1074:. They would hold out for 11 months against a force that would come to number 200,000 men, with 145 guns, providing the time needed by the Pope to cobble together an anti-Ottoman league from the reluctant Christian European states. The Ottomans set up their guns on 1 September. Over the following months, they proceeded to dig a huge network of criss-crossing trenches for a depth of three miles around the fortress, which provided shelter for the Ottoman troops. As the siege trenches neared the fortress and came within artillery range of the walls, ten forts of timber and packed earth and bales of cotton were erected. The Ottomans however lacked the naval strength to completely blockade the city from sea as well, and the Venetians were able to resupply it and bring in reinforcements. After news of such a resupply in January reached the Sultan, he recalled Piyale Pasha and left Lala Mustafa alone in charge of the siege. At the same time, an initiative by Sokollu Mehmed Pasha to achieve a separate peace with Venice foundered. The Grand Vizier offered to concede a trading station at Famagusta if the Republic would cede the island, but the Venetians, encouraged by their recent capture of
1248:: "The Christians have singed my beard , but I have lopped off an arm. My beard will grow back. The arm , will not". Despite the Grand Vizier's bold statement, however, the damage suffered by the Ottoman fleet was crippling—not so much in the number of ships lost, but in the almost total loss of the fleet's experienced officers, sailors, technicians and marines. Well aware of how hard it would be to replace such men, in the next year the Venetians and the Spanish executed those experts they had taken captive. In addition, despite the limited strategic impact of the allied victory, an Ottoman victory at Lepanto would have had far more important repercussions: it would have meant the effective disappearance of the Christian naval cadres and allowed the Ottoman fleet to roam the Mediterranean at will, with dire consequences for Malta, Crete and possibly even the
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935:. Their garrisons were increased, and attempts were made to make the isolated holdings of Crete and Cyprus more self-sufficient by the construction of foundries and gunpowder mills. However, it was widely recognized that Cyprus could not hold for long unaided. Its exposed and isolated location so far from Venice, surrounded by Ottoman territory, put it "in the wolf's mouth" as one contemporary historian wrote. In the event, lack of supplies and even gunpowder would play a critical role in the fall of the Venetian forts to the Ottomans. Venice could also not rely on help from the major Christian power of the Mediterranean,
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1263:. The Spanish contingent under Don John did not reach the Ionian Sea until September, meaning that the Ottomans enjoyed numerical superiority for a time, but the Ottoman commander was well aware of the inferiority of his fleet, constructed in haste of green wood and manned by inexperienced crews. He therefore actively avoided to engage the allied fleet in August, and eventually headed for the safety of the fortress of
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927:, and unease mounted again in late 1567 and early 1568, as the scale of the Ottoman naval build-up became apparent. The Venetian authorities were further alarmed when the Ottoman fleet visited Cyprus in September 1568 with Nasi in tow, ostensibly for a goodwill visit, but in reality a poorly concealed attempt to spy on the island's defences. The defences of Cyprus, Crete,
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Christian ships were sturdier; both fleets carried some 30,000 soldiers whereas the
Ottoman fleet had 50,000 sailors and oarsmen and Christian fleet had 20,000 sailors and oarsmen, and while the Christians had twice as many cannons, the Ottomans compensated by a large and skilled corps of archers. On 7 October, the two fleets engaged in the
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Both sides sought the decisive engagement, for which they had amassed, according to some estimates, between 70 and 90 percent of all galleys in existence in the
Mediterranean at the time. The fleets were roughly balanced: the Ottoman fleet was larger with 278 ships to the 212 Christian ones, but the
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The
Ottomans allowed the Christian residents and surviving Venetian soldiers to leave Famagusta peacefully, but when Lala Mustafa learned that some Muslim prisoners had been killed during the siege, he had Bragadin mutilated and flayed alive, while his companions were executed. Bragadin's skin was
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in 1538. Its immediate results however were minimal: the harsh winter that followed precluded any offensive actions on behalf of the Holy League, while the
Ottomans used the respite to hurriedly rebuild their naval strength. At the same time, Venice suffered losses in Dalmatia, where the Ottomans
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1293:, an extraordinary ambassador, conducted the negotiations for Venice. In view of the Republic's inability to regain Cyprus, the resulting treaty, signed on 7 March 1573, confirmed the new state of affairs: Cyprus became an Ottoman province, and Venice paid an indemnity of 300,000
1195:
1014:. The Venetians had debated opposing the landing, but in the face of the superior Ottoman artillery, and the fact that a defeat would mean the annihilation of the island's defensive force, it was decided to withdraw to the forts and hold out until reinforcements arrived.
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and the ongoing negotiations for the formation of a
Christian league (see below), refused. Thus on 12 May 1571, the intensive bombardment of Famagusta's fortifications began, and on 1 August, with ammunition and supplies exhausted, the garrison surrendered the city. The
776:, the united Christian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet, but was unable to take advantage of this victory. The Ottomans quickly rebuilt their naval forces and Venice was forced to negotiate a separate peace, ceding Cyprus to the Ottomans and paying a tribute of 300,000
947:. Another problem for Venice was the attitude of the island's population. The harsh treatment and oppressive taxation of the local Orthodox Greek population by the Catholic Venetians had caused great resentment, so that their sympathies generally lay with the Ottomans.
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was secured, which declared that the breach of the treaty was justified since Cyprus was a "former land of Islam" (briefly in the 7th century) and had to be retaken. Money for the campaign was raised by the confiscation and resale of monasteries and churches of the
1070:. At this point already, overall Venetian losses (including the local population) were estimated by contemporaries at 56,000 killed or taken prisoner. The Venetian defenders of Famagusta numbered about 8,500 men with 90 artillery pieces and were commanded by
965:
that war was imminent. Reinforcements and money were sent post-haste to Crete and Cyprus. In March 1570, an
Ottoman envoy was sent to Venice, bearing an ultimatum that demanded the immediate cession of Cyprus. Although some voices were raised in the Venetian
868:
in the Indian Ocean to a secondary priority. Not surprisingly for a ruler nicknamed "the Sot", popular legend ascribed this determination to his love of
Cypriot wines, but the major political instigator of the conflict, according to contemporary reports, was
828:
and the newly acquired provinces of the Levant and Egypt, made it a tempting target for future
Ottoman expansion. In addition, the protection offered by the local Venetian authorities to corsairs who harassed Ottoman shipping, including Muslim
1135:", was concluded on 15 May 1571, which stipulated the assembly of a fleet of 200 galleys, 100 supply vessels, and a force of 50,000 men. To secure Spanish assent, the treaty also included a Venetian promise to aid Spain in North Africa.
1267:. The arrival of the Spanish squadron of 55 ships evened the numbers on both sides and opened the opportunity for a decisive blow, but friction among the Christian leaders and the reluctance of Don John squandered the opportunity.
1127:. The Spanish reluctance to engage on the side of the Republic, together with Doria's reluctance to endanger his fleet, had already disastrously delayed the joint naval effort in 1570. However, with the energetic mediation of Pope
1301:
was modified by the
Turkish occupation of small but important parts of the hinterland that included the most fertile agricultural areas near the cities, with adverse effects on the economy of the Venetian cities in Dalmatia.
1115:. The Spanish Habsburgs, the greatest Christian power in the Mediterranean, were not initially interested in helping the Republic and resentful of Venice's refusal to send aid during the siege of Malta in 1565. In addition,
1219:
who were freed. In popular perception, the battle itself became known as one of the decisive turning points in the long
Ottoman-Christian struggle, as it ended the Ottoman naval hegemony established after the
638:
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walls of packed earth withstood the Ottoman bombardment well. The Ottomans, under Lala Mustafa Pasha, dug trenches towards the walls, and gradually filled the surrounding ditch, while constant volleys of
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by Muslims, were killed, and only women and boys who were captured to be sold as slaves were spared. A combined Christian fleet of 200 vessels, composed of Venetian (under Girolamo Zane), Papal (under
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the reserve. Unaware of Famagusta's fate, the allied fleet left Messina on 16 September, and ten days later arrived at Corfu, where it learned of the Ottoman victory. The Ottoman fleet, commanded by
881:
upon Selim's accession. Nasi harboured resentment towards Venice and hoped for his own nomination as King of Cyprus after its conquest—he already had a crown and a royal banner made to that effect.
923:
On the Venetian side, Ottoman intentions had been clear and an attack against Cyprus had been anticipated for some time. A war scare had broken out in 1564–1565, when the Ottomans eventually
1270:
The diverging interests of the League members began to show, and the alliance began to unravel. In 1573, the Holy League fleet failed to sail altogether; instead, Don John attacked and took
1028:
fire covered the sappers' work. Finally, after 45 days of siege, on 9 September, the 15th assault succeeded in breaching the walls after the defenders had exhausted their ammunition. A
631:
1215:, which resulted in a crushing victory for the Christian fleet, while the Ottoman fleet was effectively destroyed, losing some 25,000–35,000 men in addition to some 12,000 Christian
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808:
trade, the island possessed a profitable production of cotton and sugar. To safeguard their most distant colony, the Venetians paid an annual tribute of 8,000 ducats to the
624:
976:
and further trading privileges, the hope of assistance from the other Christian states stiffened the republic's resolve, and the ultimatum was categorically rejected.
804:
of the republic, with the indigenous Greek population reaching an estimated 160,000 in the mid-16th century. Aside from its location, which allowed the control of the
1362:
772:
in Venetian hands. Christian reinforcements were delayed, and Famagusta eventually fell in August 1571 after a siege of 11 months. Two months later, at the
1044:) squadrons that had belatedly been assembled at Crete by late August and was sailing towards Cyprus, turned back when it received news of Nicosia's fall.
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division of the Mediterranean, with the eastern half under firm Ottoman control and the western under the Habsburgs and their Italian allies.
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1066:
in the north surrendered without resistance, and on 15 September, the Turkish cavalry appeared before the last Venetian stronghold,
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1282:, and eager to cut her losses and resume the trade with the Ottoman Empire, initiated unilateral negotiations with the Porte.
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On 27 June, the invasion force, some 350–400 ships and 100,000 men, set sail for Cyprus. It landed unopposed at Salines, near
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The following year, as the allied Christian fleet resumed operations, it faced a renewed Ottoman navy of 200 vessels under
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had made the conquest of the island his first priority already before his accession in 1566, relegating Ottoman aid to the
2171:
A History of the Ottoman Empire to 1730: Chapters from the Cambridge History of Islam and the New Cambridge Modern History
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Despite the existing peace treaty with Venice, renewed as recently as 1567, and the opposition of a peace party around
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931:, and other Venetian possessions were upgraded in the 1560s, employing the services of the noted military engineer
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This article is about the 1570 Ottoman Turkish invasion and conquest of Cyprus. For the 1974 Turkish invasion, see
1244:
The strategic situation after Lepanto was graphically summed up later by the Ottoman Grand Vizier to the Venetian
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The siege of Nicosia began on 22 July and lasted for seven weeks, until 9 September. The city's newly constructed
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or Venice itself. In the event Lepanto, along with the Ottoman failure at Malta six years earlier, confirmed the
824:. Nevertheless, the island's strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, between the Ottoman heartland of
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According to the terms of the new alliance, during the late summer, the Christian fleet assembled at
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century from Julius III to Pius V
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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2
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Naval Warfare Under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design
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and several other towns fell quickly to the considerably superior Ottoman army, leaving only
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A Divan decision addressing to the qadi of Uskudar about rations before the outbreak of war.
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in 1574. Venice, fearing the loss of her Dalmatian possessions and a possible invasion of
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who had become the Sultan's close friend, and who had already been named to the post of
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1107:, having just concluded peace with the Ottomans, was not keen to break it. France was
891:, the war party at the Ottoman court prevailed. A favourable juridical opinion by the
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was raided by the Ottoman fleet, with the Turkish forces burning down the towns of
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Galleons and Galleys: Gunpowder and the Changing Face of Warfare at Sea, 1300–1650
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By early 1570, the Ottoman preparations and the warnings sent by the Venetian
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with the Ottomans and hostile to the Spanish, and the Poles were troubled by
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As the Ottoman army campaigned in Cyprus, Venice tried to find allies. The
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on the island's southern shore on 3 July, and marched towards the capital,
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in 1568, the Ottomans were free to turn their attention to Cyprus. Sultan
1349:, released as A Destiny of Her Own in some countries - about the life of
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A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean
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Peace would continue between the two states until 1645, when a long
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721:, a coalition of Christian states formed by the pope which included
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advocating the cession of the island in exchange for land in
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709:) was fought between 1570 and 1573. It was waged between the
442:
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2065:"Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću"
1929:"Venecija i ekonomski razvoj Dalmacije u XV i XVI stoljeću"
830:
1058:, was gruesomely killed after the Ottomans took the city.
2210:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
27:
Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League
2353:
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then paraded around the island, before being sent to
2429:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
2405:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
1297:. In addition, the border between the two powers in
2130:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
2355:
2228:
1390:
1285:
756:'s reign, began with the Ottoman invasion of the
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939:, which was embroiled in the suppression of the
2293:Confrontation at Lepanto: Christendom Vs. Islam
1062:Following the fall of Nicosia, the fortress of
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1405:William Oliver Stevens and Allan F. Westcott,
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820:in 1517, the agreement was renewed with the
752:The war, the pre-eminent episode of sultan
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2231:The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe
2191:The Ottoman Empire and the World Around It
1695:
1595:
1536:
1472:
1423:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 529.
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1087:cost the Ottomans some 50,000 casualties.
1032:ensued. Even the city's pigs, regarded as
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2006:
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1755:
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1707:
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1507:
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1399:
1131:, an alliance against the Ottomans, the "
1119:wanted to focus his strength against the
1040:), and Neapolitan/Genoese/Spanish (under
1030:massacre of the city's 20,000 inhabitants
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2507:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
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2146:
2124:
1679:
1677:
1675:
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1500:
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1345:The war is referenced in the 1998 movie
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1184:The Battle of Lepanto 1571, engraved by
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1046:
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839:
2376:
2354:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978).
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2069:Journal – Institute of Croatian History
1933:Journal – Institute of Croatian History
14:
2537:Wars involving the Knights Hospitaller
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2419:
2395:
2331:
2249:
2207:
2174:. Cambridge University Press Archive.
2062:
1926:
1396:John F. Guilmartin (1974), pp. 253–255
1357:. The film was based on the 1992 book
1670:
1493:
1418:
866:attacks against Portuguese activities
620:
523:
2310:
2167:
1340:
1169:
1150:received the left, and the Spaniard
1225:attacked Venetian possessions: the
24:
2448:. Essential Histories Series #62.
2063:Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977).
1927:Raukar, Tomislav (November 1977).
1433:McEvedy & Jones (1978), p. 119
837:, rankled the Ottoman leadership.
25:
2553:
2377:Rodgers, William Ledyard (1967).
2358:Atlas of World Population History
1313:until 1878, when it was ceded to
2502:Military history of Corfu (city)
2477:Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
1325:continued until the outbreak of
998:Map of the siege of Nicosia, by
788:The large and wealthy island of
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18:Ottoman-Venetian War (1570-1573)
2542:Wars involving the Papal States
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2020:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1920:
1911:
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1667:Setton (1984), pp. 945–946, 950
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1613:
1604:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
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1309:would break out. Cyprus itself
1109:traditionally on friendly terms
2311:Lane, Frederic Chapin (1973).
2256:. Princeton University Press.
2235:. Cambridge University Press.
2153:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2003:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 149–150
1985:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 150–151
1976:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 148–149
1908:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 141–149
1863:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 140–141
1845:Guilmartin (2002), pp. 138–140
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1412:
1286:Peace settlement and aftermath
1098:
13:
1:
2077:Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb
1941:Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb
943:and domestically against the
783:
2446:The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699
2271:Guilmartin, John F. (2003).
2044:Setton (1984), pp. 1093–1095
1890:Abulafia (2012), pp. 450–451
1881:Abulafia (2012), pp. 449–450
1809:Abulafia (2012), pp. 448–449
1583:Abulafia (2012), pp. 446–447
1556:Abulafia (2012), pp. 444–446
1162:), near the entrance of the
7:
2492:1570s in the Ottoman Empire
2314:Venice, a Maritime Republic
1658:Goffman (2002), pp. 155–156
1451:Finkel (2006), pp. 113, 158
1311:remained under Ottoman rule
1158:, had anchored at Lepanto (
717:, the latter joined by the
695:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
650:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
76:27 June 1570 – 7 March 1573
42:Fourth Ottoman–Venetian War
10:
2558:
2444:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
2290:Hopkins, T. C. F. (2007).
2118:
2112:Borowiec (2000), pp. 19–21
2026:Finkel (2006), pp. 161–162
1899:Finkel (2006), pp. 160–161
1827:Setton (1984), pp. 941–943
1773:Turnbull (2003), pp. 59–60
1743:Turnbull (2003), pp. 58–59
1722:Setton (1984), pp. 981–985
1637:Setton (1984), pp. 907–908
1619:Setton (1984), pp. 925–931
1610:Finkel (2006), pp. 159–160
1574:Finkel (2006), pp. 158–159
1533:Faroqhi (2004), pp. 38, 48
1173:
983:
980:Ottoman conquest of Cyprus
902:. The Sultan's old tutor,
800:, it was one of the major
796:since 1489. Together with
32:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
29:
2517:Ottoman–Spanish conflicts
2497:1570s in the Papal States
2381:. Naval Institute Press.
2208:Finkel, Caroline (2006).
2189:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2004).
2168:Cook, M. A., ed. (1976).
2150:Cyprus: a troubled island
2147:Borowiec, Andrew (2000).
2035:Guilmartin (2002), p. 150
1967:Guilmartin (2002), p. 149
1872:Guilmartin (2002), p. 141
1836:Hopkins (2007), pp. 84–85
1791:Hopkins (2007), pp. 83–84
1782:Hopkins (2007), pp. 82–83
1752:Hopkins (2007), pp. 87–89
658:
561:
505:
492:
299:
122:
114:Cyprus under Ottoman rule
68:
54:
46:
41:
2227:Goffman, Daniel (2002).
1368:
1054:, Venetian commander of
850:prolonged war in Hungary
2212:. London: John Murray.
1994:Abulafia (2012), p. 451
1628:Abulafia (2012), p. 446
1387:Abulafia (2012), p. 447
1333:by Britain, becoming a
1276:retaken by the Ottomans
1142:, under the command of
920:as his principal aide.
810:Mamluk sultans of Egypt
2250:Greene, Molly (2000).
2075:(1). Zagreb, Croatia:
1939:(1). Zagreb, Croatia:
1854:Turnbull (2003), p. 60
1800:Goffman (2002), p. 158
1704:Turnbull (2003), p. 58
1601:Goffman (2002), p. 156
1547:Turnbull (2003), p. 57
1478:Goffman (2002), p. 155
1442:Faroqhi (2004), p. 140
1419:Nolan, Cathal (2006).
1407:A History of Sea Power
1329:, when the island was
1207:
1189:
1072:Marco Antonio Bragadin
1059:
1052:Marco Antonio Bragadin
1003:
845:
747:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
706:
591:Fourth (War of Cyprus)
405:Marco Antonio Bragadin
300:Commanders and leaders
251:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2337:Venice: A New History
2103:Finkel (2006), p. 222
2017:Finkel (2006), p. 161
1917:Faroqhi (2004), p. 38
1818:Setton (1984), p. 963
1761:Hopkins (2007), p. 82
1734:Setton (1984), p. 990
1713:Setton (1976), p. 995
1692:Setton (1984), p. 991
1649:Setton (1984), p. 908
1592:Finkel (2006), p. 159
1565:Setton (1984), p. 923
1524:Finkel (2006), p. 160
1490:Finkel (2006), p. 158
1469:Setton (1984), p. 200
1363:Margaret F. Rosenthal
1198:
1183:
1156:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
1050:
1042:Giovanni Andrea Doria
997:
959:Marco Antonio Barbaro
908:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
900:Greek Orthodox Church
843:
596:Fifth (War of Candia)
553:Ottoman–Venetian wars
506:Casualties and losses
472:Giovanni Andrea Doria
366:Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
49:Ottoman–Venetian Wars
2532:Wars involving Spain
2339:. New York: Viking.
2053:Faroqhi (2004), p. 4
1359:The Honest Courtesan
1291:Andrea Biagio Badoer
1274:, only for it to be
961:, had convinced the
889:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
802:overseas possessions
697:, also known as the
514:15,000–20,000 killed
511:20,000–25,000 killed
330:Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
1683:Cook (1976), p. 109
1504:Cook (1976), p. 108
1355:Catherine McCormack
1144:Don John of Austria
1038:Marcantonio Colonna
848:After concluding a
794:under Venetian rule
743:Knights Hospitaller
460:Marcantonio Colonna
449:Don John of Austria
2421:Setton, Kenneth M.
2397:Setton, Kenneth M.
1460:Cook (1976), p. 77
1208:
1190:
1148:Agostino Barbarigo
1117:Philip II of Spain
1105:Holy Roman Emperor
1085:siege of Famagusta
1060:
1004:
990:Siege of Famagusta
933:Sforza Pallavicini
904:Lala Mustafa Pasha
864:against Spain and
846:
812:, and after their
715:Republic of Venice
601:Sixth (Morean War)
354:Lala Mustafa Pasha
163:Republic of Venice
2459:978-0-415-96913-0
2450:Osprey Publishing
2388:978-0-87021-487-5
2346:978-1-101-60113-6
2333:Madden, Thomas F.
2324:978-0-8018-1460-0
2303:978-0-7653-0539-8
2263:978-0-691-00898-1
2242:978-0-521-45908-2
2219:978-0-7195-6112-2
2200:978-1-85043-715-4
2181:978-0-521-20891-8
2160:978-0-275-96533-4
2139:978-0-141-02755-5
2132:. Penguin Books.
1341:Portrayal in film
1222:Battle of Preveza
1213:Battle of Lepanto
1204:Famous Sea Fights
1200:Battle of Lepanto
1196:
1176:Battle of Lepanto
1170:Battle of Lepanto
1000:Giovanni Camoccio
955:at Constantinople
910:was appointed as
774:Battle of Lepanto
735:Republic of Genoa
690:
689:
614:
613:
518:
517:
436:Sebastiano Venier
424:Alvise Martinengo
226:Republic of Genoa
203:Kingdom of Naples
190:Kingdom of Sicily
118:
117:
63:Battle of Lepanto
16:(Redirected from
2549:
2463:
2440:
2416:
2392:
2373:
2361:
2350:
2328:
2307:
2286:
2267:
2246:
2234:
2223:
2204:
2193:. I. B. Tauris.
2185:
2164:
2143:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1924:
1918:
1915:
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1906:
1900:
1897:
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1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1347:Dangerous Beauty
1197:
925:sailed for Malta
653:
651:
641:
634:
627:
618:
617:
556:
554:
544:
537:
530:
521:
520:
482:
481:
470:
469:
458:
446:
445:
434:
433:
422:
421:
413:
402:
401:
384:
383:
374:
364:
363:
352:
351:
340:
339:
328:
327:
314:
313:
286:Knights of Malta
284:
283:
272:
270:
269:
259:
249:
248:
237:
235:
234:
224:
222:
221:
211:
201:
199:
198:
188:
187:
175:
174:
161:
159:
158:
135:
134:
70:
69:
59:
39:
38:
21:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2522:Venetian Cyprus
2487:1570s in Europe
2482:1570s conflicts
2467:
2466:
2460:
2437:
2413:
2389:
2370:
2347:
2325:
2304:
2283:
2264:
2243:
2220:
2201:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2126:Abulafia, David
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2071:(in Croatian).
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1935:(in Croatian).
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
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1817:
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1808:
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1733:
1726:
1721:
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1712:
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1703:
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1618:
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1596:
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1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1417:
1413:
1409:, 1920, p. 107.
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1361:, by US author
1353:, portrayed by
1351:Veronica Franco
1343:
1288:
1261:Kılıç Ali Pasha
1192:
1178:
1172:
1164:Corinthian Gulf
1152:Alvaro de Bazan
1101:
1020:trace italienne
992:
984:Main articles:
982:
894:Sheikh ul-Islam
786:
707:Guerra di Cipro
691:
686:
671: (1570–71)
654:
649:
647:
645:
615:
610:
557:
552:
550:
548:
488:
476:
464:
440:
428:
416:
396:
390:
378:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
308:
295:
278:
267:
265:
261:Duchy of Urbino
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
196:
194:
182:
169:
156:
154:
129:
110:
104:Ottoman victory
96:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2555:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Ottoman Cyprus
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2441:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2393:
2387:
2374:
2369:978-0140510768
2368:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2323:
2308:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2199:
2186:
2180:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2138:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1694:
1685:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1535:
1526:
1506:
1492:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1411:
1398:
1389:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1342:
1339:
1307:war over Crete
1287:
1284:
1227:island of Hvar
1206:by John R Hale
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1121:Barbary states
1100:
1097:
1093:Constantinople
986:Ottoman Cyprus
981:
978:
937:Habsburg Spain
875:Portuguese Jew
862:Morisco Revolt
785:
782:
764:. The capital
739:Duchy of Savoy
711:Ottoman Empire
688:
687:
685:
684:
678:
672:
666:
659:
656:
655:
644:
643:
636:
629:
621:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
559:
558:
547:
546:
539:
532:
524:
516:
515:
512:
508:
507:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
490:
489:
487:
486:
484:Jacopo Soranzo
474:
462:
452:
438:
426:
414:
393:
391:
389:
388:
376:
356:
344:
332:
320:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
294:
293:
288:
276:
274:Duchy of Savoy
263:
253:
241:
239:Duchy of Parma
228:
215:
205:
192:
180:
166:
151:
142:
140:
137:Ottoman Empire
125:
124:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2554:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:0-87169-162-0
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:0-87169-161-2
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2317:. JHU Press.
2316:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:. Macmillan.
2295:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2282:0-304-35263-2
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:galley slaves
1214:
1205:
1201:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
977:
975:
971:
970:
964:
960:
956:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
914:
913:Kapudan Pasha
909:
905:
901:
896:
895:
890:
887:
882:
880:
879:Duke of Naxos
876:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
822:Ottoman Porte
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:Venetian-held
755:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:War of Cyprus
696:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
657:
652:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
622:
619:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
525:
522:
513:
510:
509:
504:
500:
497:
496:
491:
485:
480:
475:
473:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
451:
450:
444:
439:
437:
432:
427:
425:
420:
415:
412:
407:
406:
400:
395:
394:
392:
387:
382:
377:
375:
373:
367:
362:
357:
355:
350:
345:
343:
338:
333:
331:
326:
321:
319:
318:
312:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
292:
289:
287:
282:
277:
275:
264:
262:
258:
254:
252:
247:
242:
240:
229:
227:
216:
214:
210:
206:
204:
193:
191:
186:
181:
179:
178:
173:
167:
165:
164:
152:
149:
148:
144:
143:
141:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
121:
113:
108:
107:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2445:
2425:
2401:
2378:
2357:
2336:
2313:
2292:
2272:
2252:
2230:
2209:
2190:
2170:
2149:
2129:
2108:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2072:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1936:
1932:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1718:
1709:
1688:
1663:
1654:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1529:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1344:
1335:crown colony
1319:protectorate
1304:
1289:
1269:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1209:
1203:
1137:
1125:North Africa
1102:
1089:
1061:
1018:
1016:
1005:
968:
962:
952:
949:
941:Dutch Revolt
922:
918:Piyale Pasha
911:
892:
886:Grand Vizier
883:
847:
787:
751:
698:
694:
692:
677: (1571)
665: (1570)
648:
590:
571:Thessalonica
447:
403:
371:
315:
291:Greek rebels
213:Papal States
168:
153:
145:
128:
123:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
2362:. Penguin.
2275:. Cassell.
1327:World War I
1323:sovereignty
1186:Martin Rota
1133:Holy League
1099:Holy League
871:Joseph Nasi
719:Holy League
342:Piali Pasha
147:Holy League
109:Territorial
94:Aegean seas
2471:Categories
2090:2012-07-08
1954:2012-07-08
1321:. Ottoman
1235:Stari Grad
784:Background
760:island of
745:, and the
2527:War scare
2085:0353-295X
1949:0353-295X
1337:in 1925.
1250:Balearics
1160:Nafpaktos
1068:Famagusta
1056:Famagusta
854:Habsburgs
852:with the
806:Levantine
792:had been
770:Famagusta
669:Famagusta
566:Gallipoli
2423:(1984).
2399:(1984).
2335:(2012).
2128:(2012).
1299:Dalmatia
1254:de facto
1026:arquebus
974:Dalmatia
969:Signoria
963:Signoria
945:Moriscos
858:Selim II
831:pilgrims
826:Anatolia
818:Ottomans
814:conquest
754:Selim II
713:and the
681:Navarino
493:Strength
386:Occhiali
317:Selim II
81:Location
2119:Sources
2079:: 221.
1943:: 222.
1331:annexed
1315:Britain
1239:Vrboska
1140:Messina
1113:Muscovy
1080:Albania
1076:Durazzo
1064:Kyrenia
1034:unclean
1012:Nicosia
1008:Larnaca
816:by the
766:Nicosia
733:), the
703:Italian
683:;(1572)
675:Lepanto
663:Nicosia
606:Seventh
498:100,000
372:†
111:changes
2456:
2433:
2409:
2385:
2366:
2343:
2321:
2300:
2279:
2260:
2239:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2083:
1947:
1295:ducats
1280:Friuli
1129:Pius V
1002:, 1574
790:Cyprus
778:ducats
762:Cyprus
741:, the
737:, the
731:Sicily
727:Naples
725:(with
581:Second
501:65,000
408:
368:
271:
236:
223:
200:
160:
101:Result
90:Ionian
86:Cyprus
1369:Notes
1317:as a
1272:Tunis
1265:Modon
1246:bailo
1202:from
953:bailo
929:Corfu
835:Mecca
798:Crete
723:Spain
586:Third
576:First
177:Spain
2454:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2383:ISBN
2364:ISBN
2341:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2176:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2081:ISSN
1945:ISSN
1237:and
1231:Hvar
988:and
873:, a
729:and
693:The
92:and
73:Date
61:The
1123:of
1078:in
833:to
2473::
2452:.
2073:10
2067:.
2008:^
1937:10
1931:.
1766:^
1727:^
1697:^
1672:^
1642:^
1538:^
1509:^
1495:^
1483:^
1376:^
1365:.
1241:.
1233:,
1166:.
1095:.
957:,
780:.
749:.
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2462:.
2439:.
2415:.
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2349:.
2327:.
2306:.
2285:.
2266:.
2245:.
2222:.
2203:.
2184:.
2163:.
2142:.
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1957:.
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701:(
640:e
633:t
626:v
543:e
536:t
529:v
150::
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