453:(The Ottawa International Strategy Conference). Due to the presence of countries openly opposing a total ban in Ottawa, consensus is difficult to achieve. The political "Ottawa Declaration" is accepted only in the last moment, after protracted negotiations. The main document, the Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel (AP) Mines, fails to get consensus. Due to a compromise proposed by Austria it is finally accepted, but only as "paper of the Chairman". The purpose of the Conference is "to catalyze practical efforts to move toward a ban and to create partnerships ... essential to building the necessary political will to achieve a global ban on AP mines". The project of a Convention on a Total Ban of APMs, advocated by the Austrian representative, Werner Ehrlich, is therefore low on the agenda and produces mainly negative reactions, including from like-minded countries, considering it to be premature, from the
1623:
action. By 1996, sustained and growing citizen action led
Minister Axworthy of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade to collaborate with Mines Action Canada and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. This in turn led to the Government of Canada challenging other countries to negotiate and sign a treaty banning ban landmines within one year. This call to action led directly to the signing of the "Convention on the Prohibition on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction" commonly known as the 'mine ban treaty' one year later in December 1997. Mines Action Canada was hosted by Physicians for Global Survival, chaired by Valerie Warmington and coordinated by Celina Tuttle from the coalition's inception until after the treaty was signed.
622:(The Brussels International Conference for a Comprehensive Ban on Anti-Personnel Landmines) provides a clear selection process for the forthcoming diplomatic conference in Oslo. It identifies the Third Austrian Draft formally as the basis for its negotiations, agrees that a two-thirds majority was necessary for any substantive changes of this Draft, limits the voting right to States having adhered to the Brussels Declaration, and allows the ICBL to participate as a full observer, despite concerns from a number of States. The essential elements of the Convention are resumed in the "Brussels Declaration", signed by 97 of the 156 States attending the Conference. Even during the Brussels Conference new attempts are made to divert the negotiations on the Convention to the Conference on Disarmament.
473:, instantly supports this proposal as a chance for a successful conclusion of the Conference and decides to task Austria with preparing the draft for these negotiations, suggesting that they should be concluded by the end of the year 1997 in Ottawa. This important decision is reflected in the text of the "Chairmen's Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel (AP) Mines" as follows: "To lay the necessary groundwork for a legally-binding international agreement to ban AP mines, Austria will produce a first draft and Canada will produce a possible framework for the verification of such an agreement". Minister Lloyd Axworthy thereby starts the so-called "Ottawa Process", while countries opposed to a total ban are too shocked and too surprised to block this initiative.
527:
protocols, each one dealing with one of the main prohibitions: production, stockpiling, transfer and use of anti-personnel mines. This approach would allow some additional countries to join the process but at the price of allowing them to pick and choose only those prohibitions compatible with their military needs. This concept, which would keep only the appearance of a total ban treaty, would risk creating a confusing situation of varying legal situations, and would, in the first place, postpone a real comprehensive total ban, potentially indefinitely. This proposal did however not materialise as the US rebuffed the idea, believing that they could steer the negotiations into the
Conference on Disarmament where it would be subject to the consensus rule.
1570:. However, since efforts to secure the treaty started over a decade before Williams involvement and the fact that the treaty was a joint effort of so many people from all over the world, including hundreds of influential political and private leaders, some felt that Williams should decline to personally benefit from the award of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize. Williams herself has said she feels the organization deserved the award while she did not, and emphasized the collective nature of the movement; as the chair of a group of female Peace Prize recipients, she has used her status as a Peace Prize recipient to bring concerns of woman-led grassroots organizations to the attention of governments.
1192:
anti-vehicle but from their persistence. The United States has unilaterally committed to never using persistent landmines of any kind, whether anti-personnel or anti-vehicle, which they say is a more comprehensive humanitarian measure than the Ottawa
Convention. All US landmines now self-destruct in two days or less, in most cases four hours. While the self-destruct mechanism has never failed in more than 65,000 random tests, if self-destruct were to fail the mine will self-deactivate because its battery will run down in two weeks or less. That compares with persistent anti-vehicle mines which remain lethal for about 30 years and are legal under the Ottawa Convention.
1550:
closely with a wider variety of NGOs, including churches, prominent children's and women's rights groups, disarmament and development groups, in order to produce concerted political pressure, as well as with the media to keep the issue in the forefront. Because of this unparalleled involvement of the global public, and their success in lobbying for this initiative, university political science and law departments frequently study the socio-historical initiatives that led to the Ottawa process, arguing it is a leading modern example of the power of peaceful democratic expression and a method for mobilization on disarmament issues or more broadly.
594:(FRG) (the International Expert Meeting on Possible Verification Measures to Ban Anti-Personnel Landmines in Bonn) is the second formal follow-up gathering to the 1996 Ottawa Conference and is attended by 121 governments. The German "Options Paper for a possible verification scheme for a convention to ban anti-personnel landmines" suggests significant and intrusive verification measures common in disarmament treaties. As opinions diverge, only some progress in this field is achieved. The spirit of the concept is reflected inter alia in the first paragraph of Article 8 of the Convention.
1004:(ERW). It provides reports on all aspects of the landmine, cluster munitions, and ERW issues. It issues annual report updates on all countries in the world, keeps an international network with experts, provides research findings for all mediums, and remains flexible to adapt its reports to any changes. The Monitor has earned respect with its transparency whose states must be provided under the relevant treaties for independent reporting. Its main audiences are not only governments, NGOs, and other international organizations, but also media, academics and the public.
573:(The Expert Meeting on the Text of a Convention to Ban Anti-Personnel Mines) is the first formal follow-up to the 1996 Ottawa Conference. It provides States with an initial opportunity to comment directly on the "First Austrian Draft" of the Convention. Representatives of 111 Governments attend this Conference. NGOs are allowed to attend the plenary sessions; the UN and the ICRC were invited to participate even in the closed meetings. Only a few governments speak out against a total ban treaty.
666:(the Oslo Diplomatic Conference on an International Total Ban on Anti-Personnel Land Mines). Its purpose, the final negotiation and formal adoption of the Treaty, is achieved only after intensive debates on the conditions presented by the US and on numerous other new proposals on 18 September 1997, after the US delegation announces that it is withdrawing its proposals as it had been unable to garner the necessary support for them. The convention is then formally adopted.
43:
793:, detection, etc.). Within ten years after ratifying the treaty, the country should have cleared all of its mined areas. This is a difficult task for many countries, but at the annual meetings of the States Parties they may request an extension and assistance. The treaty also calls on States Parties to provide assistance to mine-affected persons in their own country and to provide assistance to other countries in meeting their treaty obligations.
1448:
1691:(born 1946) is an American peace advocate. He participated in the Vietnam War as a young soldier, and after returning from Vietnam, Muller began to work for veterans' rights and became a peace activist. Since then, Muller founded Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) in 1978 and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) in 1980. The VVAF co-founded the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, which won a 1997 Nobel Peace Prize.
403:
Conference. This first Draft provides already for a complete prohibition of the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of anti-personnel mines, and requires destruction of stockpiles within one year of entry into force and clearance of laid anti-personnel mines within five years. It represents the essence of what will subsequently be elaborated into the first
Austrian Draft text of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention.
830:(12,500). A total of 83 States Parties have declared that they do not retain any antipersonnel mines, including 27 states that stockpiled antipersonnel mines in the past. Canada retains mines for training, and also continues to make and use the "C19 Detonated Weapon" in combat. The latter does not qualify as a landmine under the treaty because it is fired by a person and not by a pressure plate.
673:(the Convention-signing Conference and Mine Action Forum). In accordance with its Article 15, the Convention is opened for signature in Ottawa at a formal treaty signing conference. In total 150 governments attend the Conference and 121 sign the Convention at the Conference (Kenya (no. 122) signs on 5 December). This achievement is described by the Canadian Prime Minister,
465:(ICBL), fearing waste of time and detraction from the priority of urgent practical measures. The turning point is the announcement by the Austrian representative, that no time must wasted as he has a complete Draft of such a Convention at his disposal, and his invitation to start immediately a fast-track, free-standing negotiating process in Vienna – outside the UN
417:
crisis created by APMs. The new restrictions on the use of APMs are qualified even as "woefully inadequate" by the ICRC. At the closing session of the Review
Conference Canada announces that it will host a meeting of pro-ban States in summer, while the Austrian Representative announces the preparation of the draft of a Convention on a total ban of APMs.
1591:
to move toward a ban and to create partnerships essential to building the necessary political will to achieve a global ban on AP mines." But this meant in fact, that a total ban was postponed to a remote future: until practical efforts may have convinced one day
Countries depending on APMs for their defense, that APMs are useless or counterproductive.
1173:. Opponents claim that when used correctly, anti-personnel mines are defensive weapons that harm only attackers, unlike ranged weapons such as ballistic missiles that are most effective if used for preemptive attacks. Furthermore, opponents claim that the psychological effect of mines increases the threshold to attack and thus reduces the risk of war.
1027:: China, the United States, and Russia. In 2014, the United States declared that it will abide by the terms of the Treaty, except for landmines used on the Korean Peninsula. South Korea, like North Korea, has not signed the treaty, believing the use of landmines to be crucial to the defense of their territory against the other.
1597:
It was essential to delegitimize as soon as possible any use of APMs by the adoption of an instrument of international law on a total ban of APMs, because it would not only bind the
Parties to the convention but would also have at least a moral effect on Countries not Parties by clearly contradicting
1578:
Available sources such as the study on the Ottawa Treaty made by Stuart Maslen and an article published by Werner
Ehrlich in 1996 indicate that the key figure in the making of the Ottawa Treaty was the Austrian diplomat Werner Ehrlich, head of the Disarmament Unit at the Austrian Ministry for Foreign
1055:
Criticism from academics, security officials, and diplomats is based on both the political process and the substance. The campaign for what became the Ottawa Treaty was led by a group of powerful non-governmental organizations, and instead of working within existing multilateral frameworks, including
1590:
The proposal was however also opposed by
Countries and NGO's supporting a total ban, because of their conviction that practical measures would be more conducive to a total ban than a Convention, A view which was reflected in the "purpose" of the 1996 Ottawa Conference: "to catalyze practical efforts
1549:
The Ottawa Anti-Personnel Mines Treaty would not likely have been possible without the sustained effort of thousands of global citizens writing their elected officials in the lead up to the treaty's creation and signing in 1997. A small number of core groups mobilized on the landmines problem worked
1421:
A recurrent opportunity for States to indicate their support for the ban on antipersonnel mines is their vote on the annual UN General
Assembly (UNGA) resolution calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. UNGA Resolution 66/29, for example, was adopted on 2 December
688:
the conclusion of negotiations on 18 September of the Convention in Oslo, inviting "all States to sign the Convention" (operative paragraph 1) and urging "all States to ratify the Convention without delay subsequent to their signatures" (operative paragraph 2). Jody Williams and the ICBL are awarded
487:
10 December: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts Resolution 51/45 S: "An International Agreement to Ban Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", which is supported by 115 co-sponsors. In its first operative paragraph States are urged "to pursue vigorously an effective, legally binding international
424:
Ehrlich proposes to revise the "Common Action" adopted on 12 May 1995, in order to move ahead and to support the project of a Convention on a total ban of APMs; and suggests that the EU should prepare the draft of a Resolution on an enlarged moratorium (including use and production of APMs) and on a
265:
9 February: France formally submits a request to the Secretary-General of the UN to convene a Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in accordance with its Article 8 in order to strengthen the provisions in the Convention on the use of anti-personnel landmines. The
416:
3 May: At the resumed Review Conference of the CCWC in Geneva the Amended Protocol II is finally adopted by consensus. The reaction of many States to this result is quite negative as its provisions are widely considered to be overly complex and insufficiently stringent to deal with the humanitarian
377:
adopts a "Common Action" on anti-personnel landmines including a common moratorium on the export of anti-personnel landmines. The improvement of the legal restrictions on the use of anti-personnel mines contained in Protocol II of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) proves to be an
4910:
Werner Ehrlich, Auf dem Weg zu einer Konvention ĂĽber das Verbot von Anti-Personen-Minen; Ă–sterreichisches Jahrbuch fĂĽr internationale Politik; Ă–sterreichische Gesellschaft fĂĽr AuĂźenpolitik und internationale Beziehungen gemeinsam mit dem Ă–sterreichischen Institut fĂĽr internationale Politik; Verlag
1429:
Of the 19 states not party that voted in support of Resolution 66/29 on 2 December 2011, nine have voted in favor of every Mine Ban Treaty resolution since 1997 (Armenia, Bahrain, Finland, Georgia, Oman, Poland, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and the United Arab Emirates); 10 that consistently abstained or
1067:
Substantively, critics view the treaty as naive and idealistic, in attempting to erase the reality of security threats that lead armies and defense forces to rely on landmines for protection against invasion and terror attacks. As a result, ratification has been far from universal, and many of the
445:
adopts – after difficult negotiations – a new Common Action on APMs, which constitutes a big step forward as its Article 2 supports the early conclusion of an international agreement on a total ban on APMs. This is a remarkable decision, as a number of EU-Members consider anti-personnel mines as a
385:
12 December: The United Nations General Assembly adopts Resolution 50/70 O "Moratorium on the Export of Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", urging States to declare such a moratorium and to build consensus towards an agreement when the Review Conference (of the CCW Convention) reconvenes. It states, inter
1433:
The number of states abstaining from supporting the resolution has ranged from a high of 23 in 2002 and 2003 to a low of 17 in 2010, 2005 and 2006. The group of states that could be described as most concerned about the security implications of the Mine Ban Treaty are the 15 states not party that
402:
April: The first draft of what later became the "Ottawa Convention" is informally made by the Austrian representative at the Review Conference of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), Werner Ehrlich, out of frustration with the lack of progress achieved towards a total ban at this
341:
Emphasizes the importance of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and its Protocols as the authoritative international instrument governing the responsible use of
1622:
Mines Action Canada grew out of the efforts of Canadian non-governmental agencies concerned about the rapidly spreading impact of landmines and cluster munitions. The group was successful in garnering positive Canadian government attention to the call for a ban by mobilizing Canadians to demand
1605:
At the Ottawa Conference in October 1996 Ehrlich defended the project of a Total Ban Convention, against opponents of a total ban as well as even against leading humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines
1582:
He initiated the process by making the first draft of the future Treaty in April 1996 and succeeded to get this project and the proposed unorthodox procedure – to negotiate this Convention outside the Conference on Disarmament (CD) – adopted by the Ottawa Conference in October 1996 – in spite of
825:
Article 3 of the treaty permits countries to retain landmines for use in training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques. 72 countries have taken this option. Of this group, 26 States Parties retain fewer than 1,000 mines. Only two have retained more than 10,000 mines:
583:
March: Other attempts to replace the "Ottawa Process" by negotiations in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD) are undertaken by opponents of a total ban. Some EU countries prompt the Netherlands to propose in the CD a draft mandate for negotiations on a total ban of APMs. But this
526:
One example was the well-intended attempt made by Canada to win the support of Countries opposed to a total ban – in particular the US – by proposing a new approach: To replace the Draft Convention by a new text, composed of a "Chapeau-Convention", containing generalities only, and four annexed
381:
25 September to 13 October: The first Review Conference of the 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) is held in Vienna (Austria). The focus is on its Protocol II, as it is the authoritative international instrument governing the responsible use of anti-personnel land-mines. Many
285:
16 December: The UN General Assembly adopts Resolution 48/79 which formally welcomes the request to convene a Review Conference of the CCW, encourages the establishment of a group of governmental experts to prepare this Conference and calls upon the maximum number of States to attend (operative
1613:
His third and final draft before leaving disarmament at the end of 1996 to become Austria's Ambassador to the Islamic Republic of Iran was known as the "First Austrian Draft" and served as the basis for the following negotiations leading to the adoption of the Mine Ban Treaty in December 1997
1191:
Opponents point out that the Ottawa Convention places no restriction whatsoever on anti-vehicle mines which kill civilians on tractors, on school buses, etc. The position of the United States is that the inhumane nature of landmines stems not from whether they are anti-personnel as opposed to
769:
reverses the policy of his predecessor, Trump, and continues disarmament, saying that the United States will not produce or acquire anti-personnel mines, will not support any other country in its use of these mines, and commits to destroying all existing anti-personnel mines in its possession
539:
The smart way to achieve this aim was to insist on holding the relevant negotiations in the framework of the competent forum of the UN for disarmament negotiations, the Conference on Disarmament (CD). The catch is that the CD had many years previously become a dead end, because of fundamental
1601:
It was also essential to elaborate this Treaty in a free standing negotiating process outside the Conference on Disarmament (CD), as there mine-affected Countries not Members of the CD would be excluded and opponents of a total ban could block the project immediately, e. g. simply by denying
628:
14 August: In the CD the special Coordinator for APMs declares that there is little point in the CD taking any decisions on a possible mandate on APMs until the outcome of the Ottawa Process is known in December 1997. This signals the end of efforts to undercut the Ottawa Process in the
1425:
Since the first UNGA resolution supporting the Mine Ban Treaty in 1997, the number of states voting in favor has ranged from a low of 139 in 1999 to a high of 165 in 2010. The number of states abstaining has ranged from a high of 23 in 2002 and 2003 to a low of 17 in 2005 and 2006.
1068:
states that do not currently intend to ratify the treaty possess large stockpiles of anti-personnel mines. So far 35 countries have not signed the treaty; nonsignatories include the United States, Russia, China, Myanmar, United Arab Emirates, Cuba, Egypt, India, Israel, and Iran.
816:
Signatory nations have destroyed more than 48 million stockpiled mines since the treaty's entry into force on 1 March 1999. One hundred and fifty-nine (159) countries have completed the destruction of their stockpiles or declared that they did not possess stockpiles to destroy.
4892:
Stuart Maslen: The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. In: Oxford Commentaries on International Law, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2004;
233:(CCW) is adopted by a United Nations Conference in Geneva. Among the three annexed Protocols the "Protocol on prohibitions or restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices" (Protocol II) establishes some restrictions on the use of anti-personnel landmines.
677:, as "without precedent or parallel in either international disarmament or international humanitarian law". The final Conference Document, the 67-page "Program for Mine Action", details "pledges of more than 500 million dollars to the mine effort over a five-year period".
650:
a transition period with either entry into force requiring 60 countries, including all five permanent members of the Security Council and at least 75 per cent of historic producers and users of APMs, or an optional nine-year deferral period for compliance with certain
1430:
were absent previously now vote in favor (Azerbaijan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lao PDR, Marshall Islands, Micronesia FS, Mongolia, Morocco, and Tonga). Somalia, now a State Party, was absent from the 2011 resolution, but has voted in favor in previous years.
1162:
Gustav Hägglund considered joining the treaty "a grave mistake". In the same continuum, another citizens' initiative to resign from the treaty, left on 24 February 2022, gathered the required 50,000 signatures by 6 March 2022, and will proceed to the Parliament.
1018:
The Convention gained 122 country signatures when it opened for signing on 3 December 1997 in Ottawa, Canada. Currently, there are 164 States Parties to the Treaty. Thirty-two countries have not signed the treaty and one more has signed but did not ratify. The
1212:
claims in its report that as of 18 November 2014, over 2,000 civilians were still in the Tel Shair corridor section of the mine belt because Turkey had been refusing entry for cars or livestock, and the refugees did not want to leave behind their belongings.
3539:
1434:
have voted against consecutive resolutions since 1997: Cuba, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Libya (since 1998), Myanmar, North Korea (since 2007), Pakistan, Russia, South Korea, Syria, Uzbekistan (since 1999), the United States, and Vietnam (since 1998).
1262:
Annual meetings of the treaty member states are held at different locations around the world. These meetings provide a forum to report on what has been accomplished, indicate where additional work is needed and seek any assistance they may require.
446:
military necessity, but this open support comes not without a mental reservation: As those negotiations were supposed to take place in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, each Member would have the possibility to block them at any time.
1586:
It was an uphill struggle. This proposal was understandably rejected by countries which see anti-personnel mines as essential for national defense. Consequently, they tried repeatedly to block the project or to steer it to a dead end in the CD.
601:, previously an ardent supporter of tackling the mine issue in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD), realizes that the free negotiating process is irreversible and joins the process as the first member of the UN Security Council.
3669:
1606:(ICBL), which at the beginning saw the project as premature, as detraction or even as a waste of time. He succeeded finally against all odds – due in particular to the inspired and timely support of the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs,
683:
9 December: The General Assembly of the United Nations adopts by 142 votes Resolution 52/38 a "Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction", welcoming
513:
adopts the first law on a comprehensive, permanent total ban of APMs. It goes beyond the earlier Belgian law which was limited in its effect to 5 years and did not exclude stockpiling of APMs allowing thereby the use of APM in case of
1064:), an ad hoc framework was created that detoured around existing intergovernmental processes. Critics alleged that this represented a challenge to the sovereignty and responsibility of nation states for the defense of their citizens.
636:
finally joins the Ottawa Process. The White House announces that the US will be a full participant in the negotiations at the forthcoming Oslo Diplomatic Conference. But in a letter to key foreign ministers the US Secretary of State,
1610:– to get his project indorsed by the Conference: Austria was tasked to draft the text for the negotiations which were to be held – as proposed – in a free standing negotiating process, a procedure later called the "Ottawa Process".
3478:
1203:
Turkey reported that between 1957 and 1998, Turkish forces laid 615,419 antipersonnel mines along the Syrian border "to prevent illegal border crossings". These mines are killing Syrians stuck on the border or trying to cross near
1083:
report from 2003, which sees landmines as an effective weapon against a mechanised invasion force. In early 2018, an MP from the National Coalition Party started a citizens' initiative to withdraw from the Ottawa Treaty. Also, the
788:
Besides ceasing the production and development of anti-personnel mines, a party to the treaty must destroy its stockpile of anti-personnel mines within four years, although it may retain a small number for training purposes
4793:
558:
declares that the US will seek to initiate negotiations on a worldwide treaty banning the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel landmines in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in
4553:
2921:
3531:
535:
Countries opposing a total ban of APMs because of their military necessities had an interest to prevent any negotiations on a total ban and in particular in free standing negotiations as proposed by Austria.
3926:
The Monitor also reports the use of antipersonnel mines by Ukrainian government forces in and around the city of Izium in 2022 when the city was under Russian control. Ukraine is bound by the Mine Ban Treaty.
1655:
in their September 1997 edition, "After her death, the treaty... took on the luster of a humanitarian memorial to Diana and her cause." When the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill took place in 1998 in the
1651:. Her work with landmines focused on the injuries and deaths inflicted on children. Her tragic death just a couple weeks later, propelled the cause dear to her forward on the world stage and, as reported by
957:, to remove over 9,000 mines laid in the country between 1990 and 1994. The soldiers checked and cleared 1.3 square km of land in twenty minefields. The official Cartagena Summit announcement came after the
302:, declares that from a humanitarian point of view, a "worldwide ban on anti-personnel mines the only truly effective solution" to come to terms with the problem. Subsequently, certain UN bodies such as the
4613:
4583:
3120:
1679:
became internationally known (and criticized in some quarters) for his advancement of the concept of human security and including the Ottawa Treaty, and the creation of the International Criminal Court.
3661:
1200:
Little progress in actual reduction of mine usage has been achieved. In 2011, the number of landmines dispersed is higher than ever since 2004, landmines being dispersed in Libya, Syria, and Myanmar.
495:: The International Campaign to Ban Landmines presents its own draft of a Convention on a total ban of APMs. Much of its language would subsequently be reflected in the text of the Convention adopted.
6052:
6047:
982:
On 5 December 2012 at the 12th Meeting of the States Parties, six states declared themselves landmine-free. These were the Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Jordan, and Uganda.
757:
reverses the Obama policy change and restores the George W. Bush administration position on anti-personnel landmines, authorizing Combatant Commanders to employ "advanced, non-persistent landmines".
389:
Also encourages further immediate international efforts to seek solutions to the problems caused by anti-personnel land-mines, with a view to the eventual elimination of anti-personnel land-mines .
3411:
2895:
378:
uphill task. Four meetings of the group of governmental experts are necessary to prepare the basis for the Review Conference of this Convention because of difficulties in reaching consensus.
335:
15 December: The UN General Assembly adopts Resolution 49/75 D "Moratorium on the Export of Anti-Personnel Land-Mines", which urges States to declare such a moratorium, stating, inter alia:
3466:
501:: Belgium, one of the first supporters of a total ban treaty, also prepares a draft of such a treaty, which however appears to have had little direct influence on the later Austrian drafts.
1643:
to dramatize its dangers. In January 1997, Angola's population was approximately 10 million and had about 10–20 million land mines in place from its civil war. In August 1997, she visited
4789:
3218:
1184:
was drafted in 2008 and was adopted and entered into force in 2010. As of February 2022, there are 110 state parties of the CCM. In theory, mines could be replaced by manually triggered
1000:
As an initiative of ICBL which was founded in 1998 through Human Rights Watch, the Monitor gives monitoring on the humanitarian development and uses of landmines, cluster munitions, and
413:
of the Convention by the author at a meeting among States supporting a total ban and relevant NGOs, this project is seen only as a "remote possibility", and therefore not even discussed.
3836:
608:
is issued. It includes small changes from the previous Second Draft, e. g. regarding compliance issues, the question of duration, and the possibility of withdrawal from the Convention.
3508:
566:
proposes the mandate for an ad hoc committee on a ban on APMs, which is not accepted. In the CD later Hungary and Japan make other, similarly unsuccessful, attempts in this direction.
961:'s own announcement of the completion of the demining process on 29 November 2009. Under Article 5 of the Ottawa Treaty, Rwanda was requested to become mine-free by 1 December 2010.
6017:
2856:
338:
Recognizing that States can move effectively towards the ultimate goal of the eventual elimination of anti-personnel land-mines as viable and humane alternatives are developed.
701:
The treaty reaches its 40th ratification, triggering its entry into force the next year. The ICBL launches the Landmine Monitor initiative to verify compliance with the treaty.
257:
October: The Steering committee of the ICBL issues a call for an international ban on the use, production, stockpiling and sale, transfer or export of anti-personnel landmines.
5882:
431:
7 July: This Draft is circulated by the Quaker UN Office in Geneva to three like-minded Countries, Austria, Canada and Switzerland and to selected NGOs, to UNICEF and UNIDIR.
6012:
4545:
2929:
1903:
Stuart Maslen, "The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction". Point 0.29, p. 16 in:
3747:
5202:
303:
1220:, Ukraine has become the first party of the treaty to violate it. In the war, Russia has also used landmines forbidden in the treaty, but it has not signed the treaty.
6062:
625:
26 June: In the CD an agreement is reached to appoint a Special Coordinator for APMs tasked to try to find an agreed mandate that could form the basis for discussions.
231:
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects
3910:
3862:
5372:
6022:
4775:
3794:
4605:
4575:
6097:
3116:
2237:
Stuart Maslen (2004). This purpose is defined in the second paragraph of the "Chairman's Agenda for Action on Anti-Personnel Mines". Text in Appendix 3, page 361
1661:
438:
of the Convention on a total ban on APMs, taking into account numerous comments and suggestions received, is prepared by Ehrlich for the 1996 Ottawa Conference.
5812:
1710:
425:
total ban for the next General Assembly of the UN. The first proposal finds consensus, not the second one, which was later taken up by Canada and by the US.
2345:
Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.55, p. 29. The text of the proposal of the ICBL is in Appendix 4, p. 398–404; the text of the Belgian draft follows on p. 404
488:
agreement to ban the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel landmines with a view to completing the negotiations as soon as possible".
4854:
1115:
on 1 March 2022, wanting to resign from the treaty. According to a questionnaire sent to Finnish parliamentary groups by a consortium of local newspapers
428:
26 June: First debate on the Draft by – sceptical – like-minded countries and selected NGOs at a small strategy meeting at the Quaker UN Office in Geneva.
6057:
3372:
3639:
6042:
6032:
4703:
4673:
2955:
1116:
5827:
4643:
4523:
4441:
4321:
4291:
4261:
4231:
4201:
4171:
4141:
4111:
1180:, for example, introduce the same problem as mines: unexploded bomblets can remain a hazard for civilians long after a conflict has ended. A separate
345:
Encourages further international efforts to seek solutions to the problems caused by anti-personnel-mines, with a view to their eventual elimination .
5347:
4467:
4381:
4081:
3993:
3532:"Uutissuomalainen: Eduskuntaryhmät eri linjoilla ja epävarmoina jalkaväkimiinojen kiellosta – Ottawan sopimuksen pitäisivät keskusta, RKP ja vihreät"
3232:
3404:
2899:
399:
15–19 January: The Review Conference of the CCW resumes its work in Geneva but cannot find consensus on the reforms proposed to improve Protocol II.
6027:
5177:
3172:
6082:
4497:
4411:
3691:
737:
mostly accepts the terms of the treaty by ceasing to acquire anti-personnel land mines and prohibiting their use outside of the Korean Peninsula.
3094:
1947:
1020:
5402:
1854:"Status of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction"
1761:"Status of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction"
5064:
3064:
6077:
3826:
3444:
3294:
3500:
5197:
3597:"Jalkaväkimiinakiellosta irtautuminen ja jalkaväkimiinojen käytön, varastoinnin, tuotannon ja siirron salliminen. – Kansalaisaloitepalvelu"
2834:
2804:
5157:
4960:
1760:
615:– previously supporting negotiations in the CD – announces that it is joining the process as the second member of the UN Security Council.
5422:
5292:
3038:
1099:
prior to its split) has been supporting withdrawal from the treaty, saying that he "wants to rip it in half". Since the beginning of the
580:
is completed, which, due to comments and suggestions received at the Vienna Conference, differs quite significantly from the first draft.
382:
improvements are proposed, but in spite of intensive debates, do not find consensus. The Review Conference therefore has to be suspended.
523:
A major threat to the project of a Total ban Convention as endorsed by the 1996 Ottawa Conference was the danger of being watered down.
5802:
985:
On 17 September 2015, Mozambique was declared free of land mines after the last of some nearly 171,000 had been cleared over 20 years.
457:– which blocks the distribution of the prepared Draft at the Conference, and even from leading humanitarian organizations, such as the
230:
3342:
2864:
680:
5 December: The Convention is deposed in New York with the Secretary General of the United Nations, and opened for further signatures.
3246:
3196:
1882:
3743:
540:
disagreements among Member States on its agenda and because of the rule of consensus giving each member de facto the right of veto.
6037:
5932:
5862:
5227:
458:
295:
6087:
5967:
5139:
3437:"Kansanedustaja Eero Lehti yrittää vapauttaa maamiinat kansalaisaloitteella – ei tiennyt puolueensa päätöksestä ajaa samaa asiaa"
3205:
2951:
1559:
462:
246:
124:
2585:
2532:
6067:
6002:
5437:
1169:
Opponents of banning anti-personnel mines give several reasons, among them that mines are a cheap and therefore cost-effective
142:
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
36:
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
4982:
3574:
6007:
5757:
5377:
3146:
314:
167:. Major powers, which are also past and current manufacturers of landmines, are not parties to the treaty. These include the
3011:
1512:
6072:
5772:
5707:
5627:
3858:
3608:
1148:
1013:
113:
3268:
1484:
5192:
5038:
3804:
2105:
Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.43, and note 128, page 24. The text of this first draft is quoted in Appendix 4, pp. 397–397
3343:"Jussi Niinistö osoittaa sormella Halosta ja Kataista: 'Tämä oli päätös, joka maksaa tositilanteessa suomalaista verta'"
5612:
5512:
1132:
587:
27 March: At the CD Finland and Poland table a formal proposal to appoint a Special Coordinator for mine negotiations.
5947:
5867:
5847:
5647:
5527:
5317:
5187:
4898:
4023:
3799:
1996:
1912:
1531:
1491:
307:
271:
2300:
Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 5 under Chapter A "Global Action" in the "Chairmen's Agenda". Text in Appendix 3, p. 362
6092:
5902:
5872:
5807:
5712:
5432:
5387:
5367:
5247:
3938:
1100:
993:
The Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor ("the Monitor") is an initiative providing research for the ICBL and the
950:
480:
of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention is prepared by Ehrlich and sent out worldwide. It is later known as the
5922:
5907:
5842:
5822:
5692:
5687:
5662:
5632:
5622:
5477:
5382:
5342:
5252:
2770:
2697:
1721:
1181:
1024:
325:
2571:
Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.93 on p. 44. Text of the main part of the Final Document in Appendix 3, pp. 388–395
5982:
5717:
5667:
5617:
5547:
5502:
5237:
5232:
5172:
5095:
3911:"Landmine Monitor 2023: 26 years after the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty, mines continue to kill and maim | HI"
3717:
1498:
1469:
1465:
975:
was declared a landmine-free zone, making it the second country to be landmine-free in Asia. In December 2011,
469:(CD) – notoriously blocked for many years by the lack of consensus. The Canadian Minister for Foreign Affairs,
4351:
3382:
1566:, were instrumental in the passage of the Ottawa Treaty, and for these efforts they jointly received the 1997
647:
a change of the definition of APMs to allow the use of mixed anti-tank and anti-personnel "munitions" systems;
5997:
5917:
5912:
5892:
5887:
5857:
5852:
5782:
5762:
5642:
5587:
5532:
5452:
5417:
5412:
5362:
5332:
5327:
5312:
5297:
5257:
3631:
3604:
1124:
1085:
1080:
442:
242:
4750:
4725:
4695:
3320:
5977:
5972:
5962:
5937:
5832:
5792:
5727:
5697:
5677:
5607:
5602:
5567:
5557:
5542:
5537:
5497:
5482:
5462:
5447:
5442:
5427:
5407:
5392:
5322:
5287:
5267:
5262:
5242:
5217:
5212:
5207:
4665:
4635:
4519:
4463:
4433:
4373:
3967:
958:
266:
First International NGO Conference on Landmines is held in London, organised by the ICBL and acknowledging
5013:
4828:
4313:
4283:
4253:
4223:
4193:
4163:
4133:
4103:
4073:
1480:
1119:
earlier during the invasion and published on 1 March 2022, the Finns Party (as well as its splinter group
5992:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5897:
5837:
5797:
5777:
5752:
5737:
5682:
5672:
5637:
5597:
5592:
5577:
5517:
5507:
5492:
5467:
5397:
5337:
5307:
5302:
5282:
5272:
5222:
5150:
2357:
1217:
1120:
3915:
Landmine Monitor 2023: 26 years after the adoption of the Ottawa Treaty, mines continue to kill and maim
5987:
5877:
5817:
5787:
5747:
5722:
5702:
5657:
5582:
5572:
5562:
5522:
5487:
5472:
5357:
5277:
3989:
3467:"Puolustusministeri Niinistö SuomiAreenassa: Haluan repiä jalkaväkimiinat kieltävän Ottawan sopimuksen"
3168:
1648:
1159:
994:
4489:
4403:
3744:"Where global solutions are shaped for you | Disarmament | Signatories and Ratifying States"
3695:
3086:
1778:
5927:
5767:
5742:
5732:
5652:
5552:
5457:
5352:
3884:
2668:
1940:
1061:
1057:
1001:
466:
1208:. Turkey is required under the treaty to destroy all antipersonnel mines, but has missed deadlines.
1166:
Ukraine has also signaled that it might have to withdraw from the treaty due to military necessity.
6107:
6102:
5072:
3060:
1990:
1657:
1632:
1072:
941:
At the November–December 2009 Cartagena Summit for a Mine-Free World, Albania, Greece, Rwanda, and
3290:
1704:
1458:
1136:
4952:
2826:
2796:
3563:"Oliko jalkaväkimiinat kieltävä Ottawan sopimus virhe Suomelle? 'Meille jäi mustapekka käteen'"
1644:
1631:
Once in the final stages leading into the treaty, the Ottawa Treaty was ardently championed by
1140:
5129:
3034:
4879:
4790:"Where global solutions are shaped for you | Disarmament | UNGA resolution on APLC"
1103:, the debate sparked up again in Finland, when the chairmans of the National Coalition Party
855:
3662:"Nearly two decades after leading role, US remains on sidelines of treaty banning landmines"
657:
a clause permitting a party to withdraw when its superior national interests are threatened.
5182:
3436:
3350:
3090:
2482:
Stuart Maslen (2004) Points 0.76, p. 37, Text of the Declaration in Appendix 2, pp. 376–380
1505:
1152:
3193:
2336:
Stuart Maslen (2004), pp. 29–30. The text of this resolution is in Appendix 2, pp. 346–347
1878:
8:
2518:
Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.90, p. 43. Texts of the proposals in Appendix 5, pp. 423–450
1354:
157:
5123:
717:
The first stockpile destruction deadlines are met by all states parties with stockpiles.
2752:
2646:
1382:
1209:
1170:
638:
299:
214:
2982:
1111:
viewed joining the treaty as a mistake in a panel of the Finnish national broadcaster
5145:
4894:
3831:
2756:
2744:
2650:
2638:
2581:
2528:
1908:
1567:
801:
690:
20:
1828:
1155:
1088:
4990:
3562:
3228:
3142:
2734:
2628:
2000:
1375:
13th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2013 in Geneva, Switzerland
1372:
12th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2012 in Geneva, Switzerland
1359:
10th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2010 in Geneva, Switzerland
838:
Through 2015, 29 countries had cleared all known mined areas from their territory:
771:
406:
22 April – 3 May 1996: The Review Conference of the CCW resumes its work in Geneva.
3769:
1907:, Commentaries on Arms Control Treaties, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2004;
1829:"The Ottawa Convention: Signatories and States-Parties | Arms Control Association"
674:
3200:
3007:
1652:
907:
310:, and the Secretary-General himself call for a total ban on anti-personnel mines.
3596:
3501:"Purra: Puolustukseen lisää rahaa – Suomen on irtauduttava Ottawan sopimuksesta"
1853:
1553:
3260:
2491:
Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.75, and note 190 on p. 37 and Point 0.95, on p.46
2455:
Text in Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.67, p. 34; Text in Appendix 4 pp. 416–422
1676:
1607:
1047:" are "capable of creating effective dynamics that the United Nations cannot".
949:. It followed a three-year campaign by 180 Rwandan soldiers, supervised by the
797:
612:
563:
470:
454:
421:
374:
5042:
1236:
Second Review Conference: 29 November – 4 December 2009, Cartagena, Colombia:
1158:
also commented that "there would be use for anti-personnel mines", and former
1043:
has described the Ottawa Process as an example of where the organisations of "
796:
The treaty covers only anti-personnel mines; it does not address mixed mines,
5166:
3474:
2748:
2642:
1563:
1412:
19th meeting of the States Parties in November 2021 in The Hague, Netherlands
1185:
1044:
871:
633:
267:
168:
2129:Ă–sterreichische Gesellschaft fĂĽr AuĂźenpolitik und internationale Beziehungen
2004:
370:
The first national law to ban anti-personnel landmines is passed in Belgium.
1688:
1177:
1144:
1128:
1108:
1104:
1040:
754:
734:
641:, lays down five conditions for the US's possible signature of the treaty:
329:
202:
3632:"Kansalaisaloite jalkaväkimiinojen käytön sallimisesta etenee eduskuntaan"
1409:
18th meeting of the States Parties in November 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland
1400:
17th meeting of the States Parties in November 2018 in Geneva, Switzerland
1387:
14th meeting of the States Parties in December 2015 in Geneva, Switzerland
1334:
7th meeting of the States Parties in September 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland
1298:
4th meeting of the States Parties in September 2002 in Geneva, Switzerland
530:
4015:
3377:
2739:
2722:
2633:
2616:
2117:"Auf dem Weg zu einer Konvention ĂĽber das Verbot von Anti-Personen-Minen"
1736:
Reversing the Gun Sights: Transnational Civil Society Targets Land Mines.
1716:
1700:
1347:
9th meeting of the States Parties in November 2008 in Geneva, Switzerland
1096:
1092:
1076:
935:
555:
4606:"The Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty | The Treaty | ICBL"
4576:"The Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty – The Treaty – ICBL"
4048:
3939:"Ukraine Promises Inquiry into Banned Landmine Use | Human Rights Watch"
1379:
Third Review Conference or Maputo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World
1229:
First Review Conference: 29 November – 3 December 2004, Nairobi, Kenya:
518:
42:
4953:"White House Is Being Pressed to Reverse Course and Join Land Mine Ban"
3958:
3956:
3223:
2057:
Stuart Maslen (2004). Text of this Resolution in Appendix 2, p. 342–343
1735:
1664:
1472: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1404:
Fourth Review Conference or Oslo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World
1363:
1272:
895:
867:
859:
827:
805:
2693:
1858:
Treaties Database of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
1765:
Treaties Database of the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs
1397:
16th meeting of the States Parties in December 2017 in Vienna, Austria
1353:
or Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World in November/December 2009 in
971:
Two more countries became free of landmines in 2011. On 14 June 2011,
945:
were also declared mine-free. On 2 December 2009, Rwanda was declared
3795:"Frequently Asked Questions on the New United States Landmine Policy"
1800:"The Mine Ban Treaty: How the world decided to bury the use of mines"
1640:
1416:
1293:
1131:
supported resignation from the treaty, the National Coalition Party,
1079:
proposed withdrawing from the treaty. The stance is supported by the
965:
931:
919:
899:
875:
766:
484:
and is the basis for the forthcoming negotiations on this Convention.
3953:
3721:
1544:
1447:
1314:
or Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World in November/December 2004 in
1205:
4726:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Seventeenth Meeting of the States Parties"
3405:"Puolustusministeriön jalkaväkimiinaselvitystyöryhmän väliraportti"
2774:
1391:
1367:
1338:
1306:
1176:
The Ottawa Treaty does not cover all types of unexploded ordnance.
946:
915:
879:
863:
847:
790:
218:
184:
4751:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eighteenth Meeting of the States Parties"
4636:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fourteenth Meeting of the States Parties"
4343:
1422:
2011 by a vote of 162 in favor, none opposed, and 18 abstentions.
6053:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6048:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
4776:"Netherlands successfully concludes global anti-landmine meeting"
4696:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Sixteenth Meeting of the States Parties"
4666:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fifteenth Meeting of the States Parties"
3316:
1329:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1285:
976:
923:
903:
883:
851:
839:
584:
proposal is blocked by other EU states opposing an immediate ban.
510:
4434:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties"
3963:
2318:
Stuart Maslen, Point 0.52, p. 28. Text in Appendix 4, p. 407–410
1390:
15th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2016 in
1362:
11th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2011 in
5087:
4254:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Seventh Meeting of the States Parties"
3570:
3317:"English / Treaty Text in Many Languages / MBT / Treaty / Home"
3249:, paragraph 30, published 4 October 2023, accessed 17 June 2024
1636:
1342:
1325:
1324:
6th meeting of the States Parties in November/December 2005 in
1278:
1268:
942:
927:
911:
891:
887:
843:
598:
176:
164:
77:
4284:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Eighth Meeting of the States Parties"
4164:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fourth Meeting of the States Parties"
4104:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Second Meeting of the States Parties"
1243:
Third Review Conference: 23–27 June 2014, Maputo, Mozambique:
321:
assign priority to the problem of anti-personnel mines (APMs).
4314:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Ninth Meeting of the States Parties"
4224:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Sixth Meeting of the States Parties"
4194:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Fifth Meeting of the States Parties"
4134:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Third Meeting of the States Parties"
4074:"AP Mine Ban Convention: First Meeting of the States Parties"
3410:(in Finnish). Finnish Ministry of Defence. 19 December 2003.
2401:
Stuart Maslen (2004), points 0.58/0.59 and note 170 pp. 30–31
1554:
Jody Williams and The International Campaign to Ban Landmines
1319:
1250:
Fourth Review Conference: 25–29 November 2019, Oslo, Norway:
972:
954:
709:
The treaty becomes binding international law on 1 March 1999.
644:
a geographical exception for the use of mines in South Korea;
362:
Self-imposed moratorium on sales of mines dated 15 March 1994
332:
calls for the "eventual elimination" of anti-personnel mines.
180:
172:
4937:
4935:
4043:
4041:
2771:"Biden administration commits to limiting use of land mines"
2669:"Trump eases restrictions on land mine use by U.S. military"
2827:"International Cooperation and Assistance – Finish the Job"
1337:
8th meeting of the States Parties in September 2007 at the
938:
finished clearing its landmines before joining the Treaty.
304:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
2952:"Four New Countries Declared Mine-Free at Landmine Summit"
2797:"Six Pillars of Victim Assistance – Finish the Job – ICBL"
1799:
1437:
276:
Hidden Killer: The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines
163:
By August 2022, 164 states had ratified or acceded to the
5151:
Full text of the treaty in multiple languages and formats
4932:
4038:
3219:"Obama administration creates Korean land mine exception"
1941:"Timeline of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines"
1667:
praised Diana and paid tribute to her work on landmines.
1112:
2509:
Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.84, and note 198, pp. 39–40
988:
217:, one provision is amended to prohibit the targeting of
6018:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
5135:
4546:"13th Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty"
3885:"'608 slachtoffers van landmijnen in OekraĂŻne in 2022'"
3859:"Syria/Turkey: Landmines Kill Civilians Fleeing Kobani"
1675:
In his Canadian Foreign Affairs portfolio (1996–2000),
1301:
5th meeting of the States Parties in September 2003 in
1284:
3rd meeting of the States Parties in September 2001 in
1277:
2nd meeting of the States Parties in September 2000 in
997:(CMC), and acting as their de facto monitoring regime.
531:
Attempts to block the project of a Total Ban Convention
134:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
5130:
Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-personnel Mines
3827:"Järjestö: Maamiinoja asennettu enemmän kuin vuosiin"
2857:"AP Mine Ban Convention: Destroying Stockpiled Mines"
2553:
Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.91 and note 216 on p. 43
1823:
1821:
1713:, host for the secretariat (ISU) of the Ottawa Treaty
1711:
Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
1151:
on the side of supporting staying in the treaty. The
519:
Threats to the comprehensive nature of the Convention
351:
6013:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
3035:"Nicaraguan landmines finally removed after 80s war"
2309:
Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.49, and note 139, p. 26
2135:Ă–sterreichischen Institut fĂĽr internationale Politik
2123:Ă–sterreichisches Jahrbuch fĂĽr internationale Politik
2096:
Stuart Maslen (2004), Text in Appendix 2, p. 343-345
1023:
includes a majority of the permanent members of the
245:supporting a ban of landmines begin organizing the
5203:Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration
2392:Stuart Maslen (2004), p. 45, and note 223 on p. 45
1818:
1417:United Nations General Assembly annual resolutions
6063:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
5883:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)
3161:
2896:"The Canadian Forces and Anti-Personnel Landmine"
2723:"New U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy Adopted"
2617:"New U.S. Anti-Personnel Landmine Policy Adopted"
2327:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 196, Text on pp. 201–205
1846:
1545:Letter-writers and non-governmental organizations
1267:1st meeting of the States Parties in May 1999 in
221:populations by indiscriminate weapons in wartime.
5373:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
5164:
4941:Stuart Maslen, (2004) op. cit. point 0.53, p. 28
4490:"Meetings of States Parties – The Treaty – ICBL"
4404:"Meetings of States Parties – The Treaty – ICBL"
2694:"ICBL – International Campaign to Ban Landmines"
2606:Stuart Maslen (2004). Text in Appendix 2, p. 348
1971:Stuart Maslen, (2004) Point 0.35, note 98, p. 19
342:anti-personnel land-mines and related devices.
51: States that are party to the Ottawa Treaty
6023:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
4049:"Oslo Review Conference: 4th Review Conference"
3710:
3507:(in Finnish). Pientalonpoika Oy. 2 March 2022.
3373:"NCP wants Finland to quit landmine ban treaty"
2291:Werner Ehrlich (1996) op. cit. point 4d, p. 198
2186:Stuart Maslen (2004) op. cit. Point 0.44, p. 24
2177:Stuart Maslen (2004) op. cit. Point 0.41, p. 22
1992:Hidden Killers: The Global Landmine Crisis 1994
654:a strengthening of the verification regime; and
6098:Treaties extended to the Caribbean Netherlands
4813:
4811:
3720:. Helsingin Kansalliset Nuoret. Archived from
2662:
2660:
1753:
1594:The approach of Werner Ehrlich was different:
2410:Stuart Maslen, points 0.62 and 0.63 pp. 32–33
1779:"Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention – UNODA"
1245:Maputo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World
1188:, but this requires the posting of a sentry.
5813:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2355:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
1724:, a similar treaty banning cluster munitions
811:
4808:
3319:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines.
2657:
2531:. International Campaign to Ban Landmines.
2419:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.94, pp. 45–46.
1626:
1252:Oslo Review Conference on a Mine-Free World
1139:being undecided on the question, while the
6058:Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
4520:"Thirteenth Meeting of the States Parties"
4344:"Review Conference: 2nd Review Conference"
2473:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.80, pp. 38–39
1060:, based at the UN compound in Geneva (the
833:
6043:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
6033:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
3258:
3171:. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor.
3002:
3000:
2738:
2632:
2437:Stuart Maslen, points 0.64/0.65 pp. 33–34
2168:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.40, p. 21/22
2069:1996 to 1997. Editor of Jane's Colin King
2016:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.34, p. 18/19
1532:Learn how and when to remove this message
820:
808:), and other "static" explosive devices.
5348:Treaties of the Central African Republic
4826:
3629:
3560:
3529:
3119:. AP Mine Ban Convention. 1 March 2013.
3061:"Nepal's PM detonates its last landmine"
3032:
2717:
2715:
2562:Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.91 on p. 43
2370:
2368:
2206:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2155:
2153:
1905:Oxford Commentaries on International Law
1598:the idea that the use of APMs is legal.
459:International Committee of the Red Cross
296:International Committee of the Red Cross
6028:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
5178:International humanitarian law treaties
5140:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
5094:Simon, Cecilia Capuzzi (1 March 2006).
4950:
4920:Werner Ehrlich, (1997) Point 4b, p. 197
4464:"Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties"
3990:"Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World"
3861:. Human Rights Watch. 2 December 2014.
3291:"Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor"
3206:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
2383:Werner Ehrlich (1996) Point 4.b, p. 197
2264:Werner Ehrlich (1996) point 4 c, p. 197
2228:Werner Ehrlich (1996) Point 4 b, p. 196
2198:Werner Ehrlich (1997) Point 3.b, p. 195
2147:Stuart Maslen, (2004) Point 0.47, p. 25
2048:Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.38, p. 20
2035:
2033:
2031:
1617:
1560:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
1438:Key figures in the making of the treaty
463:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
270:as the organization's coordinator. The
249:(ICBL), established the following year.
247:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
125:Secretary-General of the United Nations
6083:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
5165:
5041:. Dianacelebration.com. Archived from
4929:Werner Ehrlich (1976) Point 4c, p. 197
4852:
4016:"Maputo Summit: 3rd Review Conference"
3417:from the original on 23 September 2015
3123:from the original on 18 September 2013
2997:
2983:"Rwanda – first landmine-free country"
2977:
2975:
2973:
2666:
2535:from the original on 22 September 2016
2464:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.81, p. 39
2374:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.54, p. 29
2255:Stuart Maslen (2004), Point 0.52 p. 28
2087:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.38, p. 21
2078:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.39, p. 20
2039:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.38, p. 20
2025:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.37, p. 20
1980:Stuart Maslen,(2004) Point 0.34, p. 18
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1885:from the original on 14 September 2016
1021:states that have not signed the treaty
409:28 April: At the presentation of the
5403:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
5093:
5012:Nelan, Bruce W. (29 September 1997).
5011:
4796:from the original on 24 February 2013
4646:from the original on 20 February 2017
4444:from the original on 12 November 2016
4354:from the original on 23 November 2017
4264:from the original on 8 September 2017
4084:from the original on 20 February 2017
3970:from the original on 21 November 2008
3964:"Nairobi Summit on a Mine Free World"
3839:from the original on 13 December 2011
3323:from the original on 27 February 2009
3297:from the original on 20 December 2011
2958:from the original on 11 February 2010
2727:American Journal of International Law
2712:
2700:from the original on 19 November 2017
2621:American Journal of International Law
2588:from the original on 18 November 2017
2500:Stuart Maslen (2004) point 0.95, p.46
2365:
2210:Stuart Maslen (2004) Point 0.47, p.25
2201:
2189:
2150:
1238:Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World
1223:
989:Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor
315:Group of Seven Industrialised Nations
6078:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
5039:"Charity – Diana, Princess of Wales"
4963:from the original on 1 December 2017
4817:Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 12.
4706:from the original on 1 December 2017
4586:from the original on 1 December 2017
4470:from the original on 18 January 2013
3996:from the original on 19 October 2009
3750:from the original on 18 January 2013
3538:(in Finnish). Suomenmaan Kustannus.
3259:Davenport, David (1 December 2002).
3067:from the original on 24 October 2012
3014:from the original on 2 December 2009
3008:"Rwanda: Country Declared Mine-Free"
2922:"Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention"
2837:from the original on 2 November 2013
2428:Stuart Maslen (2004), p. 6, note 227
2354:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 193, Text:
2028:
1470:adding citations to reliable sources
1441:
1014:List of parties to the Ottawa Treaty
745:The ICBL marks its 25th anniversary.
725:The ICBL marks its 20th anniversary.
5198:Treaties entered into force in 1999
4827:Marshall, Tyler (6 February 1998).
4676:from the original on 25 August 2017
4616:from the original on 12 August 2014
4324:from the original on 26 August 2017
4294:from the original on 25 August 2017
4234:from the original on 26 August 2017
4204:from the original on 25 August 2017
4174:from the original on 25 August 2017
4144:from the original on 25 August 2017
4114:from the original on 25 August 2017
3746:. United Nations Office at Geneva.
3672:from the original on 9 October 2016
3271:from the original on 9 October 2016
3231:. 23 September 2014. Archived from
3149:from the original on 4 January 2018
3143:"Mozambique declared free of mines"
3117:"Day 3 | Wednesday 5 December"
2970:
2885:Landmine Monitor Report 2012, p. 8.
1953:from the original on 9 October 2016
1918:
1602:consensus to put it on the agenda.
1231:Nairobi Summit on a Mine Free World
543:
201:Landmines are first used widely in
13:
5423:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
5293:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
5146:Full text of the treaty in English
4829:"Nobel Prize Sets Off a Land Mine"
3865:from the original on 26 April 2017
3175:from the original on 15 April 2013
2273:Stuart Maslen, Point 0.52, page 28
1728:
1257:
753:The United States under President
733:The United States under President
352:Early action and draft Conventions
294:24 February: The President of the
150:Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
16:Anti-personnel landmine ban treaty
14:
6119:
5828:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5803:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
5117:
4556:from the original on 8 March 2016
4526:from the original on 11 July 2014
4026:from the original on 17 July 2017
3800:Federation of American Scientists
3642:from the original on 7 March 2022
3611:from the original on 9 March 2022
3577:from the original on 2 March 2022
3542:from the original on 2 March 2022
3511:from the original on 2 March 2022
3481:from the original on 17 July 2018
3447:from the original on 17 July 2018
3041:from the original on 23 June 2010
2446:Stuart Maslen, point 0.68 on p.33
1997:United States Department of State
1670:
1573:
1007:
778:
420:May: At an expert meeting of the
144:of 1997, known informally as the
5096:"The Humanitarian: Bobby Muller"
5057:
5031:
5005:
4975:
4944:
4923:
4914:
4904:
4886:
4872:
4853:Murphy, Caryle (22 March 1998).
4846:
4820:
4782:
4768:
4743:
4718:
4688:
4658:
4628:
4598:
4568:
4538:
4512:
4500:from the original on 21 May 2014
4482:
4456:
4426:
4414:from the original on 21 May 2014
4396:
4384:from the original on 19 May 2011
4366:
4336:
4306:
4276:
4246:
4216:
4186:
4156:
4126:
4096:
4066:
4008:
3982:
3931:
3903:
3877:
3851:
3819:
3787:
3762:
3736:
3684:
3654:
3623:
3589:
3561:Vaalisto, Heidi (1 March 2022).
3554:
3530:Heikkilä, Lauri (1 March 2022).
3523:
3493:
3097:from the original on 21 May 2014
3087:"Burundi declared landmine free"
3033:Urquhart, Wendy (20 June 2010).
3010:. All Africa. 30 November 2009.
1446:
1406:in November 2019 in Oslo, Norway
1101:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
968:was declared free of landmines.
278:, and the ICBL issues the study
179:. Other non-signatories include
41:
6038:Treaties extended to Montserrat
5933:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
5863:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
5228:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3630:Koskinen, Mika (7 March 2022).
3459:
3443:(in Finnish). 2 February 2018.
3429:
3397:
3365:
3335:
3309:
3283:
3252:
3239:
3211:
3187:
3135:
3109:
3079:
3053:
3026:
2944:
2914:
2888:
2879:
2849:
2819:
2807:from the original on 8 May 2014
2789:
2763:
2686:
2667:Idrees, Ali (31 January 2020).
2609:
2600:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2547:
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2219:Stuart Maslen, point 0.52, p 28
2213:
2180:
2171:
2162:
2141:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2067:Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance
2060:
2051:
2042:
2019:
2010:
1983:
1974:
1722:Convention on Cluster Munitions
1683:
1635:. In January 1997, she visited
1457:needs additional citations for
1182:Convention on Cluster Munitions
1025:United Nations Security Council
783:
765:President of the United States
326:United Nations General Assembly
6088:Treaties extended to Greenland
5968:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3381:. 15 June 2014. Archived from
3349:. 16 June 2014. Archived from
1965:
1897:
1871:
1792:
1771:
1562:and its founding coordinator,
317:(G7) at its meeting in Naples
308:United Nations Children's Fund
1:
6068:Treaties extended to Guernsey
6003:Treaties extended to Anguilla
5438:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
5158:Signatories and ratifications
3605:Ministry of Justice (Finland)
1746:
1583:nearly universal opposition.
1195:
1035:
476:November: A further enhanced
443:Council of the European Union
190:
6008:Treaties extended to Bermuda
5758:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
5378:Treaties of the Cook Islands
4951:Landler, Mark (7 May 2010).
4792:. Unog.ch. 2 December 2011.
2362:Nr. 13/1997, 10 January 1997
2282:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 197
2159:Werner Ehrlich (1996) p. 194
1030:
979:was declared landmine free.
7:
6073:Treaties extended to Jersey
5773:Treaties of the Philippines
5708:Treaties of the Netherlands
5628:Treaties of North Macedonia
3891:(in Dutch). 7 November 2023
3694:. Eduskunta. Archived from
2985:. BBC News. 2 December 2009
1694:
1218:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1121:Power Belongs to the People
1081:Finnish Ministry of Defence
1050:
959:Rwandan Ministry of Defence
373:12 May: The Council of the
10:
6124:
5193:Treaties concluded in 1997
5014:"No Clean Sweep for Mines"
4522:. AP Mine Ban Convention.
4466:. AP Mine Ban Convention.
4020:Maputoreviewconference.org
3992:. Icrc.org. 14 June 2010.
3145:. BBC. 17 September 2015.
1740:International Organization
1649:Landmine Survivors Network
1011:
995:Cluster Munition Coalition
562:30 January: In the CD the
434:30 September: An improved
280:Landmines: A Deadly Legacy
96:Ratifications by 40 states
18:
5613:Treaties of Liechtenstein
5513:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
5069:The Canadian Encyclopedia
4880:"The Life of an Activist"
4374:"APminebanconvention.org"
2954:. ICBL. 4 December 2009.
2134:
2128:
2116:
1058:Conference on Disarmament
1002:explosive remnants of war
812:Destruction of stockpiles
804:, anti-handling devices (
467:Conference on Disarmament
160:(APLs) around the world.
130:
120:
108:
100:
92:
84:
73:
65:
57:
40:
35:
5948:Treaties of Turkmenistan
5868:Treaties of South Africa
5848:Treaties of Sierra Leone
5648:Treaties of the Maldives
5528:Treaties of the Holy See
5318:Treaties of Burkina Faso
5188:Technological phase-outs
4987:Gurukul.ucc.american.edu
4053:osloreviewconference.org
3718:"Maamiinat säilytettävä"
3199:10 November 2014 at the
1689:Robert O. (Bobby) Muller
1658:British House of Commons
1633:Diana, Princess of Wales
1627:Diana, Princess of Wales
1351:Second Review Conference
1073:National Coalition Party
770:(excluding those on the
620:1997 Brussels Conference
158:anti-personnel landmines
19:Not to be confused with
6093:United Nations treaties
5903:Treaties of Switzerland
5873:Treaties of South Sudan
5808:Treaties of Saint Lucia
5713:Treaties of New Zealand
5433:Treaties of El Salvador
5388:Treaties of Ivory Coast
5368:Treaties of the Comoros
5248:Treaties of the Bahamas
4855:"The Nobel Prize Fight"
4755:apminebanconvention.org
4730:apminebanconvention.org
4700:apminebanconvention.org
4670:Apminebanconvention.org
4640:Apminebanconvention.org
4438:Apminebanconvention.org
4318:Apminebanconvention.org
4288:Apminebanconvention.org
4258:Apminebanconvention.org
4228:Apminebanconvention.org
4198:Apminebanconvention.org
4168:Apminebanconvention.org
4138:Apminebanconvention.org
4108:Apminebanconvention.org
4078:Apminebanconvention.org
2926:Apminebanconvention.org
2861:Apminebanconvention.org
2138:, Verlag Böhlau, p. 194
2114:Werner Ehrlich (1996),
1312:First Review Conference
1133:Social Democratic Party
834:Landmine-free countries
759:
747:
739:
727:
719:
711:
703:
695:
548:
503:
393:
364:
356:
288:
259:
251:
235:
223:
207:
195:
5923:Treaties of East Timor
5908:Treaties of Tajikistan
5843:Treaties of Seychelles
5823:Treaties of San Marino
5693:Treaties of Mozambique
5688:Treaties of Montenegro
5663:Treaties of Mauritania
5633:Treaties of Madagascar
5623:Treaties of Luxembourg
5478:Treaties of the Gambia
5383:Treaties of Costa Rica
5343:Treaties of Cape Verde
5253:Treaties of Bangladesh
3770:"U.S. Landmine Policy"
3169:"What is the Monitor?"
2356:
2246:Werner Ehrlich, p. 197
2122:
1734:Richard Price. 1998. "
1703:, an NGO that engages
1149:Swedish People's Party
821:Retention of landmines
671:1997 Ottawa Conference
571:1997 Vienna Conference
449:3–5 October: The 1996
391:
347:
272:US Department of State
156:, aims at eliminating
152:, or often simply the
5983:Treaties of Venezuela
5718:Treaties of Nicaragua
5668:Treaties of Mauritius
5618:Treaties of Lithuania
5548:Treaties of Indonesia
5503:Treaties of Guatemala
5238:Treaties of Australia
5233:Treaties of Argentina
5173:Arms control treaties
3966:. Nairobisummit.org.
3235:on 26 September 2014.
3063:. CNN. 15 June 2011.
1558:The organization the
856:Republic of the Congo
578:Second Austrian Draft
387:
336:
274:publishes its report
5998:Treaties of Zimbabwe
5918:Treaties of Thailand
5913:Treaties of Tanzania
5893:Treaties of Eswatini
5888:Treaties of Suriname
5858:Treaties of Slovenia
5853:Treaties of Slovakia
5783:Treaties of Portugal
5763:Treaties of Paraguay
5643:Treaties of Malaysia
5588:Treaties of Kiribati
5533:Treaties of Honduras
5453:Treaties of Ethiopia
5418:Treaties of Dominica
5413:Treaties of Djibouti
5363:Treaties of Colombia
5333:Treaties of Cameroon
5328:Treaties of Cambodia
5313:Treaties of Bulgaria
5298:Treaties of Botswana
5258:Treaties of Barbados
5124:Anti-personnel mines
4983:"Angola's Landmines"
3835:. 23 November 2011.
3607:. 24 February 2022.
3571:Sanoma Media Finland
3091:Mines Advisory Group
2740:10.1017/ajil.2022.62
2733:(4): 884–888. 2022.
2634:10.1017/ajil.2022.62
2627:(4): 884–888. 2022.
1618:Canada's Mine Action
1579:Affairs in 1995/96:
1466:improve this article
1153:President of Finland
951:Mine Awareness Trust
826:Turkey (15,100) and
800:, remote-controlled
664:1997 Oslo Conference
662:1–19 September: The
606:Third Austrian Draft
592:1997 Bonn Conference
569:12–14 February: The
482:First Austrian Draft
328:(UNGA) US President
5978:Treaties of Vanuatu
5973:Treaties of Uruguay
5963:Treaties of Ukraine
5938:Treaties of Tunisia
5833:Treaties of Senegal
5793:Treaties of Romania
5728:Treaties of Nigeria
5698:Treaties of Namibia
5678:Treaties of Moldova
5608:Treaties of Liberia
5603:Treaties of Lesotho
5568:Treaties of Jamaica
5558:Treaties of Ireland
5543:Treaties of Iceland
5538:Treaties of Hungary
5498:Treaties of Grenada
5483:Treaties of Germany
5463:Treaties of Finland
5448:Treaties of Estonia
5443:Treaties of Eritrea
5428:Treaties of Ecuador
5408:Treaties of Denmark
5393:Treaties of Croatia
5323:Treaties of Burundi
5288:Treaties of Bolivia
5268:Treaties of Belgium
5263:Treaties of Belarus
5243:Treaties of Austria
5218:Treaties of Andorra
5213:Treaties of Algeria
5208:Treaties of Albania
4859:The Washington Post
4778:. 19 November 2021.
4348:Cartagenasummit.org
3774:US State Department
3698:on 19 November 2011
3261:"The New Diplomacy"
3093:. 2 December 2011.
1833:www.armscontrol.org
1355:Cartagena, Colombia
1125:Christian Democrats
1086:Minister of Defence
32:
5993:Treaties of Zambia
5958:Treaties of Uganda
5953:Treaties of Tuvalu
5943:Treaties of Turkey
5898:Treaties of Sweden
5838:Treaties of Serbia
5798:Treaties of Rwanda
5778:Treaties of Poland
5753:Treaties of Panama
5738:Treaties of Norway
5683:Treaties of Monaco
5673:Treaties of Mexico
5638:Treaties of Malawi
5598:Treaties of Latvia
5593:Treaties of Kuwait
5578:Treaties of Jordan
5518:Treaties of Guyana
5508:Treaties of Guinea
5493:Treaties of Greece
5468:Treaties of France
5398:Treaties of Cyprus
5338:Treaties of Canada
5308:Treaties of Brunei
5303:Treaties of Brazil
5283:Treaties of Bhutan
5273:Treaties of Belize
5223:Treaties of Angola
5045:on 8 February 2012
4957:The New York Times
3724:on 1 November 2007
3353:on 2 February 2016
2584:. United Nations.
1639:and walked near a
1383:Maputo, Mozambique
1224:Review conferences
1210:Human Rights Watch
1171:area denial weapon
1062:Palais des Nations
669:3–4 December: The
639:Madeleine Albright
324:September: At the
300:Cornelio Sommaruga
28:
5988:Treaties of Yemen
5878:Treaties of Spain
5818:Treaties of Samoa
5788:Treaties of Qatar
5748:Treaties of Palau
5723:Treaties of Niger
5703:Treaties of Nauru
5658:Treaties of Malta
5583:Treaties of Kenya
5573:Treaties of Japan
5563:Treaties of Italy
5523:Treaties of Haiti
5488:Treaties of Ghana
5473:Treaties of Gabon
5358:Treaties of Chile
5278:Treaties of Benin
4833:Los Angeles Times
3832:Helsingin Sanomat
3692:"Julkaisutyökalu"
3089:(Press release).
2867:on 26 August 2017
2358:Bundesgesetzblatt
1662:Foreign Secretary
1568:Nobel Peace Prize
1542:
1541:
1534:
1516:
964:On 18 June 2010,
947:free of landmines
691:Nobel Peace Prize
493:Draft of the ICBL
451:Ottawa Conference
215:Geneva Convention
138:
137:
80:, Ontario, Canada
61:18 September 1997
31:(Mine Ban Treaty)
21:Ottawa Conference
6115:
5928:Treaties of Togo
5768:Treaties of Peru
5743:Treaties of Oman
5733:Treaties of Niue
5653:Treaties of Mali
5553:Treaties of Iraq
5458:Treaties of Fiji
5353:Treaties of Chad
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5100:Psychology Today
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5071:. Archived from
5065:"Lloyd Axworthy"
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5009:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4993:on 31 March 2017
4989:. Archived from
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3921:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3803:. Archived from
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3668:. 22 June 2014.
3666:The Boston Globe
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3477:. 16 July 2018.
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3229:Associated Press
3215:
3209:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:on 11 March 2017
2928:. Archived from
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2902:on 6 August 2020
2898:. Archived from
2892:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2863:. Archived from
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2742:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2636:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2363:
2361:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1757:
1707:to ban landmines
1705:non-state actors
1537:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1474:
1450:
1442:
1381:in June 2014 in
1160:Chief of Defence
1117:Uutissuomalainen
1107:and Finns Party
1071:In Finland, the
772:Korean Peninsula
618:24–27 June: The
590:5–24 April: The
554:17 January: The
544:Further progress
286:paragraphs 5–7).
50:
45:
33:
27:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6108:1990s in Ottawa
6103:1997 in Ontario
5163:
5162:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5020:
5010:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4891:
4887:
4882:. 13 June 2016.
4878:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4861:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4825:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4415:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4387:
4385:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4355:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4295:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4115:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4047:
4046:
4039:
4029:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3807:on 7 April 2015
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3601:Kansalaisaloite
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3448:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3385:on 21 June 2014
3371:
3370:
3366:
3356:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3293:. The Monitor.
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3201:Wayback Machine
3192:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2658:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1919:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1879:"Treaty Status"
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1731:
1729:Further reading
1697:
1686:
1673:
1629:
1620:
1576:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1481:"Ottawa Treaty"
1475:
1473:
1463:
1451:
1440:
1419:
1260:
1258:Annual meetings
1226:
1198:
1053:
1038:
1033:
1016:
1010:
991:
953:and trained in
908:North Macedonia
836:
823:
814:
798:anti-tank mines
786:
781:
762:
750:
742:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
632:18 August: The
551:
546:
533:
521:
506:
461:(ICRC) and the
441:1 October: The
396:
367:
359:
354:
291:
262:
254:
238:
226:
210:
198:
193:
154:Mine Ban Treaty
69:3 December 1997
53:
52:
48:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6121:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5118:External links
5116:
5113:
5112:
5086:
5056:
5030:
5004:
4974:
4943:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4903:
4885:
4871:
4845:
4819:
4807:
4781:
4767:
4742:
4717:
4687:
4657:
4627:
4597:
4567:
4537:
4511:
4481:
4455:
4425:
4395:
4365:
4335:
4305:
4275:
4245:
4215:
4185:
4155:
4125:
4095:
4065:
4037:
4007:
3981:
3952:
3941:. 30 June 2023
3930:
3902:
3876:
3850:
3818:
3786:
3761:
3735:
3709:
3683:
3653:
3638:(in Finnish).
3622:
3603:(in Finnish).
3588:
3569:(in Finnish).
3553:
3522:
3505:Suomen Uutiset
3492:
3473:(in Finnish).
3458:
3428:
3396:
3364:
3347:Iltasanomat.fi
3334:
3308:
3282:
3251:
3245:Pope Francis,
3238:
3210:
3186:
3160:
3134:
3108:
3078:
3052:
3025:
2996:
2969:
2943:
2913:
2887:
2878:
2848:
2818:
2788:
2777:. 21 June 2022
2762:
2711:
2685:
2656:
2608:
2599:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2364:
2347:
2338:
2329:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2149:
2140:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1917:
1896:
1870:
1845:
1817:
1806:. 3 April 2023
1791:
1770:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:52/3: 613–644.
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1682:
1677:Lloyd Axworthy
1672:
1671:Lloyd Axworthy
1669:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1608:Lloyd Axworthy
1575:
1574:Werner Ehrlich
1572:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1454:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1322:
1309:
1299:
1296:
1282:
1275:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1222:
1197:
1194:
1186:Claymore mines
1156:Sauli Niinistö
1089:Jussi Niinistö
1052:
1049:
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5097:
5090:
5075:on 5 May 2014
5074:
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5019:
5018:Time Magazine
5015:
5008:
4992:
4988:
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4926:
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4911:Böhlau, 1996;
4907:
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4899:0-19-926977-7
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3475:Bonnier Group
3472:
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3348:
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3322:
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3312:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3270:
3266:
3265:Policy Review
3262:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:Treaty Status
3190:
3174:
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3164:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3112:
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3092:
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2640:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2582:"A/RES/52/38"
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2529:"Why the Ban"
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
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2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2022:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:0-19-926977-7
1910:
1906:
1900:
1884:
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1659:
1654:
1653:TIME Magazine
1650:
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1624:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1592:
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1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:Jody Williams
1561:
1551:
1536:
1533:
1525:
1522:December 2017
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483: –
1482:
1478:
1477:Find sources:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1455:This section
1453:
1449:
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1287:
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1281:, Switzerland
1280:
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1221:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Cluster bombs
1174:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:Left Alliance
1134:
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1114:
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1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
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1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1046:
1045:civil society
1042:
1028:
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1022:
1015:
1005:
1003:
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996:
986:
983:
980:
978:
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921:
917:
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893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Guinea-Bissau
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
831:
829:
818:
809:
807:
803:
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724:
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675:Jean Chrétien
672:
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634:United States
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499:Belgian Draft
497:
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491:20 December:
490:
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313:10 July: The
312:
309:
306:(UNHCR), the
305:
301:
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293:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Jody Williams
264:
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244:
240:
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229:October: The
228:
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188:
186:
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169:United States
166:
161:
159:
155:
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147:
146:Ottawa Treaty
143:
133:
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126:
123:
119:
115:
114:Complete List
111:
107:
103:
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95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
44:
39:
34:
29:Ottawa Treaty
26:
22:
5136:ICBL website
5103:. Retrieved
5099:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5073:the original
5068:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:the original
5033:
5021:. Retrieved
5017:
5007:
4995:. Retrieved
4991:the original
4986:
4977:
4965:. Retrieved
4956:
4946:
4925:
4916:
4906:
4888:
4874:
4862:. Retrieved
4858:
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4832:
4822:
4800:29 September
4798:. Retrieved
4784:
4770:
4758:. Retrieved
4754:
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4729:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4669:
4660:
4648:. Retrieved
4639:
4630:
4618:. Retrieved
4609:
4600:
4588:. Retrieved
4579:
4570:
4558:. Retrieved
4549:
4540:
4528:. Retrieved
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4493:
4484:
4474:29 September
4472:. Retrieved
4458:
4446:. Retrieved
4437:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4407:
4398:
4386:. Retrieved
4377:
4368:
4356:. Retrieved
4347:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4317:
4308:
4296:. Retrieved
4287:
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4257:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4227:
4218:
4206:. Retrieved
4197:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4167:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4137:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4107:
4098:
4086:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:
4028:. Retrieved
4019:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3943:. Retrieved
3933:
3925:
3918:. Retrieved
3914:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3830:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3798:
3789:
3777:. Retrieved
3773:
3764:
3754:29 September
3752:. Retrieved
3738:
3728:29 September
3726:. Retrieved
3722:the original
3712:
3702:29 September
3700:. Retrieved
3696:the original
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3635:
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3600:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3567:Ilta-Sanomat
3566:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3535:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3504:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3470:
3461:
3449:. Retrieved
3440:
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3399:
3389:17 September
3387:. Retrieved
3383:the original
3376:
3367:
3355:. Retrieved
3351:the original
3346:
3337:
3327:29 September
3325:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:29 September
3299:. Retrieved
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
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3869:19 November
3843:19 November
3378:Yle Uutiset
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3153:19 November
2936:19 November
2871:19 November
2841:19 November
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3676:4 February
3421:4 February
3224:Army Times
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2678:1 February
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1863:21 October
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319:inter alia
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