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parents that helped them live a life better than those of other slave descendants in the West Indies. Gladwell also explains that, in the 18th century, a white plantation owner in
Jamaica bought a female slave and made her his mistress. This act inadvertently saved the slave and her offspring from a life of brutal servitude. As one of the slave's descendants, this turn of luck led to Gladwell's relatively successful position in life. Summarizing the publication, Gladwell notes that success "is not exceptional or mysterious. It is grounded in a web of advantages and inheritances, some deserved, some not, some earned, some just plain lucky", and at the end of the book, he remarks, "
490:, Gladwell interviews Gates, who says that unique access to a computer as early as 1968 when they were not commonplace helped him succeed. Without that access, Gladwell states that Gates would still be "a highly intelligent, driven, charming person and a successful professional", but that he might not be worth US$ 50 billion. Gladwell explains that reaching the 10,000-Hour Rule, which he considers the key to success in any field, is simply a matter of practicing a specific task that can be accomplished with 20 hours of work a week for 10 years. He also notes that he himself took exactly 10 years to meet the 10,000-Hour Rule, during his brief tenure at
371:, Gladwell spent time looking for research that made claims that were contrary to what he considered to be popularly held beliefs. In one of the book's chapters, in which Gladwell focuses on the American public school system, he used research conducted by university sociologist Karl Alexander that suggested that "the way in which education is discussed in the United States is backward". In another chapter, Gladwell cites pioneering research performed by Canadian psychologist Roger Barnsley when discussing how the birthdate of a young hockey player can determine their skill level in the future.
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practice times. In their paper, they note regarding the 10,000-hour rule that "This view is a frequent topic of popular-science writing" but "we conducted a meta-analysis covering all major domains in which deliberate practice has been investigated. We found that deliberate practice explained 26% of the variance in performance for games, 21% for music, 18% for sports, 4% for education, and less than 1% for professions. We conclude that deliberate practice is important, but not as important as has been argued".
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586:, demonstrating that summer holidays have a detrimental effect on students of disadvantaged backgrounds, who paradoxically progress more during the school year than students from the highest socioeconomic group. Gladwell discusses how Appalachian and Scottish culture both have a history of violent feuds. This is caused by the need for constant vigilance to guard livestock from rustlers – something not required of lowland farmers who grow mostly crops instead of livestock.
378:, he hopes to show that there are a lot more variables involved in an individual's success than society cares to admit, and he wants people to "move away from the notion that everything that happens to a person is up to that person". Gladwell noted that, although there was little that could be done with regard to a person's fate, society can still impact the "man"-affected part of an individual's success. When asked what message he wanted people to take away after reading
534:'s was 150). Gladwell points out that Langan has not reached a high level of success because of the destitute, dysfunctional environment in which he grew up. With no one in Langan's life and nothing in his background to help him take advantage of his exceptional gifts, he had to find success by himself. "No one—not rock stars, not professional athletes, not software billionaires, and not even geniuses—ever makes it alone", writes Gladwell.
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concept that "you have to be born at the right moment; at the right place; to the right family (posh usually helps); and then you have to work really, really hard. That's about it." He was also skeptical towards
Gladwell's arguments for the 10,000-Hour Rule by countering that the Beatles' success had more to do with "the youthful spirit of the age, the vogue for guitar bands and a spark of collaborative chemistry". Regarding the book,
749:, accusing Gladwell of "journalistic malpractice". The blog accuses Gladwell of "stacking the deck" against Korean pilots by listing irrelevant air crashes from KAL's history, as well as truncating the pilots' conversation to suit his book's conclusion. The piece accuses Gladwell of "culturalism", a concept similar to racism, in suggesting that Koreans are inherently prone to air crashes because of their communication style.
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428:: "It's not enough to ask what successful people are like. It is only by asking where they are from that we can unravel the logic behind who succeeds and who doesn't." Throughout the publication, he discusses how family, culture, and friendship each play a role in an individual's success, and he constantly asks whether successful people deserve the praise that we give them.
729:, the experiments, analyses, and conclusions drawn are too mechanically applied to historical or cultural phenomena to "create a cognitive 'gotcha' moment", that Gladwell's analytical method was no longer working, and that "it's high time for Gladwell to produce something more challenging than his beautifully executed tomb robberies of old sociology papers." Boyd Tonkin in
313:'s infomercial empire to computers that analyze pop songs". His familiarity with academic material has allowed him to write about "psychology experiments, sociological studies, law articles, statistical surveys of plane crashes and classical musicians and hockey players", which he converts into prose accessible to a general audience and which sometimes pass as
582:(KIPP) which helps students from about 50 inner-city schools across the United States achieve much better results than other inner-city schools' students and explains that their success stems from the fact that they simply spent more hours at school during the school year and the summer. Gladwell also analyzes a five-year study done by Karl Alexander of
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league as those born on
December 31 in the same year. Because children born earlier in the year are statistically larger and more physically mature than their younger competitors, and they are often identified as better athletes, this leads to extra coaching and a higher likelihood of being selected for elite hockey leagues. This phenomenon in which "
250:. Throughout the publication, Gladwell repeatedly mentions the "10,000-Hour Rule", claiming that the key to achieving world-class expertise in any skill, is, to a large extent, a matter of practicing the correct way, for a total of around 10,000 hours, though the authors of the original study have disputed Gladwell's usage.
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Case
Western Reserve University's assistant professor of psychology Brooke N. Macnamara and colleagues have subsequently performed a comprehensive review of 9,331 research papers about practice relating to acquiring skills. They focused specifically on 88 papers that collected and recorded data about
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for
Gladwell because of his oversimplification of complex sociological phenomena to "compact, pithy explanations". Furthermore, he praised the book for asking some important questions, such as "How much potential out there is being ignored? How much raw talent remains uncultivated and ultimately lost
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a "more personal book than its predecessors", noting, "If you hold it up to the light, at the right angle, you can read it as a coded autobiography: a successful man trying to figure out his own context, how success happened to him and what it means." He also surmised that
Gladwell feels guilty about
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was an argument between
Gladwell and himself, referring to the many times that he uses the word "we" when defining his position, such as in the example: "There is something profoundly wrong with the way we look at success. ... We cling to the idea that success is a simple function of individual
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in London, where she met and fell in love with Graham
Gladwell, a young mathematician. After moving together to Canada, Graham became a math professor and Joyce a writer and therapist. While Gladwell acknowledges his mother's ambition and intelligence, he also points out opportunities offered to his
364:. Gladwell was drawn to writing about singular things after he discovered that "they always made the best stories". Convinced that the most unusual stories had the best chance of reaching the front page of a newspaper, he was "quickly weaned off the notion that should be interested in the mundane".
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review by Kevin
Jackson agreed that the book itself suffered from an unbalanced focus on American subjects, predicting that this would lead to better sales in the United States than in the United Kingdom. Jackson was disappointed in the book's lack of new ideas, noting that it merely expands on the
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The book begins with the observation that a disproportionate number of elite
Canadian hockey players are born in the earlier months of the calendar year. The reason behind this is that since youth hockey leagues determine eligibility by the calendar year, children born on January 1 play in the same
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I've read the book. I think there is a lot of truth in it I mean there were an awful lot of bands that were out in Hamburg who put in 10,000 hours and didn't make it, so it's not a cast-iron theory. I think, however, when you look at a group who has been successful... I think you always will find
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merit and that the world in which we grow up and the rules we choose to write as a society don't matter at all." He also believed that there was a "certain one-dimensional Americanness at work", observing that many of Gladwell's examples are from the United States, particularly in New York City.
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In the next chapter, Gladwell explains the fact that Asians are good at mathematics by correlating it to rice agriculture, particularly the fact that rice cultivation requires more work ethic, discipline, and longer hours than Western wheat agriculture, and East Asian school systems have shorter
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in Canada on November 28, 2008, holding the position on the former for eleven consecutive weeks. Between June 2011, when the paperback version was released, and February 2017, the book made the New York Times bestseller list for paperback nonfiction 232 times. As in his other books, Gladwell's
483:, as claiming "So by the time they returned to England from Hamburg, Germany, 'they sounded like no one else. It was the making of them.'" Gates met the 10,000-Hour Rule when he gained access to a high school computer in 1968 at the age of 13, and spent 10,000 hours programming on it.
578:. In chapter nine, Marita's Bargain, Gladwell advances the notion that the success of students of different cultures or different socio-economic backgrounds is in fact highly correlated to the time students spent in school or in educationally rich environments. He describes the
278:, finding it important to determine how much individual potential is ignored by society. However, the lessons learned were considered anticlimactic and dispiriting. The writing style, though deemed easy to understand, was criticized for oversimplifying complex social phenomena.
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Gladwell notes how many of the richest men in history were fortunate to come of age during decades of technological boom, or be born at times of low birth rates when universities and job opportunities were more open to applicants. Later, Gladwell compares Langan with
479:, Germany over 1,200 times from 1960 to 1964, amassing more than 10,000 hours of playing time, therefore meeting the 10,000-Hour Rule. Gladwell asserts that all of the time the Beatles spent performing shaped their talent, and quotes a Beatles' biographer,
679:, praised Gladwell's writing style as "iconic", and asserted that "many new nonfiction authors seek to define themselves as the 'Malcolm Gladwell of' their chosen topic." He complimented its clarity and easy grace, but also pointed to these as possible
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which enabled a small, close-knit town in Pennsylvania to have almost no history of heart disease, substance abuse, or societal ills, seemingly due to the supportive, comforting social environment of its Italian-descended population. The remainder of
546:. Noting that they typify innate natural abilities that should have helped them both succeed in life, Gladwell argues that Oppenheimer's upbringing made a pivotal difference in his life. Oppenheimer grew up in one of the wealthiest neighborhoods in
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represents a squandered opportunity for Gladwell—himself an outlier, an enormously talented and influential writer and the descendant of an African slave—to make a major contribution to our ongoing discourse about nature, nurture, and race."
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he attempted to poison one of his tutors. He avoided punishment, and continued his studies by using the skills gained from his cultivated upbringing in his negotiation with the university's administrators, who had wanted to expel him.
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Reemphasizing his theme, Gladwell continuously reminds the reader that genius is not the only or even the most important thing when determining a person's success. Using an anecdote to illustrate his claim, he discusses the story of
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deals with exceptional people, especially those who are smart, rich, and successful, and those who operate at the extreme outer edge of what is statistically plausible. The book offers examples that include the musical ensemble
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felt like an autobiography. Reviews praised the connection that Gladwell draws between his own background and the rest of the publication to conclude the book. Reviewers also appreciated the questions posed by
382:, Gladwell responded, "What we do as a community, as a society, for each other, matters as much as what we do for ourselves. It sounds a little trite, but there's a powerful amount of truth in that, I think."
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argues that these opportunities gave Oppenheimer the chance to develop the practical intelligence necessary for success. Gladwell then provides an anecdote: When Oppenheimer was a student at the
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MacNamara, Brooke N.; Hambrick, David Z.; Oswald, Frederick L. (2014). "Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis".
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Gladwell discusses how airline crashes can result from miscommunication between pilots and the control tower. The deferential culture of some ethnic groups can make those pilots
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Criticism focused on the book's style and oversimplified conceptualizations. Displeased with Gladwell's generalizations drawn from small amounts of data, Roger Gathman wrote in
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gave the book four out of five stars and appreciated its "Aha!" moments, but wondered if Gladwell purposely omits evidence that contradicts his thesis. The review remarked that
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explains "what happens during the first two seconds we encounter something, before we actually start to think". All Gladwell's books focus on singularities: singular events in
475:. Gladwell claims that greatness requires enormous time, using the source of the Beatles' musical talents and Gates' computer savvy as examples. The Beatles performed live in
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was particularly moved by Gladwell's family history. He felt that the links between race and achievement were given substantive analysis, but found the lessons mentioned in
803:"impervious to all forms of critical thinking". Author Ulrich Boser criticized the 10,000 hour rule, pointing out that people do not necessarily get superbly good at
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has two parts: "Part One: Opportunity" contains five chapters, and "Part Two: Legacy" has four. The book also contains an Introduction and Epilogue. Focusing on
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asserts that success depends on the idiosyncrasies of the selection process used to identify talent just as much as it does on the athletes' natural abilities.
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While writing the book, Gladwell noted that "the biggest misconception about success is that we do it solely on our smarts, ambition, hustle and hard work." In
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that amount of work in the background. But I don't think it's a rule that if you do that amount of work, you're going to be as successful as the Beatles.
448:: "For unto everyone that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance. But from him, that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath."
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that this was uncharacteristic of him, and believed that the approach points to a "certain exhaustion in his favorite method". He remarked that in
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889:"Training history, deliberate practise and elite sports performance: an analysis in response to Tucker and Collins review—what makes champions?"
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has been described as a form of autobiography, as Gladwell mixes in elements from his own life into the book to give it a more personal touch.
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206:, Gladwell examines the factors that contribute to high levels of success. To support his thesis, he examines why the majority of Canadian
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held a similar opinion, and wondered why Gladwell "does not yet hold a tenured professorship at the University of the Bleedin' Obvious".
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463:, Malcolm Gladwell interviews Bill Gates and focuses on the opportunities given to him throughout his life that have led to his success.
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summer recesses than Americans. The pattern of words for counting numbers is more logical in Asian languages than western languages.
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was repetitive in parts, but that Gladwell eventually pulls the stories together into an overarching narrative.
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became one of the most successful musical acts in human history, how two people with exceptional intelligence—
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his success and believes that Christopher Langan should have experienced the same success that he had.
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because we cling to outmoded ideas of what success looks like and what is required to achieve it?"
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was considered more personal than Gladwell's other works, and some reviews commented on how much
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wasn't intended as autobiography. But you could read it as an extended apology for my success."
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Gathman, Roger (2008-11-16). "Malcolm Gladwell's 'Outliers': well-written, thinly argued".
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to be "oddly anticlimactic, even dispiriting". His contribution concluded by remarking, "
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despite huge amounts of practice performing those activities. Boser said that
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Before the book concludes, Gladwell writes about the unique roots of his
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1090:"Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers opens with tale about Vancouver Giants"
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players are born in the first few months of the calendar year, how
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into one of the most successful law firms in the world, and how
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Hutchison, Al (2008-12-14). "'Outliers' Will Make You Think".
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mother, Joyce, a descendant of African slaves. Joyce attended
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1050:"Malcolm Gladwell's 'Success' defines 'outlier' achievement"
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provided suggestions on how to resolve cultural biases, the
336:(2005). Both books have been described as "pop economics".
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The book debuted at number one on the bestseller lists for
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reluctant to convey imminent danger to ground controllers
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1271:"Hardcover Nonfiction for the week of February 12, 2009"
1246:"Hardcover Nonfiction for the week of November 28, 2008"
424:. In the introduction, Gladwell lays out the purpose of
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wrote, "The reasoning in 'Outliers,' which consists of
1560:- April 11, 2017 (podcast interview with Ulrich Boser)
1575:"Outliers: The Story of Success by Malcolm Gladwell"
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1371:"Gladwell's Outliers: Timing is Almost Everything"
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799:, Isaac Chotiner called the final two chapters of
645:debuted at number one on the bestseller lists for
522:, a man who ended up owning a horse farm in rural
1420:"Book Of The Week: Outliers, By Malcolm Gladwell"
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230:—end up with such vastly different fortunes, how
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1121:. Little, Brown and Company. pp. VII–IX.
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1450:"Culturalism, Gladwell, and Airplane Crashes"
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1003:"Outliers: Malcolm Gladwell's Success Story"
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390:In his introduction, Gladwell discusses the
1599:"INTERVIEW: Paul McCartney heads to Canada"
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434:the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
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1221:Outliers: The Story of Success (Hardcover)
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1480:"Stating the obvious, but oh so cleverly"
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673:David A. Shaywitz, reviewing the book in
340:focuses on how ideas and behaviors reach
324:, Gladwell wrote two best-selling books:
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467:A common theme that appears throughout
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1505:"Malcolm Gladwell, Eclectic Detective"
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348:rapidly grew popular in the 1990s.
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1346:"Paperback Nonfiction Bestsellers"
1321:"Paperback Nonfiction Bestsellers"
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887:Ericsson, K. Anders (2012-10-01).
854:Sociologist Shayne Lee referenced
687:In a discussion about the book in
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1157:Shaywitz, David A. (2008-11-15).
769:In an article about the book for
218:achieved his extreme wealth, how
741:posted a detailed assessment of
552:Ethical Culture Fieldston School
420:, and the theoretical physicist
1903:Little, Brown and Company books
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1169:from the original on 2015-03-13
1048:Donahue, Deirdre (2008-11-18).
242:play a large part in perceived
1528:Chotiner, Isaac (2009-01-29).
1224:. Little, Brown and Co. 2008.
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317:into the popular imagination.
297:Gladwell was a journalist for
187:Outliers: The Story of Success
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1573:Jackson, Kevin (2008-11-23).
1503:Pinker, Steven (2009-11-07).
1088:Smith, Charlie (2008-12-05).
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858:in his opinion editorial for
722:The Austin American-Statesman
530:of 195 (Gladwell claims that
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16:2008 book by Malcolm Gladwell
1478:Cowley, Jason (2008-11-23).
1377:. 2008-11-20. Archived from
955:Bowman, Donna (2008-11-18).
905:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091767
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1417:Tonkin, Boyd (2008-11-21).
1196:"A Squandered Opportunity?"
1194:Horgan, John (2008-11-13).
1001:Wadman, Bill (2008-11-13).
899:(9): bjsports–2012–091767.
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1159:"The Elements of Success"
651:in the United States and
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202:on November 18, 2008. In
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1558:The Science Of Learning
1296:"Hardcover Bestsellers"
1163:The Wall Street Journal
826:Finding it ironic that
789:, had me gnawing on my
676:The Wall Street Journal
564:University of Cambridge
293:author Malcolm Gladwell
50:Audio read by
1898:Books about creativity
1893:2008 non-fiction books
864:Martin Luther King Jr.
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641:on November 18, 2008,
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493:The American Spectator
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356:, singular moments in
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1913:Popular science books
1626:Psychological Science
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747:1997 Korean Air crash
511:J. Robert Oppenheimer
509:Gladwell argues that
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422:J. Robert Oppenheimer
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228:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1842:Talking to Strangers
1094:The Georgia Straight
1013:on November 21, 2008
542:, the father of the
240:cultural differences
1869:Revisionist History
1381:on December 5, 2008
499:The Washington Post
303:before writing for
300:The Washington Post
21:
1695:2017-07-02 at the
1509:The New York Times
1350:The New York Times
1325:The New York Times
1300:The Globe and Mail
1275:The New York Times
1250:The New York Times
957:"Malcolm Gladwell"
862:that commemorated
793:." In a review in
771:The New York Times
654:The Globe and Mail
648:The New York Times
595:University College
526:despite having an
520:Christopher Langan
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262:The Globe and Mail
256:The New York Times
224:Christopher Langan
179:BF637.S8 G533 2008
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1834:David and Goliath
1802:The Tipping Point
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1737:Succeeded by
1128:978-0-316-01792-3
1075:The Tampa Tribune
815:, whether from a
787:false dichotomies
556:Central Park West
446:Gospel of Matthew
354:The Tipping Point
338:The Tipping Point
327:The Tipping Point
198:and published by
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112:Publication place
107:November 18, 2008
61:Allison J. Warner
58:Cover artist
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1850:The Bomber Mafia
1826:What the Dog Saw
1787:Malcolm Gladwell
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1706:Preceded by
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1538:the original
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1484:The Guardian
1483:
1458:. Retrieved
1454:Ask a Korean
1453:
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1433:. Retrieved
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1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1375:BusinessWeek
1374:
1365:
1354:. Retrieved
1352:. 2017-02-19
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1329:. Retrieved
1327:. 2011-06-26
1324:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1302:. 2009-01-09
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1279:. Retrieved
1277:. 2009-02-12
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1254:. Retrieved
1252:. 2008-11-28
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1011:the original
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833:Sunday Times
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756:
753:Jason Cowley
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1727:Best Seller
1716:Artie Lange
805:handwriting
781:anecdotes,
695:John Horgan
668:anecdotally
544:atomic bomb
540:Oppenheimer
410:the Beatles
330:(2000) and
232:Joseph Flom
220:the Beatles
214:co-founder
192:non-fiction
87:Non-fiction
1887:Categories
1647:1911/76260
1584:2009-01-16
1544:2010-07-19
1514:2010-07-05
1489:2009-01-14
1460:28 October
1435:2009-01-16
1385:2009-01-16
1356:2017-06-20
1331:2017-06-20
1306:2009-01-14
1281:2010-03-17
1256:2009-01-14
1205:2009-01-13
1173:2020-06-01
1099:2010-06-18
1059:2009-01-12
1017:2009-01-12
966:2009-01-12
874:References
693:magazine,
664:fallacious
418:Bill Gates
282:Background
216:Bill Gates
208:ice hockey
78:Psychology
34:book cover
1785:Works by
1747:Joe Torre
1579:The Times
1054:USA Today
913:0306-3674
743:Outliers'
633:Reception
624:, called
548:Manhattan
414:Microsoft
212:Microsoft
132:audiobook
129:paperback
92:Publisher
20:Outliers
1861:Podcasts
1818:Outliers
1693:Archived
1656:24986855
1603:CBC News
1429:Archived
1167:Archived
1117:Outliers
921:23111333
868:Outliers
856:Outliers
828:Outliers
813:feedback
801:Outliers
783:post-hoc
763:Outliers
727:Outliers
714:Outliers
703:Outliers
699:Outliers
660:Outliers
643:Outliers
626:Outliers
622:magazine
611:Outliers
600:Outliers
591:Jamaican
560:Outliers
532:Einstein
524:Missouri
488:Outliers
469:Outliers
461:Outliers
450:Outliers
426:Outliers
405:Outliers
401:outliers
397:Outliers
386:Synopsis
380:Outliers
376:Outliers
369:Outliers
362:Outliers
322:Outliers
291:Outliers
276:Outliers
271:Outliers
267:Outliers
204:Outliers
143:304 (A5)
126:Hardback
66:Language
32:Outliers
1690:Summary
1664:1367517
929:2890412
860:CNN.com
809:driving
477:Hamburg
320:Before
74:Subject
69:English
1853:(2021)
1845:(2019)
1837:(2013)
1829:(2009)
1821:(2008)
1813:(2005)
1805:(2000)
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791:Kindle
234:built
167:302 22
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1810:Blink
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1660:S2CID
1200:Slate
925:S2CID
821:tutor
817:coach
690:Slate
606:Style
358:Blink
350:Blink
333:Blink
315:memes
190:is a
140:Pages
84:Genre
1652:PMID
1611:2011
1462:2021
1226:ISBN
1123:ISBN
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620:Time
367:For
259:and
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