810:
323:
443:
registered members of each tribe in the Indian
Territory. The land was so poor in many areas that this amount of farmland proved insufficient even for subsistence farming. In 1891, 157 Ottawa were finally allotted plots of land in Indian Territory; under provisions of the law, the US federal government declared the remainder of their land as surplus and sold it, primarily to non-native buyers. The
338:, which means "to trade". Long before European explorations began, the Ottawa were known among other Native American tribes as important traders. The French quickly realized how influential they were and used them as middlemen to the tribes to the north and west of them, who supplied them with furs from the 17th well into the 18th century.
295:. They operate two tribal smoke shops, two gas stations, the Otter Stop Convenience Store, and the Adawe Travel Plaza. In addition, they operate the High Winds Casino. In 2021 the tribe opened its first restaurant, the Otter Cove Diner. Their annual economic impact is estimated by the Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commissions to be $ 3 million.
27:
458:
But in the 1950s federal policy changed again, and
Congress decided it was time to encourage tribes to give up their special status in relation to the federal government. Congress and the Bureau of Indian Affairs determined that some tribes were ready to be 'terminated'; that is, their special status
442:
of 1887, designed to encourage Native
American assimilation by having households establish subsistence farming in the European-American model. It dissolved the communal tribal lands and governments, and required communal lands to be divided and allocated in 160-acre plots to individual households of
411:
To survive as a people, the tribe made a remarkable investment in their children's future. Of the 74,000 acres (300 km) the Ottawa controlled in Kansas, they set aside 65 acres (260,000 m) for an upper-level school and sold 20,000 acres (81 km) of land to fund its construction and
407:
The Ottawa did not relocate from Ohio until April 1837. Of the 600 Ottawa who migrated to Kansas, "more than 300 died within the first two years, because of exposure, lack of proper food, and the great difference between the cool, damp woods of Ohio and the dry, hot plains of Kansas."
283:, Suzy Crawford, J.C Dawes, Mikal Scott-Werner, Mary King and Charles Ulrey. The previous administration included Dr. Kevin Dawes, Dr. Charla Dawes, Bert Kleidon, and John Robert Ballard, who have all been instrumental in helping to update the constitution.
473:
Since that time, three other bands have gained federal recognition as tribes. In 1980 the Grand
Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians gained federal recognition. In 1994 two more tribes of Odawa people in Michigan gained federal recognition: the
576:
166:, in 1867 the Ottawa sold their land in Kansas to move again, to purchase land in another section of Indian Territory, in what would become northeast Oklahoma. They were authorized by Congress to buy land from the
447:
are records for each tribe of their members registered at that time. A number of tribes have used the Dawes Rolls as a basis for establishing membership among descendants in their tribes at a particular time.
221:. In the early 21st century, the tribe has 2,500 enrolled members; some 737 live within the state of Oklahoma. The tribe bases membership qualifications on direct lineal descent; that is, they have no minimum
384:
of 1830, which authorized the government to make land exchanges with Native
American tribes in order to remove them from east of the Mississippi River and extinguish their land titles there. The
584:
549:
798:
1204:
303:
The tribe operates a
Community Health Program and the Healthy Living Center in Miami, as well as a Department of Environmental Protection. The tribe publishes the
459:
would end and their citizens would be considered simply US citizens. The Ottawa of
Oklahoma were one of the tribes whose federally recognized government was
279:
The Ottawa Tribe is working to modernize its
Constitution. It was to be voted on at the general council in 2019. The current Business Committee consists of
776:
1209:
178:
791:
1199:
784:
814:
479:
388:, Roche de BĹ“uf and Auglaize reserves of Ohio signed a treaty with the US in 1833. The treaty ceded their lands in Michigan, Ohio, and
186:
1013:
427:. Under the leadership of Chief John Wilson, the tribe sold their lands in Kansas and purchased 14,863 acres (60 km) of land in
416:
educated both
Indians and non-Indians. The university still offers free tuition today to any enrolled member of the Ottawa tribe.
529:
806:
1033:
953:
826:
475:
182:
973:
139:
areas, reaching what are now the states of
Michigan and Ohio in the 18th century. In the late 1830s the United States
898:
843:
838:
432:
385:
709:
463:
in 1956. This deprived them of benefits needed in the harsh environment of Oklahoma, and disrupted their society.
650:
455:
and regained federal recognition as a tribe. This entitled them to certain benefits in education, for instance.
1108:
470:
on May 15, 1978. In 1979 the US Congress recognized the tribal council and ratified the tribal constitution.
423:, developed because of the Ottawa Reservation. The Ottawa people remained in Kansas until 1867, after the
988:
863:
670:
452:
124:
731:
923:
873:
622:
214:
893:
878:
466:
The tribe persevered to regain their status; federal recognition was restored under a bill signed by
460:
1138:
1003:
993:
365:, under pressure from the Iroquois and other tribes, and European encroachment. They settled near
933:
483:
218:
190:
163:
908:
903:
342:
918:
435:. More of the tribe died during relocation and only 200 Ottawa arrived in their new lands.
380:
They were pressured to move again by the United States, after Congressional passage of the
132:
8:
1143:
292:
694:
Abel, Anna Louise. "Indian Reservations in Kansas and the Extinguishment of their Title"
322:
1093:
1073:
983:
424:
381:
526:
1118:
1103:
1088:
1068:
1063:
739:
487:
413:
354:
198:
144:
412:
maintenance. Affiliated with the Baptist Church, which operated missions in Kansas,
1168:
1163:
1158:
1098:
1083:
1078:
1048:
1043:
1023:
868:
428:
401:
156:
77:
1153:
1133:
1058:
943:
888:
858:
713:
654:
533:
498:
491:
362:
358:
210:
194:
69:
451:
In 1936 the Ottawa tribe in Oklahoma organized their government again under the
1194:
1173:
1128:
1123:
1053:
1018:
420:
264:
140:
73:
1188:
998:
968:
963:
848:
743:
273:
222:
52:
706:
353:. The Oklahoma Ottawa are descended from Ottawa bands that moved south from
1113:
948:
938:
497:
The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma serves free lunches for elders in the town of
467:
370:
366:
128:
103:
89:
647:
444:
136:
26:
913:
350:
280:
260:
135:-speaking ancestors had migrated gradually from the Atlantic coast and
107:
707:"Ottawa Tribe and Ottawa University Sign New Agreement for Education"
439:
626:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of History & Culture.
177:, in what was part of the traditional Odawa territory. They are the
883:
818:
809:
389:
174:
56:
1008:
693:
256:
272:
Todd was a descendant of former Ottawa Chief: Joseph,, King and
1148:
978:
771:
397:
346:
311:
167:
152:
111:
766:
600:
550:"Rites held for former Chief of the Ottawa Tribe Charles Todd"
928:
853:
393:
374:
307:
for its tribal members. It offers Ottawa language classes.
148:
173:
The other three Ottawa tribes are located in the state of
527:
2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.
732:"A Senator's Lake House vs. a Town Fighting Flooding"
209:
The headquarters of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma is
298:
179:Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
577:"Rites Held for former Ottawa Chief Charles Todd"
1205:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
1186:
696:, Kansas State Historical Society, 1902, p. 80
792:
332:
574:
125:federally recognized Native American tribes
1210:Anishinaabe tribal political organizations
799:
785:
480:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
330:"Ottawa" or "Odaawaa" comes from the word
228:The current administration is as follows:
187:Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
729:
438:Two decades later, Congress passed the
286:
170:, the predominant tribe in this area.
1187:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
310:The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma's annual
780:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
596:
594:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
404:under the federal government's plan.
241:Second councilman: Mikal Scott-Werner
671:"Treaty of the Maumee Rapids (1817)"
269:Council: 1983–2008 Chief: 1999–2008
47:Regions with significant populations
720:21 Oct 2008 (accessed 16 Feb 2009).
631:
537:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
476:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
183:Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
13:
1200:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
1114:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
606:
591:
511:
321:
14:
1221:
760:
482:. There are also status bands of
314:is held every Labor Day weekend.
238:First Councilman: Cody Hollenbeck
808:
539:2011: 26. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012.
299:Cultural, language, and programs
291:The Ottawa Tribe issues its own
25:
723:
648:"The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma."
699:
687:
663:
575:Tim Stanley (29 August 2014).
568:
542:
386:Ottawa of the Blanchard's Fork
1:
772:Ottawa Powwow and Celebration
730:Mervosh, Sarah (2019-08-27).
204:
92:, traditional tribal religion
767:The Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
400:, part of what was known as
252:Charles A. Todd (1935–2014)
7:
453:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
341:The Ottawa are part of the
235:Second Chief: Gene Epperson
201:, their original homeland.
10:
1226:
317:
215:tribal jurisdictional area
143:the Ottawa to west of the
131:in the United States. Its
1032:
825:
718:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma.
658:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma.
601:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma.
392:in exchange for lands in
189:. In addition, there are
101:
96:
88:
83:
68:
63:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:
504:
419:The present-day town of
121:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
20:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
1079:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
343:Three Fires Confederacy
333:
232:Chief: Kalisha Pheasant
164:United States Civil War
815:Native American tribes
603:Retrieved 1 July 2013.
490:and in other areas of
468:President Jimmy Carter
327:
325:
97:Related ethnic groups
1109:Mescalero-Chiricahua
864:Cheyenne and Arapaho
675:Ohio History Central
486:of Odawa peoples on
345:, together with the
287:Economic development
31:official tribal flag
660:(16 February 2009).
293:tribal vehicle tags
193:of Odawa people in
21:
879:Citizen Potawatomi
736:The New York Times
712:2008-07-04 at the
653:2008-07-04 at the
532:2012-01-23 at the
425:American Civil War
382:Indian Removal Act
328:
19:
1182:
1181:
1104:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
844:Alabama-Quassarte
705:Miller, Scott C.
587:on 12 March 2019.
488:Manitoulin Island
414:Ottawa University
355:Manitoulin Island
199:Manitoulin Island
145:Mississippi River
117:
116:
1217:
1034:Tribal languages
1014:United Keetoowah
944:Muscogee (Creek)
904:Fort Sill Apache
839:Absentee Shawnee
813:
812:
801:
794:
787:
778:
777:
754:
753:
751:
750:
727:
721:
703:
697:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
667:
661:
644:
629:
621:Lovett, John R.
619:
604:
598:
589:
588:
583:. Archived from
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
556:. 29 August 2014
546:
540:
524:
429:Indian Territory
402:Indian Territory
336:
326:Ottawa homelands
157:Indian Territory
37:Total population
29:
22:
18:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1036:
1028:
899:Eastern Shawnee
889:Delaware Nation
830:
828:
821:
807:
805:
763:
758:
757:
748:
746:
728:
724:
714:Wayback Machine
704:
700:
692:
688:
679:
677:
669:
668:
664:
655:Wayback Machine
646:Dixon, Rhonda.
645:
632:
620:
607:
599:
592:
573:
569:
559:
557:
548:
547:
543:
534:Wayback Machine
525:
512:
507:
492:Ontario, Canada
433:Eastern Shawnee
363:Ontario, Canada
359:Bruce Peninsula
320:
301:
289:
270:
245:
207:
197:, including on
195:Ontario, Canada
123:is one of four
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1037:(still spoken)
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Otoe-Missouria
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Delaware Tribe
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
823:
822:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
775:
774:
769:
762:
761:External links
759:
756:
755:
722:
698:
686:
662:
630:
628:(16 Feb 2009).
605:
590:
567:
541:
509:
508:
506:
503:
421:Ottawa, Kansas
319:
316:
300:
297:
288:
285:
268:
265:Combat veteran
254:
253:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
206:
203:
162:Following the
115:
114:
99:
98:
94:
93:
86:
85:
81:
80:
74:Ottawa dialect
66:
65:
61:
60:
49:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1222:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:Seneca-Cayuga
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
834:
832:
824:
820:
816:
811:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
783:
782:
779:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
745:
741:
737:
733:
726:
719:
715:
711:
708:
702:
695:
690:
676:
672:
666:
659:
656:
652:
649:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
627:
624:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
602:
597:
595:
586:
582:
578:
571:
555:
554:Tulsa Tribune
551:
545:
538:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
510:
502:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
484:First Nations
481:
477:
471:
469:
464:
462:
456:
454:
449:
446:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
409:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
335:
324:
315:
313:
308:
306:
296:
294:
284:
282:
277:
275:
274:Chief Pontiac
267:
266:
262:
258:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:Former Chief:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
225:requirement.
224:
223:blood quantum
220:
219:Ottawa County
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:First Nations
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
105:
100:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
53:United States
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
23:
1004:Thlopthlocco
958:
747:. Retrieved
735:
725:
717:
701:
689:
678:. Retrieved
674:
665:
657:
625:
585:the original
580:
570:
558:. Retrieved
553:
544:
536:
496:
472:
465:
457:
450:
437:
418:
410:
406:
379:
371:Maumee River
367:Fort Detroit
340:
331:
329:
309:
304:
302:
290:
278:
271:
263:, Decorated
255:
246:
244:
227:
208:
172:
161:
155:in what was
129:Odawa people
120:
118:
90:Christianity
16:Ethnic group
984:Sac and Fox
581:Tulsa World
445:Dawes Rolls
147:, first to
137:Great Lakes
1189:Categories
1144:Potawatomi
829:recognized
749:2020-02-18
680:2017-10-22
560:13 October
461:terminated
361:, both in
351:Potawatomi
305:Adawe News
281:Ethel Cook
261:Korean War
205:Government
151:, then to
133:Algonquian
108:Potawatomi
1074:Chickasaw
1024:Wyandotte
869:Chickasaw
827:Federally
744:0362-4331
440:Dawes Act
431:from the
64:Languages
1119:Muscogee
1094:Delaware
1089:Comanche
1069:Cheyenne
1064:Cherokee
989:Seminole
924:Kickapoo
919:Kialegee
884:Comanche
859:Cherokee
819:Oklahoma
710:Archived
651:Archived
530:Archived
478:and the
390:Illinois
369:and the
357:and the
213:. Their
185:and the
175:Michigan
106:tribes,
84:Religion
57:Oklahoma
1169:Wyandot
1164:Wichita
1159:Shawnee
1099:Koasati
1084:Choctaw
1049:Arapaho
1044:Alabama
1019:Wichita
1009:Tonkawa
999:Shawnee
874:Choctaw
623:Ottawa.
396:, then
318:History
257:US Army
141:removed
78:English
1154:Seneca
1149:Quapaw
1134:Pawnee
1129:Ottawa
1059:Cayuga
979:Quapaw
969:Peoria
964:Pawnee
959:Ottawa
849:Apache
831:tribes
742:
398:Kansas
347:Ojibwe
334:Adaawe
312:powwow
217:is in
168:Quapaw
153:Kansas
112:Ojibwe
110:, and
102:other
70:Ojibwe
1195:Odawa
1174:Yuchi
1139:Ponca
1124:Osage
1054:Caddo
974:Ponca
949:Osage
939:Modoc
934:Miami
929:Kiowa
854:Caddo
505:Notes
499:Miami
211:Miami
104:Odawa
42:2,500
909:Iowa
740:ISSN
562:2018
394:Iowa
375:Ohio
349:and
149:Iowa
119:The
914:Kaw
817:in
373:in
159:.
127:of
76:),
1191::
738:.
734:.
716:,
673:.
633:^
608:^
593:^
579:.
552:.
513:^
501:.
494:.
377:.
276:.
259:-
181:,
800:e
793:t
786:v
752:.
683:.
564:.
72:(
59:)
55:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
