1605:. The OLF leadership agreed to disarm its soldiers within 15 days of their arrival in Addis Ababa. According to then-OLF leader Ibsa Negewo, the OLF claimed to have 1,305 soldiers in Eritrea and 4,000 in West and South Oromia. The men stationed in Eritrea agreed to disarm but most of those in Oromia refused to do so despite their leaders’ wishes. One leader, Kumsa Diriba, also known as "Jaal Maro", failed to reach a deal with the government and after a falling out with the OLF, he split away from the OLF and formed OLF–Shene, also known as the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA). Security forces promised to crush the group within two weeks but haven't been able to do so even after 5 years of fighting. During the following two years, OLA killed 700 civilians in the East and
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1481:. The EPRDF and the OLF pledged to work together in the new government; however, they were largely unable to cooperate, as the OLF saw the OPDO as an EPRDF ploy to limit their influence. In 1992, the OLF announced that it was withdrawing from the transitional government because of "harassment and assassinations of its members". In response, the EPRDF sent soldiers to destroy OLA camps. Despite initial victories against the EPRDF, the OLF was eventually overwhelmed by the EPRDF's superior numbers and weaponry, forcing OLA soldiers to use
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1394:. A large group of Ethiopian policemen and militiamen surrounded the OLA position in the mountains, and the two opposing groups exchanged gunfire. A group of Ethiopian soldiers led by General Getachew Shibeshi arrived and shelled the stronghold with mortars, killing most of the OLA's members, including Qiltu. The event became known as the
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of the
Ethiopian military took 100 of his soldiers and defected to the OLF in Eritrea. Despite initially aiding the OLF as leader of its military wing, in 2008, General Kemel Gelchu took matters into his own hands and announced that the OLF would lay down its weapons and abandon its previous goal of
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for this annual celebration. However that year
Ethiopian security forces responded to peaceful protests by firing tear gas and live bullets at over two million people surrounded by a lake and cliffs. In the week that followed, angry youth attacked government buildings and private businesses. On 8
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of
Ethiopia. On 19 December 2015, German broadcaster Deutsche Welle reported violent protests in the Oromia region of Ethiopia in which more than 75 students were killed. According to the report, the students were protesting the government's illegal expansion of
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1519:. The OLA allegedly began receiving military training and arms from the Eritrean government. On 25 July 2000, OLF and IFLO signed a peace agreement after five days of negotiations, thus ending 20 years of inter-factional fighting. In 2004, the
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and issued a new detailed program calling for the "total liberation of the Oromo nation from
Ethiopian colonialism". The conference, now known as the Founding Congress, marked the beginning of modern Oromo nationalism.
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1527:(EUPF) rebel group launched forays into Oromia with the help of Eritrea. These raids were limited in scope, however, as the EUPF had no popular support among the Oromo people, despite having some Oromo members.
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seceding Oromia and instead work as a political party to democratize
Ethiopia. Along with this announcement, he commanded OLF soldiers in south Oromia to lay down their weapons and surrender to the government.
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tactics, such as burning down entire villages and massacring inhabitants. The OLF also lost several prominent members due to government ambushes and heavy fire; the secretary general of the OLF at the time,
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instead of traditional tactics. In the late 1990s, most of the OLF's leaders escaped
Ethiopia, and the land originally administered by the OLF was seized by the Ethiopian government, led by the EPRDF.
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were adopted as the OLF's armed wing, the OLA. The OLA increased its activities in the
Chercher Mountains, prompting the Ethiopian regime to send its military to the region to quell the insurrection.
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October, the government responded with a state of emergency lifted not lifted until August 2017. During the state of emergency, security forces arbitrarily detained over 21,000 people.
1332:, a prominent military officer, was among those arrested. These actions by the regime sparked outrage among the Oromo community, ultimately leading to the formation of the OLF in 1973.
1372:, an Oromo nationalist who had been arrested by the imperial regime in 1966 along with other high-ranking military officers, escaped from house arrest and joined Oromo rebels led by
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1398:. Contingents of the OLA continued to fight the regime after the battle and gained a massive influx of recruits and volunteers after the Derg regime executed Birru and Regassa.
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cultural thanksgiving festival. In just one day, dozens were killed and many more injured. Every year, millions of Oromos, the largest ethnic group in
Ethiopia, gather in
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In the 1980s, the OLF estimated that they had over 10,000 soldiers. They were poorly equipped in comparison to other rebel groups in
Ethiopia at the time, such as the
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town killing twelve
Ethiopian soldiers. This occurred weeks after Ethiopian forces swarmed across the Kenyan border and began abusing the locals of
1306:; according to a 2007 census, they make up about 34.5% of Ethiopia's population, and others estimate that they make up about 40% of the population.
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In 1976, the OLF established a stronghold in the Chercher Mountains and reorganized itself. A congress created by Oromo leaders revised the 1973
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An OLA soldier sent to retrieve the three recruits discovered that they had been killed by Ethiopian militiamen who had followed the unit to
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2778:"OMN/SBO - Gootichi WBO Zoonii Kibbaa Mooraa Waraana Wayyaanee Magaalaa Moyyaalee Haleeluun 17 Ol Hojiin Ala Gochuun Injifannoo Galmeesse"
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was banned from public administration, courts, church and schools, and the stereotype of Oromo people as a hindrance to expanding
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according to Haaji Umar Nagessa, a "veteran freedom fighter and tribal leader", who was assassinated by the OLA on 4 April 2020.
1328:(MTSHA), an Oromo social movement, and conducted mass arrests and executions of its members. The group's leader, Colonel General
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1313:. Under the rule of Haile Selassie, the Oromo language was banned and speakers were privately and publicly mocked to help the
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On 2 October 2016, between 55 and 300 festival-goers were massacred at the most sacred and largest event of the Oromo, the
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On 30 May 2015, various media outlets reported that the OLF had attacked a federal police station in the Ethiopian side of
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This article is about the historical conflict between Oromo people and the Ethiopian government. For the insurgency of the
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In 2006, the OLA in southern Oromia retreated into Kenya in an attempt to regroup. That same year, Brigadier General
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regime promptly arrested Oromo leaders; subsequently a secret conference attended by Oromo leaders, including
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In April 2018 the OLF made peace with the Ethiopian government along with several other groups including the
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2260:] 5: Population size of Regions by Nations/Nationalities (ethnic group) and Place of Residence: 2007",
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2149:"The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo""
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In late August 1974, an OLA unit left their stronghold in the Chercher Mountains and advanced closer to
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The Oromo remained independent until the last decade of the 19th century, when they were colonised by
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1863:. Entre 1974 y 1990 murieron 300 000 soldados etíopes y 230 000 entre enero y mayo de 1991.
1466:(TPLF). In 1990, the TPLF created an umbrella organization for several rebel groups in Ethiopia, the
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3031:"Ethiopia: Victory for the Oromo will come from winning hearts and minds, not terrorising people"
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1689:"Ethiopia claims Eritrea behind Oromo protests but activists warn against 'state propaganda'"
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1643:. The OLA insurgency continued through much of 2021. On 31 October, the OLA took control of
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1258:(OLA). These groups formed in response to prejudice against the Oromo people during the
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2748:"As separatists in Ethiopia disarm, a new chapter for D.C.'s Oromo community"
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2541:"2004 Interview with Dhugassa Bakako, survivor of the Battle of Tiro". 2004.
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3152:"Tigrayan and Oromo forces say they have seized towns on Ethiopian highway"
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1380:. Birru and Regassa were later captured and executed by the Derg regime.
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3060:"Ethiopia's Oromia conflict: Why a teacher was killed 'execution-style'"
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2722:"Kemal Gelchu's faction of OLF clarifies position on Ethiopian Unity"
2413:. United States of America: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 112.
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1811:"Armed Movements in Sudan, Chad, CAR, Somalia, Eritrea and Ethiopia"
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2273:: Central Statistical Agency, p. 16, Table 2.2, archived from
1904:"What's Driving Clashes Between Ethiopia's Somali, Oromia Regions?"
1762:"Ethiopian Government Initiates Peace Talks With Oromo Rebel Group"
1748:"Ethiopian PM announces start date of peace talks with rebel group"
1602:
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3000:"Worsening violence in western Ethiopia forcing civilians to flee"
2939:"Investors shy away from Ethiopia in the wake of violent protests"
1980:"Oromo children's books keep once-banned Ethiopian language alive"
2515:"FLOUR MILLS OF NIGERIA PLC. : Stock Price | MarketScreener"
1644:
1516:
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432:
2969:"Security Force Response to the 2016 Irreecha Cultural Festival"
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1719:"Ethiopia Alleges Oromo Protesters Receiving Support From Egypt"
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the imperial regime and seized control of the country. The new
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1302:. They are the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and the wider
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United Front of Ethiopian Federalist and Confederalist Forces
2909:"Ethiopia mourns 55 killed during protest at Oromia festival"
2883:
Scores dead in Ethiopian protest crackdown, says rights group
2216:
The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation
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In 1967, the imperial regime of Haile Selassie outlawed the
803:
263:
Start of peace talks between government of Ethiopia and the
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3187:"ETHIOPIA: THE GAMBELLA CONFLICT– STRUCTURES AND PROGNOSIS"
1929:
The Oromo Conflict in Ethiopia and the formation of the OLF
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330:
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1361:, formed the OLF. A group of armed Oromo fighters in the
1820:. ZIF Analysis. Addis Ababa, febrero de 2008, pp. 13-14.
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2823:"Guard killed as Ethiopian fighters storm border post"
1635:, was in Oromia Region to fight the OLA, according to
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Conflict resumes after peace talks failed in May 2023.
4013:
2440:"Insurrection and invasion in the southeast, 1963-78"
1665:
2482:"::The Birth of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF)::"
1553:, as of 2014, there was sweeping repression in the
1515:, the OLF moved its leadership and headquarters to
2585:"Refworld | Chronology for Oromo in Ethiopia"
2147:
1477:In 1991, the EPRDF seized power and established a
1474:(OPDO) was seen as an attempt to replace the OLF.
3230:
2560:Evil Days: 30 Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia
2508:
2506:
1468:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
1238:. The Oromo Liberation Front formed to fight the
5119:
3121:"Report: 'Eritrean troops despatched to Oromia'"
2614:"Genocide against the Oromo people of Ethiopia?"
2583:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
2562:. United States of America: Africa Watch. 1991.
1576:
2503:
1286:are an ethnic group who predominantly inhabit
392:(initially part of OLF, independent from 2018)
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3216:
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1866:
1055:
789:
2639:"Statement of the OLF regarding new faction"
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1826:
1470:(EPRDF). The EPRDF's Oromo subordinate, the
1254:established the OLF and its armed wing, the
2208:
2206:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4006:
3992:
3514:
3500:
3465:Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
3223:
3209:
2576:
2512:
2291:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010).
1062:
1048:
796:
782:
100:. Please do not remove this message until
3806:Afar Revolutionary Democratic Unity Front
3090:"Guji Oromo need freedom from liberators"
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2536:
2534:
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2402:
1823:
1422:(TPLF). The OLF also opened an office in
1250:. The conflict began in 1973, when Oromo
174:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4155:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
3821:Benishangul People's Liberation Movement
3185:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2297:. Oxford University Press. p. 433.
2212:
2203:
2196:Merriam-Webster Inc, Frederick C. Mish,
1803:
1674:
1623:In March 2021, the 22nd division of the
1492:
1446:, was nearly killed in one such ambush.
1294:, along with communities in neighboring
96:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4698:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
4372:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
3523:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
2997:
2198:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
1952:
1946:
1686:
203:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
5120:
3262:Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association
2758:from the original on February 27, 2018
2545:
2531:
2427:
2145:
1990:from the original on February 14, 2016
1874:"UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia: Ethiopia"
1851:"Country report and updates Ethiopia".
1841:Koonings, 2002: 259; Marcus, 2002: 235
1687:Iaccino, Ludovica (26 February 2016).
1472:Oromo People's Democratic Organization
1454:In the early 1990s, the Derg began to
1326:Mecha and Tulama Self-Help Association
1246:and establish an independent state of
763:Alleged by the government of Ethiopia.
4887:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
4808:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
3987:
3495:
3204:
2728:from the original on February 2, 2014
2724:. Ethiopian Review. January 2, 2012.
2702:from the original on 27 February 2018
2676:from the original on 27 February 2018
2463:
2391:from the original on January 28, 2021
2338:from the original on October 23, 2019
2128:from the original on January 25, 2021
1977:
1230:is a protracted conflict between the
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777:
3954:2022 al-Shabaab invasion of Ethiopia
3087:
2949:from the original on 16 October 2019
2582:
2384:Facts about the Oromo of East Africa
2166:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007852
1884:from the original on 12 January 2016
1844:
1800:Schmid & Jongman, 2005: 538-539.
131:
70:
29:
4977:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
4928:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
4443:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
3726:Ethnic violence against Amaro Koore
2919:from the original on 19 August 2019
2844:
2670:"Oromo groups agree a common front"
2101:from the original on April 12, 2021
2094:Country Information Report ethiopia
1978:Davey, Melissa (13 February 2016),
694:Socialist Ethiopian Liberation Army
13:
5148:Civil wars in the Ethiopian Empire
4685:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
4227:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
2979:from the original on 27 April 2019
2696:"Ethiopian commander joins rebels"
2190:
1460:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1426:in the 1980s, after its office in
1420:Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
1416:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
1073:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
14:
5179:
4922:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
4625:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3600:Amhara Region coup d'état attempt
2998:Zelalem, Zecharias (2021-03-20).
2890:from the original on May 25, 2021
2862:from the original on 7 March 2021
1782:from the original on 14 July 2017
45:This article has multiple issues.
4752:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
3970:
3969:
3844:Tigray People's Liberation Front
3836:Sidama National Liberation Front
3826:Ethiopian National Defense Force
2803:"OMN: Amharic News May 30, 2015"
2200:, (Merriam-Webster: 2003), p.876
1699:from the original on 1 July 2017
1599:Ogaden National Liberation Front
1464:Tigray People's Liberation Front
1345:In 1974, the Ethiopian military
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16:Armed civil conflict in Ethiopia
4769:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
3483:Conflicts in the Horn of Africa
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3133:from the original on 2021-03-22
3102:from the original on 2021-03-22
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2085:
2075:from the original on 2021-04-12
2068:OROMO CONTINUE TO FLEE VIOLENCE
2059:
2049:from the original on 2021-04-19
2033:
2023:from the original on 2021-04-17
2001:
1971:
1936:from the original on 2021-08-12
1920:
1896:
1835:
1729:from the original on 2017-09-12
1693:International Business Times UK
1639:. The 22nd division was led by
198:conflicts in the Horn of Africa
53:or discuss these issues on the
5163:Civil wars of the 21st century
5158:Civil wars of the 20th century
3471:Ethiopian Unity Patriots Front
3389:October 2019 Ethiopian clashes
3347:Shewa Robit ambulance massacre
3179:
1794:
1768:
1754:
1740:
1711:
1680:
1627:(EDF), already present in the
1589:October 2019 Ethiopian clashes
1525:Ethiopian Unity Patriots Front
1456:lose its control over Ethiopia
929:Somaliland War of Independence
757:
1:
5070:2014 Lesotho political crisis
5027:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
4190:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
2146:Bulcha, Mekuria (July 1970),
1878:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
1658:
1577:OLA insurgency (2018–present)
1277:
5064:SADC intervention in Lesotho
4666:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
4620:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
4377:ECOWAS military intervention
4097:2011–2014 factional violence
3959:Internment camps in Ethiopia
3615:Persecution of Amhara people
3542:2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan
3432:Oromia–Addis Ababa relations
3088:Dube, Nagessa (2020-08-03).
2042:ETHIOPIANS: AMHARA AND OROMO
1953:Triulzi, Alessandro (1996).
1861:War Resisters' International
1776:"Ethiopia Military Strength"
1560:2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan
1488:
1449:
1409:
1340:
985:Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict
821:Eritrean War of Independence
230:1973–present (51 years)
7:
4741:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
4596:Insurgency in Northern Chad
2121:Ethiopia. Status of Amharas
1335:
1321:dominate the Oromo people.
1272:Ethiopian national identity
1092:Eritrean attack of Ethiopia
102:conditions to do so are met
10:
5184:
5032:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
4853:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
4708:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
4573:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
4384:Western Togoland Rebellion
3655:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
2409:Adejumobi, Saheed (2007).
2252:Central Statistical Agency
1616:
1586:
1580:
1504:
749:1,600−8,900 killed overall
18:
5084:
5041:
5013:
5004:
4943:
4914:
4869:Second Sudanese Civil War
4861:
4823:
4777:
4733:
4653:
4644:
4612:
4583:
4552:
4512:
4429:
4406:
4397:
4346:
4320:
4294:
4273:
4236:
4182:
4173:
4141:
4112:
4074:
4034:
4025:
3967:
3941:
3906:
3890:
3881:
3798:
3773:
3734:
3706:
3688:
3663:
3645:
3625:Finote Selam drone strike
3590:
3567:
3560:
3529:
3480:
3445:
3419:
3381:
3311:
3282:
3275:
3239:
2254:(2008), "TABEL [
1081:
860:Ethiopian–Somali conflict
816:
753:
748:
743:
710:
682:
453:
280:
222:
208:
195:
190:
145:This article needs to be
4972:2008 invasion of Anjouan
4568:Civil War (2012–present)
4537:Pool Department conflict
3721:Ethnic violence in Konso
3610:2022 North Shewa clashes
3552:2014–2016 Oromo protests
2221:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
1955:Being and Becoming Oromo
1647:, simultaneously to the
1507:2014–2016 Oromo protests
1497:OLF forces retreat into
990:Ethiopian civil conflict
4967:Hanish Islands conflict
4503:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
4354:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
4196:Herder–farmer conflicts
4120:Western Sahara conflict
3871:Eritrean Defence Forces
3547:2015 Ethiopian uprising
3354:TDF–OLA joint offensive
2698:. BBC. 10 August 2006.
2672:. IRIN. 4 August 2000.
1625:Eritrean Defence Forces
1619:TDF–OLA joint offensive
1612:
1479:transitional government
961:Hanish Islands conflict
734:(likely ~15,000−20,000)
689:Imperial Ethiopian Army
5168:Insurgencies in Africa
5153:Rebellions in Ethiopia
5143:Civil wars in Ethiopia
5133:Oromo Liberation Front
4790:Somali–Kenyan conflict
4679:Second Afar insurgency
4286:Sierra Leone Civil War
3453:Oromo Liberation Front
3394:Hachalu Hundessa riots
3372:Qelem Wollega massacre
2519:www.marketscreener.com
2294:Encyclopedia of Africa
2010:Language & Culture
1593:Hachalu Hundessa riots
1513:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1502:
1435:government of Ethiopia
1433:During the 1980s, the
1368:In June 1974, General
1232:Oromo Liberation Front
1085:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
966:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
951:Second Afar insurgency
843:Somali–Kenyan conflict
833:1961 revolt in Somalia
454:Commanders and leaders
5049:Bophuthatswana crisis
4713:Oromia–Somali clashes
4631:Boko Haram insurgency
4591:Civil War (2005–2010)
4208:Boko Haram insurgency
4131:Clashes, 2020–present
3866:Sudanese Armed Forces
3849:Tigray Defence Forces
3831:Oromo Liberation Army
3698:Oromia–Somali clashes
3635:2024 Amhara offensive
3537:Ethnic discrimination
3459:Oromo Liberation Army
3035:The Africa Report.com
2975:. 19 September 2017.
2886:, December 19, 2021,
2856:Amnesty International
2827:Standard Digital News
2213:Ta'a, Tesema (2006).
1649:Tigray Defense Forces
1551:Amnesty International
1496:
1437:was accused of using
1403:OLF Political Program
1256:Oromo Liberation Army
1199:Military specialists
865:1963 Ogaden Rebellion
809:in the Horn of Africa
744:Casualties and losses
705:Oromo Liberation Army
215:The Oromia Region in
21:Oromo Liberation Army
5021:Mozambican Civil War
4981:Burundian conflicts
4961:Djiboutian Civil War
4673:Insurgency in Ogaden
4301:Liberian Civil Wars
4214:Niger Delta conflict
1236:Ethiopian government
1152:2010 border skirmish
1136:Post-2000 conflicts:
979:OEF – Horn of Africa
939:Insurgency in Ogaden
934:Djiboutian Civil War
737:20,000−22,000 (1998)
732:10,000−40,000 (1992)
584:Hailemariam Desalegn
514:Mengistu Hailemariam
5138:Ethiopian Civil War
5060:Lesothan conflicts
4985:1993–2005 Civil War
4703:Afar–Somali clashes
4490:2022–2024 offensive
4485:2012–2013 rebellion
4327:Ivorian Civil Wars
4160:Tunisian revolution
4102:2014–2020 civil war
4082:2008 Kufra conflict
4019:conflicts in Africa
3949:Al-Fashaga conflict
3577:Afar–Somali clashes
3561:Conflicts by region
3366:North Shewa clashes
3335:Abo church massacre
3329:Gawa Qanqa massacre
3257:Menelik's Invasions
2858:. 28 October 2014.
2411:History of Ethiopia
2097:, August 12, 2020,
1725:. 10 October 2016.
1027:Al-Fashaga conflict
912:Puntland–Somaliland
897:Ethiopian Civil War
826:Eritrean civil wars
542:Girma Wolde-Giorgis
89:of this article is
5107:Colour revolutions
4905:Sudanese civil war
4757:2009–present phase
4497:Batwa–Luba clashes
4366:Casamance conflict
4243:Tuareg rebellions
4203:Religious violence
4149:Algerian Civil War
4065:Terrorism in Egypt
3716:Gedeo–Guji clashes
3605:2021 Ataye clashes
3005:Al Jazeera English
2943:washingtonpost.com
2915:. 3 October 2016.
2071:, September 1981,
1856:2016-12-20 at the
1816:2016-03-04 at the
1651:taking control of
1503:
1363:Chercher Mountains
956:Gedeo–Guji clashes
305:Former combatants:
5115:
5114:
5080:
5079:
5000:
4999:
4951:Rwandan Civil War
4899:Blue Nile clashes
4881:Nomadic conflicts
4837:Nomadic conflicts
4640:
4639:
4479:March 23 Movement
4414:Angolan Civil War
4393:
4392:
4169:
4168:
3981:
3980:
3937:
3936:
3769:
3768:
3647:Benishangul-Gumuz
3582:Galikoma massacre
3489:
3488:
3437:Oromo nationalism
3427:OLA peace process
3415:
3414:
2754:. April 1, 2012.
2420:978-0-313-32273-0
2304:978-0-19-533770-9
2230:978-3-447-05419-5
2124:, March 1, 1993,
1957:. Sweden: Gotab.
1832:Østebø, 2011: 289
1501:, 3 February 2006
1483:guerrilla warfare
1430:was closed down.
1223:
1222:
1035:
1034:
1010:Benishangul-Gumuz
772:
771:
276:
275:
184:
183:
176:
166:
165:
130:
129:
122:
68:
5175:
5055:Caprivi conflict
5011:
5010:
4990:2015–2018 unrest
4796:Likoni massacres
4785:Ethnic conflicts
4747:Somali Civil War
4651:
4650:
4449:Second Congo War
4404:
4403:
4180:
4179:
4059:Post-coup unrest
4053:Sinai insurgency
4032:
4031:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3888:
3887:
3565:
3564:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3280:
3279:
3252:Oromo migrations
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3095:Ethiopia Insight
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2780:. Archived from
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2616:. Archived from
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2556:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2513:MarketScreener.
2510:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2488:. Archived from
2478:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2445:. Archived from
2444:
2436:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2387:, May 26, 1995,
2379:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2210:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2160:(384): 325–352,
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2045:, January 2017,
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1821:
1809:Gérard Prunier.
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1764:. 24 April 2023.
1758:
1752:
1751:
1750:. 24 April 2023.
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1266:era, when their
1242:to liberate the
1240:Ethiopian Empire
1196:
1124:
1107:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1040:
902:Somali Civil War
811:
798:
791:
784:
775:
774:
764:
761:
675:
674:
673:
664:
663:
662:
655:
645:
644:
643:
636:
626:
625:
624:
617:
607:
606:
605:
598:Dawud Ibsa Ayana
596:
595:
594:
582:
581:
580:
574:
568:
567:
566:
560:
554:
553:
552:
546:
540:
539:
538:
532:
526:
525:
524:
518:
512:
511:
510:
504:
500:Haile Selassie I
498:
497:
496:
487:
486:
485:
478:Sahle-Work Zewde
476:
475:
474:
465:
464:
463:
445:
443:
442:
431:
429:
428:
413:
412:
411:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
385:
374:
373:
372:
357:
356:
355:
343:
342:
341:
329:
328:
327:
317:Ethiopian Empire
315:
314:
313:
297:
295:
294:
267:on 25 April 2023
224:
223:
213:
188:
187:
179:
172:
161:
158:
152:
140:
139:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5076:
5037:
5006:Southern Africa
4996:
4939:
4910:
4857:
4842:Ethnic violence
4819:
4814:Baragoi clashes
4773:
4729:
4636:
4608:
4598:(2016–present)
4579:
4554:
4553:Central African
4548:
4514:
4508:
4437:First Congo War
4425:
4389:
4342:
4316:
4290:
4281:Ndogboyosoi War
4269:
4232:
4216:(2003–present)
4192:(1998–present)
4165:
4137:
4122:(1970–present)
4108:
4070:
4048:2011 revolution
4042:Egyptian Crisis
4021:
4012:
3982:
3977:
3963:
3933:
3902:
3883:
3877:
3794:
3788:peace agreement
3775:Peace processes
3765:
3730:
3702:
3684:
3659:
3641:
3630:Merawi massacre
3586:
3556:
3525:
3520:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3441:
3411:
3377:
3323:Burayu massacre
3315:
3307:
3271:
3235:
3229:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3082:
3073:
3071:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3044:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3015:
3013:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2891:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2752:Washington Post
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2558:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2428:
2421:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2266:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2154:African Affairs
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2076:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1908:www.voanews.com
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:Wayback Machine
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1824:
1818:Wayback Machine
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
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1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1681:
1675:WRITENET (2004)
1673:
1666:
1661:
1621:
1615:
1607:West Guji Zones
1595:
1585:
1579:
1509:
1491:
1462:(EPLF) and the
1452:
1418:(EPLF) and the
1412:
1343:
1338:
1280:
1224:
1219:
1190:
1179:
1161:
1118:
1101:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
971:border conflict
885:2022 Al-Shabaab
812:
808:
804:
802:
768:
767:
762:
758:
733:
697:
692:
671:
669:
668:
660:
658:
657:
651:
641:
639:
638:
632:
622:
620:
619:
613:
603:
601:
600:
592:
590:
586:
578:
576:
575:
572:
564:
562:
561:
558:
550:
548:
547:
544:
536:
534:
533:
530:
522:
520:
519:
516:
508:
506:
505:
502:
494:
492:
491:
483:
481:
480:
472:
470:
469:
461:
459:
440:
438:
437:
435:
426:
424:
423:
419:
417:
409:
407:
406:
404:
396:
394:
393:
391:
383:
381:
380:
378:
370:
368:
365:
361:
353:
351:
347:
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
319:
311:
309:
292:
290:
246:
214:
200:
180:
169:
168:
167:
162:
156:
153:
150:
141:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
95:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5181:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5128:Oromo conflict
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5085:Related topics
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5058:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5035:
5034:(2017–present)
5029:
5024:
5017:
5015:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4934:Kasese clashes
4931:
4930:(1996–present)
4925:
4924:(1987–present)
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:(2023–present)
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4883:(2009–present)
4878:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4792:(1963–present)
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4744:
4743:(1998–present)
4737:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4691:War, 1998–2000
4682:
4676:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4661:Oromo conflict
4657:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4633:(2009–present)
4628:
4627:(1987–present)
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:2021 offensive
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4527:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4476:
4475:(2009–present)
4473:Ituri conflict
4470:
4467:Dongo conflict
4464:
4463:(2004–present)
4458:
4455:Ituri conflict
4452:
4446:
4445:(1996–present)
4440:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4422:(1975–present)
4417:
4410:
4408:
4401:
4399:Central Africa
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4386:(2020–present)
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4368:(1982–present)
4363:
4360:Guinea clashes
4357:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:(2012–present)
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4229:(2021–present)
4224:
4223:
4222:
4211:
4210:(2009–present)
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4186:
4184:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:War, 1975–1991
4116:
4114:
4113:Western Sahara
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:2011 civil war
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4067:(2013–present)
4062:
4056:
4055:(2011–present)
4050:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3861:Foreign forces
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3678:OLA insurgency
3673:Oromo conflict
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3461:(2018–present)
3456:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3408:, 2023–present
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3360:Gimbi massacre
3357:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3316:(2018–present)
3313:OLA insurgency
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3302:Oromo protests
3299:
3296:Turbi massacre
3293:
3290:Battle of Tiro
3286:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:(1973–present)
3232:Oromo conflict
3228:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:. August 2004.
3181:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3160:. 2021-11-01.
3143:
3129:. 2021-03-22.
3112:
3080:
3066:. 2021-01-16.
3051:
3037:. 2021-06-18.
3022:
2990:
2960:
2930:
2900:
2873:
2843:
2814:
2794:
2769:
2739:
2713:
2687:
2661:
2630:
2605:
2575:
2568:
2544:
2530:
2502:
2462:
2426:
2419:
2401:
2374:
2361:, March 2003,
2348:
2321:
2303:
2283:
2243:
2229:
2223:. p. 17.
2202:
2189:
2138:
2111:
2084:
2058:
2032:
2000:
1970:
1963:
1945:
1919:
1895:
1865:
1843:
1834:
1822:
1802:
1793:
1767:
1753:
1739:
1710:
1679:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1641:Haregot Furzun
1637:Freedom Friday
1617:Main article:
1614:
1611:
1583:OLA insurgency
1581:Main article:
1578:
1575:
1521:Gambela Region
1490:
1487:
1451:
1448:
1439:scorched earth
1411:
1408:
1396:Battle of Tiro
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1315:Amhara culture
1304:Horn of Africa
1279:
1276:
1260:Haile Selassie
1234:(OLF) and the
1228:Oromo conflict
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1113:
1108:
1094:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:OLA insurgency
1002:
997:
987:
982:
975:
974:
973:
963:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
936:
931:
926:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
899:
894:
892:Oromo conflict
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
857:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
817:
814:
813:
801:
800:
793:
786:
778:
770:
769:
766:
765:
755:
754:
751:
750:
746:
745:
741:
740:
739:
738:
735:
730:
727:
717:
716:182,500 (2011)
713:
712:
708:
707:
702:
685:
684:
683:Units involved
680:
679:
588:
556:Mulatu Teshome
528:Negasso Gidada
456:
455:
451:
450:
366:
364:
363:
349:
335:
321:
307:
302:
286:
283:
282:
278:
277:
274:
273:
272:
271:
268:
252:
248:
247:
238:
236:
232:
231:
228:
220:
219:
206:
205:
193:
192:
191:Oromo conflict
186:
185:
182:
181:
164:
163:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
25:OLA insurgency
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5180:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:War on terror
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4893:Heglig Crisis
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4875:War in Darfur
4873:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4831:Heglig Crisis
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4802:Kenyan crisis
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4724:
4723:War in Amhara
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:Kivu conflict
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:Côte d'Ivoire
4319:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:2016 conflict
4218:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:Libyan crisis
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3884:organisations
3880:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3690:Somali Region
3687:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3620:War in Amhara
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3406:War in Amhara
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:Ataye clashes
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2784:on 2015-06-01
2783:
2779:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2647:
2640:
2634:
2620:on 2011-07-27
2619:
2615:
2609:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2569:1-56432-038-3
2565:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2516:
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2507:
2492:on 2017-06-29
2491:
2487:
2486:www.gadaa.com
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2452:on 2016-12-26
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2280:on 2016-09-27
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2100:
2096:
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2088:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2019:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1964:91-7106-379-X
1960:
1956:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1909:
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1629:Tigray Region
1626:
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1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:Oromia Region
1552:
1549:According to
1547:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
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1444:Galassa Dilbo
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1399:
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1374:Hailu Regassa
1371:
1370:Tadesse Birru
1366:
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1330:Tadesse Birru
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1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:May-June 2000
1114:
1112:
1111:February 1999
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
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1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
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1080:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
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1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:War in Amhara
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Oromia–Somali
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:
976:
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969:
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792:
787:
785:
780:
779:
776:
760:
756:
752:
747:
742:
736:
731:
729:14,000 (1991)
728:
726:13,000 (1982)
725:
724:
723:
722:
718:
715:
714:
709:
706:
703:
700:
695:
690:
687:
686:
681:
678:
667:
656:
654:
648:
647:Tadesse Birru
637:
635:
629:
618:
616:
610:
599:
589:
585:
571:
557:
543:
529:
515:
501:
490:
489:Abraham Belay
479:
468:
458:
457:
452:
448:
434:
422:
421:Supported by:
416:
403:
390:
377:
367:
360:
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336:
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58:
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52:
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41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
4953: /
4687:(2000–2018)
4660:
4515:of the Congo
4274:Sierra Leone
4027:North Africa
3882:Human rights
3799:Armed groups
3672:
3247:Oromo people
3231:
3193:
3166:. Retrieved
3155:
3146:
3135:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3104:. Retrieved
3093:
3083:
3072:. Retrieved
3063:
3054:
3043:. Retrieved
3034:
3025:
3014:. Retrieved
3003:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2942:
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2912:
2903:
2892:, retrieved
2882:
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2846:
2835:. Retrieved
2826:
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2772:
2762:February 26,
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2732:February 26,
2730:. Retrieved
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2690:
2678:. Retrieved
2664:
2653:. Retrieved
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2618:the original
2608:
2597:. Retrieved
2588:
2578:
2559:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2494:. Retrieved
2490:the original
2485:
2454:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2410:
2404:
2393:, retrieved
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2377:
2367:, retrieved
2357:
2351:
2342:February 12,
2340:, retrieved
2330:
2324:
2313:. Retrieved
2293:
2286:
2275:the original
2262:
2255:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2215:
2197:
2192:
2182:, retrieved
2157:
2153:
2141:
2132:February 22,
2130:, retrieved
2120:
2114:
2103:, retrieved
2093:
2087:
2077:, retrieved
2067:
2061:
2051:, retrieved
2041:
2035:
2025:, retrieved
2009:
2003:
1994:February 14,
1992:, retrieved
1984:The Guardian
1983:
1973:
1954:
1948:
1938:, retrieved
1928:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1770:
1756:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1677:, p. 8.
1622:
1596:
1563:
1548:
1537:
1532:Kemel Gelchu
1529:
1510:
1476:
1453:
1432:
1413:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1382:
1367:
1355:Hussein Sora
1344:
1323:
1308:
1284:Oromo people
1281:
1252:nationalists
1244:Oromo people
1227:
1225:
1188:Air campaign
1181:
1180:
1163:
1162:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1097:
1087:(1998–2000):
1083:
978:
922:2009–present
891:
759:
720:
719:
691:(until 1975)
652:
633:
614:
570:Meles Zenawi
503:(until 1975)
420:
379:(until 2018)
320:(until 1975)
304:
289:
281:Belligerents
255:
254:
196:Part of the
170:
154:
146:
116:
107:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5102:Arab Winter
5097:Arab Spring
5066:(1998–1999)
5057:(1994–1999)
5023:(1977–1992)
4963:(1991–1994)
4957:(1990–1994)
4901:(2022–2023)
4889:(2011–2020)
4877:(2003–2020)
4871:(1983–2005)
4849:(2013–2020)
4824:South Sudan
4810:(2012–2013)
4804:(2007–2008)
4681:(1995–2018)
4675:(1994–2018)
4646:East Africa
4564:(2004–2007)
4545:(2016–2017)
4539:(2002–2003)
4521:Civil wars
4505:(2016–2019)
4499:(2013–2018)
4457:(1999–2007)
4451:(1998–2003)
4439:(1996–1997)
4420:Cabinda War
4416:(1975–2002)
4356:(1998–1999)
4175:West Africa
4162:(2010–2011)
4151:(1991–2002)
4061:(2013–2014)
4044:(2011–2014)
3473:(1998–2012)
3467:(1985–1987)
3455:(1973–2018)
3402:, 2020–2022
3304:, 2014–2016
3267:Bale revolt
3180:Works cited
3126:Eritrea Hub
2866:21 February
2706:26 February
2680:26 February
2271:Addis Ababa
2263:Census 2007
1631:during the
1359:Elemo Qiltu
1191: [
1164:Agreements:
1119: [
1102: [
995:Afar–Somali
838:Bale revolt
701:(from 1991)
696:(1975−1991)
609:Elemo Qiltu
587:(2012−2018)
573:(1991−2012)
559:(2013−2018)
545:(2001−2013)
531:(1995−2001)
517:(1975−1991)
436:(1998–2018)
418:(1993–2012)
157:August 2024
110:August 2024
5122:Categories
5014:Mozambique
4718:Tigray war
3907:Grassroots
3891:Government
3754:War crimes
3744:Tigray war
3530:Background
3400:Tigray war
3240:Background
3168:2021-11-01
3137:2021-03-22
3106:2021-03-22
3074:2021-08-08
3045:2021-08-08
3016:2021-03-22
2983:16 October
2953:16 October
2837:2015-05-31
2808:2015-05-31
2788:2015-05-31
2655:2017-06-03
2624:2017-06-03
2599:2019-11-04
2524:2019-09-08
2496:2017-06-01
2456:2017-06-01
2369:2021-04-06
2315:2017-06-01
2184:2021-02-22
2105:August 12,
2079:2021-02-22
2053:2021-02-22
2027:2021-02-22
1940:2021-04-01
1913:2022-01-18
1786:27 October
1733:2017-01-23
1703:23 January
1659:References
1633:Tigray War
1587:See also:
1511:After the
1505:See also:
1278:Background
1015:Tigray war
805:Post-1960
628:Ahmad Taqi
467:Abiy Ahmed
87:neutrality
50:improve it
4847:Civil War
4530:1997–1999
4525:1993–1994
4481:conflict
4336:2010–2011
4331:2002–2007
4310:1999–2003
4305:1989–1996
4252:2007–2009
4247:1990–1995
3924:Seb Hidri
3749:Spillover
3283:1973–2018
3157:TimesLIVE
2894:March 26,
1723:Bloomberg
1653:Kombolcha
1489:2000–2018
1450:1990–2000
1410:1980–1990
1341:1970–1980
1311:Abyssinia
1208:Ukrainian
907:Rebellion
807:conflicts
666:Waqo Gutu
449:(alleged)
405:(1985−87)
362:(1991−95)
348:(1987−91)
334:(1975−87)
98:talk page
56:talk page
4955:genocide
4654:Ethiopia
4562:Bush War
4555:Republic
4543:Pool War
4513:Republic
4430:DR Congo
4264:Mali War
4016:Cold War
3975:Category
3759:template
3194:Writenet
3162:Archived
3131:Archived
3100:Archived
3068:Archived
3064:BBC News
3039:Archived
3010:Archived
2977:Archived
2947:Archived
2917:Archived
2913:BBC News
2888:archived
2860:Archived
2831:Archived
2756:Archived
2726:Archived
2700:Archived
2674:Archived
2646:Archived
2593:Archived
2589:Refworld
2395:April 6,
2389:archived
2363:archived
2336:archived
2309:Archived
2178:archived
2126:archived
2099:archived
2073:archived
2047:archived
2018:archived
1988:archived
1934:archived
1932:, n.d.,
1882:Archived
1854:Archived
1814:Archived
1780:Archived
1727:Archived
1697:Archived
1603:Ginbot 7
1570:Bishoftu
1566:Irreecha
1336:Timeline
1319:language
1292:Ethiopia
1268:language
1182:Aspects:
711:Strength
299:Ethiopia
244:Ethiopia
235:Location
217:Ethiopia
91:disputed
4734:Somalia
4295:Liberia
4183:Nigeria
3942:Related
3840:Tigray
3810:Amhara
3382:Related
3343:, 2021
2973:hrw.org
2923:15 July
2644:. OLF.
1888:7 March
1645:Kamisee
1523:-based
1517:Eritrea
1428:Somalia
1385:Gelemso
1300:Somalia
1203:Russian
1170:Algiers
1157:Tsorona
944:2007–08
917:2006–09
677:Jaarraa
653:†
634:†
615:†
433:Eritrea
257:Ongoing
147:updated
5051:(1994)
5042:Others
4944:Others
4936:(2016)
4915:Uganda
4895:(2012)
4833:(2012)
4816:(2012)
4798:(1997)
4762:AMISOM
4613:Others
4469:(2009)
4407:Angola
4362:(2013)
4347:Others
4142:Others
3929:Yikono
3783:Tigray
3736:Tigray
3665:Oromia
3592:Amhara
3446:Groups
3420:Topics
3396:, 2020
3374:, 2022
3368:, 2022
3362:, 2022
3356:, 2021
3337:, 2021
3331:, 2020
3325:, 2018
3298:, 2005
3292:, 1974
3276:Events
2566:
2417:
2301:
2236:21 May
2227:
2174:723182
2172:
1961:
1544:Sololo
1540:Moyale
1347:ousted
1288:Oromia
1248:Oromia
1175:Asmera
1147:Ogaden
1098:Sunset
875:Ogaden
848:Shifta
649:
630:
611:
444:
430:
296:
251:Status
240:Oromia
23:, see
4862:Sudan
4778:Kenya
4075:Libya
4035:Egypt
4014:Post–
3914:EHRCO
3708:SNNPR
3190:(PDF)
2649:(PDF)
2642:(PDF)
2450:(PDF)
2443:(PDF)
2358:oromo
2331:Oromo
2278:(PDF)
2267:(PDF)
2170:JSTOR
2021:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
1499:Kenya
1424:Sudan
1378:Shewa
1296:Kenya
1215:UNMEE
1195:]
1129:Aider
1123:]
1106:]
853:Rhamu
447:Egypt
4584:Chad
4257:2012
4237:Mali
3919:ERCS
3898:EHRC
3814:Fano
3569:Afar
2985:2019
2955:2019
2925:2019
2896:2021
2868:2021
2764:2018
2734:2018
2708:2018
2682:2018
2564:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2397:2021
2344:2015
2299:ISBN
2238:2015
2225:ISBN
2134:2021
2107:2021
1996:2016
1959:ISBN
1890:2016
1788:2014
1705:2017
1613:2021
1601:and
1591:and
1392:Tiro
1357:and
1351:Derg
1317:and
1298:and
1282:The
1264:Derg
1262:and
1226:The
1142:Afar
880:1982
870:1964
721:OLF:
699:ENDF
415:EUPF
402:IFLO
345:PDRE
331:Derg
227:Date
201:and
84:The
2257:sic
2162:doi
1376:in
1290:in
389:OLA
376:OLF
359:TGE
265:OLA
5124::
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3154:.
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1982:,
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