104:
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segment and can be everted when the larva feels threatened. The everted organ resembles a fleshy forked tongue (not unlike a snake tongue), and this along with the large eye-like spots on the body might be used to startle birds and small reptiles. The osmeterial organ remains inside the body in the
553:
Burger, B.V., Munro, Z., Roth, M., Spies, H.S.C., Truter, V. and
Greetsema, H. 1985. Constituents of osmeterial secretion of prefinal instar larvae of citrus swallowtail, Papilio demodocus (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 11 (8):
155:, sometimes distended with electron-dense material. The apical plasma membrane bears short microvilli. The inner, dense epicuticle forms a complex ramifying system. These glandular cells presumably synthesize and secrete the mature secretion.
169:
Slack cells, loosely surround the ellipsoid gland cells. These cells possess papillae, well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous secretory vacuoles of various sizes and electron density. They may function as storage
427:) apparently belong to the other group, in which no qualitative change of osmeterial secretion occurs at the last larval ecdysis. This group can be designated as 'homogeneous type', which is further subdivisible into three types.
576:
Keiichi Honda, Nanao
Hayashi. Chemical nature of larval osmeterial secretions of papilionid butterflies in the genera Parnassius, Sericinus and Pachliopta. Journal of Chemical Ecology June 1995, Volume 21, Issue 6, pp
566:
Burger, B.V., Roth, M., Le Roux, M., Spies, H.S.C., Truter, V. and
Geertsema, H. 1978. The chemical nature of the defensive larval secretion of the citrus Swallowtail, Papilio demodocus. J. Insect Physiol. 24:
459:
Eversion of the osmeterial gland is demonstrably effective in reducing predation by ants and small spiders, and its chemical constituents have been shown to repel or kill ants, and mantids.
338:
One is a group in which the chemical constitution of osmeterial secretion of the last larval instar markedly differs in quality from those of the younger larvae. The results derived from
478:
Chattopadhyay, J. 2011. The structure and defensive efficacy of glandular secretion of the larval osmeterium in
Graphium agamemnon agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).
598:
HONDA, KEIICHI. Defensive potential of components of the larval osmeterial secretion of papilionid butterflies against ants. Physiological
Entomology - Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
334:
Studies on osmeterial secretion makes it possible to classify the
Papilionid species into two large categories on the basis of the chemical property of osmeterial secretion.
528:
Crossley, A.C. and
Waterhouse, D.F. 1969. The ultrastructure of the osmeterium and the nature of its secretion in Papilio larvae (lepidoptera). Tissue & Cell 1: 525-554.
589:
HONDA K. 1980: Osmeterial secretions of papilionid larvae in the genera
Luehdorfia, Graphium and Atrophaneura (Lepidoptera). Insect Biochem. 10: 583-588.
502:
Damman, H. 1986. The osmeterial glands of the swallowtail butterfly
Eurytides Marcellus as a defense against natural enemies. Ecol.Entomol. 11: 261-265.
95:
Fruhstorfer has been studied and found to contain 3 types of specialised cells for synthesis, acid secretion, and storage of the osmeterial secretion.
62:. To humans, this odour is rather strong but not unpleasant, usually smelling like a concentrated scent of the caterpillar's food plant and pineapple.
50:
thoracic region in an inverted position and is everted when the larva is disturbed in any way emitting a foul, disagreeable odor which serves to repel
328:
112:
larva everting its osmeterium fully, and with one horn applying the repugnatorial secretion to the finger that irritated it
490:
Eisner, T., and
Meinwald, Y.C. 1965. The defensive secretions of a caterpillar (Papilio). Science, N.Y. 150: 1733-1735.
516:
Chow, Y.S. and Tsai, R.S. 1989. Protective chemicals in caterpillar survival. Experientia (Basel) 45 (4): 390-392.
144:
extending into a mass of granular material containing electron-lucid cavities. Tangential slits occur in the
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Tubular arm cells contain heterogeneous, electron-dense inclusions, extensively-branched nuclei and large
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263:, 2-methylbutanoic acid, and their methyl and ethyl esters as major constituents.
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Lu, Chow-Chin; Yien Shing Chow (1991) Fine structure of the larval osmeterium of
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394:(tribe Papilionini) to this group, which can be termed 'heterogeneous type'.
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331:, α-amorphene, and germacrene A, and a few oxygenated sesquiterpenoids.
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544:(Lepidoptera: papilionidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84(3):294-302.
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327:) was composed of numerous sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, including
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Fruhstorfer shows the possible existence of a third type of cell
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148:. These cells are presumed to be organic acid-secreting cells.
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The osmetrial secretion consists of a mixture of volatile
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Ellipsoid gland cells have an extensively infolded basal
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larvae, in all stages. The organ is situated in the
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Upper: Osmeterium partly everted. Lower: undisturbed
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116:The fine structure of the osmeterium gland of
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120:larvae consists of the following cell types.
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69:varies from species to species and contains
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601:DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00346.x
309:comprising β-myrcene (major), α-pinene,
266:Volatile components of the secretion of
259:. and that of its final instar contains
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88:The fine structure of the osmeterium of
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18:
313:, limonene, and β-phellandrene, and of
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255:, as well as a number of unidentified
207:contains methyl 3-hydroxybutanoate,
288:, and their methyl esters. That of
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41:is a defensive organ found in all
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16:Odoriferous defensive structure
1:
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134:smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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7:
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444:Aliphatic acid and ester -
434:(Zerynthiini, Parnassiinae)
140:plasma membrane bears long
10:
651:
542:Papilio demoleus libanius
448:(Graphiini, Papilioninae)
162:Papilio demoleus libanius
316:Pachliopta aristolochiae
75:sesquiterpenic compounds
71:monoterpene hydrocarbons
65:The constitution of the
441:(Troidini, Papilionnae)
302:) was characterized as
261:2-methylpropanoic acid
209:3-hydroxybutanoic acid
113:
34:
106:
22:
286:2-methylbutyric acid
269:Parnassius glacialis
189:2-methylbutyric acid
175:Osmeterial secretion
67:osmeterial secretion
159:Specific study of
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291:Sericinus montela
197:Papilio demodocus
194:The secretion of
109:Papilio demodocus
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257:sesquiterpenoids
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282:isobutyric acid
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241:β-caryophyllene
185:isobutyric acid
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126:plasma membrane
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79:aliphatic acids
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225:β-phellandrene
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132:and whorls of
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27:Papilio xuthus
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630:Papilionidae
615:Tree of Life
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439:Atrophaneura
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420:Atrophaneura
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347:P. demodocus
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321:Papilioninae
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307:hydrocarbons
296:Parnassiinae
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274:Parnassiinae
267:
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253:germacrene A
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158:
153:mitochondria
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25:
405:Zerynthiini
397:The genera
304:monoterpene
300:Zerynthiini
278:Parnassiini
239:)-ocimene,
128:, abundant
47:prothoracic
624:Categories
554:1093-1114.
463:References
432:Luehdorfia
400:Luehdorfia
363:P. machaon
357:P. helenus
350:and other
200:pre-final
183:, such as
146:epicuticle
142:microvilli
43:papilionid
39:osmeterium
415:Graphiini
387:P. xuthus
381:P. maccki
375:P. bianor
369:P. memnon
354:species (
233:)-ocimene
130:ribosomes
99:Structure
577:859-867.
567:803-805.
455:Function
446:Graphium
425:Troidini
410:Graphium
325:Troidini
311:sabinene
221:limonene
213:α-pinene
93:libanius
54:, small
423:(tribe
413:(tribe
403:(tribe
392:Papilio
352:Papilio
217:myrcene
118:Papilio
60:mantids
56:spiders
30:Larva.
417:) and
251:, and
205:instar
202:larval
170:cells.
138:apical
136:. The
83:esters
187:and
81:and
58:and
52:ants
37:The
407:),
235:, (
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247:E
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229:(
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