295:
212:
that would come to follow were unceasing and relentless, stripping the community of their "booty" and killing a large amount of the warrior class, then escaping before dawn as to avoid being followed back to their base camps. Once the community under siege was broken down enough to be settled without resistance, the remaining peoples would quickly be integrated through
Moggaasaa, having their status, material goods and general livelihoods returned to them. The remaining warriors would join the Oromo gada's troops. With each period of adoption into the fighting class, the Oromo's knowledge of the local terrain would increase drastically.
148:
273:), a term referring more precisely to "tax-paying serfs", similar to the serfs in Ethiopia during feudal times. Emperor Gelawdewos, however, campaigned in the south as a result of those attacks. According to his chronicle, the Emperor defeated the Oromo incursions and made subject to his rule those he captured, which prevented further attacks for some time, with further incursions reduced to skirmishes. The initial attacks were significant, however, on a much larger and more devastating scale to the Ethiopian dynasty. Despite his reprisals, Gelawdewos was troubled and was forced to settle refugees in a town of
306:
power and put them on par with
Ethiopian troops, who were largely equipped with firearms. In the new phase of migration adopted under Meslé, the Oromo defeated Emperor Gelawdewos's Jan Amora corps, allowing them to pillage a number of towns. Instead of returning to their homelands, however, they stayed in the new territories. Gelawdewos campaigned against the Oromo as a result, defeating them at 'Asa Zeneb (yet unidentified), but he was nevertheless unable to drive them from the frontier provinces and continued to build the new town in Wej for new refugees.
228:, he raided as far as the province of Dawaro, north of Bali. Again, however, after each raid, the parties returned to their villages. Bahrey's dating might, however, be off, as Shihab ad-din, who had written a decade before Ahmed Gragn's death, noted a locality named Werre Qallu, an Oromo name, in the province of Dawaro. Francisco de Almeida, however, agreed with Bahrey's dating, by affirming that the Oromo first began migrating around the time of Ahmed Gragn's invasion (1527).
664:
custom of the kings his ancestors, who, when making war were in the habit of sending their troops ahead, remaining themselves in the rear with the pick of their cavalry and infantry, praising those who went forward bravely and punishing those who lagged behind." Despite Bahrey's praise, Sarsa Dengel was forced to use coercion to draw troops, and decreed that anyone who failed to heed his call to arms would have his house pillaged and property confiscated.
810:. They found formidable natural barriers, which opposed their advance towards Kaffa. The mountainous jungle terrain made rapid cavalry attack and retreat virtually impossible, and their advance was halted by the Kafficho. They, however, conquered all territories north of the Gojeb, including the city of
211:
By the 1530s, the Oromo pastoralists had developed a three-staged method for territorial expansion; "scouting, night time surprise attack and settlement" (159). The introduction of scouting teams shows that the Oromo pastoralists had quickly become accustomed to border warfare. The night time attacks
40:
663:
south of Lake Tana. With the
Ottoman situation in the north largely under control, Sarsa Dengel again took the initiative against the Oromo in the south, where he forced the Dawé (or Jawé) Oromo in Wej to flight. Bahrey praised Sarsa Dengel's campaign by stating that he "did not act according to the
133:
The legend of
Liqimssa is an ancient legend stemming from the Borana sect of the Oromo peoples that is credited as having been one of the main motivations for the beginning of the Oromo expansions. The Liqimssa roughly translates to "The Swallower" and was told to be a beast that consumed people one
353:
attacked. For the first time, Oromo advances were devastating core
Ethiopian provinces, but their earlier incursions had been simply against frontier provinces. Despite the deeper attacks, the core provinces remained under Ethiopian control, and Emperor Sarsa Dengel carried out punitive expeditions
202:
after each raid. Raids continued under Mudena past the Wabi
Shebelle, but these groups also returned home shortly. The reason for the Oromo's returning after their short conquests is that the Christian and Muslim kingdoms that surrounded Oromo pastoralists were deeply embroiled in wars. Instead of
746:
Although the military expansion of the Oromo continued, many Oromo groups started to settle in
Ethiopian territory and developed into a political power, which was used by the different secular and ecclesiastical groupings. By the late 18th century, they were taking an active part in the political
305:
Meslé's time represent a fundamental change in the expansion of the Oromo. Newly-taken territories were permanently settled by Oromo for the first time, and mules and horses began to be ridden by the first time. The adoption of horseback riding from the north greatly increased the Oromo fighting
802:
that had a king by name of
Shisafotchi. He tried to come to terms with the situation by absorbing into his administration the energy of ambitious Macha individuals. That proved to be the cause of his destruction. By favouring the Oromo at his courts, Shisafotchi alienated his own people. The
134:
by one until there was nobody left to fight against it. It is meant to embody "hunger", and the story represents how a powerful entity will consume all there is around it until the "land of plenty" (in reference to the Borana homeland) is left barren and empty. The legend is interpreted by
138:
to be the embodiment of the
Christian kingdom's growing power and influence in the regions directly south of the Oromo homelands. As Christians military colonists continued to bump up against the Oromo from the south, Oromo pastoralists responded by beginning their expansions northward.
155:
The early expansions were characterized by sporadic raids by the Oromo on the frontiers of the
Ethiopian kingdom. After capturing cattle and other booty, the raiding parties would quickly return to their homelands. Actual settlement of new territories would not begin until the
1551:
354:
in return. One such reprisal in 1573 involved the engagement of the Oromo near Lake Zway in a frontier province. He defeated them, took their cattle and distributed the herd among his subjects, who were described in his chronicle as "becoming rich" as a result.
406:
was away on campaign the Oromos devastated the region. They are said to have destroyed a hundred Muslim villages, and advancing to the city's very walls, besieged Harar. Fierce fightings took place at one of the gates, which was soon full of corpses.
240:
Bifolé, the Oromo migration achieved its first major success. All previous movements had been minor raids on neighbouring provinces, but under Bifolé, new raids were undertaken that began to weaken Ethiopian control. All of Dewaro was pillaged, and
366:
Oromo groups attacked the Adal Sultanate, which was greatly weakened by its wars with the Christian Ethiopians leading to no potential resistance. In the 16th century, the Oromo began their invasion of Harar region occupying as far as
693:, which were central regions of the empire. Between 1620 and 1660, the Ethiopian emperors had to defend different parts of their territory but could not stop to the waves of advancing Oromo groups. The Tulama expanded from
713:
the Great (1682-1706) resumed the offensive against the Oromo and recruited battalions of Oromo which pledged their allegiance, whom he settled in conquered areas. Tulama and Liban Oromo were settled in northern
722:
and were encouraged to convert to Christianity. Some of their authorities were appointed to high offices in the army and in the administration of the provinces. In 1684â1685, Oromo groups fought against Emperor
579:
with only 50 cavalry to the area, who forced the Oromo to flee and sent the heads of 80 Gallas to the Emperor as trophies. Sarsa Dengel was again forced to head north with his army to crush the Ottoman-backed
627:, one of Sarsa Dengel's commanders, who was often successful. Nevertheless, during this time, the Oromo pillaged Ar'ine in Wej, killing Ethiopian couriers in the process. Further advances were made around
1745:
Ambo, Zegeye Woldemariam (January 2021). "A historical glimpse of Hiriyoo: Rethinking the indigenous defense system and military mobilization of the Kingdom of Kafa prior to 1897, Southwest Ethiopia".
1437:
623:
Birmajé that the Oromo first began to use body-length ox-hide shields. The shields allowed the Oromo to resist arrows and therefore to defeat the Mayas. The Oromo often came into conflict with
1241:
554:, and the Emperor gathered his forces from throughout Ethiopia to form an army at Gind Beret. From there, Sarsa Dengel headed south, where he found that the Oromo had also taken
840:, where they had direct control over the majority of Abyssinian provinces whilst replacing Abyssinian emperors and putting them simply as a figurehead, somewhat similar to the
391:
and Dakkar. Oromo invasions in the Harar region were followed by epidemic and food shortages in Adal's capital Harar leading to massive loss of life which included Adal leader
203:
engaging with either kingdom directly, they targeted isolated communities that would go unnoticed and allowed their enemies to destroy each other without Oromo intervention.
538:
turned to curb the spread of the Oromo in the south in the 1570s. The first mention of his actions is in his short Royal Chronicle, which states that he fought a force of
697:
into Amhara and the Wallo and Azebo overran Angot, parts of Amhara and Waj, Begemder, and Tigre. In 1642 the eastern Oromo nearly annihilated the Ethiopian army from
747:
formation of the Ethiopian state. The process of mutual assimilation between the Oromo newcomers and other inhabitants of the empire was well under way.
387:
chronicles the combination of the Oromo invasion which followed drought led to the destruction of several towns and regions including Sim, Shewa, Negeb,
411:
Hamid was reportedly struck by twenty spears, but, though seriously wounded, succeeded in returning to the city alive. The invaders were later repulsed.
220:
After the death of Ahmed Gragn, Kilolé resumed his predecessor's raids and pierced further into Ethiopian territory. Aided by the weakening of both the
832:. The Oromo had become one of the major players in the Horn, subsequently weakening Christian Abyssinia and effectively but slowly gaining control of
1693:
1463:
636:
375:
the capital city of the principality. By the late sixteenth century other Adalite towns in the Harar region also began to construct ramparts such as
604:
803:
ambitious Oromo individuals at his court harnessed the popular fury to their own advantage by overthrowing the king and taking over the kingdom.
891:
588:
245:
to its north was attacked for the first time. Furthermore, according to Bahrey, the inhabitants of the pillaged areas were enslaved to become
775:
wars, against the Oromo warriors. The Ajuran with their guns forced the Oromo conquerors to reverse their migrations towards the war-ravaged
600:
1600:. Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 24.
624:
337:
of Harmufa rule, the Oromo advanced even deeper into Ethiopian territory. With the use of horses, they were able to attack the province
1224:
125:
Gudifecha adoption tradition also lead to massive diversification within Oromo populations as they expanded during the 16th century.
567:
576:
572:
294:
1924:
1490:
Reviewed Work: Afocha: A Link between Community and Administration in Harar, Ethiopia by Peter Koehn, Sidney R. Waldron-Maxwell
595:) against the Borana Oromo, corpses were strewn all over the surrounding countryside. The Emperor then fended off an attack in
1934:
1812:
1578:
1072:
619:
Despite Sarsa Dengel's military campaigns, the Oromo expansion continued to spread northward during this time. It was under
101:. Prior to their great expansion in the 16th century, the Oromo inhabited only the area of what is now modern-day southern
498:
took advantage of the crippling state and decided to also invade and to occupy the Hararghe Highlands and assimilate with
1823:
1338:
1919:
1914:
1878:
1853:
1605:
1447:
1387:
1377:
1348:
1251:
1107:
1038:
1028:
1011:
1001:
984:
974:
957:
930:
868:
947:
920:
17:
587:, but later returned to Wej in 1577â1578 to fend off Oromo advances in the area. As a result of the battle in the
1003:
Ethiopia and the Red Sea The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region
1929:
677:
During the first half of the 17th century, invasions by different Oromo groups were a permanent menace to the
949:
African Theatre and Politics: The Evolution of Theatre in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe A Comparative Study
416:
1901:
G. W. B. Huntingford, "The Galla of Ethiopia; The Kingdoms of Kafa and Janjero North Eastern Africa Part II"
1404:
419:, The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
117:
would further encourage the numerous Oromo tribes to expand towards central and eastern modern Ethiopia.
483:
were able to penetrate through the city and settle into those areas and to assimilate some of the local
1939:
1845:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
475:
was part of Adal during the medieval times. After the weakening of Adal, it was exclusively settled by
183:
771:
was at the height of its power. The Garen rulers conducted several military expeditions, known as the
558:. Despite the small size of his army, he was able to defeat the Oromo in the area, push them back to
453:
398:
The Oromo attacks on the Harar plateau did not let up in 1572, as recounted in a Harari chronicle.
187:
147:
562:, and capture a large number of cattle. Sarsa Dengel again learned in 1574 of Oromo incursions in
806:
Also around the 18th century, the Macha Oromo crossed the Gojeb river and led an invasion of the
179:
1269:"Writing and rewriting history from Harar to Awsa : a reappraisal of the TaÊŸrÄ«kh al-mulĆ«k"
1268:
490:
The Hawiye and Dir clans became the predominant inhabitants of Hararghe Highlands (land of the
1824:"Northern Ethiopian Historiography during the Second Half of the Solomonic Period (1540â1769)"
1771:
1568:
841:
301:
city fortifications originally erected in the sixteenth century following the Oromo invasions
452:
were able to survive due to the fortification of the city of Harar. The greater part of the
309:
Oromo expansions were not restricted to Ethiopian territories either, as activities against
52:
on the right (expanded eastward), and the Luba in the middle (elders, rulers, or sorcerers).
522:, a major Somali clan, and were later confederated into Oromo tribe, the Afran Qallo clan.
1514:"Territorial and Development Politics in the Horn of Africa: The Afar of the Awash Valley"
8:
1804:
The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600â1900
1529:
1243:
The Boundaries of Ancient Trade Kings, Commoners, and the Aksumite Salt Trade of Ethiopia
853:
539:
325:. According to Bahrey, there had been "no such slaughter since the Oromo first invaded".
1746:
1533:
1494:
1319:
1288:
403:
198:) were limited, however, as the encroaching groups returned to their homeland near the
151:
Oromo territory located south of present-day Ethiopia on the eve of the Oromo invasions
1784:
Abba Bahreyâs Zenahu Legalla: Towards an Ethiopian critical theory - JSTOR. (n.d.-a).
1874:
1849:
1808:
1758:
1750:
1601:
1574:
1443:
1383:
1344:
1308:"SOME NOTES ON THE ACCOUNT-BOOK OF AMÄȘR ÊżABD AL-SHAKĆȘR B. YĆȘSUF (1783-1794) OF HARAR"
1292:
1247:
1113:
1103:
1078:
1068:
1034:
1007:
980:
953:
926:
833:
584:
433:
266:
1525:
1439:
Leaf of Allah Khat & Agricultural Transformation in Harerge, Ethiopia 1875-1991
1280:
807:
678:
322:
258:
221:
114:
1728:
1864:
1843:
1802:
1621:
1595:
863:
837:
823:
791:
555:
503:
461:
392:
384:
338:
314:
135:
829:
779:
652:
531:
310:
225:
199:
191:
110:
69:
1908:
1117:
1082:
768:
698:
491:
465:
441:
429:
1284:
858:
756:
682:
551:
535:
449:
445:
274:
170:
According to Bahrey, the earliest Oromo expansion occurred under the Oromo
98:
799:
709:, the Oromo seem to have been virtually unrestrained in their expansion.
706:
592:
499:
1785:
1498:
1488:
1323:
1307:
922:
Humane Development Participation and Change Among the Sadama of Ethiopia
760:
581:
519:
476:
437:
321:, for instance, were soundly defeated by the Oromo in an ambush at the
1537:
1513:
109:. Over the centuries due to many factors, mostly the wars between the
1870:
1694:"Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"
1464:"Oromo: Migration and Expansion: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries"
1097:
1062:
702:
628:
543:
472:
448:. Its presumed the last remaining pre Oromo invasion inhabitants the
357:
278:
97:), were a series of expansions in the 16th and 17th centuries by the
39:
764:
740:
719:
686:
639:, which was surrounded, and some of its inhabitants were enslaved.
250:
175:
102:
1570:
Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays
1099:
Palestine's children : returning to Haifa & other stories
1420:
795:
724:
710:
632:
596:
559:
511:
484:
388:
363:
242:
79:
Oromo conquests of various kingdoms, empires, and principalities
49:
45:
1594:Ê»ArabfaqÄ«h, ShihÄb al-DÄ«n Aáž„mad ibn Ê»Abd al-QÄdir (2003-01-01).
828:
The Oromo migrations have had a major impact on the modern day
776:
736:
732:
715:
690:
660:
608:
515:
507:
495:
480:
468:
and is one of the major reasons for their diminished populace.
457:
425:
408:
380:
376:
350:
428:
due to the Oromo provocation in 1577 however Adal leader imam
811:
728:
694:
563:
372:
368:
346:
342:
328:
318:
298:
158:
106:
1659:
1189:
1160:
1136:
432:
would be killed in battle against the Oromo in 1583. In the
345:. Further advances were made under Robalé during whose time
165:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1206:
1204:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1064:
The Oromo and the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia, 1300-1700
893:
Africa: Its Problems and Prospects; a Bibliographic Survey
1700:
550:
named Ambissa. After the 1572 rains, the Oromo had taken
464:
and others, the Oromo invasions were devastating for the
1671:
1642:
1630:
1357:
1201:
1172:
1148:
1124:
1030:
Greater Ethiopia The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society
900:
494:) in the 16th century after the weakening of Adal. The
371:
which forced the Adal Sultanate to erect a wall around
885:
883:
27:
16â17th century northerly expansions of Oromo people
1688:
1686:
896:. Headquarters, Department of the Army. p. 49.
880:
358:Michelle Gadaa invasion of Adal period (1562â1579)
206:
182:, in the southeast, just before the invasions of
1906:
1683:
1493:. Michigan State University Press. p. 66.
525:
178:. He states that they invaded the neighbouring
889:
1226:A History of the Hadiyya in Southern Ethiopia
424:The Adal Sultanate would move its capital to
1866:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
1033:. University of Chicago Press. p. 175.
790:Around 1710, the Macha Oromo reached to the
767:towards the southern Somali coast while the
614:
1862:
1626:. Americana Corporation. 1965. p. 255.
1553:Migration from the 15th to the 19th century
979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
925:. University of Alabama Press. p. 12.
759:began expanding from their homeland around
61:16th and 17th centuries (greatest estimate)
1897:The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History 1570â1860
1800:
1706:
1593:
1566:
1239:
607:. As a result of the battle, according to
566:and of the pillaging of cattle in lowland
456:Muslim population were assimilated by the
329:Harmufa (1562â1570) and RobalĂ© (1570â1578)
1841:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1636:
1456:
1363:
1210:
1195:
1183:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1130:
999:
906:
166:MĂ©lbah (1522â1530) and Mudena (1530â1538)
1821:
1614:
1511:
1375:
1060:
293:
146:
1597:The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century
1435:
1336:
1305:
1266:
1095:
945:
14:
1907:
1222:
1026:
972:
642:
190:in the north. These early incursions (
1786:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41756933
1524:(309). Oxford University Press: 486.
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1006:. Taylor & Francis. p. 169.
918:
231:
215:
128:
48:on the left (expanded westward), the
1837:: 1â12 – via janesstudies.org.
1807:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1744:
1530:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097023
844:that had happened in ancient China.
735:. In 1694, the Gugru-Oromo attacked
479:, which is a major Somali clan. The
289:
1573:. LIT Verlag MĂŒnster. p. 107.
1402:
1240:Woldekiros, Helina (17 July 2023).
1027:Levine, Donald (10 December 2014).
1000:Mordechai, Abir (28 October 2013).
672:
174:Melbah, during the time of Emperor
142:
24:
1889:
1486:
1047:
973:Oliver, Ronald (27 January 1994).
25:
1951:
1729:"The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500-1800"
1623:Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25
1229:. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 149.
1067:. Boydell & Brewer, Limited.
946:Plastow, Jane (30 January 2023).
869:List of Oromo subgroups and clans
313:were also pursued. The forces of
1246:. University Press of Colorado.
1061:Mohammed, Hassen (19 May 2017).
750:
611:, less than ten Oromo survived.
317:(r. 1551/2â1567/8), the Amir of
38:
1778:
1738:
1721:
1712:
1587:
1560:
1544:
1505:
1480:
1429:
1413:
1396:
1379:Ethiopia The Last Two Frontiers
1369:
1337:Milkias, Paulos (18 May 2011).
1330:
1299:
1260:
1233:
1216:
785:
667:
395:among the casualties in 1567.
207:Three stages of Oromo movements
1089:
1020:
993:
966:
939:
919:Hamer, John (4 January 2010).
912:
701:. Under the reign of emperors
13:
1:
1925:Internal migrations in Africa
1793:
890:Library (U.S.), Army (1967).
755:In the mid-17th century, the
284:
1935:Military history of Ethiopia
1442:. James Currey. p. 34.
1382:. James Currey. p. 49.
874:
534:in the north of his empire,
526:Reprisals under Sarsa Dengel
7:
1863:Shillington, Kevin (2013).
1842:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
1801:Cassanelli, Lee V. (1982).
1567:BraukÀmper, Ulrich (2002).
847:
514:, Nole, Metta, Oborra, and
10:
1956:
1556:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
1425:. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.
1096:Ghassan, Kanafani (2000).
821:
184:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
120:
93:(in older historiography,
1822:Ishikawa, Hiroki (2011).
1718:Cerulli, Somalia 1: 65â67
1436:Gebissa, Ezekiel (2004).
1406:Islam yesterday and today
1343:. ABC-CLIO. p. 213.
1267:Mercier, HĂ©loĂŻse (2022).
817:
615:BirmajĂ© Gadaa (1578â1586)
460:. According to historian
75:
65:
57:
37:
32:
1920:17th century in Ethiopia
1915:16th century in Ethiopia
603:Oromo at a place called
518:. All were sub-clans of
1512:Harbeson, John (1978).
1376:Markakis, John (2011).
1306:Zekaria, Ahmed (1997).
1285:10.3406/ethio.2022.1711
1831:Nilo-Ethiopian Studies
651:Mul'eta a large raid (
440:would incorporate the
422:
302:
152:
1930:Historical migrations
1848:. The Red Sea Press.
952:. Brill. p. 48.
842:Warring States period
591:(just east of modern
400:
297:
150:
1223:Braukamper, Ulrich.
838:"Era of the Princes"
530:Forced to fight the
281:, around 1550â1551.
854:History of Ethiopia
643:Mul'eta (1586â1594)
570:. The Emperor sent
236:During the time of
1668:, p. 287â288.
1487:Hassen, Mohammed.
1273:Annales d'Ăthiopie
1198:, p. 283-284.
1169:, p. 282-283.
1145:, p. 281â282.
681:. About 1617, the
444:and plausibly the
362:At the same time,
303:
232:BifolĂ© (1546â1554)
216:KilolĂ© (1538â1546)
153:
129:Legend of Liqimssa
1940:History of Oromia
1895:Mohammed Hassan,
1814:978-0-8122-7832-3
1766:Missing or empty
1707:Cassanelli (1982)
1580:978-3-8258-5671-7
1403:Cerulli, Enrico.
1102:. Lynne Rienner.
1074:978-1-84701-161-9
976:Africa Since 1800
836:via entering the
834:Abyssinian courts
436:region of Harar,
417:Richard Pankhurst
349:was pillaged and
290:MeslĂ© (1554â1562)
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1947:
1884:
1859:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1690:
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808:Kingdom of Kaffa
679:Ethiopian Empire
673:Ethiopian Empire
420:
323:Battle of Hazalo
222:Ethiopian Empire
143:Early expansions
115:Ethiopian Empire
87:Oromo expansions
42:
33:Oromo expansions
30:
29:
21:
18:Oromo migrations
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1954:
1950:
1949:
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1945:
1944:
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1892:
1890:Further reading
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864:Human migration
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826:
824:Zemene Mesafint
820:
788:
753:
675:
670:
645:
617:
528:
462:Mohammed Hassen
421:
415:
393:Nur ibn Mujahid
383:. According to
360:
331:
315:Nur ibn Mujahid
292:
287:
234:
218:
209:
168:
145:
136:Mohammed Hassen
131:
123:
95:Galla invasions
91:Oromo invasions
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
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1711:
1709:, p. 114.
1699:
1682:
1680:, p. 288.
1678:Pankhurst 1997
1670:
1666:Pankhurst 1997
1658:
1656:, p. 287.
1654:Pankhurst 1997
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1637:Pankhurst 1997
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1409:. p. 212.
1395:
1388:
1368:
1366:, p. 375.
1364:Pankhurst 1997
1356:
1349:
1329:
1312:Sudanic Africa
1298:
1259:
1252:
1232:
1215:
1213:, p. 285.
1211:Pankhurst 1997
1200:
1196:Pankhurst 1997
1188:
1186:, p. 283.
1184:Pankhurst 1997
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1167:Pankhurst 1997
1159:
1157:, p. 282.
1155:Pankhurst 1997
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1143:Pankhurst 1997
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1131:Pankhurst 1997
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861:
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830:Horn of Africa
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430:Muhammad Gasa
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1471:. Retrieved
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859:Oromo people
827:
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789:
786:18th century
772:
763:in southern
754:
745:
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668:17th century
656:
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635:, and (old)
620:
618:
589:Mojjo Valley
571:
547:
536:Sarsa Dengel
529:
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450:Harla people
446:Harla people
423:
401:
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361:
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132:
124:
94:
90:
86:
84:
800:Gibe region
794:kingdom of
707:Yohannes II
605:Weyne Deg'a
593:Addis Ababa
500:Somali clan
333:During the
277:, north of
1909:Categories
1794:References
1768:|url=
1473:2022-02-14
822:See also:
773:Gaal Madow
761:Lake Abaya
582:Bahr Negus
438:Ittu Oromo
285:Settlement
162:of Meslé.
1871:Routledge
1751:234070093
1293:259459914
1118:833729428
1083:962017017
875:Citations
703:Fasiladas
685:attacked
629:Lake Tana
625:Daharagot
544:Lake Zway
542:Oromo at
473:Dire Dawa
471:The city
279:Lake Zway
1759:cite web
1499:43660080
1340:Ethiopia
1324:25653296
848:See also
780:Adalites
765:Ethiopia
741:Begemder
720:Begemder
687:Begemder
657:dulaguto
546:under a
532:Ottomans
434:Chercher
414:â
224:and the
176:Dawit II
113:and the
103:Ethiopia
798:in the
796:Ennarea
725:Iyasu I
711:Iyasu I
633:Dembiya
599:by the
597:Dembiya
560:Fatagar
512:Gurgura
492:Hararis
485:Gurgura
389:Hargaya
364:Barento
243:Fatagar
121:History
89:or the
50:Barento
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1852:
1811:
1749:
1604:
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1538:721961
1536:
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1279:: 55.
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1037:
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983:
956:
929:
818:Impact
777:Muslim
757:Oromos
737:Gojjam
733:Gojjam
716:Gojjam
699:Tigray
691:Gojjam
683:Oromos
661:Gojjam
647:Under
609:Bahrey
585:Yeshaq
577:Halibo
540:Borana
516:Bursuk
508:Akisho
496:Oromos
487:clan.
481:Oromos
458:Oromos
442:Harari
402:While
385:Harari
381:Dakkar
379:, and
377:Gidaya
351:Gojjam
341:, and
339:Amhara
253:: áá„á
196:razzia
46:Borana
1827:(PDF)
1747:S2CID
1732:(PDF)
1534:JSTOR
1495:JSTOR
1422:Ittuu
1320:JSTOR
1289:S2CID
812:Jimma
792:Gonga
729:Wollo
695:Shewa
653:Oromo
637:Damot
601:Abati
573:Azzaj
564:Shewa
504:Jarso
426:Aussa
409:Wazir
373:Harar
369:Hubat
347:Shewa
343:Angot
319:Harar
299:Harar
271:gebri
251:Ge'ez
192:Oromo
159:Gadaa
107:Kenya
99:Oromo
76:Event
66:Place
1875:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1772:help
1602:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1114:OCLC
1104:ISBN
1079:OCLC
1069:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1008:ISBN
981:ISBN
954:ISBN
927:ISBN
739:and
731:and
718:and
705:and
689:and
649:luba
621:luba
568:ZĂ©ma
556:Maya
548:luba
454:Adal
335:luba
311:Adal
269:áá„áȘ
267:Tgn.
263:gebr
261:áá„á
259:Amh.
255:gabr
247:gebr
238:luba
188:Adal
180:Bale
172:luba
85:The
58:Time
44:The
1526:doi
1281:doi
727:in
552:Wej
520:Dir
477:Dir
275:Wej
249:s (
186:of
1911::
1873:.
1869:.
1835:16
1833:.
1829:.
1763::
1761:}}
1757:{{
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1644:^
1532:.
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1466:.
1314:.
1310:.
1287:.
1277:34
1275:.
1271:.
1203:^
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1049:^
882:^
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655::
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194::
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1774:)
1770:(
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1734:.
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1326:.
1316:8
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1085:.
1043:.
1016:.
989:.
962:.
935:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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