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Management decisions for the ornate box turtle are difficult because of life history factors. It seems that the best strategies will be aimed at older females to increase their survival instead of concentrating on hatchlings and juvenile turtles. One of the first things that need to be done is to get a better idea of the actual number of ornate box turtles that exist and also to make it illegal to collect any for pet or commercial trade, as some states did. Along with this is the need to stop the release of captive box turtles that have respiratory infections into the wild because of the effect of disease on survival. Management techniques that preserve the best habitat composition are important conservation practices.
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protection (except from being run over by cars). The loss of any older females is a problem, because they do not get replaced very fast. Climatic factors are also possible threats to the ornate box turtle. Because the sex of turtles is strongly influenced by temperature, the sex ratio can be changed by climatic extremes and result in a population that is mostly all one sex for several years in a row. This gender imbalance would affect the survival of small groups that would be threatened by the occurrence of a
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510:, which means that its body temperature is affected by the environmental temperature and the environmental temperature affects its movement. In the hottest part of the day, the turtle is less active because movement increases body temperature and makes it harder for the turtle to keep cool, and when the temperature is lower(dawn and dusk), the turtle is more active. Additionally, the turtles use their habitat to help control their body temperature.
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herbicide and how they affect turtles is important. The use of fire and mowing to control weeds should be done carefully when turtles are inactive or in burrows to keep cool. The public is not likely to want to stop collecting turtles, even if the pet trade was prohibited, because people like to look at turtles and other forms of nature. Nebraska and
Louisiana have prohibited collecting ornate box turtles, but
531:, which means that it returns to the same area year after year, and it usually prefers the same habitat type as the original one. Ornate box turtles were two times more likely to be found in the same sub-habitat type as the original and even more likely to be in a sub-habitat next to the original habitat than areas two sub-habitats away.
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habitats, which causes more predators to live there and that increases predation of the box turtle that is already suffering from less total habitat area. Other agricultural factors that are a problem for the ornate box turtle are fences, water troughs, cattle (trampling), mowing, and other machinery.
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According to the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the ornate box turtle is "near threatened." In some states, such as Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, the turtle is "secure"; but in South Dakota, it is listed as "imperiled"; and in Wyoming, it is listed as "critically imperiled."
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The age of ornate box turtles has been estimated by counting growth rings for many years. This is similar to estimating the age of a tree but for turtles, the "rings" are lines that form on part of the shell that are like scales and the longer a turtle lives, the more rings are formed. However, using
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raccoons was helpful but it also leads to the question of balance in nature and which animals are more important. Some biologists have suggested that moving turtles from healthy populations to areas where the turtle is struggling might be an option but this is difficult and might be the last resort.
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Until recently, there was very little scientific knowledge of diseases and parasites among the turtle populations; early studies showed that a genus of fly sometimes infested the legs of these turtles and caused death by starvation because their movement was impeded. More recently, it has been found
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which means the gene pool would be too small and cause inbreeding and mortality. The bottleneck effect is a double-edged sword for species that live a long time because the loss of genetic diversity would not be as obvious or as severe, but once it occurred, it would be harder to recover. The other
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The lifespan of the ornate box turtle has been reported to be from 32 to 37 years, with studies showing that males occur about half as frequently as females. The reason for the predominance of females is thought to be primarily due to temperature; incubating eggs at 29 °C (84 °F) produces
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to
Colorado. It was first discovered in Nebraska in 1795, where "vast numbers" were found. The turtle is usually found in grasslands and on land rather than in water; they have been found in all habitat types of the Great Plains except aquatic, though most references indicate they prefer open grass
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Development – houses and other building construction causes loss of habitat similar to agriculture, but also increased removal for pets, predation by dogs, and greater predation to crows and raccoons that increase around human living areas. Where housing developments are built, there are also more
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In winter, ornate box turtles hibernate underground in burrows. They burrow in at about the same time in the fall and come out within 7–14 days of each other. They can survive freezing soil temperatures for many days. The depth of nest cavities in
Nebraska in 1997 and 1998 was 16.8 cm and the
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Probably the biggest factor that affects the ornate box turtle is interactions with humans so any action that minimizes contact is helpful. Working to keep large areas of habitat undisturbed is also helpful. Managing weeds with a minimal amount of herbicide and knowing what chemicals are in the
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Agriculture – agriculture in the Great Plains has been the worst problem for the ornate box turtle recently because it has taken away many acres of land, destroyed habitat, caused more traffic, and created small, isolated areas of prairie. In addition, the small pieces of prairie mean more edge
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and Texas have not. Educating the public about the risks to the ornate box turtle will be difficult but should be part of the conservation effort. One conservation effort that might be helpful is the removal of predators from an area where many turtles are found; one study found that removing
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Because of its late reproductive age, low reproductive rate, high young mortality, and long lifespan, the ornate box turtle is subject to pressure from intrinsic factors that limit the population growth. Young turtles are vulnerable to predation until the shell is strong enough to be a major
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The ornate box turtle is a relatively small turtle, measuring just 4-6″ (10-15 cm) when full-grown. Males and females generally look alike but males are often smaller; there is color variation with yellow lines from the center of the shell to the edges through gray, red-brown, or black
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to as large as 36.4 hectares. The large variability in home range size estimates can be affected by seasonality, body size and age, time period of observation, presence of roads or other structures, statistics used, and other factors. The ornate box turtle has a high degree of
677:– very many ornate box turtles have been collected for sale in pet stores, and individuals have always collected some turtles. The commercial trade has had a large effect on the Great Plains populations and if it continues, the result will be a serious decline in turtles.
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thing about the ornate box turtle's life history that is a problem for its survival is its home range philopatry, which means that it returns to the same area every time and so disruptions in the area make it more vulnerable.
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depth of hatchlings buried in the soil ranged from 56.3 cm to 64.7 cm. In
Nebraska, winter burrows were dug after October and turtles stayed in them until April and all of these turtles were in individual burrows.
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that respiratory, metabolic, and shell diseases, common in desert tortoises, also fairly common in land turtles such as the ornate box turtle; and that nutritional deficiencies contribute to these other diseases.
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are commonly utilized for the shade the plants produce, helping to further regulate the animal's temperature. Open areas of sand are also important parts of the turtle's habitat for digging holes to burrow in.
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Bowen, KD, PL Colbert and FJ Janzen, 2004. Survival and recruitment in a human-impacted population of ornate box turtles, Terrapene ornata, with recommendations for conservation and management. J. Herpetol.
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Habitat loss is the biggest problem for the ornate box turtle and isolated habitat areas have isolated groups of turtles that lose genetic diversity and experience bottlenecks that decrease their survival.
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The ornate box turtle is a terrestrial turtle and terrestrial turtles are sensitive to human causes such as habitat destruction, introduced species, harvest or collection, pollution, and climate change.
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Converse, SJ, JB Iverson and JA Savidge, 2002. Activity, reproduction and overwintering behavior of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) in the
Nebraska Sandhills. Am Midl. Nat. 148:416-422.
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Water is important for this turtle to regulate body temperature in hot weather and to replace body water after hibernation, but they do not spend large amounts of time in flowing or standing water.
627:; and even adult box turtles; are potential predators of young turtles. The turtle has very little means of self-defense other than closing the shell, though they may potentially bite if handled.
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Converse, SJ, JB Iverson and JA Savidge, 2005. Demographics of an ornate box turtle population experiencing minimal human-induced disturbances. Ecological Appl., 15(6):2171-2179.
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Bernstein, NP, RJ Richtsmeier, RW Black and BR Montgomery, 2006. Home range and philopatry in the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata, in Iowa. Am Midl. Nat. 157:162-174.
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Claussen, DL, R Lim, M Kurz and K Wren, 2002. Effects of slope, substrate, and temperature on the locomotion of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata. Copeia 2002(2):411-418.
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Kuo, C and FJ Janzen, 2004. Genetic effects of a persistent bottleneck on a natural population of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata). Conserv. Genetics 5:425-437.
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Converse, SJ and JA Savidge, 2003. Ambient temperature, activity, and microhabitat use by ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata). J. Herpetol. 37(4):665-670.
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sites for resting and thermoregulation where turtles can bury themselves in soil to protect themselves from extreme temperatures and to avoid dehydration in summer
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opening that is farther back in males, a longer and thicker tail, and reddish color on the legs and occasionally on the jaw. Males also generally have red irises.
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roads. The box turtle feeds on carrion when it is available and on roads road-kill is a large source of carrion and a large cause of death of ornate box turtles.
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the rings to estimate age is not always reliable. The shell does increase in size as turtles get older, even though its weight makes it heavy to carry around.
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Wilson, DS, CR Tracy and CR Tracy, 2003. Estimating age of turtles from growth rings: A critical evaluation of the technique. Herpetologica 59(2):178-194.
571:(mammals, birds, amphibians, snakes, and even other turtles). This varied diet means the turtle has very little competition for available food resources.
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Bernstein, NP and RW Black, 2004. Thermal environment of overwintering ornate box turtles, Terrapene ornata ornata, in Iowa. Am. Midl. Nat. 153:370-377.
543:, with no particular dietary preferences; as an opportunistic feeder, it eats whatever is available in any given location or season. Grasses, berries,
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Miller, K and GF Birchard, 2005. Influence of body size on shell mass in the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata. J. Herpetol. 39(1):158-161.
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100% female offspring, so in the wild a combination of temperature, humidity, and other factors are thought to favor female differentiation.
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coloration. Besides the size, males can be distinguished from females in several ways; a large curved inner claw on the back feet, a
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Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
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turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status
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The geographic distribution of the ornate box turtle includes a large part of the
Midwest, from Wisconsin to the
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or prairie lands. Several studies indicate that the ornate box turtle needs three specific types of
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The home range area of ornate box turtles varies a lot from study to study, from as small as 0.12
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1018:"Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata): A technical conservation assessment"
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areas where females can nest and burrow into the soil to overwinter
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858:"Ricketts names ornate box turtle as the Nebraska state reptile"
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Redder, AJ, CK Dodd, D Keinath, D Mcdonald and T Ise, 2006.
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Extrinsic threats – human effects on the ornate box turtle
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Bureau, Martha
Stoddard World-Herald (28 October 2022).
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763:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Terrapene ornata ornata"
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741:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21644A9304752.en
489:) areas for feeding that have some free water
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389:) is one of only two terrestrial species of
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716:van Dijk, P.P.; Hammerson, G.A. (2016) .
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
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931:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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784:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World"
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4168:IUCN Red List near threatened species
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19:This article is about the subspecies
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401:. It is one of the two different
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639:Threats to the ornate box turtle
502:The ornate box turtle, like all
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782:Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007).
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583:An ornate box turtle hatchling
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1:
4183:Reptiles of the United States
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411:. It is the state reptile of
539:The ornate box turtle is an
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3985:List of Testudines families
1576:Northern red-bellied cooter
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567:), fruits, vegetables, and
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1581:Florida red-bellied cooter
1571:Alabama red-bellied cooter
1531:Yellow-blotched map turtle
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4188:Fauna of the Great Plains
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4178:Turtles of North America
1688:Central Antillean slider
1476:Black-knobbed map turtle
1376:Southwestern pond turtle
464:Distribution and habitat
47:This article or section
4040:Terrapene ornata ornata
4010:Terrapene ornata ornata
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387:Terrapene ornata ornata
299:Terrapene ornata ornata
21:Terrapene ornata ornata
1698:Cuatro Cienegas slider
1683:Baja California slider
1516:Pearl River map turtle
1496:Mississippi map turtle
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1771:Wilburemys yakimensis
1511:Pascagoula map turtle
832:"Kansas State Animal"
734:: e.T21644A97429080.
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481:in order to survive:
51:synthesis of material
23:. For the subspecies
1728:Meso-American slider
1638:Coahuilan box turtle
1607:Coastal plain cooter
1602:Eastern river cooter
1551:Diamondback terrapin
1471:Barbour's map turtle
1401:Sicilian pond turtle
1396:European pond turtle
801:10.3897/vz.57.e30895
681:Conservation efforts
16:Subspecies of turtle
1506:Ouachita map turtle
1501:Northern map turtle
1486:Escambia map turtle
1371:Western pond turtle
1022:USDA Forest Service
126:Conservation status
115:Ornate box turtle (
3093:Nanhsiungchelyidae
3058:Macrocephalochelys
1713:Hispaniolan slider
1708:D'Orbigny's slider
1653:Spotted box turtle
1618:Texas river cooter
1481:Cagle's map turtle
1466:Alabama map turtle
886:has generic name (
862:Omaha World-Herald
788:Vertebrate Zoology
651:genetic bottleneck
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101:Ornate box turtle
61:to the main topic.
55:verifiably mention
49:possibly contains
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4140:Open Tree of Life
4002:Taxon identifiers
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1786:. Key: †=extinct.
1733:Nicaraguan slider
1648:Ornate box turtle
1643:Common box turtle
1591:Rio Grande cooter
1521:Ringed map turtle
1421:Blanding's turtle
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675:Over-exploitation
383:ornate box turtle
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281:T. o. ornata
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1157:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1097:
1094:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1051:
1048:
1029:
1014:
937:
936:
930:
922:
920:
919:
913:
907:. Archived from
906:
898:
892:
891:
885:
881:
879:
871:
869:
868:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
834:. Archived from
828:
822:
821:
803:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
743:
720:Terrapene ornata
713:
408:Terrapene ornata
371:
363:
361:Terrepene ornata
356:Siebenrock, 1909
355:
347:
335:
333:Terrapene ornata
327:
301:
164:
163:
143:
138:
137:
117:Terrapene ornata
110:
98:
97:
89:
82:
78:
75:
69:
42:
41:
34:
29:Terrapene ornata
25:Terrapene ornata
4213:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4143:
4138:
4130:
4125:
4117:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4004:
3994:
3989:
3956:
3899:
3876:Sahonachelyidae
3869:
3755:
3728:
3593:
3524:Phosphatochelys
3363:
3317:
3258:
3253:Terlinguachelys
3221:Pneumatoarthrus
3124:
3086:
3000:
2973:
2821:
2772:
2576:
2555:
2543:Siebenrockiella
2401:
2275:
2226:
2193:
2142:
2129:Mesodermochelys
2074:
1935:
1906:
1868:
1827:
1822:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1752:
1723:Maranhão slider
1718:Jamaican slider
1678:Big Bend slider
1657:
1622:
1612:Suwannee cooter
1555:
1535:
1450:
1425:
1405:
1380:
1355:
1335:
1315:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1275:Species of the
1262:
1210:
1204:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1082:
1077:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1049:
1032:
1015:
940:
924:
923:
917:
915:
911:
904:
902:"Archived copy"
900:
899:
895:
883:
882:
873:
872:
866:
864:
854:
850:
841:
839:
830:
829:
825:
780:
776:
767:
765:
761:
760:
756:
746:
744:
714:
710:
705:
683:
660:
646:
641:
591:Birds, such as
577:
537:
466:
453:
345:. cimarronensis
310:
303:
297:
284:
270:
158:
150:
141:Near Threatened
139:
135:
128:
90:
79:
73:
70:
63:
53:which does not
43:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4097:
4084:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4030:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3980:
3979:
3978:. † = extinct.
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3878:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3771:Albertwoodemys
3765:
3763:
3761:Podocnemididae
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3658:Lomalatachelys
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3508:Labrostochelys
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3352:
3350:
3348:Araripemydidae
3340:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3050:Emarginachelys
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2995:Sinaspideretes
2990:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2672:Hesperotestudo
2667:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2562:Platysternidae
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2212:Dermatemydidae
2205:
2203:Kinosternoidea
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2172:Procolpochelys
2167:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2080:Dermochelyidae
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1987:
1979:
1972:
1969:Carolinochelys
1964:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1351:Chicken turtle
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1331:Spotted turtle
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1311:Painted turtle
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1169:38(4):552-568.
1161:
1147:
1131:
1119:
1110:
1098:
1080:
1066:
1052:
1030:
938:
893:
848:
823:
794:(2): 200–201.
774:
754:
707:
706:
704:
701:
682:
679:
659:
656:
645:
642:
640:
637:
576:
573:
536:
533:
497:
496:
493:
490:
470:Gulf of Mexico
465:
462:
452:
449:
393:native to the
377:
376:
375:
374:
366:
358:
350:
338:
330:
325:Cistudo ornata
319:
318:
312:
311:
304:
293:
292:
290:Trinomial name
286:
285:
278:
276:
272:
271:
267:T. ornata
264:
262:
258:
257:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
133:
130:
129:
124:
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
92:
91:
46:
44:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4210:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3953:
3952:
3951:Tacuarembemys
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:Sahonachelys
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:Peltocephalus
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:Lapparentemys
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3734:Pelomedusidae
3731:
3725:
3724:
3723:Yaminuechelys
3719:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:Prochelidella
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3608:Acanthochelys
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:Kinkonychelys
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3476:Itapecuruemys
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:Eotaphrosphys
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3370:Bothremydidae
3366:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:Argillochelys
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:Santanachelys
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:Desmatochelys
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:Calcarichelys
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3157:Atlantochelys
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:Protostegidae
3127:
3121:
3120:
3119:Jiangxichelys
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:Anomalochelys
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3081:Protochelydra
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:Planiplastron
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:Drazinderetes
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2816:Carettochelys
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:Malacochersus
2697:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:Aldabrachelys
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
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914:on 2013-06-26
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549:invertebrates
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479:microhabitats
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372:Nietzke, 1969
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326:
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233:Testudinoidea
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62:
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56:
52:
45:
36:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4009:
3974:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3892:
3884:
3862:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3826:Erymnochelys
3824:
3817:
3811:Cerrejonemys
3809:
3801:
3793:
3787:Brontochelys
3785:
3777:
3769:
3748:
3741:
3721:
3713:
3706:
3701:Pseudemydura
3699:
3692:
3684:
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3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3356:
3310:
3304:Prionochelys
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3195:
3187:
3181:Cratochelone
3179:
3171:
3165:Bouliachelys
3163:
3155:
3147:
3141:Alienochelys
3139:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3042:Chelydropsis
3040:
3032:
3024:
2993:
2987:Basilochelys
2985:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2911:Khunnuchelys
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2834:
2827:Trionychidae
2814:
2807:
2801:Allaeochelys
2799:
2765:
2758:
2752:Stigmochelys
2750:
2743:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2715:Megalochelys
2713:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2626:Cylindraspis
2624:
2617:
2610:
2605:Centrochelys
2603:
2596:
2589:
2582:Testudinidae
2571:Platysternon
2569:
2550:Vijayachelys
2548:
2541:
2534:
2529:Rhinoclemmys
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2494:Melanochelys
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2304:Acherontemys
2302:
2270:Sternotherus
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2219:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2137:Psephophorus
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2067:
2059:
2053:Pacifichelys
2051:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:Lepidochelys
2020:
2013:
2005:
1999:Gigantatypus
1997:
1991:Eretmochelys
1989:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1933:Chelonioidea
1901:
1853:
1769:
1758:
1748:Yaqui slider
1703:Cuban slider
1662:
1627:
1600:(subspecies
1596:River cooter
1560:
1540:
1455:
1430:
1410:
1385:
1360:
1340:
1320:
1300:
1276:
1255:
1164:
1113:
916:. Retrieved
909:the original
896:
865:. Retrieved
861:
851:
840:. Retrieved
836:the original
826:
791:
787:
777:
766:. Retrieved
757:
745:. Retrieved
731:
725:
719:
711:
697:
688:
684:
673:
669:
665:
661:
647:
633:
629:
590:
586:
557:grasshoppers
553:caterpillars
538:
521:
517:
501:
498:
467:
454:
406:
395:Great Plains
386:
382:
380:
368:
364:Slevin, 1939
360:
352:
348:Cragin, 1894
344:
340:
332:
324:
298:
296:
280:
279:
275:Subspecies:
265:
253:
116:
95:
80:
74:January 2011
71:
48:
24:
20:
4114:NatureServe
4088:iNaturalist
4034:Wikispecies
3864:Stupendemys
3819:Cordichelys
3665:Mesoclemmys
3650:Hydromedusa
3572:Taphrosphys
3564:Sankuchemys
3556:Rhothonemys
3532:Polysternon
3412:Cearachelys
3396:Azabbaremys
3380:Araiochelys
3296:Ctenochelys
3288:Bashuchelys
3237:Rhinochelys
3213:Ocepechelon
3205:Notochelone
3197:Iserosaurus
3065:Macrochelys
3017:Chelydridae
2940:Palaeoamyda
2865:Cyclanorbis
2730:Psammobates
2723:Oligopherus
2686:Indotestudo
2634:Cymatholcus
2612:Chelonoidis
2598:Astrochelys
2407:Geoemydidae
2325:Deirochelys
2263:Staurotypus
2256:Kinosternon
2249:Hoplochelys
2164:Peritresius
2113:Dermochelys
2106:Cosmochelys
2098:Corsochelys
2015:Itilochelys
2007:Glarichelys
1954:Allopleuron
1944:Cheloniidae
1883:Superfamily
1743:Pond slider
1446:Wood turtle
1342:Deirochelys
884:|last=
603:; domestic
508:ectothermic
451:Description
4198:Subspecies
4162:Categories
3943:Caririemys
3856:Podocnemis
3842:Latentemys
3803:Carbonemys
3743:Pelomedusa
3580:Ummulisani
3500:Kurmademys
3468:Inaechelys
3452:Galianemys
3420:Chedighaii
3358:Araripemys
3331:Pleurodira
3312:Toxochelys
3229:Protostega
3034:Chelydrops
2954:Pelodiscus
2947:Pelochelys
2895:Gilmoremys
2872:Cycloderma
2782:Trionychia
2649:Geochelone
2642:Floridemys
2508:Notochelys
2396:Wilburemys
2367:Malaclemys
2221:Dermatemys
2188:Puppigerus
2121:Eosphargis
2038:Miocaretta
2030:Mexichelys
1924:Cryptodira
1864:Testudines
1825:Testudines
1760:Wilburemys
1542:Malaclemys
1441:Bog turtle
1244:Cryptodira
1242:Suborder:
1238:Testudines
918:2012-06-17
867:2022-11-02
842:2011-12-30
768:2008-08-26
703:References
692:New Mexico
565:earthworms
547:and other
529:philopatry
421:Midwestern
403:subspecies
336:Baur, 1891
223:Cryptodira
219:Suborder:
213:Testudines
4173:Terrapene
3983:See also
3935:Caribemys
3795:Caninemys
3779:Bauruemys
3708:Rheodytes
3672:Myuchelys
3615:Chelodina
3540:Puentemys
3516:Nigeremys
3460:Ilatardia
3404:Bothremys
3111:Basilemys
2925:Nilssonia
2903:Hutchemys
2851:Axestemys
2809:Anosteira
2664:Hadrianus
2522:Pangshura
2480:Malayemys
2445:Geoclemys
2388:Trachemys
2381:Terrapene
2374:Pseudemys
2360:Graptemys
2353:Glyptemys
2346:Emydoidea
2339:Actinemys
2311:Chrysemys
2156:Euclastes
1984:Eochelone
1835:Kingdom:
1664:Trachemys
1629:Terrapene
1562:Pseudemys
1457:Graptemys
1432:Glyptemys
1412:Emydoidea
1362:Actinemys
1302:Chrysemys
1218:Kingdom:
810:1864-5755
747:2 October
474:Louisiana
472:and from
445:Wisconsin
261:Species:
254:Terrapene
179:Kingdom:
173:Eukaryota
66:talk page
4119:2.103560
4025:Q3817002
4019:Wikidata
3750:Pelusios
3715:Rhinemys
3686:Platemys
3679:Phrynops
3599:Chelidae
3588:Zolhafah
3484:Jainemys
3149:Archelon
3026:Chelydra
2918:Lissemys
2760:Stylemys
2745:Solitudo
2707:Manouria
2656:Gopherus
2619:Chersina
2487:Mauremys
2466:Heosemys
2459:Hardella
2452:Geoemyda
2438:Cyclemys
2294:Emydidae
2241:Claudius
2090:Arabemys
2069:Tasbacka
2061:Syllomus
1976:Chelonia
1874:Suborder
1858:Diapsida
1849:Reptilia
1843:Chordata
1841:Phylum:
1837:Animalia
1278:Emydidae
1257:Emydidae
1254:Family:
1232:Reptilia
1226:Chordata
1224:Phylum:
1220:Animalia
1207:Emydidae
927:cite web
876:cite web
818:87809001
617:raccoons
613:opossums
575:Lifespan
541:omnivore
524:hectares
504:reptiles
437:Nebraska
425:Colorado
423:states (
417:Nebraska
316:Synonyms
243:Emydidae
239:Family:
203:Reptilia
193:Chordata
189:Phylum:
183:Animalia
169:Domain:
146:IUCN 3.1
4080:7190897
4067:1242411
3894:Sokatra
3643:Emydura
3548:Rosasia
3444:Foxemys
3388:Arenila
2968:Trionyx
2961:Rafetus
2887:Dogania
2843:Apalone
2767:Testudo
2693:Kinixys
2679:Homopus
2536:Sacalia
2515:Orlitia
2501:Morenia
2416:Batagur
2318:Clemmys
2045:Natator
1961:Caretta
1862:Order:
1847:Class:
1322:Clemmys
1236:Order:
1230:Class:
597:raptors
569:carrion
561:beetles
545:insects
487:prairie
485:grass (
458:cloacal
433:Indiana
397:of the
391:turtles
309:, 1857)
307:Agassiz
249:Genus:
209:Order:
199:Class:
144: (
4145:227417
4132:391342
4106:208604
3926:
3919:
3912:
3636:Elusor
3629:Elseya
3622:Chelus
3339:
3272:Adocus
3263:
3009:
2978:
2858:Chitra
2560:
2147:
1892:Family
1281:family
1267:Genera
1209:family
816:
808:
625:snakes
621:skunks
601:ravens
599:, and
512:Shrubs
443:, and
441:Kansas
413:Kansas
59:relate
27:, see
4093:39809
4054:7J4NZ
2932:Palea
2836:Amyda
2737:Pyxis
2431:Cuora
1903:Genus
1854:Clade
912:(PDF)
905:(PDF)
814:S2CID
593:crows
506:, is
4127:NCBI
4101:ITIS
4075:GBIF
2332:Emys
1387:Emys
933:link
888:help
806:ISSN
749:2022
732:2011
609:dogs
607:and
605:cats
535:Diet
429:Iowa
415:and
381:The
4062:EoL
4049:CoL
796:doi
736:doi
447:).
405:of
343:var
57:or
4164::
4142::
4129::
4116::
4103::
4090::
4077::
4064::
4051::
4036::
4021::
1856::
1150:^
1134:^
1122:^
1101:^
1083:^
1069:^
1055:^
1033:^
1020:.
941:^
929:}}
925:{{
880::
878:}}
874:{{
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