duct
4830:Cirrhosis
4808:Hepatitis
4791:Accessory
4661:Proctitis
4512:Megacolon
4486:Dysentery
4396:Whipple's
4348:Jejunitis
4338:Enteritis
4225:Dyspepsia
4186:Gastritis
4119:Achalasia
4052:Esophagus
3959:Metabolic
3951:Alkalosis
3872:Metabolic
3769:2006 film
3764:1934 film
3682:Memorials
3668:John Snow
3432:1899–1923
3427:1881–1896
3422:1863–1875
3417:1846–1860
3412:1826–1837
3407:1817–1824
3400:Pandemics
3393:Outbreaks
3364:Virstatin
3302:Treatment
3005:Gawande A
2433:1 January
2240:1469-493X
1808:1 January
1372:J Pediatr
976:In 1953,
941:symporter
892:galactose
853:potassium
829:into the
780:isosmotic
776:digestion
680:edematous
548:Potassium
486:Component
408:dihydrate
366:Standard
97:potassium
5989:Medicine
5915:Cry room
5854:Stroller
5844:Pacifier
5779:Bassinet
5754:Baby toy
5616:Teething
5596:Peekaboo
5536:Crawling
5521:Babbling
5342:Health (
5181:Indirect
5176:Inguinal
4910:Pyogenic
4855:Vascular
4631:Diarrhea
4609:Volvulus
4575:Vascular
4514: /
4503: /
4464:Ischemic
4431:Appendix
4321:Duodenum
4191:Atrophic
4065:Candidal
3863:Acidosis
3269:Bacteria
3145:Archived
3123:Archived
3104:Archived
3085:Archived
3036:Archived
3017:Archived
2731:Med Hist
2709:13110052
2668:12884165
2621:Archived
2578:24944120
2522:Archived
2498:Archived
2479:Archived
2378:16796157
2347:15173156
2312:22161381
2258:11869639
2190:(2006).
2160:29090271
2107:27 April
2073:12645356
2046:13337829
2038:23890040
1923:Archived
1901:Archived
1897:22962878
1857:Archived
1835:Archived
1833:. 2005.
1777:Archived
1753:Archived
1722:Archived
1692:Archived
1613:11100619
1569:23875118
1528:Archived
1487:Archived
1439:(2019).
1423:Archived
1356:24562469
1260:20348131
857:gradient
821:via the
599:200–310
562:Chloride
529:<111
489:Standard
380:grams/L
374:grams/L
201:Efficacy
156:acidosis
112:vomiting
89:diarrhea
6030:Therapy
6010:Cholera
5874:Teether
5849:Playpen
5626:Weaning
5621:Walking
5334:Infants
5222:Petit's
5198:Femoral
5101:Chronic
4915:Amoebic
4683:Anismus
4449:Colitis
4376:Coeliac
4353:Ileitis
4325:Jejunum
4178:Stomach
4082:Rupture
3599:History
3318:Vaccine
3262:Cholera
3206:(WHO).
3159:Sources
2991:1054211
2956:4581015
2921:4113619
2886:4173788
2851:5675364
2810:4968807
2761:7808099
2752:1036912
2569:4468928
2531:30 June
2396:(WHO).
2303:6532622
2249:6532752
2151:5657219
1997:(WHO).
1929:22 June
1863:22 June
1698:15 July
1657:8642629
1649:8604285
1604:2560623
1560:3712407
1392:7431183
1347:3950600
1304:3015443
1295:2490925
1251:2845864
1141:, 2006
993:glucose
959:cholera
903:History
865:glucose
805:cells (
774:during
657:Feeding
632:refugee
576:Citrate
520:Glucose
444:glucose
344:citrate
264:, from
256:, from
211:cholera
140:sucrose
136:glucose
5975:Portal
5799:Diaper
5586:Parent
5571:Mother
5216:Lumbar
5186:Direct
5169:Hiatus
5149:Hernia
5001:Other
4767:Melena
4653:Rectum
4136:(GERD)
3900:Lactic
3636:People
3287:El Tor
3175:
3077:
2989:
2954:
2919:
2901:Lancet
2884:
2866:Lancet
2849:
2808:
2759:
2749:
2707:
2689:Lancet
2666:
2576:
2566:
2376:
2345:
2310:
2300:
2256:
2246:
2238:
2188:Unicef
2158:
2148:
2134:: 66.
2094:UNICEF
2071:
2044:
2036:
1895:
1655:
1647:
1611:
1601:
1567:
1557:
1479:
1415:
1390:
1354:
1344:
1302:
1292:
1258:
1248:
1200:
1089:Awards
1019:mucosa
918:UNICEF
784:sodium
676:wasted
571:50–80
557:15–25
543:60–90
534:Sodium
474:0.725
457:0.480
437:0.053
420:0.100
400:0.092
285:UNICEF
134:, and
93:sodium
5704:Nanny
5388:Colic
5141:Other
5096:Acute
4847:MASLD
4800:Liver
4774:Lower
4757:Upper
4599:Ileus
4435:Colon
4329:Ileum
4144:(LPR)
3980:Other
3750:opera
3513:2000s
3492:1900s
3446:1800s
3200:(PDF)
3088:(PDF)
3071:(PDF)
2525:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2463:(PDF)
2452:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2101:(PDF)
2090:(PDF)
2042:S2CID
1980:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1838:(PDF)
1827:(PDF)
1653:S2CID
1490:(PDF)
1473:(PDF)
1099:Dhaka
997:water
937:Crane
888:SGLT1
815:SGLT1
772:lumen
692:urine
590:Total
585:8–12
468:0.981
462:Total
451:0.705
431:0.053
414:0.100
394:0.123
383:oz/L
377:oz/L
299:ratio
296:molar
262:right
258:Nepal
238:ileus
195:burns
118:, or
61:[
5601:Play
5490:SIDS
4529:SCAD
3790:film
3745:film
3173:ISBN
3075:ISBN
2987:PMID
2952:PMID
2917:PMID
2882:PMID
2847:PMID
2806:PMID
2757:PMID
2705:PMID
2664:PMID
2574:PMID
2533:2017
2485:CDC.
2435:2014
2374:PMID
2343:PMID
2327:JAMA
2308:PMID
2286:2011
2254:PMID
2236:ISSN
2156:PMID
2109:2022
2069:PMID
2034:PMID
1931:2015
1893:PMID
1865:2015
1810:2014
1761:2014
1730:2014
1700:2008
1671:link
1645:PMID
1609:PMID
1565:PMID
1498:2017
1477:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1388:PMID
1352:PMID
1300:PMID
1256:PMID
1198:ISBN
1137:and
1030:and
952:Goma
843:The
740:and
644:Zinc
513:mmol
507:mmol
501:mmol
471:20.5
465:27.9
454:13.5
350:the
283:and
266:Peru
254:left
154:and
95:and
5764:Bib
4835:PBC
4562:IBD
4496:IBS
3208:hdl
2979:doi
2944:doi
2909:doi
2874:doi
2837:doi
2798:doi
2794:279
2747:PMC
2739:doi
2697:doi
2693:265
2654:doi
2564:PMC
2556:doi
2423:WHO
2398:hdl
2335:doi
2331:291
2298:PMC
2290:doi
2244:PMC
2228:doi
2201:hdl
2146:PMC
2136:doi
2065:147
2026:doi
2022:382
1999:hdl
1637:doi
1599:PMC
1555:PMC
1445:hdl
1380:doi
1342:PMC
1334:doi
1290:PMC
1246:PMC
1238:doi
1190:hdl
794:or
713:Mal
596:245
593:311
523:111
515:/L
509:/L
503:/L
434:1.5
428:1.5
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411:2.9
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391:3.5
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289:ORS
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