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the attempt—it becomes a foul. All landings must occur in a sector. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul (the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector). Assuming a proper attempt, officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line. The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. To accomplish this, the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps, or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length. Whenever a record (or potential record) occurs, that measurement is taken (again) with a steel tape, and observed by at least three officials (plus usually the meet referee). Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged, so are not used to measure everyday competitions. For major competitions, each competitor gets three tries. The top competitors (usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition's rules or the number of lanes on the track) gets three more tries. At that level of competition, the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set—so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last, while the last competitor to qualify goes first. Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts. Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts.
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attempt, which can be used to strategic advantage (of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses). A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings. After all competitors have either cleared, passed or failed their attempts at a height, the bar goes up. The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition, though when one competitor remains, that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts. A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Ties are broken by first, the number of attempts taken at the highest height (fewest wins), and then if still tied, by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole. The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. If those critical positions are still tied after applying the tiebreakers, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment where they again jump. This process continues until the tie is broken.
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2010:-style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876.
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3644:'s banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction. However, the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use.
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time recorded by the athletes to one thousandth of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result stands. Ties in other placings remain.
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a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer throwers were historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations.
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3020:. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified. As of 2010, any athlete making a false start is disqualified.
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247:, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. Recently, "mixed" relay events have been introduced into meets, whereby two men and two women make up the four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants.
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away, as long as it is safe to do so. For some middle-distance races, such as 800 m, each athlete starts in their own lane. Once the gun fires, they must run in the lane they began in until they reach a set of cones on the track that signal that they can cut in and move towards the inside lane. For sprint races, athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race.
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introduced to reduce jostling between runners in the early stages of the race. The 1500 meter and longer events typically use a waterfall start, where runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and then immediately cut in towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish. Physiologically, middle-distance events demand that athletes have good
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1624:: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event.
2798:) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents. Typically, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes. The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably. Some have a second running track going straight across the field area, parallel to the straights of the main circuit. This track is used for the
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playing field — athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases, such as
1727:) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a
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as more events were gradually added to the list, but significant changes were made in the late 1970s. First, all records in imperial measurements were abandoned in 1976, with the sole exceptional being the mile run due to the prestige and history of the event. The following year, all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if
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competitions, or in
English or French in international competitions. Once all athletes are set in their starting position, the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.
1432:. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was used as a women's long-distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995.
1612:(110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's
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was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on the
Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928. The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete
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represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer
Olympics. All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records. Other record types include: stadium records, records by age range, records by
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The IAAF ratifies track and field world records if they meet their set criteria. The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914, initially for men's events only. There were 53 recognised records in running, hurdling and relay, and 12 field records. World records in women's events began in 1936
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system was introduced for the 2018 season. An athlete's position within the ranking will be determined by points scored based on their performance and importance of the competition. The points will be considered for eligibility for the World
Athletics Championships and Olympic Games. This system will
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The men's hammer throw became an
Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in 2000. The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as
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in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered
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event featured at the
Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill. The Current world record for the Men's triple jump is 18.29 meter (60 ft 0in) held by Jonathan Edwards. The current women's world
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and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women's track and field in East Asia. More women's events were gradually introduced, though it was only towards the end of the century that the athletics programmes approached gender parity. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the
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in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The
Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field remained among its most prominent contests. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, only
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With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual
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began in prehistoric times. Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient
Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern
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the farthest. In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a
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to a teammate, who then begins their leg. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to
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before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the indoor 400 m. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon
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Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women, men's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women, men's discus is 2 kilograms to women's 1, men's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women, and men's hammer
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For sprinting events, except the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres, each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish. If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified. Lane rules also apply for
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There are different types of starts for races of different distances. Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right
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announced they were renaming "indoor track" and "indoor athletics" to "short track", effectively expanding the "indoor track" category to allow for the theoretical possibility of an outdoor 200 meter-track being used for valid "indoor" qualification marks. The change took effect at the beginning of
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in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard. The discus implement
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in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in
England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's high
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as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in
England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race
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in London. This national event was a great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, the Amateur Athletic Club was formed that same year and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. Ultimately the "allcomers"
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is in 1834, making it the oldest running race of the modern era. The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still extant, the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840. This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes,
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and running. All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times, have strictly defined start and finish points, and are generally individual in nature. Middle- and long-distance runners usually participate in cross country and road events, in addition to the track. Track racewalkers are most
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Horizontal jumps (long jump and triple jump) and all throws must be initiated behind a line. In the case of horizontal jumps, that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway. In the case of throws, that line is an arc or a circle. Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates
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Vertical jumps (high jump and pole vault) set a bar at a particular height. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar (flat). Three failures in a row ends the competitor's participation in the event. The competitor has the option to PASS their
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to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in
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point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inmost part of the circuit. For the second and third baton changeovers, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while members of slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.
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The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavyweight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and field events. Points are
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Track and field events are divided into three categories: track events, field events and combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in one event type with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of
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The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the
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featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which
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can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field. The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes' performances, performance-enhancing substances create an uneven
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One-day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition. Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club, or by a group or business that
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Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the
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Middle distance events can begin in one of two ways: a staggered start or a waterfall start. In the 800 meter race, athletes begin in individual lanes that are staggered before the turn. Runners must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m before cutting in to run as a pack. This rule was
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systems (photo timing) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets, improving the accuracy, while eliminating the need for eagle-eyed officials on the finish line. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a sprint record is set
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Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.
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For sprint races up to 400 m, the starter gives two commands: "on your marks" to instruct athletes to approach the start line, followed by "set" to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent. The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national
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was used (as opposed to the traditional hand-timing stopwatch method). In 1981, electronic timing was made compulsory for all world record runs in track and field, with times being recorded to within one hundredth of a second. Two additional types of world record were introduced in 1987: world
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There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of the jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and overstepping this mark is judged as a foul. In the jumps for
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Until the early 1920s, track and field was almost an exclusively male pursuit. Many colleges required women to participate in walking events. Walking was considered to be a primarily female sport. In the late 1800s it was still incredibly rare to find women in the gym, as this was considered a
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Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions. Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event, but it can also be used for historical comparison (i.e. a record). A large variety of record types exist and men's and women's
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In International elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than 0.1 second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start. Since 2009, the offending athletes are
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The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from
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The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.
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initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the 800 m. Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase.
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All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts. The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track.
1284:, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.
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3659:, broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions. Some athletes, who were following a doping plan from their teenage years, suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime. A similar state-sponsored doping system was developed in the
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invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia. The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward
2653:. As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes. Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened
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1925:, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar.
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throw is also 16 pounds to the women's 8. Additionally, men's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women's hurdles which are 33 inches. For the intermediate hurdles (400 meter hurdles), the men's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women.
1738:. Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a
707:. In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences. Physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. The rise of
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Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's
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British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008. The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, helping to codify its rules.
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were recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.
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Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a
3683:, a 1989 Australian study said, "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games." In 2016,
1470:'s record-breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even-paced running. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyans and Ethiopians, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events.
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Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance, with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives, as exemplified by research by Mirkin, Goldman and Connor in researching attitudes to the so-called
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for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the
1128:, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. Sprinting events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the
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or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position. An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks.
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An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a
2962:(IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009. Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing. Current World Athletics (WA) Rules are available on WA's website
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contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field. The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel diagonally across the field in the centre of the stadium. The
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From the 1990s onward, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over 200 member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of
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In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition. Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the greatest distance.
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poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.
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The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's
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The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the
2177:. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual
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height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the
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disability, and records by institution or organisation. Cash bonuses are usually offered to athletes if they break significant records, as doing so can generate greater interest and public attendance in track and field competitions.
3469:, which are largely small, local, informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete. As meetings become more organized they can gain official sanctioning by the local or national association for the sport.
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that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti-doping officials or accredited medical staff. Penalized athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition. Athletes found to have taken substances on the
3411:. The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them. Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games.
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race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original
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1672:. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the
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The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the 1950s
3203:, but these organisations govern more than just track and field and are in fact athletics governing bodies. These national federations regulate sub-national and local track and field clubs, as well as other types of
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races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes"; even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill". The first definite record of Shrewsbury's cross-country Annual
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3338:. Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. Some countries hold many track and field championships at
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for track and field, and athletics as a whole. The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies. Some national federations are named after the sport, including
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are the only throwing events held indoors due to size restrictions. The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event, but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier.
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2813:-sized arena. This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances, which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s. Examples of this configuration include the
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Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. The IAAF's constitution incorporates the
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The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete
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743:). The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and later rebranded itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations. While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the 1980s, the
3462:. In the case of the former, athletes are selected to represent their club or institution. In the case of privately run or independent meetings, athletes participate on an invitation-only basis.
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on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008.
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also lies in Oxford, where around 1860 a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the
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1640:. This was extended to the 100 m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics, but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400 m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the
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area is also a 40-metre running track and has an indentation in the ground (the box) where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned
834:—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—raised the economic incentive through its US$ 1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative
7775:
4548:
4143:
7291:
3696:
2255:
7402:
6417:
5049:
5024:
4999:
386:
1742:
contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.
581:
3548:
level. National governing bodies control the national record lists, the area associations organise their respective continental lists, and the IAAF ratifies world records.
747:
always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. 1983 saw the establishment of the
6876:
1849:
Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the
4496:
4321:
Leigh, Mary H.; Thérèse M. Bonin (1977). "The Pioneering Role Of Madame Alice Milliat and the FSFI in Establishing International Trade and Field Competition for Women".
739:. As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the US and replaced with a non-amateur body focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics Congress (later
4703:
7425:
1451:
in long-distance events is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win.
524:
the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses. 13 miles (21 km) away and a decade later, the first
7381:
3331:
1942:. The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first women's world championship competition was held at the
7652:
6842:
293:
levels. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.
7173:
3299:
Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The
731:), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onward, the sport gained exposure and commercial appeal through
404:, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal human physical expressions. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events are the
195:
who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include
6043:
5210:
3383:
Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major
4955:
2743:
shape frequently across the Pitch (sports field) in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. The
5770:
4235:
4176:
6810:
4028:
5882:
5366:
5319:
4526:
3835:
2794:, which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events. Full-size indoor arenas (i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the
4931:
4860:
3351:
1783:
4203:
1443:, and tactics become much greater factors in performances. A number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including
735:
and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, in the late 1970s the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by
3434:
have significant participation from track and field athletes. Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the
3237:
The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the
1723:
contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small weights (
1359:
came to dominate the 1500 and mile events. In the 2020s, Western European athletes have returned to the forefront of the distance, with athletes such as
838:, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings.
7094:
7860:
4522:
3748:
typically road specialists as well. It is unusual for track and field athletes outside of these two groups to compete in cross country or road events.
3414:
After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the
3347:
2959:
640:
5277:
4776:
3858:
3272:
competitions. Initially, this worked on a quadrennial basis but, after 1991, it changed to a biennial format. In terms of indoor track and field, the
1731:. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body.
7255:
5933:
5390:
3904:
3472:
At the professional level, meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the
1382:
Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as
7319:
514:
is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819. The school organised
7730:
6367:
4883:
4448:
4418:
1570:
7350:
6250:
3256:
The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its
1439:
In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing,
6718:
6613:
6225:
6096:
6001:
5912:
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5703:
5659:
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5120:
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affect athlete participation, which has typically been determined by national bodies, either through selection panels or national trials events.
3200:
1778:
triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as
6740:
6676:
6635:
5145:
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performances are recorded separately. The foremost types of records organise athlete's performances by the region they represent—beginning with
7502:
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6440:
4749:
2728:
is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it.
2678:
704:
648:
250:
Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the
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5960:
5071:
7201:
6318:
6118:
5839:
3392:
5617:
6274:
3801:
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since its inception in 1896, and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Events such as the
2761:
2018:
popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while
1681:
6522:
6159:
2169:
of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a
7247:
4139:
1566:
795:
5789:
2958:
The rules of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the
2111:(thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity in
1484:
7952:
7451:
6066:
5187:
5031:
5006:
2006:
throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term "shot" originates from the use of
1734:
The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the
664:
5726:
1680:
as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a
1557:(comprising legs of 1200, 400, 800, and 1600 metres), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the
6409:
3335:
3300:
628:
573:
239:
consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are
7833:
6789:
659:
masculine activity. On 9 November 1895, the first women's track meet in the United States was held and it was called "a field day".
4725:
3929:
2247:
717:
636:
5746:
3276:
has been held every two years since 1985 and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events.
2869:
2076:, who invented the technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver medal.
1436:, while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events.
7708:
3330:). There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be (in part) due to the success of both the
3323:
3316:
3032:
2213:(seven events). Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the
881:
given for their performance in each event and the athlete or team with the highest score at the end of all events is the winner.
676:
632:
17:
7053:
2996:) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane.
7072:
4979:
4372:
1303:
The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Swedish rivals
1168:
acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.
5343:
4488:
4117:
4057:
2553:
1076:
Note: Heptathlon can refer to two different events, each consisting of different disciplines and both recognised by IAAF: the
3724:
3289:
3261:
1874:
1673:
1641:
1637:
1522:
794:, and there were transformations in coaching methods, athlete's diets, training facilities, and sports equipment. The use of
790:, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The rising commerciality of track and field was also met with developments in
748:
692:
617:
4700:
2525:
643:
in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students. In 1923 track and field featured at the inaugural
3561:
3327:
1943:
8735:
7373:
2123:
introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete,
7649:
3242:
1881:
was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.
6834:
5341:
Williams and James achieve unprecedented doubles as Kenya steals the show in middle distance – Day Five – Evening report
4020:
2685:
and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport. Many track and field stadiums are
7758:
4356:
3526:
3312:
2532:
1312:
775:
286:
3346:-level, which help develop younger athletes. Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige, such as the
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7232:
7138:
6396:
6207:
6040:
5574:
5547:
4396:
3987:
3578:
3553:
3157:
2809:
Another common adaptation in the United States is a 160-yard track (11 laps to a mile; 148m) that fits into a common
2572:
1428:. The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3000 m is held at the
1228:
140:
and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella
7270:
4952:
4276:
3139:
2832:
1976:
663:
argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused. She founded the
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5767:
4225:
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3304:
3238:
3131:
2621:
that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped
2506:
652:
592:
259:
1569:
programme. Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or
754:
The profile of the sport reached an apogee in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household names, like
723:
With the rise of numerous regional championships, and the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the
8985:
8502:
7459:
5879:
5363:
5316:
4518:
3715:
led to an international ban on all its athletes in 2016, with Russians having to apply to the IAAF to compete as
3692:
3672:
3273:
2795:
2539:
2199:
1429:
898:
815:
7925:
7677:"Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government"
4923:
4852:
4295:
3284:
8675:
7945:
7169:
4199:
3963:
3135:
2510:
495:
7916:
4311:
Tricard, Louise Mead. American women's track and field: A history, 1895 through 1980. Vol. 1. McFarland, 1996.
3727:. Doping has affected countries on all continents and has occurred in individual, team and national settings.
3590:, after admitting to doping, lost her Olympic medals, was banned from the sport, and spent six months in jail.
532:
racecourse in 1851. It included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition.
7897:
7577:
Connor, James; Jules Woolf; Jason Mazanov (January 2013). "Would they dope? Revisiting the Goldman dilemma".
7120:
6766:
6702:
6661:
6592:
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6507:
6466:
6344:
6300:
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3541:
3308:
1537:, each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used.
732:
540:
412:
marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the
290:
263:
31:
7856:
2963:
2521:
2385:
1719:
The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the
9381:
7681:
4766:
3901:
2124:
1343:
characterised middle-distance running in the 1980s. From the 1990s until the 2010s, North Africans such as
549:
3363:
691:
in 1924. These efforts ultimately led to the introduction of five track and field events for women in the
168:
is the official term for this sport with 'track' and 'field' events being subgroups of athletics events.
7627:
7316:
7030:
6781:
3716:
3186:
The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations.
2881:
1665:
6835:"World Athletics to create new short track product to grow the sport | PRESS-RELEASES | World Athletics"
3763:, often incorporate forms of footracing, carrying heavy objects, as well as throwing events such as the
3446:
1172:
dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because
9473:
9468:
8970:
7342:
6259:
6246:
4380:
3245:
programmes, which occur every four years. Track and field events have held a prominent position at the
2925:
2696:
The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events. The
2229:
1220:
409:
6715:
6610:
6364:
6222:
6093:
6075:
5909:
5814:
5700:
5683:
5656:
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5489:
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5229:
5196:
5117:
5094:
4827:
4797:
4771:
4677:
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4628:
4600:
4577:
2221:. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the
853:
disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, and—in the case of the
9294:
9246:
8730:
7938:
4449:"Thousands of Chinese athletes doped through state-sponsored programme, exiled whistle-blower claims"
3788:
3497:
3400:
2670:
2650:
2434:
2166:
1799:
1724:
7499:
7343:"IAAF: IAAF Official World Rankings first step in fundamental changes in athletics| News | iaaf.org"
4746:
3216:
2246:) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the
9463:
9289:
8829:
8669:
8217:
8206:
7964:
5068:
4453:
3756:
3699:
but was later banned for using anabolic steroids. In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, the
3641:
3560:
The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition. For example, the
3459:
3260:
event in 1913, but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the
3120:
2826:
2777:
2765:
2238:
1720:
1677:
1660:
1586:
999:
858:
847:
771:
684:
520:
8307:
7198:
3354:. However, the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country.
3253:
receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event.
2689:, with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of
1921:
competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in
1550:
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8809:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8368:
8363:
8154:
3955:
3435:
3377:
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2941:
2885:
2499:
2222:
2068:
2044:
1244:
910:
696:
479:
176:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
7776:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System"
2786:
The Gordon Indoor Track sports an 80-yard sprint straight, and the track is 220 yards in length.
1877:. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The
1869:
overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the
1546:
1542:
1008:
1004:
3648:
3647:
Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field. State-sponsored
3595:
3388:
3061:
2889:
2877:
2854:
799:
700:
680:
612:. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced:
577:
569:
525:
317:
258:. In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are the
7806:
7244:
2073:
1505:
Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between
1081:
807:
620:
after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic
326:
8887:
8814:
8515:
8358:
8353:
8322:
8238:
7980:
7724:
7553:
7547:
5786:
3831:
3796:
3740:
3466:
2818:
2686:
2546:
2218:
2210:
2019:
1554:
1399:
1187:
is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-common events include the
1121:
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536:
483:
347:
297:
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251:
180:
149:
7448:
6063:
5679:
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in 1998, which was later supplemented by the branding of selected meetings worldwide as the
3438:
serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes.
2337:
1518:
1514:
1163:
At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the
1077:
635:
for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as a founding principle for the sport. The
296:
In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as
9355:
9315:
9038:
8763:
8510:
8486:
8332:
7050:
5891:
5723:
4458:
4230:
3720:
3688:
3680:
3632:
3557:
records for indoor competitions, and world records for junior athletes under 20 years old.
3408:
3231:
3196:
3191:
3040:
2822:
2682:
2638:
2634:
1807:
1782:
believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of
1735:
1621:
1558:
1534:
1141:
600:
468:
367:
228:
9266:
3477:
1990:
The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in the
1315:
on a number of occasions in the 1940s. The prominence of the distances were maintained by
1108:
8:
9189:
9124:
9114:
9023:
8317:
8054:
7825:
3925:
3711:, among others, through their usage of banned substances. The revelation state-sponsored
3513:
3504:
series and this now forms the top tier of professional one-day track and field meetings.
3431:
2708:
at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of
2594:
2214:
2067:, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the
1899:
1526:
740:
736:
672:
644:
584:
in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and made international competitions possible.
4924:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics"
4853:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics"
4722:
4226:"The United States' National Championships In Track & Field Athletics: Introduction"
3671:
colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the
9204:
8990:
8980:
8664:
8472:
8451:
8143:
8137:
8125:
8119:
8112:
7961:
7602:
5743:
5375:
4330:
3752:
3736:
3687:
published an article detailing the use of doping by the Soviets in preparation for the
3684:
3493:
3481:
3427:
3423:
3396:
3257:
2354:
2300:
2251:
2059:
1878:
1862:
1739:
1653:
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1628:
1617:
1613:
1372:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1293:
995:
991:
987:
831:
751:, becoming, with the Olympics, one of track and field's most prestigious competitions.
728:
724:
553:
544:
515:
141:
41:
7676:
6877:
Incorporating changes approved by the IAAF Council throughout 2008– p5, 2009 Rule book
3655:
in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s. A number of these women, such as
2989:
2969:
2756:
features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end. The throwing area is a
1454:
Long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the "
478:, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised among rival
136:
skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a
9279:
9228:
9194:
9119:
9000:
8965:
8706:
8520:
8106:
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7557:
7526:
7520:
7228:
7114:
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6696:
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6460:
6392:
6338:
6294:
6203:
6179:
6138:
6021:
5980:
5859:
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5570:
5543:
5537:
5410:
5297:
5165:
4903:
4352:
3983:
3959:
3878:
3603:
3387:. Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the
3384:
3065:(though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches).
2803:
2736:
2449:
2403:
2243:
1958:, and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the
1779:
1633:
1416:
There are three common long-distance running events in track and field competitions:
1328:
1208:
982:
779:
668:
557:
511:
475:
435:
in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 201 BC. In the
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3679:
and that Soviet competitors were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Regarding the
3415:
3000:
2810:
2015:
1980:
1846:
jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928.
1791:
1510:
1320:
1289:
1169:
1117:
1103:
905:
811:
321:
240:
172:
79:
6895:
IAAF Rule 162.1, from Chapter 5, 'Technical rules', Section III on 'Track events'.
2965:. Current USATF (USA) Competition Rules booklet is available on the USATF website
2716:
marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line. The
576:. The establishment of general sports governing bodies for the United States (the
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9184:
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8756:
7920:
7901:
7748:
7695:
7661:
7656:
7590:
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7483:
7455:
7432:
7409:
7323:
7303:
7298:
7274:
7251:
7210:
7205:
7076:
7034:
6884:
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6722:
6617:
6567:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – The early days of the hammer throw"
6371:
6254:
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4349:
Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China
4299:
4280:
4007:
3908:
3664:
3607:
3574:
3404:
3246:
3187:
3036:
2968:. Prior USATF Competition Rules booklets are also available (2002, 2006 to 2020)
2861:
2757:
2740:
2658:
2129:
1955:
1854:
1498:
1409:
1316:
1249:
1164:
866:
814:, as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists
803:
713:
405:
267:
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1463:
695:. National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing the
121:
9174:
9142:
9058:
8839:
8551:
8428:
7774:
Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).
3760:
3708:
3501:
3293:
2900:
2853:
In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF has hosted the
2836:
200m short track oval running field. Does not show the inner central 60m lanes.
2814:
2090:
2023:
1383:
1376:
1308:
1253:
1224:
835:
791:
609:
439:, new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe. The
331:
9219:
3635:. To prevent use of performance-enhancing substances, athletes must submit to
3226:
2966:
2735:
typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the
1591:
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1304:
1257:
9457:
9391:
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8902:
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8701:
8696:
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8609:
8417:
8327:
8260:
8254:
8073:
8030:
7057:
3700:
3489:
2732:
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The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. The
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1959:
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363:
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216:
137:
102:
6741:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Where the hammer throw is now"
1404:
9350:
9345:
9256:
9236:
9209:
9086:
9076:
8957:
8897:
8848:
8423:
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8403:
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7674:
7598:
7328:
4489:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics"
3811:
3704:
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3545:
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3204:
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2182:
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2142:
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2035:
1999:
1939:
1909:
In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in
1870:
1866:
1858:
1834:
1669:
1513:
on to teammates every 300 yards. Two very common relay events are the
1281:
1125:
1038:
1034:
819:
783:
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529:
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456:
444:
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305:
224:
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145:
7750:
Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping
7704:
7134:
4393:
4200:"Historic Amateur Athletics Association (AAA) Championships to be revived"
3735:
Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the
2993:
1120:, are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the
591:
at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The
548:
ethos of the NOA won through and in 1880 the AAC was reconstituted as the
164:
and includes all jumping events. Outside of Canada and the United States,
55:
9360:
9179:
9169:
9161:
9028:
9015:
8928:
8594:
8480:
8247:
8223:
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8185:
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7267:
6957:"IAAF sanctions immediate disqualification for false starts come January"
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2721:
2701:
2398:
2295:
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1991:
1910:
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the previous year). Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the
1562:
1506:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1421:
1417:
1336:
1277:
1269:
1204:
1180:
deprivation. Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres.
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1017:
972:
966:
961:
827:
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503:
487:
464:
436:
401:
200:
184:
153:
6319:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – The early days of Javelin throwing"
4334:
1946:. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000.
9310:
9251:
9152:
9053:
8907:
8819:
8556:
8533:
8459:
8275:
8173:
8167:
8162:
8067:
8061:
8048:
8042:
8036:
3764:
3373:
3250:
2979:
2717:
2713:
2513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2444:
2418:
2349:
2344:
2315:
2290:
2285:
2178:
2063:
heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small
2007:
2003:
1935:
1918:
1903:
1890:
1467:
1340:
1265:
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1212:
1200:
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621:
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397:
389:
378:
359:
244:
232:
208:
2590:
9427:
9417:
9284:
9241:
8995:
8545:
8539:
8527:
8466:
8445:
8348:
8228:
8025:
8020:
8015:
7829:
7576:
7227:. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina.
6441:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Women enter Olympic competition"
5079:
5036:
5011:
4733:
3636:
3615:
3611:
2799:
2725:
2697:
2459:
2454:
2413:
2408:
2391:
2364:
2359:
2310:
2305:
2280:
2233:
2206:
1995:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1703:
1440:
1387:
1297:
1260:(right) broke a number of middle distance world records in the 1940s.
1192:
1188:
1184:
1057:
1021:
1013:
939:
767:
440:
413:
236:
204:
196:
7807:"Ambition, naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world"
3535:
A graph of the world record progression in the men's 100 metres
3264:. The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the
3109:
2488:
9422:
9396:
8861:
8824:
8615:
8396:
8196:
8083:
7930:
7913:
3703:
eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as
3451:
3303:, created in 1919, was the first continental championships and the
3265:
2842:
2753:
2690:
2466:
2423:
2371:
2320:
2120:
2064:
1984:
1971:
1842:
1811:
record is 15.67 meters (51 ft 4 3/4in) held by Yulimar Rojas.
1582:
1433:
1324:
1273:
1030:
920:
854:
787:
675:, held annually from 1921 to 1923. In cooperation with the English
596:
491:
452:
392:, one of the athletes who helped increase track and field's profile
371:
354:
343:
301:
212:
188:
133:
7926:
Track and Field Events – A Spectacle of Speed, Strength, and Skill
7885:
7162:
European Athletics Championships Zürich 2014 – STATISTICS HANDBOOK
6636:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Women's hammer time"
3651:
with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from
3583:
3368:
3170:
Track and Field athletes wear special shoes with spikes, known as
2872:
from the World Athletics Indoor Championships, including 200m and
2040:
1841:
The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in
1447:
who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m. The use of
459:
events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the
408:
include further running competitions, but the introduction of the
227:. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the
8943:
8787:
8604:
8599:
8589:
8584:
7857:"Why the IAAF must ensure Russia remains banned for Rio Olympics"
6119:"An Illustrated History of Shot Put – The early days of shot put"
5214:
3343:
2705:
2618:
2170:
1922:
1728:
1595:
A women's 400 m hurdles race at the 2007 Dutch Championships
1489:
1356:
1348:
1149:
671:
movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of the
285:
Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at
192:
129:
125:
3221:
2704:
areas comprise a straight, narrow 40-metre running track with a
2147:
2133:
weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.
451:
societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern
9047:
8871:
8779:
8621:
8579:
3624:
3500:. In 2010, the Golden League idea was expanded globally as the
2598:
2107:
event derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an
1926:
1914:
1608:
1364:
1177:
688:
255:
7027:
4320:
3771:, which bear similarities to track and field throwing events.
3531:
1895:
1708:
1144:
that later changed to metric: the 100 metres evolved from the
599:, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the
7278:
7038:
6482:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Changing configurations"
4404:
4140:"New film uncovers secrets of Shropshire's Olympian heritage"
1599:
1466:
in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but
474:
Discrete track and field competitions, separate from general
448:
117:
7773:
7518:
7292:
Athletics: Golden Four extended with more money and meetings
4098:
Robinson, Roger (December 1998). "On the Scent of History".
2258:, contested between five American and two British athletes.
1794:, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of
647:. The first continental track and field competition was the
624:
rules. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.
385:
30:"Track & Field" redirects here. For the video game, see
7907:
7545:
7487:
7436:
7413:
7080:
6821:
6726:
6621:
6375:
6233:
6104:
5920:
5825:
5711:
5667:
5600:
5523:
5500:
5477:
5447:
5351:
5327:
5263:
5240:
5128:
5105:
4987:
4838:
4808:
4688:
4665:
4639:
4611:
4588:
4261:
4062:
2709:
2646:
2626:
2174:
1603:
Men traversing the water jump in a steeplechase competition
1153:
822:, damaged the public image and marketability of the sport.
7910:
for collegiate, high school, middle school, and club teams
7552:(2 ed.). Elite Sports Medicine Publications. p.
6312:
6310:
3322:
There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe (
3307:
became the second championships of this type in 1934. The
2876:. Some race distance events have been held in world tour (
2739:
of the main running track. The javelin throwing area is a
798:
also increased. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s
572:
in 1876 began holding an annual national competition, the
8748:
6677:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – More Power"
4650:
4648:
3912:
3668:
2791:
243:
with a single victor; the most prominent team events are
7891:
6275:"An Illustrated History of Discus – Women join Olympics"
4519:"IAAF to launch global Diamond League of 1 Day Meetings"
869:
to their team members at the end of a certain distance.
705:
first American Track & Field championships for women
683:
was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as a
7095:"Track and field's greatest events and top competitors"
6307:
2662:
2026:
introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in 1976.
1954:
Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of
1280:
may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The
697:
First British Track & Field championships for women
543:, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at the
4645:
2609:
A typical layout of an outdoor track and field stadium
1652:, were once common but are now held infrequently. The
1215:, though rarely competed, has a star-studded history:
4701:
Usain Bolt 100m 10 meter – Splits and Speed Endurance
3695:
ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the
2934:
4×800m (Millrose Games during Permit Meeting status).
2633:. In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the
1264:
The most common middle-distance track events are the
7675:
Berendonk, Brigitte & W. Franke, Werner (1997).
3778:
3598:
among other anti-doping measures. Practices such as
3039:
running in the first round of the 400 m at the
2983:
Men assuming the starting position for a sprint race
1917:
area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at
1319:, who in 1954 was the first to run the long-elusive
616:
was stripped of his track and field medals from the
6996:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6924:
6922:
6912:
6910:
4756:. The Science of Sport. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
2892:, but never at the world championships, including:
2806:events, which are held almost exclusively indoors.
582:
Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques
7472:
7470:
7468:
5934:Kate Dennison: 'It helps being a little bit crazy'
3450:A child taking part in a local schools meeting in
3315:were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its
2960:International Association of Athletics Federations
2601:, one of the first modern track and field stadiums
2002:was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century,
886:Official world championship track and field events
272:International Association of Athletics Federations
3492:. This expanded and received IAAF backing as the
3426:. Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and
2937:400m hurdles (2011 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix).
334:vase from 600 BC depicting a running contest
9455:
7051:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association
6991:
6979:
6919:
6907:
6529:. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012
6263:, Winter 1999 (pg. 3). Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
4486:
3544:, then continental records, up to the global or
3201:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association
1488:Girls handing over the baton in a relay race in
431:Track and field events were also present at the
7465:
5624:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009
5152:. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017
4097:
2999:All races must be started by the report of the
2764:area on one side of the field specifically for
2161:The earliest recorded precursors to the modern
1656:is run in some levels of American competition.
1156:), and the 400 m was the successor to the
1071:are competed at indoor world championships only
6125:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016
6008:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010
5967:. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010
5846:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010
2677:) gained popularity after its use at the 1968
2154:spinning with the hammer within the circle in
1865:became prominent in the mid-20th century, but
1636:event, which entered the Olympic programme in
712:sport, major track and field competitions for
494:-rich curriculum, competitions in the English
8764:
7946:
7904: (archived 5 October 2012) from about.com
6872:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6782:"Bussey of Taft Comes Up Big on Inside Track"
5733:. Ancient Olympics. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5225:
5223:
5050:Four Minute Mile – Triumph of R. G. Bannister
4197:
3222:Olympics, Paralympics and world championships
1573:) are focused almost solely on relay events.
865:in which teams of athletes run and pass on a
861:events—surmounting obstacles. There are also
7729:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7549:Death in the locker room: drugs & sports
7539:
5777:. Speed Endurance. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5139:
5137:
4890:. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016
3802:List of track and field stadiums by capacity
3332:Central American and Caribbean Championships
1902:releases the pole after clearing the bar in
1521:. Both entered the Olympic programme at the
1219:set a world best in 1983, Olympic champions
1140:. These events have their roots in races of
603:. The Olympics also consolidated the use of
211:, while the most common throwing events are
27:Sports based on running, jumping or throwing
7854:
7823:
7570:
7135:"South American Championships (Unofficial)"
7101:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010
6747:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011
6683:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011
6642:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011
6573:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011
6281:. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009
6166:. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009
5561:
5559:
5483:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5397:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011
5284:. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009
5082:(9 August 2000). Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4142:. Shropshire County Council. 24 June 2011.
4093:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
3865:. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015
3138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2657:were popular in the early 20th century but
1567:IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics
1176:builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer
595:, comprising track and field events plus a
308:, rather than strictly track-based events.
8771:
8757:
7953:
7939:
7804:
7742:
7740:
7512:
7332:(2 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2010.
6857:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6560:
6558:
6488:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009
6447:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009
6325:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009
5768:The Importance of the Standing Triple Jump
5611:
5609:
5246:
5220:
5059:. (7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
5032:National and University Library of Iceland
5007:National and University Library of Iceland
4793:
4791:
4789:
4736:(17 May 2009). Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
4329:(1). University of Illinois Press: 72–83.
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
2661:tracks became standard in the late 1960s.
782:between competitors of the United States,
641:Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship
463:, which stemmed from competitions such as
400:roots, being among the oldest of sporting
260:athletics competition at the Olympic Games
54:
7753:. University of Texas Press. p. 66.
7694:
7371:
7268:Event Sanctions – Overview & Benefits
7070:IAAF Member Federation Manual – Chapter 2
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6218:
6216:
6089:
6087:
6085:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5810:
5808:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5585:
5583:
5535:
5134:
5090:
5088:
4884:"Introduction to Middle Distance Running"
4384:(September 2000). Retrieved 22 July 2019.
3896:
3894:
3859:"Introductions to Track and Field Events"
3336:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
3301:South American Championships in Athletics
3158:Learn how and when to remove this message
2573:Learn how and when to remove this message
1502:have wilfully impeded other competitors.
1148:, the 200 m distances came from the
629:International Amateur Athletic Federation
574:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships
7509:. Sports Caribe. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
6381:
6192:
5556:
5529:
5453:
5423:
5391:"A Brief History of Sprints and Hurdles"
5379:(2 May 1955). Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5211:Do pacemakers have a place in athletics?
5040:(6 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
5015:(7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4814:
4416:
4302:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
4283:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
4082:
4043:
3582:
3530:
3445:
3367:
3283:
3225:
3031:
2978:
2831:
2781:
2604:
2589:
2146:
2102:As an implement of war and hunting, the
2089:
2039:
1983:preparing to throw within the circle in
1975:
1894:
1824:
1755:
1707:
1616:, has changed little. The origin of the
1598:
1590:
1483:
1403:
1311:broke each other's 1500 m and mile
1248:
1107:
637:National Collegiate Athletic Association
384:
366:after taking expense money prior to the
353:
337:
325:
7737:
7519:Mirkin, Gabe; Marshall Hoffman (1978).
7199:Historic book on Champs hits the market
6599:
6555:
5880:How a flop turned Fosbury into a legend
5606:
5000:Stepping-Stones to the Four Minute Mile
4850:
4786:
4718:
4716:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4158:
4025:Springfield College Digital Collections
3324:European Athletics Indoor Championships
2884:in 1997 or later) events, including at
1211:competitions in the United States. The
1112:The finish of a women's 100 m race
685:Women's International and British Games
665:International Women's Sports Federation
498:were conceived as human equivalents of
14:
9456:
7798:
7546:Goldman, Robert; Ronald Klatz (1992).
7374:"Leichtathletik neu mit Weltrangliste"
7063:
6779:
6351:
6213:
6082:
6002:"An Illustrated History of Pole Vault"
5898:
5805:
5689:
5580:
5278:"What Are Olympic Sprints and Relays?"
5146:"Introduction to Long Distance Events"
5085:
4977:A tribute to the career of Gunder Hägg
4482:
4480:
4218:
3952:Sport and recreation in ancient Greece
3891:
3279:
2254:). A men's all-around was held at the
1412:leading in a long-distance track event
171:The foot racing events, which include
8752:
7934:
7786:from the original on 24 February 2023
7092:
6845:from the original on 25 December 2023
6738:
6674:
6633:
6564:
6520:
6479:
6438:
6420:from the original on 13 February 2021
6316:
6272:
6157:
6116:
5999:
5958:
5837:
5615:
5388:
5275:
5143:
4934:from the original on 20 November 2023
4881:
4863:from the original on 20 November 2023
4031:from the original on 15 February 2024
3982:, Paris, Errance, 1996, pp. 115–116,
3900:Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009).
3856:
3725:2017 World Championships in Athletics
3357:
3290:2006 European Athletics Championships
3262:IAAF World Championships in Athletics
2948:
1642:1983 World Championships in Athletics
1458:", such as multiple Olympic champion
891:
749:IAAF World Championships in Athletics
693:athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics
7960:
7836:from the original on 5 November 2005
7746:
7384:from the original on 7 November 2017
7290:Rowbottom, Mike (12 November 1997).
7141:from the original on 1 December 2017
6967:from the original on 18 January 2021
4747:Who is the fastest man in the world?
4713:
4617:
4419:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"
3950:Waldo E. Sweet, Erich Segal (1987).
3926:"Ancient Olympic Events; Pentathlon"
3838:from the original on 3 November 2019
3476:competition, comprising meetings in
3465:The most basic type of meetings are
3328:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships
3136:adding citations to reliable sources
3103:
2511:adding citations to reliable sources
2482:
2116:with the same surface as the track.
2058:, athletes compete to throw a heavy
1944:1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships
897:
894:
677:Women's Amateur Athletic Association
7648:Turnbull, Simon (23 October 2005).
7378:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)
7225:Encyclopedia of International Games
7060:. DB88. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
5513:3000 m Steeplechase – Is it for me?
4975:Julin, Lennart (28 November 2004).
4487:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016).
4477:
3902:The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern
3090:
3027:
2790:Basic indoor venues may be adapted
2637:measured 333.33 metres at the
1659:Outside of the hurdles events, the
786:, and the Soviet Union, during the
24:
7863:from the original on 25 April 2019
7579:British Journal of Sports Medicine
7317:Diamond League to launch next year
6523:"Introduction to Javelin Throwing"
5490:3000 m Steeplechase – Introduction
4723:Superb Bolt storms to 150m record
4499:from the original on 7 August 2017
4429:from the original on 19 April 2019
4351:. University of California Press.
4198:Effard, Tracy (17 December 2008).
4173:"The First Wenlock Olympian Games"
3932:from the original on 20 March 2021
3663:. According to British journalist
3527:List of world records in athletics
3352:Jamaican High School Championships
3313:African Championships in Athletics
2193:
1294:anaerobic energy producing systems
1238:
1235:improved Mennea's record in 2009.
552:, the first national body for the
25:
9485:
7879:
7711:from the original on 22 July 2019
7353:from the original on 9 April 2019
7256:Fédération française d'athlétisme
6780:Ortega, John (14 February 1999).
6079:(2010). Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
5686:(2010). Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
4529:from the original on 22 July 2019
4314:
4238:from the original on 28 June 2021
4206:from the original on 22 July 2019
4179:from the original on 7 March 2021
4146:from the original on 22 July 2019
4120:from the original on 22 July 2019
3730:
3579:List of doping cases in athletics
3554:fully automatic electronic timing
3507:
3348:NCAA Track and Field Championship
3081:
1715:in the jumping phase of the event
1327:'s exploits served to popularise
1296:, and also that they have strong
667:in 1921 and, alongside a growing
649:1919 South American Championships
396:The sport of track and field has
60:Part of a track and field stadium
9218:
8838:
8724:
7848:
7826:"Stars dimmed by Balco's shadow"
7817:
7805:Slot, Owen (22 September 2003).
7767:
7668:
7642:
7613:
7493:
7442:
7419:
7396:
7365:
7335:
7310:
7284:
7261:
7238:
7217:
7197:Redpath, Laura (20 March 2010).
7191:
7153:
7127:
7086:
7044:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6949:
6940:
6931:
6898:
6889:
6827:
6804:
6792:from the original on 16 May 2012
6773:
6732:
6709:
6668:
6627:
5961:"Introduction to the Pole Vault"
5932:Turnbull, Simon (13 June 2009).
4559:from the original on 8 June 2023
4465:from the original on 3 June 2019
4417:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974).
3781:
3305:European Athletics Championships
3181:
3108:
2487:
2079:
1873:– which won him the gold at the
1393:
1379:milers) winning global titles.
778:were broken then, and the added
653:European Athletics Championships
235:consisting of seven events, and
7824:Holt, Sarah (6 December 2004).
7780:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
7650:Athletics: Under the microscope
7460:International Tennis Federation
6514:
6473:
6432:
6402:
6266:
6239:
6151:
6110:
6057:
6034:
5993:
5952:
5926:
5872:
5840:"Introduction to the High Jump"
5831:
5780:
5760:
5736:
5717:
5673:
5650:
5618:"Introduction to the Long Jump"
5506:
5382:
5357:
5333:
5310:
5269:
5230:4 × 100 m Relay – Is it for me?
5203:
5178:
5111:
5062:
5043:
5018:
4993:
4969:
4946:
4916:
4875:
4851:Douglas, Scott (14 July 2022).
4844:
4759:
4739:
4694:
4671:
4594:
4571:
4541:
4511:
4441:
4410:
4387:
4362:
4341:
4305:
4286:
4267:
4264:(1999). Retrieved 22 July 2019.
4250:
4191:
4132:
4106:
3673:International Olympic Committee
3364:Athletics at multi-sport events
3274:IAAF World Indoor Championships
3210:
2498:needs additional citations for
2263:Composition of combined events
2200:Combined track and field events
2136:
2047:preparing to spin and throw in
2029:
1627:The most common events are the
1430:IAAF World Indoor Championships
1331:. Races between British rivals
1231:over the distance in 1997, and
1116:Races over short distances, or
7914:Masters T&F World Rankings
7426:IAAF Competition Rules 2010–11
7170:European Athletics Association
5339:Martin, David (12 June 2009).
5253:4 × 100 m Relay – Introduction
4013:
4000:The Olympic Games in Antiquity
3992:
3969:
3944:
3918:
3850:
3824:
3072:
2953:
2903:during Permit Meeting status).
2645:the distance was a third of a
1998:was known in Scotland and the
1798:(triple jump) contests at the
1745:
1473:
631:(IAAF) was established as the
156:. In British English the term
13:
1:
8731:Sport of athletics portal
7083:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
7041:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
6824:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
6054:. Retrieved on 16 March 2015.
6052:Australian Institute of Sport
5542:. University of Texas Press.
4964:Australian Institute of Sport
4745:Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008).
4691:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
4668:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
4642:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
4614:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
4591:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010.
3977:Le sport dans la Rome antique
3915:. Retrieved on 23 March 2010.
3817:
3350:in the United States and the
3309:Asian Athletics Championships
3054:
2260:
1934:artificial materials such as
1884:
1124:featured only one event, the
883:
716:were first introduced at the
541:National Olympian Association
539:of Wenlock helped set up the
264:World Athletics Championships
7855:Ingle, Sean (6 March 2016).
7591:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091826
7490:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
7439:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
7307:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010.
7281:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
7258:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010.
7214:. Retrieved on 6 March 2010.
6716:Hammer Throw – Is it for me?
6365:Javelin Throw – Introduction
5878:Gillon, Doug (15 May 2009).
5766:Lee, Jimsun (8 April 2010).
5744:James Connolly – The Athlete
5526:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5503:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5480:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5467:400 m Hurdles – Introduction
5450:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5437:100 m Hurdles – Introduction
5354:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5330:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5266:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5243:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5217:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010.
5200:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
5131:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
5118:5000-10000 m – Is it for me?
5108:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010.
4990:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4966:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4841:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4811:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4783:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010.
4370:Asia's First Female Olympian
4293:South American Championships
4175:. Wenlock Olympian Society.
3099:
2432:
2383:
2335:
2278:
1814:
1697:
1082:outdoor heptathlon for women
936:
633:international governing body
550:Amateur Athletic Association
512:Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt
282:for the sport of athletics.
280:international governing body
160:is synonymous with American
7:
9316:Radio-controlled car racing
8734: • Current
7477:IAAF Anti-Doping Regulation
6729:. Retrieved on 12 May 2010.
6624:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
6611:Hammer Throw – Introduction
6410:"Athletics throwing events"
6391:. Pg. 69. Yale University.
6378:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
6236:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
6223:Discus Throw – Introduction
6202:. Pg. 61. Yale University.
6107:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010.
5949:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5923:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5895:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5828:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5802:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5757:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5714:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5670:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5603:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.
5569:. Pg. 68. Yale University.
5095:5000-10000 m – Introduction
4549:"Track and Field the Sport"
4116:. Shrewsbury School. 2011.
3928:. Perseus digital library.
3774:
3717:Authorised Neutral Athletes
3441:
2974:
2882:IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings
2478:
1965:
1949:
1576:
1553:. Other events include the
796:performance-enhancing drugs
593:Olympic athletics programme
447:competitions popular among
231:consisting of five events,
10:
9490:
8971:Mountain bike orienteering
8778:
7696:10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262
7621:"The 2010 Prohibited List"
6963:. London. 12 August 2009.
6387:Miller, Steven G. (2004).
6260:Journal of Olympic History
6198:Miller, Steven G. (2004).
6160:"Introduction to Shot Put"
5701:Triple Jump – Introduction
5565:Miller, Steven G. (2004).
5536:Swaddling, Judith (1999).
5317:World records track events
4381:Journal of Olympic History
4347:Morris, Andrew D. (2004).
3623:' failed drug test due to
3572:
3524:
3520:
3361:
3214:
3024:immediately disqualified.
2796:World Indoor Championships
2775:
2760:. Some stadia also have a
2585:
2433:
2384:
2336:
2279:
2230:Ancient Olympic pentathlon
2197:
2140:
2083:
2033:
1969:
1888:
1818:
1790:(around 16.3 m). The
1749:
1701:
1692:
1580:
1477:
1397:
1242:
1101:
1097:
845:
410:Ancient Olympic pentathlon
315:
311:
39:
29:
9438:
9405:
9369:
9338:
9303:
9295:Offshore powerboat racing
9265:
9247:Motorcycle chariot racing
9227:
9216:
9160:
9151:
9133:
9105:
9067:
9014:
8956:
8916:
8880:
8847:
8836:
8795:
8786:
8720:
8689:
8635:
8572:
8565:
8501:
8437:
8388:
8381:
8341:
8274:
8237:
8153:
8082:
8006:
7999:
7971:
7665:. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
7525:. Little Brown & Co.
7462:. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
7416:. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
7119:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6765:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6701:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6660:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6591:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6547:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6506:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6465:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6343:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6299:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6184:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6143:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6026:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5985:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5910:Pole Vault – Introduction
5864:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5657:Long Jump – Is it for me?
5642:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5539:The Ancient Olympic Games
5415:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5302:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5170:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4908:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4710:Retrieved 6 February 2013
4706:11 September 2016 at the
4407:. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
4298:20 September 2018 at the
4258:Thorpe preceded Deion, Bo
4006:19 September 2016 at the
3883:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3789:Sport of athletics portal
3568:
3498:IAAF World Athletics Tour
2771:
2671:all-weather running track
2274:
2271:
1786:having jumped 55 ancient
1078:indoor heptathlon for men
841:
830:in 1997, and in 1998 the
810:, and early 21st century
580:in 1888) and France (the
101:
96:
88:
78:
70:
65:
53:
9290:Inshore powerboat racing
7747:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011).
7522:The Sports Medicine Book
7380:(in Swiss High German).
6616:22 November 2011 at the
6228:22 November 2011 at the
6041:Track and Field – Throws
5815:High Jump – Introduction
5792:13 November 2010 at the
5590:Long Jump – Introduction
5074:24 February 2021 at the
4454:South China Morning Post
4323:Journal of Sport History
4058:"History – Introduction"
3642:World Anti-Doping Agency
2931:4x200m (Millrose Games).
2827:Los Angeles Sports Arena
2778:Indoor practice facility
2617:is intertwined with the
1721:ancient Greek pentathlon
1687:
1678:3000 metres steeplechase
1666:steeplechase competition
1203:, which are run in some
1092:
848:List of athletics events
772:Florence Griffith Joyner
480:educational institutions
424:, stadion footrace, and
270:, formerly known as the
9443:List of forms of racing
8810:Middle-distance running
7919:9 December 2018 at the
7075:6 December 2008 at the
6389:Ancient Greek Athletics
6200:Ancient Greek Athletics
6099:25 October 2012 at the
6094:Shot Put – Introduction
6076:Encyclopædia Britannica
6069:6 February 2010 at the
5684:Encyclopædia Britannica
5662:12 January 2012 at the
5567:Ancient Greek Athletics
5369:26 October 2012 at the
5197:Encyclopædia Britannica
5123:25 October 2012 at the
5100:25 October 2012 at the
5025:British Athletics Hopes
4982:9 December 2004 at the
4953:Middle Distance Running
4833:25 October 2012 at the
4803:25 October 2012 at the
4772:Encyclopædia Britannica
4767:Middle-distance running
4683:25 October 2012 at the
4660:25 October 2012 at the
4634:25 October 2012 at the
4606:25 October 2012 at the
4583:25 October 2012 at the
4010:Retrieved 22 July 2019.
4002:", The Olympic Museum.
3956:Oxford University Press
3907:2 December 2019 at the
3378:2007 Pan American Games
3230:The 100 m final at the
2942:Indoor Flanders Meeting
2886:Aviva Indoor Grand Prix
2236:, javelin, discus, the
2223:decathlon scoring table
2069:1906 Intercalated Games
1676:marked the rise of the
1509:, who would hand a red
1245:Middle-distance running
718:1960 Summer Paralympics
469:North European Lowlands
18:Outdoor track and field
9285:Jet sprint boat racing
7908:Results and statistics
7626:. IAAF. Archived from
7505:3 January 2010 at the
7250:8 October 2009 at the
6811:Competition Rules 2009
6247:The Greek Discus Event
5729:23 August 2011 at the
5030:9 January 2010 at the
5005:9 January 2010 at the
4655:100 m – For the Expert
4114:"History of The Tucks"
3719:at events such as the
3649:doping in East Germany
3596:World Anti-Doping Code
3591:
3536:
3467:all-comers track meets
3454:
3436:Chinese National Games
3389:World University Games
3380:
3296:
3234:
3217:Athletics competitions
3062:Fully automatic timing
3043:
2984:
2890:Russian Winter Meeting
2878:IAAF World Indoor Tour
2870:have been discontinued
2855:IAAF World Indoor Tour
2837:
2787:
2687:multi-purpose stadiums
2629:within this track—the
2610:
2602:
2158:
2099:
2051:
1987:
1906:
1838:
1829:A woman attempting to
1774:
1716:
1604:
1596:
1561:, which is popular in
1525:after a one-off men's
1493:
1413:
1261:
1160:or quarter-mile race.
1113:
701:Amateur Athletic Union
578:Amateur Athletic Union
570:New York Athletic Club
526:Wenlock Olympian Games
484:military organisations
393:
382:
351:
335:
144:, which also includes
8888:Cross country running
8815:Long-distance running
8323:Distance medley relay
7981:Cross country running
7892:USA Track & Field
7223:Bell, Daniel (2003).
7033:18 April 2010 at the
6253:8 August 2010 at the
6245:Murphy, Colm (1999).
6046:16 March 2015 at the
5915:9 August 2010 at the
5885:18 April 2012 at the
5820:9 August 2010 at the
5706:9 August 2010 at the
5595:9 August 2010 at the
5472:9 August 2010 at the
5442:9 August 2010 at the
5322:27 April 2010 at the
5258:9 August 2010 at the
4828:1500 m – Introduction
4399:8 August 2019 at the
4279:12 March 2017 at the
4021:"High Jump (c. 1900)"
3975:Jean-Paul Thuillier,
3797:Cross country running
3757:World's Strongest Man
3741:cross country running
3586:
3573:Further information:
3534:
3525:Further information:
3449:
3371:
3287:
3229:
3197:USA Track & Field
3035:
2982:
2940:2,000m steeplechase (
2835:
2825:formerly held in the
2819:Madison Square Garden
2785:
2608:
2593:
2209:(ten events) and the
2150:
2093:
2043:
2020:Aleksandr Baryshnikov
1979:
1898:
1828:
1765:
1711:
1602:
1594:
1555:distance medley relay
1487:
1407:
1400:Long-distance running
1252:
1142:imperial measurements
1122:Ancient Olympic Games
1111:
703:(AAU) sponsoring the
537:William Penny Brookes
471:in the 18th century.
388:
357:
348:Detroit Athletic Club
341:
329:
252:Ancient Olympic Games
150:cross country running
9382:Cross-country skiing
9356:Slalom skateboarding
9039:Mountain bike racing
8676:Marathon mixed relay
8511:Athletics pentathlon
8333:Shuttle hurdle relay
7655:22 July 2019 at the
7454:6 April 2010 at the
7322:1 March 2017 at the
7273:2 April 2010 at the
7204:8 April 2010 at the
6721:2 April 2010 at the
5773:11 June 2010 at the
5346:10 July 2010 at the
5055:6 April 2010 at the
4798:800 m – Introduction
4678:200 m For the Expert
4578:100 m – Introduction
4553:www.topendsports.com
4459:Agence France-Presse
4394:The History of USATF
4375:22 July 2019 at the
4231:Track and Field News
3743:, and road forms of
3721:2016 Summer Olympics
3681:1980 Summer Olympics
3243:Paralympic athletics
3232:2008 Summer Olympics
3132:improve this section
3041:2012 Summer Olympics
2823:Sunkist Invitational
2683:1968 Summer Olympics
2639:1896 Summer Olympics
2635:Panathinaiko Stadium
2507:improve this article
2256:1904 Summer Olympics
2248:1906 Summer Olympics
1808:standing triple jump
1736:1948 Summer Olympics
1674:1920 Summer Olympics
1622:1900 Summer Olympics
1565:and was held at the
1559:Swedish medley relay
1551:4×1500 m relays
1535:shuttle hurdle relay
899:Combined events
627:That same year, the
601:1896 Summer Olympics
368:1912 Summer Olympics
318:History of athletics
181:long-distance events
9190:Pickup truck racing
9125:Paralympic swimming
9115:Open water swimming
9024:Road bicycle racing
8318:Sprint medley relay
8218:3000 m steeplechase
8207:2000 m steeplechase
7482:5 June 2011 at the
7431:5 June 2011 at the
7408:5 July 2010 at the
7297:1 July 2017 at the
6961:The Daily Telegraph
6883:21 May 2009 at the
6816:5 June 2011 at the
6370:6 June 2012 at the
5939:1 July 2017 at the
5518:5 June 2011 at the
5495:5 June 2011 at the
5235:5 June 2011 at the
5190:11 May 2015 at the
4752:23 May 2012 at the
4728:18 May 2009 at the
4461:. 22 October 2017.
4274:World Student Games
3697:1988 Seoul Olympics
3675:(IOC) to undermine
3514:IAAF World Rankings
3432:World Masters Games
3376:competition at the
3280:Other championships
2649:(536.45 m) at
2595:Panathenaic Stadium
2265:
2074:František Janda-Suk
1900:Anna Giordano Bruno
1462:. The successes of
1000:3000 m steeplechase
888:
741:USA Track and Field
733:television coverage
681:Women's World Games
645:World Student Games
605:metric measurements
587:The revival of the
289:, continental, and
50:
9406:Multi-sport racing
9205:Touring car racing
8991:Canoe orienteering
8986:Radio orienteering
8981:Trail orienteering
7894:(official website)
7888:(official website)
7682:Clinical Chemistry
6839:worldathletics.org
5755:National Historian
5749:7 May 2010 at the
5724:Phayllos of Kroton
5376:Sports Illustrated
4958:2 May 2016 at the
4779:7 May 2015 at the
4629:400 m Introduction
4601:200 m Introduction
4493:The New York Times
4423:The New York Times
3753:strength athletics
3737:sport of athletics
3685:The New York Times
3592:
3537:
3494:IAAF Golden League
3455:
3428:Summer Universiade
3424:Pan American Games
3397:Commonwealth Games
3385:multi-sport events
3381:
3358:Multi-sport events
3297:
3258:world championship
3235:
3174:or simply spikes.
3044:
2985:
2949:Starts use in race
2838:
2788:
2611:
2603:
2435:Women's pentathlon
2338:Women's heptathlon
2261:
2252:Intercalated Games
2219:women's pentathlon
2211:women's heptathlon
2173:wheel on a wooden
2159:
2100:
2052:
1988:
1907:
1879:standing high jump
1863:straddle technique
1839:
1784:Phayllus of Croton
1775:
1740:standing long jump
1717:
1654:300 metres hurdles
1646:200 metres hurdles
1629:100 metres hurdles
1618:400 metres hurdles
1614:110 metres hurdles
1605:
1597:
1519:4×400 metres relay
1515:4×100 metres relay
1494:
1414:
1361:Jakob Ingebrigtsen
1353:Hicham El Guerrouj
1345:Noureddine Morceli
1262:
1114:
884:
832:IAAF Golden League
729:Pan-American Games
725:Commonwealth Games
651:, followed by the
554:sport of athletics
490:. Influenced by a
476:sporting festivals
394:
383:
352:
342:An early model of
336:
142:sport of athletics
48:
42:Sport of athletics
9474:Athletics by type
9469:Individual sports
9451:
9450:
9334:
9333:
9280:Hydroplane racing
9229:Motorcycle racing
9195:Sports car racing
9120:Marathon swimming
9001:Mountain marathon
8966:Foot orienteering
8952:
8951:
8746:
8745:
8707:Wheelchair racing
8685:
8684:
8497:
8496:
8377:
8376:
7449:Banned Substances
7403:IAAF Constitution
7349:(Press release).
7093:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6786:Los Angeles Times
6739:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6675:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6634:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6565:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6521:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6480:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6439:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6317:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6273:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6158:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6117:Rosenbaum, Mike.
6000:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5959:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5838:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5742:McCormack, Mike.
5616:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5389:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5276:Rosenbaum, Mike.
5144:Rosenbaum, Mike.
4882:Rosenbaum, Mike.
3857:Rosenbaum, Mike.
3832:"Track and Field"
3604:anabolic steroids
3168:
3167:
3160:
2804:60 metres hurdles
2679:US Olympic Trials
2583:
2582:
2575:
2557:
2522:"Track and field"
2476:
2475:
1780:Stephen G. Miller
1763:
1634:80 metres hurdles
1523:1912 Summer Games
1408:Ethiopian runner
1329:interval training
1085:
1072:
1063:
1062:
780:political element
714:disabled athletes
639:held their first
610:amateur sportsmen
558:AAA Championships
433:Panhellenic Games
374:, a violation of
358:American athlete
241:individual sports
191:, are won by the
122:athletic contests
111:
110:
33:Track & Field
16:(Redirected from
9481:
9413:Adventure racing
9275:Drag boat racing
9267:Motorboat racing
9222:
9200:Stock car racing
9158:
9157:
9082:Greyhound racing
9006:Car orienteering
8976:Ski orienteering
8939:Snowshoe running
8934:Backward running
8893:Mountain running
8881:Off-road running
8842:
8793:
8792:
8773:
8766:
8759:
8750:
8749:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8712:Backward running
8570:
8569:
8490:
8476:
8455:
8386:
8385:
8134:
8058:
8004:
8003:
7955:
7948:
7941:
7932:
7931:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7771:
7765:
7764:
7744:
7735:
7734:
7728:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7698:
7689:(7): 1262–1279.
7672:
7666:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7625:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7574:
7568:
7567:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7516:
7510:
7497:
7491:
7474:
7463:
7446:
7440:
7423:
7417:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7339:
7333:
7314:
7308:
7288:
7282:
7265:
7259:
7242:
7236:
7221:
7215:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7179:on 8 August 2014
7178:
7172:. Archived from
7167:
7157:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7137:. gbrathletics.
7131:
7125:
7124:
7118:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7090:
7084:
7067:
7061:
7056:13 July 2012 at
7048:
7042:
7025:
7019:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6989:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6917:
6914:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6887:
6874:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6831:
6825:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6764:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6736:
6730:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6631:
6625:
6608:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6562:
6553:
6552:
6546:
6538:
6536:
6534:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6477:
6471:
6470:
6464:
6456:
6454:
6452:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6406:
6400:
6385:
6379:
6362:
6349:
6348:
6342:
6334:
6332:
6330:
6314:
6305:
6304:
6298:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6270:
6264:
6243:
6237:
6220:
6211:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6183:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6142:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6114:
6108:
6091:
6080:
6061:
6055:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6025:
6017:
6015:
6013:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5956:
5950:
5930:
5924:
5907:
5896:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5835:
5829:
5812:
5803:
5784:
5778:
5764:
5758:
5740:
5734:
5721:
5715:
5698:
5687:
5677:
5671:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5613:
5604:
5587:
5578:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5533:
5527:
5510:
5504:
5487:
5481:
5464:
5451:
5434:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5386:
5380:
5361:
5355:
5337:
5331:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5273:
5267:
5250:
5244:
5227:
5218:
5209:Wermuth, Stefan
5207:
5201:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5141:
5132:
5115:
5109:
5092:
5083:
5066:
5060:
5047:
5041:
5022:
5016:
4997:
4991:
4973:
4967:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4930:. 14 July 2022.
4920:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4879:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4848:
4842:
4825:
4812:
4795:
4784:
4763:
4757:
4743:
4737:
4720:
4711:
4698:
4692:
4675:
4669:
4652:
4643:
4626:
4615:
4598:
4592:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4525:. 2 March 2009.
4515:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4391:
4385:
4366:
4360:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4290:
4284:
4271:
4265:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4169:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4066:. Archived from
4054:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3713:doping in Russia
3608:peptide hormones
3542:national records
3460:meeting promoter
3416:All-Africa Games
3163:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3112:
3104:
3091:Horizontal Jumps
3028:Running the race
2811:basketball court
2578:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2515:
2491:
2483:
2386:Men's heptathlon
2266:
2215:men's heptathlon
1981:Remigius Machura
1913:contests in the
1833:while using the
1792:Book of Leinster
1764:
1390:become more so.
1321:four-minute mile
1170:Human physiology
1104:Sprint (running)
1075:
1067:Note: Events in
1066:
889:
673:Women's Olympiad
322:History of sport
58:
51:
47:
21:
9489:
9488:
9484:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9478:
9464:Track and field
9454:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9434:
9401:
9387:Snowboard cross
9365:
9330:
9321:Slot car racing
9299:
9261:
9223:
9214:
9185:Off-road racing
9147:
9129:
9101:
9097:Sled dog racing
9063:
9010:
8948:
8912:
8876:
8843:
8834:
8782:
8777:
8747:
8742:
8725:
8723:
8716:
8681:
8631:
8561:
8493:
8484:
8470:
8449:
8433:
8373:
8337:
8270:
8233:
8155:Middle-distance
8149:
8128:
8078:
8052:
7995:
7976:Track and field
7967:
7959:
7921:Wayback Machine
7902:Wayback Machine
7898:Track and Field
7886:World Athletics
7882:
7877:
7876:
7866:
7864:
7853:
7849:
7839:
7837:
7822:
7818:
7803:
7799:
7789:
7787:
7772:
7768:
7761:
7745:
7738:
7722:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7673:
7669:
7662:The Independent
7657:Wayback Machine
7647:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7630:on 1 April 2010
7623:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7585:(11): 697–700.
7575:
7571:
7564:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7517:
7513:
7507:Wayback Machine
7498:
7494:
7484:Wayback Machine
7475:
7466:
7456:Wayback Machine
7447:
7443:
7433:Wayback Machine
7424:
7420:
7410:Wayback Machine
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7372:agenturen/pwi.
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7324:Wayback Machine
7315:
7311:
7304:The Independent
7299:Wayback Machine
7289:
7285:
7275:Wayback Machine
7266:
7262:
7252:Wayback Machine
7243:
7239:
7222:
7218:
7211:Jamaica Gleaner
7206:Wayback Machine
7196:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7176:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7112:
7111:
7104:
7102:
7091:
7087:
7077:Wayback Machine
7068:
7064:
7049:
7045:
7035:Wayback Machine
7026:
7022:
7018:IAAF Rule 164.3
7017:
7013:
7009:IAAF Rule 164.1
7008:
7004:
7000:IAAF Rule 163.3
6999:
6992:
6988:IAAF Rule 163.2
6987:
6980:
6970:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6950:
6946:IAAF Rule 161.7
6945:
6941:
6937:IAAF Rule 161.6
6936:
6932:
6928:IAAF Rule 161.3
6927:
6920:
6916:IAAF Rule 161.2
6915:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6894:
6890:
6885:Wayback Machine
6875:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6818:Wayback Machine
6809:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6778:
6774:
6758:
6757:
6750:
6748:
6737:
6733:
6723:Wayback Machine
6714:
6710:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6673:
6669:
6653:
6652:
6645:
6643:
6632:
6628:
6618:Wayback Machine
6609:
6600:
6584:
6583:
6576:
6574:
6563:
6556:
6540:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6519:
6515:
6499:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6478:
6474:
6458:
6457:
6450:
6448:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6386:
6382:
6372:Wayback Machine
6363:
6352:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6315:
6308:
6292:
6291:
6284:
6282:
6271:
6267:
6255:Wayback Machine
6244:
6240:
6230:Wayback Machine
6221:
6214:
6197:
6193:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6156:
6152:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6126:
6115:
6111:
6101:Wayback Machine
6092:
6083:
6071:Wayback Machine
6062:
6058:
6048:Wayback Machine
6039:
6035:
6019:
6018:
6011:
6009:
5998:
5994:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5957:
5953:
5946:The Independent
5941:Wayback Machine
5931:
5927:
5917:Wayback Machine
5908:
5899:
5887:Wayback Machine
5877:
5873:
5857:
5856:
5849:
5847:
5836:
5832:
5822:Wayback Machine
5813:
5806:
5799:Spikes Magazine
5794:Wayback Machine
5785:
5781:
5775:Wayback Machine
5765:
5761:
5751:Wayback Machine
5741:
5737:
5731:Wayback Machine
5722:
5718:
5708:Wayback Machine
5699:
5690:
5678:
5674:
5664:Wayback Machine
5655:
5651:
5635:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5614:
5607:
5597:Wayback Machine
5588:
5581:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5520:Wayback Machine
5511:
5507:
5497:Wayback Machine
5488:
5484:
5474:Wayback Machine
5465:
5454:
5444:Wayback Machine
5435:
5424:
5408:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5387:
5383:
5371:Wayback Machine
5362:
5358:
5348:Wayback Machine
5338:
5334:
5324:Wayback Machine
5315:
5311:
5295:
5294:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5270:
5260:Wayback Machine
5251:
5247:
5237:Wayback Machine
5228:
5221:
5208:
5204:
5192:Wayback Machine
5183:
5179:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5142:
5135:
5125:Wayback Machine
5116:
5112:
5102:Wayback Machine
5093:
5086:
5076:Wayback Machine
5067:
5063:
5057:Wayback Machine
5048:
5044:
5023:
5019:
4998:
4994:
4984:Wayback Machine
4974:
4970:
4960:Wayback Machine
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4901:
4900:
4893:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4864:
4849:
4845:
4835:Wayback Machine
4826:
4815:
4805:Wayback Machine
4796:
4787:
4781:Wayback Machine
4764:
4760:
4754:Wayback Machine
4744:
4740:
4730:Wayback Machine
4721:
4714:
4708:Wayback Machine
4699:
4695:
4685:Wayback Machine
4676:
4672:
4662:Wayback Machine
4653:
4646:
4636:Wayback Machine
4627:
4618:
4608:Wayback Machine
4599:
4595:
4585:Wayback Machine
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4530:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4500:
4485:
4478:
4468:
4466:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4415:
4411:
4401:Wayback Machine
4392:
4388:
4377:Wayback Machine
4368:Buchanan, Ian.
4367:
4363:
4346:
4342:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4306:
4300:Wayback Machine
4291:
4287:
4281:Wayback Machine
4272:
4268:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4196:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4096:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4055:
4044:
4034:
4032:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4008:Wayback Machine
3997:
3993:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3933:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3909:Wayback Machine
3899:
3892:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3866:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3787:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3739:, specifically
3733:
3665:Andrew Jennings
3633:Goldman dilemma
3602:and the use of
3581:
3575:Doping in sport
3571:
3562:Olympic records
3529:
3523:
3510:
3444:
3405:Maccabiah Games
3366:
3360:
3282:
3247:Summer Olympics
3224:
3219:
3213:
3188:World Athletics
3184:
3164:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3129:
3113:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3057:
3037:Oscar Pistorius
3030:
2977:
2956:
2951:
2868:Various events
2862:World Athletics
2780:
2774:
2641:, while at the
2625:and an area of
2615:track and field
2588:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2516:
2514:
2504:
2492:
2481:
2281:Men's decathlon
2202:
2196:
2194:Combined events
2167:Tailteann Games
2145:
2139:
2130:pitching moment
2088:
2082:
2038:
2032:
1974:
1968:
1956:throwing sports
1952:
1893:
1887:
1861:technique. The
1855:Eastern cut-off
1823:
1817:
1800:Tailteann Games
1756:
1754:
1748:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1589:
1581:Main articles:
1579:
1571:relay carnivals
1482:
1476:
1410:Kenenisa Bekele
1402:
1396:
1317:Roger Bannister
1276:, although the
1247:
1241:
1239:Middle distance
1221:Michael Johnson
1165:starting blocks
1106:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1056:
1052:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:4 × 400 m relay
1007:
1005:4 × 100 m relay
998:
994:
990:
986:
975:
964:
960:
951:
947:
943:
911:Middle-distance
850:
844:
737:professionalism
568:Meanwhile, the
406:Ancient Olympic
324:
314:
268:World Athletics
162:track and field
114:Track and field
66:Characteristics
61:
49:Track and field
44:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9487:
9477:
9476:
9471:
9466:
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9409:
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9207:
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9187:
9182:
9177:
9175:Formula racing
9172:
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9155:
9149:
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9143:Speed climbing
9139:
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9059:Cycle speedway
9056:
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9018:
9016:Bicycle racing
9012:
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8736:Olympic events
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8552:Tetradecathlon
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8429:Softball throw
8426:
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7880:External links
7878:
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7760:978-0292739574
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4928:Runner's World
4915:
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4857:Runner's World
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4409:
4386:
4361:
4357:978-0520240841
4340:
4313:
4304:
4285:
4266:
4256:Flatter, Ron.
4249:
4217:
4190:
4157:
4131:
4105:
4081:
4042:
4012:
3991:
3968:
3943:
3917:
3890:
3849:
3834:. Scholastic.
3822:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3776:
3773:
3761:highland games
3755:, such as the
3732:
3731:Related sports
3729:
3709:Tim Montgomery
3570:
3567:
3522:
3519:
3509:
3508:World rankings
3506:
3502:Diamond League
3458:serves as the
3443:
3440:
3359:
3356:
3294:Ullevi Stadium
3281:
3278:
3223:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3192:governing body
3190:is the global
3183:
3180:
3166:
3165:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:Vertical Jumps
3080:
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3056:
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3029:
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2976:
2973:
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2929:
2926:Sparkassen Cup
2922:
2919:
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2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:Millrose Games
2897:
2815:Millrose Games
2773:
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2328:
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2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2198:Main article:
2195:
2192:
2165:stem from the
2141:Main article:
2138:
2135:
2084:Main article:
2081:
2078:
2034:Main article:
2031:
2028:
2024:Brian Oldfield
1970:Main article:
1967:
1964:
1951:
1948:
1889:Main article:
1886:
1883:
1819:Main article:
1816:
1813:
1750:Main article:
1747:
1744:
1702:Main article:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1578:
1575:
1478:Main article:
1475:
1472:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1386:, tactics and
1309:Arne Andersson
1254:Arne Andersson
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1225:Donovan Bailey
1102:Main article:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1045:
1028:
1011:
1002:
979:
970:
955:
935:
934:
931:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
901:
896:
893:
843:
840:
836:Diamond League
792:sports science
669:women's sports
545:Crystal Palace
496:public schools
364:Olympic medals
332:ancient Greece
313:
310:
120:that includes
109:
108:
105:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9486:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9459:
9444:
9441:
9440:
9437:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9392:Speed skating
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:Alpine skiing
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:Winter racing
9368:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9337:
9327:
9326:Street racing
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9308:
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9302:
9296:
9293:
9291:
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9121:
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9108:
9104:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9092:Pigeon racing
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9069:Animal racing
9066:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9044:Track cycling
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9034:Gravel racing
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
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8961:
8959:
8955:
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8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8924:Tower running
8922:
8921:
8919:
8915:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8903:Trail running
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8867:Ultramarathon
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:Half marathon
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8841:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
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8808:
8806:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8798:
8797:Track running
8794:
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8774:
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8755:
8754:
8751:
8741:
8737:
8733:
8732:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8702:Multiday race
8700:
8698:
8697:Frame running
8695:
8694:
8692:
8688:
8678:
8677:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8627:Ultramarathon
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8611:
8610:Half marathon
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
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8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8344:
8340:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8328:Swedish relay
8326:
8324:
8321:
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8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
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8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8256:
8252:
8250:
8249:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8239:Long-distance
8236:
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8227:
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7651:
7645:
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7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
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7588:
7584:
7580:
7573:
7565:
7563:9780963145109
7559:
7555:
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7534:
7532:9780316574365
7528:
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7515:
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7461:
7457:
7453:
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7430:
7427:
7422:
7415:
7412:(pp. 79–80).
7411:
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7233:0-7864-1026-4
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7079:(pp. 17–18).
7078:
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7058:archive.today
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6904:IAAF Rule 161
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6823:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6807:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6768:
6762:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6712:
6704:
6698:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6594:
6588:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6559:
6550:
6544:
6528:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6503:
6487:
6483:
6476:
6468:
6462:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6398:
6397:0-300-11529-6
6394:
6390:
6384:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6346:
6340:
6324:
6320:
6313:
6311:
6302:
6296:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6219:
6217:
6209:
6208:0-300-11529-6
6205:
6201:
6195:
6187:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6140:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6090:
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6086:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6065:
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6053:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6037:
6029:
6023:
6007:
6003:
5996:
5988:
5982:
5966:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5938:
5935:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5867:
5861:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5811:
5809:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5720:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5576:
5575:0-300-11529-6
5572:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5551:
5549:0-292-77751-5
5545:
5541:
5540:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5418:
5412:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5313:
5305:
5299:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5226:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5173:
5167:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:Sebastian Coe
5065:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4911:
4905:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4649:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4101:
4100:Running Times
4094:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4070:on 1 May 2010
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3988:2-87772-114-0
3985:
3978:
3972:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3886:
3880:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:Varieties of
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:BALCO Scandal
3698:
3694:
3690:
3689:1984 Olympics
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3317:championships
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3205:running clubs
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3182:Organizations
3179:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3151:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3117:This section
3115:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3001:starter's gun
2997:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2860:In May 2023,
2858:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:javelin throw
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:Francis Field
2648:
2644:
2643:1904 Olympics
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:running track
2620:
2616:
2607:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2574:
2566:
2563:February 2021
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524: –
2523:
2519:
2518:Find sources:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2496:This section
2494:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2380:
2379:Javelin throw
2377:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:100 m hurdles
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2332:
2331:Javelin throw
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:110 m hurdles
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:Sledgehammers
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2152:Yury Shayunou
2149:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:Miklós Németh
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:javelin throw
2097:
2096:javelin throw
2092:
2087:
2086:Javelin throw
2080:Javelin throw
2077:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2045:Zoltán Kővágó
2042:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:Parry O'Brien
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1960:Olympic Games
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:1968 Olympics
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1769:performing a
1768:
1767:Olga Rypakova
1753:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1426:10,000 metres
1423:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:Long-distance
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:Jake Wightman
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Sebastian Coe
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:world records
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1217:Pietro Mennea
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:440 yard dash
1155:
1152:(or 1/8 of a
1151:
1147:
1146:100-yard dash
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:Javelin throw
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:400 m hurdles
993:
992:110 m hurdles
989:
988:100 m hurdles
985:
984:
980:
978:
974:
971:
969:
968:
963:
959:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
941:
937:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
916:Long-distance
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
890:
887:
882:
878:
876:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:world records
773:
769:
765:
764:Sebastian Coe
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Alice Milliat
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
623:
619:
618:1912 Olympics
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
589:Olympic Games
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
528:were held at
527:
522:
517:
513:
509:
508:hare coursing
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:javelin throw
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
387:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
349:
345:
340:
333:
328:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
298:cross country
294:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:running track
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
106:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
57:
52:
46:
43:
36:
34:
19:
9351:Sandboarding
9346:Longboarding
9339:Board racing
9257:Track racing
9237:Beach racing
9210:Truck racing
9153:Motor racing
9087:Horse racing
9077:Camel racing
8958:Orienteering
8898:Fell running
8849:Road running
8830:Steeplechase
8796:
8739:
8722:
8674:
8647:
8614:
8544:
8532:
8479:
8465:
8458:
8444:
8424:Weight throw
8416:
8409:
8402:
8395:
8295:
8283:
8266:One hour run
8253:
8246:
8216:
8184:
8172:
8142:
8118:
8111:
8066:
8047:
8035:
7986:Road running
7975:
7865:. Retrieved
7850:
7838:. Retrieved
7819:
7810:
7800:
7788:. Retrieved
7779:
7769:
7749:
7725:cite journal
7713:. Retrieved
7686:
7680:
7670:
7660:
7644:
7632:. Retrieved
7628:the original
7615:
7582:
7578:
7572:
7548:
7541:
7521:
7514:
7495:
7444:
7421:
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7377:
7367:
7355:. Retrieved
7346:
7337:
7329:The Guardian
7327:
7312:
7302:
7286:
7263:
7245:Les Meetings
7240:
7224:
7219:
7209:
7193:
7181:. Retrieved
7174:the original
7161:
7155:
7143:. Retrieved
7129:
7103:. Retrieved
7098:
7088:
7065:
7046:
7023:
7014:
7005:
6969:. Retrieved
6960:
6951:
6942:
6933:
6900:
6891:
6847:. Retrieved
6838:
6829:
6806:
6794:. Retrieved
6785:
6775:
6749:. Retrieved
6744:
6734:
6711:
6685:. Retrieved
6680:
6670:
6644:. Retrieved
6639:
6629:
6575:. Retrieved
6570:
6531:. Retrieved
6526:
6516:
6490:. Retrieved
6485:
6475:
6449:. Retrieved
6444:
6434:
6422:. Retrieved
6413:
6404:
6388:
6383:
6327:. Retrieved
6322:
6283:. Retrieved
6278:
6268:
6258:
6241:
6199:
6194:
6168:. Retrieved
6163:
6153:
6127:. Retrieved
6122:
6112:
6074:
6059:
6036:
6010:. Retrieved
6005:
5995:
5969:. Retrieved
5964:
5954:
5944:
5928:
5890:
5874:
5848:. Retrieved
5843:
5833:
5797:
5782:
5762:
5754:
5738:
5719:
5675:
5652:
5626:. Retrieved
5621:
5566:
5538:
5531:
5508:
5485:
5399:. Retrieved
5394:
5384:
5374:
5359:
5335:
5312:
5286:. Retrieved
5281:
5271:
5248:
5205:
5195:
5180:
5154:. Retrieved
5149:
5113:
5064:
5045:
5035:
5020:
5010:
4995:
4971:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4927:
4918:
4892:. Retrieved
4887:
4877:
4865:. Retrieved
4856:
4846:
4770:
4761:
4741:
4696:
4673:
4596:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4552:
4543:
4531:. Retrieved
4513:
4501:. Retrieved
4492:
4467:. Retrieved
4452:
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4422:
4412:
4389:
4379:
4364:
4348:
4343:
4326:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4252:
4240:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4193:
4181:. Retrieved
4148:. Retrieved
4134:
4122:. Retrieved
4108:
4099:
4072:. Retrieved
4068:the original
4061:
4033:. Retrieved
4024:
4015:
3994:
3976:
3971:
3951:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3920:
3869:28 September
3867:. Retrieved
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3826:
3812:Road running
3750:
3734:
3705:Marion Jones
3677:doping tests
3661:Soviet Union
3653:East Germany
3646:
3629:
3627:medication.
3600:blood doping
3593:
3588:Marion Jones
3559:
3550:
3546:world record
3538:
3511:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3413:
3382:
3326:) and Asia (
3321:
3298:
3255:
3236:
3211:Competitions
3185:
3176:
3172:track spikes
3169:
3154:
3145:
3130:Please help
3118:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3045:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2986:
2957:
2867:
2859:
2857:since 2016.
2852:
2847:weight throw
2839:
2808:
2789:
2766:steeplechase
2749:hammer throw
2745:discus throw
2730:
2722:landing mats
2695:
2675:polyurethane
2667:Tartan track
2614:
2612:
2569:
2560:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2517:
2505:Please help
2500:verification
2497:
2450:60 m hurdles
2404:60 m hurdles
2326:Discus throw
2262:
2237:
2232:(comprising
2227:
2203:
2188:
2163:hammer throw
2160:
2156:hammer throw
2143:Hammer throw
2137:Hammer throw
2118:
2108:
2101:
2056:discus throw
2053:
2049:discus throw
2036:Discus throw
2030:Discus throw
2012:
2000:steinstossen
1989:
1953:
1940:carbon fibre
1932:
1908:
1871:Fosbury Flop
1867:Dick Fosbury
1859:Western roll
1848:
1840:
1835:Fosbury Flop
1804:
1795:
1776:
1733:
1718:
1670:horse racing
1661:steeplechase
1658:
1626:
1606:
1587:steeplechase
1547:4×800 m
1543:4×200 m
1539:
1532:
1527:medley relay
1504:
1495:
1464:Emil Zátopek
1456:Flying Finns
1453:
1449:pace-setters
1438:
1415:
1381:
1302:
1286:
1282:880 yard run
1263:
1229:head-to-head
1182:
1162:
1126:stadion race
1115:
1088:
1068:
1047:
1039:Hammer throw
1035:Discus throw
983:60 m hurdles
981:
965:
938:
885:
879:
871:
859:steeplechase
851:
824:
820:Marion Jones
808:Soviet Union
800:East Germany
784:East Germany
760:Sergey Bubka
753:
722:
709:Kinue Hitomi
679:(WAAA), the
657:
626:
586:
567:
561:
535:In 1865, Dr
534:
530:Much Wenlock
521:Steeplechase
500:horse racing
488:sports clubs
473:
457:hammer throw
445:weight throw
430:
422:discus throw
402:competitions
395:
370:for playing
306:road running
295:
284:
275:
271:
249:
170:
165:
161:
157:
146:road running
113:
112:
71:Team members
45:
35:(video game)
32:
9361:Street luge
9180:Kart racing
9170:Drag racing
9162:Auto racing
9029:Cyclo-cross
8929:Racewalking
8481:Triple jump
7991:Racewalking
7790:26 December
7500:Kim Collins
7145:6 September
7028:About USATF
6849:25 December
5364:The Relays!
4503:19 November
4433:16 November
3980:(in French)
3807:Racewalking
3745:racewalking
3693:Ben Johnson
3657:Marita Koch
3621:Kim Collins
3474:Golden Four
3420:Asian Games
3340:high school
3270:racewalking
3073:Field rules
3018:false start
2954:Track rules
2874:racewalking
2702:triple jump
2113:Scandinavia
1992:Middle Ages
1911:Fierljeppen
1771:triple jump
1752:Triple jump
1746:Triple jump
1713:Naide Gomes
1650:low hurdles
1607:Races with
1563:Scandinavia
1474:Relay races
1460:Paavo Nurmi
1445:Saïd Aouita
1337:Steve Ovett
1305:Gunder Hägg
1278:3000 metres
1270:1500 metres
1258:Gunder Hägg
1256:(left) and
1205:high school
1174:lactic acid
1018:Triple jump
863:relay races
828:prize money
816:Ben Johnson
745:Soviet Bloc
516:Paper Chase
504:fox hunting
465:fierljeppen
437:Middle Ages
398:prehistoric
245:relay races
201:triple jump
185:racewalking
154:racewalking
9458:Categories
9311:Air racing
9252:Rally raid
9054:BMX racing
8908:Skyrunning
8820:Relay race
8557:Icosathlon
8534:Heptathlon
8460:Pole vault
8308:4 × 1500 m
7388:3 November
6424:5 February
5892:The Herald
4035:3 February
3964:0195041267
3818:References
3765:caber toss
3637:drug tests
3612:stimulants
3422:, and the
3403:, and the
3374:pole vault
3362:See also:
3251:100 metres
3215:See also:
3055:The finish
2821:, and the
2792:gymnasiums
2776:See also:
2762:water jump
2718:pole vault
2714:plasticine
2533:newspapers
2419:Pole vault
2316:Pole vault
2179:blacksmith
2008:round shot
2004:cannonball
1936:fibreglass
1919:gymnastics
1904:pole vault
1891:Pole vault
1885:Pole vault
1796:geal-ruith
1682:water jump
1480:Relay race
1468:Ron Clarke
1341:Steve Cram
1266:800 metres
1233:Usain Bolt
1213:150 metres
1209:collegiate
1201:500 metres
1138:400 metres
1080:, and the
1054:Heptathlon
1049:Pentathlon
1026:Pole vault
875:pole vault
846:See also:
756:Carl Lewis
622:amateurism
614:Jim Thorpe
461:pole vault
390:Carl Lewis
379:amateurism
360:Jim Thorpe
316:See also:
278:), is the
233:heptathlon
229:pentathlon
209:pole vault
40:See also:
9428:Aquathlon
9418:Triathlon
9242:Motocross
8996:Rogaining
8805:Sprinting
8738:shown in
8546:Decathlon
8540:Octathlon
8528:Hexathlon
8467:Long jump
8446:High jump
8303:4 × 800 m
8297:4 × 400 m
8291:4 × 200 m
8285:4 × 100 m
8229:Two miles
7962:Athletics
7830:BBC Sport
7813:. London.
7811:The Times
7183:13 August
5787:High Jump
5680:long jump
5185:Athletics
5080:BBC Sport
5037:The Times
5012:The Times
4734:BBC Sport
3958:. p. 37.
3616:diuretics
3319:in 1990.
3148:June 2023
3119:does not
3100:Equipment
2994:4 × 400 m
2990:4 × 100 m
2800:60 metres
2737:straights
2726:high jump
2698:long jump
2659:synthetic
2613:The term
2460:High jump
2455:Long jump
2437:(indoor)
2414:High jump
2409:Long jump
2388:(indoor)
2365:High jump
2360:Long jump
2311:High jump
2306:Long jump
2244:wrestling
2242:race and
2234:long jump
2207:decathlon
1996:stone put
1837:technique
1831:high jump
1821:High jump
1815:High jump
1704:Long jump
1698:Long jump
1668:found in
1434:Marathons
1388:endurance
1373:Josh Kerr
1298:endurance
1185:60 metres
1058:Decathlon
1022:High jump
1014:Long jump
768:Zola Budd
655:in 1934.
441:stone put
426:wrestling
414:long jump
362:lost his
237:decathlon
205:high jump
197:long jump
166:athletics
158:athletics
124:based on
80:Mixed-sex
9423:Duathlon
9397:Sledding
9135:Climbing
9107:Swimming
8862:Marathon
8825:Hurdling
8616:Marathon
8503:Combined
8487:standing
8473:standing
8452:standing
8397:Shot put
8369:20,000 m
8364:10,000 m
8313:4 × mile
8261:20,000 m
8255:10,000 m
8197:One mile
8055:straight
7917:Archived
7861:Archived
7834:Archived
7784:Archived
7709:Archived
7653:Archived
7607:32029739
7599:23343717
7503:Archived
7480:Archived
7452:Archived
7429:Archived
7406:Archived
7382:Archived
7351:Archived
7347:iaaf.org
7320:Archived
7295:Archived
7271:Archived
7248:Archived
7202:Archived
7139:Archived
7115:cite web
7073:Archived
7054:Archived
7031:Archived
6965:Archived
6881:Archived
6843:Archived
6814:Archived
6790:Archived
6761:cite web
6719:Archived
6697:cite web
6656:cite web
6614:Archived
6587:cite web
6543:cite web
6502:cite web
6461:cite web
6418:Archived
6368:Archived
6339:cite web
6295:cite web
6251:Archived
6226:Archived
6180:cite web
6139:cite web
6097:Archived
6067:Archived
6064:Shot put
6044:Archived
6022:cite web
5981:cite web
5937:Archived
5913:Archived
5883:Archived
5860:cite web
5818:Archived
5790:Archived
5771:Archived
5747:Archived
5727:Archived
5704:Archived
5660:Archived
5638:cite web
5593:Archived
5516:Archived
5493:Archived
5470:Archived
5440:Archived
5411:cite web
5367:Archived
5344:Archived
5320:Archived
5298:cite web
5256:Archived
5233:Archived
5188:Archived
5166:cite web
5121:Archived
5098:Archived
5072:Archived
5053:Archived
5028:Archived
5003:Archived
4980:Archived
4956:Archived
4932:Archived
4904:cite web
4861:Archived
4831:Archived
4801:Archived
4777:Archived
4750:Archived
4726:Archived
4704:Archived
4681:Archived
4658:Archived
4632:Archived
4604:Archived
4581:Archived
4557:Archived
4527:Archived
4497:Archived
4463:Archived
4427:Archived
4397:Archived
4373:Archived
4335:43611530
4296:Archived
4277:Archived
4236:Archived
4204:Archived
4202:. IAAF.
4177:Archived
4144:Archived
4118:Archived
4074:25 March
4029:Archived
4004:Archived
3936:3 August
3930:Archived
3905:Archived
3879:cite web
3836:Archived
3775:See also
3769:keg toss
3482:Brussels
3452:Cambodia
3442:Meetings
3334:and the
3266:marathon
3199:and the
2975:Starting
2924:4×100m (
2918:2 miles.
2888:and the
2843:Shot put
2754:shot put
2691:football
2681:and the
2619:stadiums
2479:Stadiums
2467:Shot put
2424:Shot put
2372:Shot put
2321:Shot put
2217:and the
2121:Bud Held
2065:pedestal
1985:shot put
1972:Shot put
1966:Shot put
1950:Throwing
1851:Scissors
1843:Scotland
1725:Halteres
1583:Hurdling
1577:Hurdling
1517:and the
1325:Jim Ryun
1274:mile run
1031:Shot put
977:10,000 m
855:hurdling
788:Cold War
699:and the
608:open to
597:marathon
562:de facto
492:Classics
453:shot put
372:baseball
344:hurdling
302:marathon
291:national
262:and the
213:shot put
189:hurdling
134:throwing
97:Presence
8944:Parkour
8788:Running
8740:italics
8636:Walking
8573:Running
8516:women's
8418:Javelin
8342:Walking
8084:Hurdles
8008:Sprints
7900:at the
7867:22 July
7840:22 July
7715:22 July
7705:9216474
7634:7 April
7357:22 July
7105:6 April
6796:8 March
5401:9 April
5288:9 April
5215:Reuters
5156:7 April
4894:5 April
4533:22 July
4469:22 July
4242:22 July
4210:22 July
4183:22 July
4150:22 July
4124:22 July
3842:22 July
3521:Records
3344:college
3239:Olympic
3140:removed
3125:sources
2921:5,000m.
2915:2,000m.
2912:1 mile.
2909:1,000m.
2768:races.
2712:with a
2706:sandpit
2655:cinders
2586:Outdoor
2547:scholar
2239:stadion
2171:chariot
2098:athlete
2054:In the
1923:Cumbria
1915:Frisian
1773:in 2012
1729:sandpit
1693:Jumping
1609:hurdles
1511:pennant
1507:firemen
1492:in 1950
1490:Leipzig
1441:stamina
1377:British
1357:Morocco
1349:Algeria
1290:aerobic
1150:furlong
1118:sprints
1098:Sprints
1069:italics
933:Throws
921:Hurdles
906:Sprints
774:. Many
376:Olympic
350:in 1888
346:at the
312:History
217:javelin
193:athlete
177:middle-
173:sprints
130:jumping
126:running
103:Olympic
9048:Keirin
8872:Ekiden
8780:Racing
8670:100 km
8622:Ekiden
8521:throws
8411:Hammer
8404:Discus
8389:Throws
8359:5000 m
8354:3000 m
8276:Relays
8248:5000 m
8224:3200 m
8212:3000 m
8202:2000 m
8192:1600 m
8186:1500 m
8180:1000 m
7965:events
7757:
7703:
7605:
7597:
7560:
7529:
7231:
6751:12 May
6687:12 May
6646:12 May
6577:11 May
6533:11 May
6492:11 May
6451:11 May
6395:
6329:11 May
6285:11 May
6206:
6170:11 May
6129:11 May
6012:10 May
5971:10 May
5850:10 May
5628:10 May
5573:
5546:
4938:8 June
4867:8 June
4563:8 June
4355:
4333:
3986:
3962:
3625:asthma
3569:Doping
3486:Berlin
3478:Zürich
3430:, and
3395:, the
2899:500m (
2865:2024.
2772:Indoor
2758:sector
2741:sector
2724:. The
2599:Athens
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2520:
2399:1000 m
2296:1500 m
2275:Field
2272:Track
2269:Event
2109:ankyle
1927:Bamboo
1424:, and
1375:(both
1371:, and
1365:Norway
1323:, and
1199:, and
1178:oxygen
1136:, and
973:5000 m
967:3000 m
962:1500 m
930:Jumps
926:Relays
895:Field
892:Track
842:Events
812:Russia
806:, the
689:London
560:, the
556:. The
510:. The
449:Celtic
381:rules.
304:, and
300:, the
256:Greece
225:hammer
223:, and
221:discus
207:, and
187:, and
132:, and
9304:Other
8917:Other
8690:Other
8665:50 mi
8660:50 km
8655:35 km
8649:20 km
8643:10 km
8605:25 km
8600:20 km
8595:10 mi
8590:15 km
8585:10 km
8438:Jumps
8382:Field
8174:800 m
8168:600 m
8163:500 m
8144:400 m
8138:300 m
8126:200 m
8120:110 m
8113:100 m
8074:440 y
8068:400 m
8062:300 m
8049:200 m
8043:150 m
8037:100 m
8031:100 y
8000:Track
7624:(PDF)
7603:S2CID
7279:USATF
7177:(PDF)
7166:(PDF)
7099:About
7039:USATF
6971:2 May
6745:About
6681:About
6640:About
6571:About
6527:About
6486:About
6445:About
6414:DLGSC
6323:About
6279:About
6164:About
6123:About
6006:About
5965:About
5844:About
5622:About
5395:About
5282:About
5150:About
4888:About
4405:USATF
4331:JSTOR
4102:: 28.
3863:About
3614:, or
2906:600m.
2896:300m.
2631:field
2554:JSTOR
2540:books
2445:800 m
2350:800 m
2345:200 m
2291:400 m
2286:100 m
1688:Field
1533:In a
1499:baton
1227:went
1093:Track
958:800 m
953:400 m
949:200 m
945:100 m
867:baton
804:China
287:world
118:sport
116:is a
92:Sport
8580:5 km
8566:Road
8349:Mile
8107:80 m
8102:60 m
8097:55 m
8092:50 m
8026:60 m
8021:55 m
8016:50 m
7869:2019
7842:2019
7792:2021
7755:ISBN
7731:link
7717:2019
7701:PMID
7636:2010
7595:PMID
7558:ISBN
7527:ISBN
7488:IAAF
7437:IAAF
7414:IAAF
7390:2017
7359:2019
7229:ISBN
7185:2014
7147:2015
7121:link
7107:2010
7081:IAAF
6973:2010
6851:2023
6822:IAAF
6798:2011
6767:link
6753:2010
6727:IAAF
6703:link
6689:2010
6662:link
6648:2010
6622:IAAF
6593:link
6579:2010
6549:link
6535:2010
6508:link
6494:2010
6467:link
6453:2010
6426:2021
6393:ISBN
6376:IAAF
6345:link
6331:2010
6301:link
6287:2010
6234:IAAF
6204:ISBN
6186:link
6172:2010
6145:link
6131:2010
6105:IAAF
6028:link
6014:2010
5987:link
5973:2010
5921:IAAF
5866:link
5852:2010
5826:IAAF
5712:IAAF
5668:IAAF
5644:link
5630:2010
5601:IAAF
5571:ISBN
5544:ISBN
5524:IAAF
5501:IAAF
5478:IAAF
5448:IAAF
5417:link
5403:2010
5352:IAAF
5328:IAAF
5304:link
5290:2010
5264:IAAF
5241:IAAF
5172:link
5158:2010
5129:IAAF
5106:IAAF
4988:IAAF
4940:2023
4910:link
4896:2010
4869:2023
4839:IAAF
4809:IAAF
4689:IAAF
4666:IAAF
4640:IAAF
4612:IAAF
4589:IAAF
4565:2023
4535:2019
4523:IAAF
4505:2018
4471:2019
4435:2020
4353:ISBN
4262:ESPN
4244:2019
4212:2019
4185:2019
4152:2019
4126:2019
4076:2010
4063:IAAF
4037:2024
3984:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3938:2009
3885:link
3871:2014
3844:2019
3767:and
3759:and
3723:and
3707:and
3667:, a
3577:and
3512:The
3490:Oslo
3488:and
3409:1932
3401:1930
3393:1923
3372:The
3342:and
3311:and
3288:The
3268:and
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