Overthrow of the Roman monarchy

1087: 94: 895: 1072: 209: 1051: 830:... shaped the chronological skeleton of Roman history, basing it on a comparison with the Hellenistic world", directly influencing the annalists, whose works flow forward to the sources we have today. Timaeus performed "artificial numerological exercises" which provided a chronology onto which dimly remembered oral stories, like that of the expulsion of the kings, could be placed. Here, Timaeus' dating the start of the republic was an arbitrary synchronism: it started in merely the same year in which 553:. The sources themselves report inconsistencies: Livy indicates that in older writing, Lucretius' consulship was nowhere to be found. Polybius asserts that a treaty signed in the first year of the republic was dated to the consulship of Brutus and Horatius, even though the two, according to Livy and Dionysius, never held office at the same time. Cicero and Pliny themselves note a consular pair: that of Brutus and Valerius Poplicola, without Collatinus. Cassius Dio – according to a quote in 493:

especially challenging when there is little middle ground between a critical reading of the sources and blind acceptance of self-contradictory and unsatisfactory sources: reconstructing the earliest parts of the republic based on a critical reading "runs the risk of simply producing modern narrative with no basis at all in the evidence".

132:– relying on the Varronian chronology – go back to 509 BC; Livy's list of consuls points to the republic having begun around 502–1 BC. Of course, this would have relied on the lists of consuls being accurate. Later historians reported dates roughly around that time, implying that the republic was founded: 2125:, p. 231. "What happened at Rome at the end of the sixth century... undoubtedly formed part of a wider movement of change the Mediterranean world a whole... tyrannies were overthrown and replaced by constitutional systems combining aristocratic rule with the participation of property-owning citizens". 470:

Few can now doubt that earlier times tended, both consciously and unconsciously, to be re-created by a succession of Roman writers in light of the conditions in the third and second century. This was true even before a new political climate in which historians had more urgent motives to project the

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Cornell rejects all of these views as overly revisionist and dependent on a "a complex mixture of archaeological and literary data" while having strong assumptions about the changes that the expulsion of the kings created. More critical historians, like Forsythe, however, believe Cornell's treatment

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have nothing to do with the republic at all, which in his view emerged gradually when royal power faded away into the hands of the eponymous magistrates who became the consuls. Cornell argues that Hanell's hypothesis only makes sense if one assumes, ab initio, the republic's creation was gradual and

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When the Latins are unable to prevail by force of arms at Lake Regillus, Tarquin then goes into exile in Cumae, leaving the republic standing. If this theory is true, it also would explain the appointment of Brutus and Collatinus: Porsenna would want to install someone to govern the city and members

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makes the point that "as a dynastic history the bare catalogue of events within the Tarquin family is, in itself, perfectly credible". Yet, it is only that dynastic history which is credible. The parts around it are less compatible: a palace coup orchestrated by possible royal claimants "sits rather

1881:, p. 4. "To take a simple example, Livy... gives a long description of how the Romans captured Veii in 396 BC; few, if any, scholars doubt that Veii fell to Rome in that year, but likewise few accept the historicity of all the legends with which the tale is embroidered in Livy and others". 760:

Alternatively, the Capitoline temple's foundation may coincide with the introduction of eponymous magistrates – magistrates giving their names to the year – but without the formation of a republic (in which those magistrates held state power). Eponymous magistrates and a Roman kingdom are

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which is itself fictitious and patterned on a real law from 300 BC. Furthermore, there is disagreement as to when the Capitoline temple, which was firmly associated with Horatius, was dedicated: Livy places it in the first year of the republic, while Tacitus and Dionysius both assign it to the

492:

As to the sources of the early republic generally, scholars usually accept the timing and occurrence of major events such as laws or battles. The narratives and details of the early republic are, therefore, doubtful even as the events are accepted in their most general terms. These difficulties are

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argues that many of the kings themselves and figures from the traditional story were ahistorical inventions of the fourth and third centuries BC. Wiseman and the more critical historians similarly dismiss even the earliest Roman historians, such as Fabius Pictor, as having had little knowledge

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Scholars and the ancient sources themselves disagree on when the monarchy was overthrown and how old the resulting republic was. The most well-known date for the establishment of the republic, and therefore, the expulsion of the kings, is 509 BC. The specific dating to 509 BC emerges from

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This theory could also be plausibly combined with Cornell's semi-traditionalist account above, by proposing that Porsenna's intervention was opportunistically related to Rome's overthrow of its monarchy and the resulting unstable power struggle. There is also substantial archaeological evidence of

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intervenes in northern Latium as part of this conflagration, though his role in the downfall of the Tarquins or if Tarquin requested his assistance is unknown. Porsenna's Etruscan forces probably take Rome and move south to engage the Latins, but suffer a decisive defeat at Aricia. This story also

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Scholars have recognised that many of the traditional stories were invented by injecting into the past many later events and literary tropes with dates likely copied over from other Hellenistic historical traditions. In those traditions, the large number of events in various societies that lacked

479:

written down by the time of the second century BC were done so by a time the Romans had lost any reliable sources on the fall of the monarchy; the purpose of that history as well was not to record the past in its terms, but for senators to describe and celebrate the republic as it existed in

415:

has more recently argued that the stories were transmitted by means of public performance of plays dramatising historical events. Such plays would be especially important in a society with low literacy, and are perhaps supported by archaeological evidence suggesting circulation of Greek myths and

816:

That early Roman history was reconstructed (or, less generously, in Cicero's description "a forgery") was well known even to the Romans themselves. The primary sources of Roman history to the ancient Romans were lists noting the achievements of family ancestors and priestly notices, all of which

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at the foot of the Capitoline hill also was destroyed and abandoned for around a century. Cornell argues that the abandonment of the site at Sant'Omobono "contributes to the general impression... of an oligarchic coup against a populist tyranny" which was then forced to concede power to the army

597:

There are many different theories about what happened at the start of the republic. The evidence is sufficiently sparse that many stories can be plausibly put forth. Modern views range from a semi-traditional account accepting the general facts of Roman tradition to hyper-critical accounts which

2704:

read one graffito, scrawled beneath the statue of Lucius Brutus: 'If only you were alive'... the people – in the version told by Dio at least – made it abundantly clear for : 'Brutus! Brutus!' they repeatedly called after him... Brutus had structured his entire career and reputation around his

496:

Much of the traditional narratives given from the ancient sources are distrusted by modern scholars, who especially note how ancient sources borrowed literary tropes to embellish sparse details – even if those details are accepted in terms of basic events such as the deposition of a corrupt and

457:, centuries after the actual fall of the monarchy. These ancient historians read the fragmentary evidence from early Rome and reconstructed it such that it reflected their present and the surviving accounts of Livy and others are based on these writers rather than the original evidence. Thus: 84:

Many modern scholars dismiss this narrative as fictitious. There does not exist, however, any concrete evidence for or against it. Various scholars have dismissed aspects of the traditional story, from the historicity of almost all of its major characters to the overthrow's entire existence.

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By the time of Fabius Pictor, it seems the tales of the monarchy and its overthrow were already well developed. Many of the legendary events bear uncanny similarities to Greek tales: the rape of Lucretia perhaps being an adaptation of a similar affair which led to the expulsion of the

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uncomfortably with the notion inspired by republican ideals". The hatred of the Tarquinii is also incompatible with the election of Collatinus (a patrilineal member of the Tarquinii) and of Lucius Junius Brutus (related to the Tarquinii maternally). The intervention and defeat of

817:

lacked chronological significance. Specific years were then assigned by synchronism with various other events under various different reconstructions; for even major events such as the Gallic sack of Rome, the surviving ancient historians disagreed at what occurred in what years.

125:

The simplest way for the Romans to have inferred the age of their republic would have been to look at the list of consuls, of which two were elected every year, and count the number of consular pairs to impute that the republic had existed for however many years corresponded. The

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The semi-traditionalist approach is built on a methodology of accepting Roman tradition as correct in terms of broad events, but discarding the narrative details themselves as fictitious. This theory was presented in its most complete form in Tim Cornell's 1995 book,

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third year of the republic, during Horatius' "second" consulship. Forsythe argues it is more likely that, to have the temple dedicated in the "momentous first year of the republic, later writers moved Horatius back two years and made him one of the first consuls".

1787:

It is natural to conclude that the stories of Lucretia and her father... and Horatius Cocles, and of the heroine Cloelia, all date from the fifth century or early fourth, while those of Brutus and Mucius were created in the late fourth and late third centuries

178:

was dedicated 204 years after the dedication of the capitol. Because his temple was dedicated in 303 BC, this implies the capitol – which traditionally was held to have been dedicated in the first year of the republic – was dedicated in 507.

757:, mostly Etruscan ones, were fake, dismissing plebeian names under the assumption they could not hold the consulship. Doing so brings the republic's establishment to 472 BC, which coincides with the collapse of Etruscan power in central Italy. 880:

The critical approach also stresses the extent to which the sources available today were shaped and moulded by contemporary political concerns and ideologies with an emphasis on furthering favourable political narratives on Rome's early history.

517:. Moreover, sexual violence against innocent and virtuous young women was a common trope characterising tyrants and bad kings in ancient literature. Furthermore, the depiction of Collatinus' exile may be paralleled on the ostracism of 302:, but rushes back to Rome on news of the coup; however, the city is shut before him and the coup leaders convince the army at Ardea to join them, leading to the expulsion of the king's sons. Brutus and Collatinus then become the first 195:

are an unreliable anachronism of the late republic. Resolution of this topic is difficult, however, due to the absolute paucity of reliable sources such that – as the historian Fred Drogula remarks – "we have no way to prove

718: – that Porsenna was successful in capturing Rome, he either abolishes the monarchy directly or puts the existing king to flight. Tarquin flees to other Latin cities for support while Porsenna uses Rome as a bridgehead to invade 258:

up to the reign of Tarquin. Archaeological evidence indicates there were kings in Rome; but most scholars do not believe that the traditional narrative is historical, ascribing its characters and details to later literary invention.

799:

and the argument that the republic's foundation might not coincide with that of the temple's. Gjerstad's theory, however, requires the end of Etruscan rule to coincide with the monarchy's expulsion, for which there is no evidence.

621:

which overthrows the existing monarchy in the city; Rome becomes involved around this time in a greater conflagration affecting most of Tyrrhenian Italy, as around the same time there were also similar revolutions in other states.

584:

and the creation of a nascent republic. Not all modern scholars, however, accept a revolutionary new government as emerging so dramatically, and instead suggest that the kingship faded away into the attested and largely ceremonial

566:

for characters set in a previous year; he therefore dismisses Valerius and Lucretius' consulships in 509, speculating that Valerius was brought from the second year of the republic into the first so that the character could pass a

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of the former royal house would lend legitimacy to his occupation and a co-equal pair would check against abuses. In this story, upon Porsenna's withdrawal, the two officials were retained and turned into the classical consuls.

306:, with Brutus administering an oath before the people to never again tolerate a king in Rome and to kill anyone who attempts to restore the monarchy; among Brutus' reforms, he proposes the banishment of all members of the 2520:, pp. 124–25, quoting Livy 2.21.4, "so many chronological errors, magistrates appearing differently in different authors, suggest ... you cannot tell which consuls came after which or what belonged any one year...". 1262:, p. 218. "The consulship in question is that of Varronian 392 BC... probably 390 or 388 BC in reality". Cornell also notes that the census' validity is also questioned, though he rejects that questioning. 77:, supporting Brutus, forces the king into exile. Despite a number of attempts by Lucius Tarquinius Superbus to reinstate the monarchy, the Roman people are successful in establishing a republic and thereafter elected two 1221:, pp. 279, 380. Varro reports what appears to be a description of a solar eclipse in 344 BC, which corresponded to an eclipse, dated using modern astronomical data, observed in Rome on 15 September 340 BC. 765:

of Sparta were ruled by kings but still gave their names to the years; nor was the eponymous magistrate abolished during the Pisistratid tyranny in Athens. This hypothesis, proposed by Krister Hanell, argues that the

411:, in the early nineteenth century, posited that the oral tradition may have been transmitted by poems sung or recited by bards at banquets during the republic. While this "ballad theory" is no longer widely accepted, 182:

However, modern scholars are sceptical of much of this traditional chronology, especially that related to the dedication of the capitol. This relates mainly to debate over whether the earlier entries on the consular

1050: 912: – holding an unsheathed sword – in front of the statues of the seven kings of Rome. The story of his overthrow was also referenced by the public as part of a campaign to convince one of his descendants, 461:

Most scholars now agree that as a result of this process the details of Livy's political and military narrative are unreliable, amounting to reconstruction or plausible invention by Livy himself or by his sources.

544:

The specific listing of the consuls in the first year of the republic is muddled and internally inconsistent. Tradition notes five: Lucius Junius Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, Publius Valerius Poplicola,

310:

clan, leading also to the banishment of his co-consul Collatinus, who is replaced in office by Poplicola. Note, however, that the Romans, also report that in this early period, the consuls were initially called

730:

destruction in central Etruria around at the end of the sixth century, suggesting major inter-state conflict, making the use of military force, even without an internal Roman political crisis, not implausible.

694:, one of the Roman dictator's other titles). The survival of a vestigial dictatorship, normally replaced by two consuls, also suggests similarity to other Latin towns which were ruled by dictators, including 330:, and relatives of Collatinus are discovered plotting to restore the monarchy. After the conspiracy is exposed by a slave, Brutus orders the death of his own sons and relatives. Meanwhile, Tarquin flees to 1086: 682:

ruled as a popular life-magistrate – a "tyranny" in ancient Greek terms – with some speculation that Tullius' supposed original name – Mastarna – is an Etruscan corruption of Latin

1071: 560:

Gary Forsythe, a historian, argues more broadly that the names follow a pattern observed elsewhere in the ancient narrative sources of using names appearing in later years of the consular

927:; the name was appropriated as an exemplar of civic republican virtues and citizenship. Boys, and whole towns, were named after Brutus. The leaders of the French Revolution, according to 350:

who defends a bridge alone against Porsenna's forces until it can be demolished. The heroism of the republic's youths and Rome's force of arms persuade Porsenna to give up his campaign.

706:

Alternatively, another theory also accepted among scholars, including Gary Forsythe, is that the republic arose from Lars Porsenna's invasion itself. This theory was first presented by

2025:, p. 3. Liv 2.8.4–5 and Dion. Hal. 5.19.2 assert that Horatius was elected in place of Lucretius, who was himself elected in place of Brutus, who was killed on the battlefield. 751:

were artificially lengthened to make the foundation of the temple and the republic line up. Robert Werner argued this in a 1963 monograph. He believed that some of the names of the

480:

their time. Senatorial historiography served to advertise and embellish writers' families rather than describe political or social contexts already lost from memory. For example,

279:; after revealing the rape to some noblemen, Lucretia commits suicide. The resulting outrage leads to an uprising against the ruling family, led by some of the king's relatives: 2232:, p. 148. "Despite these difficulties, A. Alföldi (1965, 72–84) has offered a compelling picture of the events that might have brought about the end of the Roman monarchy". 598:

argue that basically all of Rome's early history are the result of "artificial numerological exercises" and almost pure invention from association with other historical events.

2544:, p. 121. Diodorus Siculus placed the Gallic sack in 387 while Livy placed it in 390; Diodorus' consular lists disagree with those of Livy by up to seven years in places. 722:. But after the Etruscan defeat at the Battle of Aricia in 504 BC, Porsenna is forced to withdraw and leave the Romans to face Latin attempts to restore Tarquin as king. 485:

of their own past beyond the fourth century BC. Other scholars go further, such as James Richardson, who believes that one of the central figures of the traditional story,

931:, drew on "legendary antiquity... to rise to the level of the events which they were living". Contemporaneously, in the debate over ratification of what would become the 529:

to power in Athens. The extent, however, to which these Roman tales are copies of Greek tales or are genuine Roman tales embellished with Greek details is hotly debated.

43:. The details of the event were largely forgotten by the Romans a few centuries later; later Roman historians presented a narrative of the events, traditionally dated to 557: – dissents from the consular tradition entirely, saying that Brutus initially ruled alone but was given a colleague to prevent him from declaring himself king. 670:, as its existence makes it "easy to speculate" that the title descended from a real king whose political powers had been reduced to ceremony only (as in the modern 3641: 877:

enters as the figure to re-found Rome again and restart the great year, with Livy suggesting that Romulus, Camillus, and Augustus are coequal heroic figures.

122:, which likely – in the earlier period – runs four years behind the actual dates (i.e. Varronian year 344 corresponds to real year 340 BC). 1274:, p. 218. "Flavius dedicated a shrine... dating it '204 years after the dedication of the Capitol' dedicated in the first year of the republic". 1061: 1012:), dramatising Lucius Junius Brutus' overthrow of Tarquin, which, while not immediately successful, became enormously popular in the 1790s during the 5498: 853:

of the early republic is structured by a cyclic approach to history in which a rise in moral virtues precedes their decline, with a period of a

969:"enjoyed immense acclaim when it was first published... telling the story of Lucretia in melodramatic rather than narrative fashion". His play 5513: 3528: 2828: 1017: 338:, where Brutus falls in battle; Poplicola then returns to celebrate a triumph for victory over the Etruscans. Tarquin then requests aid from 5508: 5483: 4070: 1323:

Raaflaub, Kurt A (2005). "The Conflict of the Orders in Archaic Rome: a comprehensive and comparative approach". In Raaflaub, Kurt (ed.).

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3.72) characterises as the worst catastrophe that ever befell Rome, even worse than those of the city's surrender to Porsenna"; "Pliny (

633:

which confirms a defeat of Lars Porsenna and a date of 504 BC for the battle of Aricia from a separate Greek historical tradition.

4159: 745:

dating of the republic's foundation. One hypothesis is that the Capitoline temple is older than the republic and that the republic's

4075: 2291:

31.139) says that in the treaty which Porsenna granted to the Romans, the latter were forbidden to use iron except in agriculture".

636:

Also suggesting anti-royal sentiment, around 500 BC, there is evidence in the archaeological record of destruction around the

908:

The putative role of Lucius Junius Brutus in the abolition of the kings was commemorated by the later Romans with a statue on the

5447: 4085: 820:

For example, Alexander Koptev argued in 2010 that the placement of dates in early Roman history was rooted in a single source by

5488: 5392: 4080: 3814: 662:

Cornell also argues that this populist tyranny had for some time reduced the older traditionalist kingship into the ceremonial

431:

The sources we have today for the monarchy and the earliest parts of the republic are "notorious unreliable" literary sources:

5362: 4187: 3714: 3440: 3411: 3384: 3320: 3250: 3201: 3180: 3151: 3132: 3064: 3037: 3018: 2694: 2627: 2257: 2087: 1772: 1483: 1342: 2923:"Crafting the Neoclassical: Two New Drawings for Jacques-Louis David's "The Lictors Bringing Brutus the Bodies of His Sons"" 1123:, p. 215. "The incident that prompted the coup was the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius, the tyrant's second son". 5452: 5327: 4480: 334:

and persuades various cities there to attack Rome and restore him to the throne. They are unsuccessful and defeated at the

1366: 4033: 991:, an English playwright, dramatised the story of Lucretia and the overthrow of the Tarquins in a late 17th century play, 541:

also is questionable; other ancient accounts place him as defeating the nascent republic and imposing harsh peace terms.

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It has come to be second nature ... to date the founding of Rome 753 BC the first year of the Republic 509 BC.

787:

matches both with archaeological evidence of impoverishment and the disappearance of Etruscan names from the consular

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before dying in 495 BC. The Roman government then falls into the hands of a group of aristocratic families, the

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that took place between the 6th and 5th centuries BC where a political revolution replaced the then-existing

3653: 3082: 518: 93: 4407: 4332: 4090: 917: 838:(510–9 BC). This also neatly explains why Roman history accords with Dionysius' discussion of war between 671: 546: 288: 4903: 2074:

Smith, Christopher (2011). "The magistrates of the early Roman republic". In Beck, Hans; et al. (eds.).

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Praise of Brutus, both the one who expelled the kings and the one who killed Caesar, was common during the

284: 5442: 5367: 5126: 4182: 4065: 3611: 984: 659:, "an attractive hypothesis is that... it was they who overthrew their master and took over the state". 394: 898:

A coin depicting Lucius Junius Brutus, minted by his descendant Marcus Junius Brutus during his term as

5402: 5066: 4958: 4728: 4500: 4322: 4230: 4095: 4038: 2137:"Reassessing the 'Cumaean Chronicle': Greek Chronology and Roman History in Dionysius of Halicarnassus" 940: 436: 402: 292: 268: 241: 137: 36: 2961: 5422: 4515: 4470: 4397: 4317: 4265: 4255: 4207: 3554: 1025: 698:, which supposedly had replaced its king with two annually elected dictators before its destruction. 550: 2318:, p. 155. "The division of power between two officials maintained as a sensible arrangement". 813:

firm dates was resolved by assigning the same dates to similar events in those different societies.

5493: 5023: 4933: 4442: 4422: 4417: 4402: 4355: 4295: 4250: 4052: 1077: 614:

Accepting those broad events, a domestic crisis provides a spark which causes a revolution in Rome

61:. Upon revealing the assault to some Roman noblemen, she kills herself. The Roman noblemen, led by 373:). With no more allies willing to attack the Romans, Tarquin leaves for a more permanent exile in 5432: 5412: 5352: 5342: 5332: 4738: 4427: 4327: 4307: 4222: 4212: 3917: 3857: 3837: 3549: 1092: 366: 5437: 5427: 5377: 5357: 5171: 5146: 5111: 4993: 4718: 4365: 4127: 3658: 2829:"Public Wounds: Sexual Bodies and the Origins of State in Nathaniel Lee's Lucius Junius Brutus" 1764: 975:

also borrowed elements from the ancient stories of Tarquin's fall: Attilio Mastrocinque argues

866: 850: 408: 382: 166:

according to a census in 389 or 388 BC, 119 years before it (implying 508 or 507 BC),

113: 653:. If the king had been in the habit of nominating two army officers for the approval from the 381:, who then elect magistrates from among their number, setting up conditions for the so-called 5407: 5337: 5161: 4913: 4713: 4708: 4505: 4412: 4337: 4300: 4285: 4260: 4240: 4142: 2719:"Two Brutuses: Violence, Virtue, and Politics in the Visual Culture of the French Revolution" 1021: 936: 589:

over decades, which the Roman republican historians compressed into a single dramatic event.

448: 335: 175: 208: 5503: 5417: 5382: 5071: 4938: 4838: 4763: 4628: 4591: 3967: 3631: 3458:

Mastrocinque, Attilio. "Tarquin the Superb and the proclamation of the Roman republic". In

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Cornell 1995 remains the most persuasive and careful account, but see also Forsythe 2005...

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Bispham, Edward (2006). "Literary sources". In Rosenstein, NS; Morstein-Marx, R (eds.).

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Sellers, Mortimer NS. "The Roman republic and the French and American revolutions". In

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According to the traditional account, a group of aristocrats overthrow the last king,

5031: 4883: 4638: 4598: 4576: 3784: 3446: 3436: 3421: 3407: 3380: 3326: 3316: 3289: 3256: 3246: 3207: 3197: 3176: 3157: 3147: 3128: 3109: 3099: 3070: 3060: 3043: 3033: 3014: 2977: 2967: 2934: 2895: 2860: 2848: 2750: 2738: 2690: 2633: 2623: 2436: 2349: 2263: 2253: 2156: 2083: 1853: 1833: 1768: 1489: 1479: 1338: 1178: 1158: 1013: 980: 976: 924: 629:

has the added benefit of being supported by a Dionysius of Halicarnassus' history of

521:, son of Peisistratus, and Tarquinius' war on Rome to retain his crown a parallel to 370: 354: 276: 225: 213: 66: 54: 53:

The traditional account portrays a dynastic struggle in which the king's second son,

5096: 5056: 4988: 4923: 4848: 4843: 4615: 4538: 4485: 4280: 4275: 4164: 4023: 3972: 3932: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3804: 3751: 3744: 3729: 3724: 3648: 3576: 3399: 3281: 3006: 2887: 2840: 2730: 2682: 2148: 1825: 1760: 1375:, pp. 215, 125 (Sextus as second son per earliest account from Fabius Pictor). 1330: 1150: 870: 526: 522: 251: 149: 128: 118: 74: 577:

The details aside, the traditional account supports the abolition of the monarchy

5473: 5191: 5003: 4983: 4943: 4878: 4828: 4823: 4698: 4648: 4556: 4390: 4370: 4290: 3739: 3564: 3374: 3170: 3122: 2960:

Bondanella, Peter (1987). "The myth of Rome in an age of reason and revolution".

2430: 959:, that combined elements from Greek myth and tragic dramas with the Roman story. 909: 862: 804:

is "too trusting and overly optimistic" about the nature of the source material.

715: 679: 675: 641: 554: 347: 217: 3379:. Collection Latomus. Vol. 323. Brussels: Éditions Latomus. pp. 5–48. 5246: 4888: 4623: 4571: 4543: 4490: 4475: 4455: 4270: 4245: 4202: 4192: 4018: 3992: 3922: 3907: 3872: 3832: 3593: 2152: 1814:"L Iunius Brutus the Patrician and the Political Allegiance of Q Aelius Tubero" 1324: 1037:

The death of Lucretia and the death of Brutus' sons also were subjects of many

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Roman tradition held that there were seven kings of Rome who reigned from the

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Most scholars reject the historicity of the story about the fall of monarchy.

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stories in Italy as far back as the archaic period. Attilio Mastrocinque, in

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Semi-legendary overthrow of the Roman monarchy and foundation of the republic

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Beck, Hans (2007). "The early Roman tradition". In Marincola, John (ed.).

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The traditional account is likely derived from an earlier oral tradition.

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A critical history of early Rome: from prehistory to the first Punic War

2946: 2922: 2168: 2136: 5276: 5216: 5181: 4973: 4908: 4898: 4793: 4678: 4566: 4149: 4117: 3862: 3789: 3621: 3616: 3499: 2907: 2875: 2247: 928: 695: 378: 3506: 2999:

Andrew, Edward (2011). "The role of Brutus in the French Revolution".

2718: 1170: 1138: 5306: 5301: 5261: 5186: 5156: 5136: 5013: 4953: 4863: 4813: 4808: 4733: 4693: 4581: 4551: 4360: 4235: 4028: 3912: 3887: 3766: 3398:. History of the Ancient World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2705:

ancestor's opposition to tyranny: now he had to live up to that name.

2966:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 115–51. 2891: 5266: 5251: 5241: 5226: 5141: 5131: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5076: 4978: 4893: 4773: 4758: 4688: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4633: 4432: 4013: 3977: 3867: 3794: 3626: 3370: 1829: 1154: 998: 874: 637: 440: 358: 291:(Lucretia's father). They are also joined by an influential friend 272: 156: 145: 141: 58: 3047: 780:

argued that moving the expulsion of the kings to a cultural break

678:

at Athens). One suggestion in this vein is that the previous king

50:, but it is largely believed to be fictitious by modern scholars. 5286: 5281: 5271: 5236: 5231: 5221: 5166: 5151: 4968: 4963: 4948: 4918: 4873: 4853: 4833: 4788: 4520: 4375: 4154: 3962: 3957: 3847: 2402:. Acta Instituti Romani Regni Sueciae (in German). Lund: Gleerup. 971: 955:

composed a tragedy depicting the events of the overthrow, titled

869:, completing the cycle. This causes a second peak in the time of 858: 711: 343: 331: 314: 255: 5296: 5176: 5106: 5046: 5041: 5008: 4768: 4753: 4703: 4683: 4105: 3982: 3877: 3144:

Commanders & command in the Roman Republic and Early Empire

2798: 2796: 835: 719: 1654: 1652: 987:

are modelled on Brutus, Lucretius, Collatinus, and Poplicola.

5081: 4803: 4530: 3822: 2595: 1970: 1968: 839: 762: 398: 374: 70: 2808: 2793: 2523: 1955: 1953: 1478:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 32 n. 5. 322:

Soon after, Brutus' two sons, brothers of Brutus' wife, the

73:

to expel the king and his family and create a republic. The

5291: 4858: 4798: 4380: 3756: 3486: 3467:

Mineo, Bernard (2015a). "Livy’s historical philosophy". In

3089:. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association. 2447: 2199: 2187: 1938: 1649: 846: 432: 3490: 2299: 2297: 1965: 1926: 1901: 1899: 1282: 1280: 1200: 428:

as a source for some of the stories transmitted via Livy.

3852: 2377: 2375: 2106: 2104: 2102: 1950: 1916: 1914: 1637: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1533: 1531: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1455: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1354: 1304: 1095:'s 1763–64 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death 471:

political concerns and conflicts earlier Roman history.

3347:

Cornell, Tim (2012b). "Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius". In

2580:, p. 140. See also n. 1 on p. 362 in the same book. 1980: 1419: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1227: 939:

signed with the pseudonym "Publius", a reference to the

710:

in 1965. Accepting the tradition – specifically in

3146:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 2781: 2644: 2483: 2471: 2294: 2004: 1896: 1712: 1710: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1443: 1378: 1277: 298:

During this time, Tarquin was conducting a war against

189:

are fabrications. Many historians have argued that the

3196:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. 2406: 2372: 2360: 2321: 2211: 2175: 2099: 1911: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1625: 1608: 1555: 1528: 1509: 1431: 1407: 1390: 1080:'s 1771 depiction of Brutus' oath and Lucretia's death 3270:"Who Were the "Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate?"" 2769: 2757: 2571: 2459: 2082:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 1695: 1292: 1224: 1065:, depicting Brutus contemplating the fate of his sons 1041:

paintings in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

773:

that there is little evidence one way or the other.

2656: 2583: 2559: 2052: 2040: 1884: 1793: 1734: 1722: 1707: 1584: 1567: 1543: 1188: 1028:

also published a poetic telling of the expulsion in

447:. The first literary history in Rome was written by 3371:"Timaeus of Tauromenium and Early Roman Chronology" 2547: 1860: 1683: 1664: 1596: 733: 497:ineffective tyrant – from a fragmentary tradition. 2963:The Eternal City: Roman images in the modern world 1062:The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons 369:(with the Romans receiving divine assistance from 3315:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2069: 2067: 1476:Dictator: the evolution of the Roman dictatorship 365:against Rome, until they too are defeated at the 5465: 3376:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History XV 2876:"Voltaire's Brutus During the French Revolution" 287:(the king's cousin and Lucretia's husband), and 842:and Etruria: it was placed there deliberately. 601: 3356:Drummond, Andrew. "Iunius Brutus, Lucius". In 2064: 3522: 3338:Cornell, Tim (2012a). "Horatius, Cocles". In 3311:Hornblower, Simon; et al., eds. (2012). 3194:The Cambridge companion to the Roman republic 3030:A companion to Greek and Roman historiography 1131: 1129: 946: 3457: 3245:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2814: 2618:Piel, Thierry; Mineo, Bernard, eds. (2011). 1944: 1658: 825: 271:, in response to the rape of the noblewoman 3498:. Translated by Roberts, Canon – via 2622:(in French). Clermont-Ferrand: Lemme edit. 2620:Et Rome devint une République: 509 av. J.-C 2252:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 2080:: holding high office in the Roman republic 1759:. Liverpool University Press. p. 314. 857:consisting of 360–365 years. Starting with 794: 793:, which synthesises both acceptance of the 788: 767: 752: 746: 701: 689: 683: 663: 654: 646: 568: 561: 403:Fasti Capitolini § Historical accuracy 312: 190: 184: 3529: 3515: 2959: 1811: 1126: 3175:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3081: 2826: 2681:. Yale University Press. pp. 86–87. 2617: 2022: 1986: 1561: 1537: 1425: 1413: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3267: 3240: 3120: 2662: 2650: 2541: 2529: 2517: 2501: 2477: 2465: 2432:Legends and facts of early Roman history 2428: 2315: 2303: 2280: 2241: 2229: 2010: 1998: 1974: 1932: 1920: 1905: 1765:10.5949/liverpool/9780859898225.001.0001 1643: 1631: 1590: 1549: 1449: 1384: 1322: 1286: 1218: 1206: 893: 845:Similarly, some historians believe that 611:, and has some support among scholars. 395:Ab Urbe Condita Libri § Historicity 353:Tarquin then appeals to his son-in-law, 346:, who marches on Rome but is stopped by 254:(traditionally dated to 753 BC) by 207: 112:, assembled during the late republic by 92: 3536: 3227: 3141: 3093: 3054: 2802: 2787: 2674: 2453: 2424: 2412: 2393: 2381: 2366: 2339: 2327: 2245: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2122: 2110: 1959: 1752: 1701: 1619: 1522: 1498:Per Wilson, see Livy 2.3–5; Dion. Hal. 1461: 1437: 1401: 1372: 1298: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1194: 1136: 1120: 1034:which was "once extremely well known". 439:, along with some supporting work from 5466: 3466: 3368: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3191: 3168: 2998: 2775: 2763: 2716: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2489: 2397: 2343: 2134: 2058: 1890: 1878: 1866: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1677: 1602: 1473: 889: 861:, the cycle reaches a peak under king 203: 3510: 3468: 3459: 3430: 3393: 3219:Oakley, SP. "The early republic". In 3087:The magistrates of the Roman republic 2920: 2873: 2833:Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture 2675:Tempest, Kathryn (21 November 2017). 2616:, p. 152, citing, among others, 2073: 2046: 2034: 1799: 1578: 1360: 1310: 951:In the ancient world, the playwright 200:most of the information contained ". 5514:Battles involving the Roman Republic 3357: 3348: 3339: 3310: 3027: 1689: 807: 5509:Battles involving the Roman Kingdom 5484:6th century BC in the Roman Kingdom 224:, is traditionally identified as a 152:at Athens (implying 508–7 BC), 13: 3032:. Blackwell. pp. 259 et seq. 761:not necessarily incompatible: the 592: 500: 14: 5525: 3479: 3121:Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). 3057:A companion to the Roman Republic 2346:Der Beginn der römischen Republik 2001:, p. 153, citing Livy 2.8.5. 1329:. Malden: Blackwell. p. 28. 933:Constitution of the United States 5499:Attempted coups d'état in Europe 3083:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 2953: 2914: 2867: 2820: 2037:, p. 173, citing Zon. 7.12. 1326:Social Struggles in Archaic Rome 1085: 1070: 1049: 1018:abolition of the French monarchy 734:Later foundation of the republic 140:, in the first year of the 68th 3313:The Oxford classical dictionary 3005:. University of Toronto Press. 2710: 2668: 2607: 2535: 2511: 2504:, p. 115, citing, Cicero, 2495: 2418: 2387: 2333: 2309: 2274: 2235: 2223: 2128: 2116: 2028: 2016: 1992: 1872: 1805: 1753:Wiseman, TP (8 November 2008). 1746: 1467: 1316: 865:before a second founding under 25:overthrow of the Roman monarchy 3127:. Cambridge University Press. 1265: 1253: 1212: 1139:"The Chronology of Early Rome" 1114: 918:assassination of Julius Caesar 738:Some scholars also reject the 547:Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus 388: 289:Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus 170:A further account is given by 1: 5489:Rebellions in ancient history 3493:From the Founding of the City 3192:Flower, Harriet, ed. (2014). 3059:. Blackwell. pp. 29–50. 1103: 1006: 781: 739: 615: 578: 511: 451: 174:, who asserted his temple to 98: 88: 44: 4101:Frontiers and fortifications 3431:Mineo, Bernard, ed. (2015). 2348:(in German). R. Oldenbourg. 2141:The Journal of Roman Studies 1108: 602:Semi-traditionalist approach 285:Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus 65:, obtain the support of the 7: 4160:Decorations and punishments 3435:. Malden: Wiley Blackwell. 2827:MacDonald, Joyce G (2003). 2717:Baxter, Denise Amy (2006). 2400:Das altrömische eponyme Amt 1020:and the establishment of a 640:. The royal sanctuary near 81:annually to rule the city. 10: 5530: 5067:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3642:historiography of the fall 3369:Koptev, Aleksandr (2010). 2991: 2874:McKee, Kenneth N. (1941). 2396:, pp. 221–22, citing 2153:10.3815/000000007784016052 2135:Gallia, Andrew B. (2007). 1812:Richardson, James (2011). 1137:Sanders, Henry A. (1908). 947:In literature and the arts 941:Publius Valerius Poplicola 824:, which "as chronological 437:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 420:, for example, identifies 392: 319:(deriving from "leader"). 293:Publius Valerius Poplicola 275:by the king's second son, 269:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 262: 242:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 235: 163:(implying 508 BC), or 161:Xerxes crossed into Greece 138:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 37:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 5448:External wars and battles 5315: 5209: 5022: 4614: 4607: 4529: 4441: 4346: 4221: 4173: 4051: 4001: 3940: 3931: 3813: 3765: 3685: 3602: 3572: 3563: 3545: 3373:. In Deroux, Carl (ed.). 3268:Holloway, R Ross (2008). 3142:Drogula, Fred K. (2015). 3011:10.3138/9781442695863-010 2735:10.1215/00982601-2006-002 2283:, p. 149. "Tacitus ( 2249:Early Rome and the Latins 2246:Alföldi, Andreas (1965). 1335:10.1002/9780470752753.ch1 1026:Thomas Babington Macaulay 943:of the Livian narrative. 884: 834:established democracy in 551:Marcus Horatius Pulvillus 525:' attempt to restore the 5479:6th-century BC conflicts 3169:Flower, Harriet (2010). 3124:Roman Republican Coinage 2429:Gjerstad, Einar (1962). 2398:Hanell, Krister (1946). 1078:Jacques-Antoine Beaufort 702:Intervention by Porsenna 527:last Peisistratid tyrant 5443:Roman–Iranian relations 3918:Optimates and populares 3394:Lomas, Kathryn (2018). 3286:10.3406/antiq.2008.3716 3241:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 2723:Eighteenth-Century Life 2604:, pp. 140–41, 147. 2344:Werner, Robert (1963). 510:tyranny in Athens also 367:Battle of Lake Regillus 5453:Civil wars and revolts 4719:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4366:Conflict of the Orders 3725:Legislative assemblies 3232:, pp. 401 et seq. 3096:The beginnings of Rome 2921:Stein, Perrin (2009). 2427:, p. 222, citing 2342:, p. 220, citing 2244:, p. 148, citing 905: 826: 822:Timaeus of Tauromenium 795: 789: 768: 753: 747: 690: 684: 664: 655: 647: 569: 562: 473: 464: 409:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 383:Conflict of the Orders 313: 233: 191: 185: 116:and later used by the 114:Marcus Terentius Varro 104: 57:, rapes a noblewoman, 5162:Simplicius of Cilicia 4914:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4143:Siege in Ancient Rome 3752:Executive magistrates 3404:10.4159/9780674919938 3274:L'Antiquité Classique 3098:. London: Routledge. 3094:Cornell, Tim (1995). 2880:Modern Language Notes 2845:10.1353/sec.2010.0157 1506:3–7; and Oros. 2.5.2. 1474:Wilson, Mark (2021). 985:Siward of Northumbria 937:The Federalist Papers 897: 468: 459: 449:Quintus Fabius Pictor 336:Battle of Silva Arsia 283:(the king's nephew), 211: 96: 5172:Stephanus Byzantinus 5077:Eusebius of Caesaria 4939:Sidonius Apollinaris 4629:Ammianus Marcellinus 3968:Tribune of the plebs 3223:, pp. 3 et seq. 2687:10.2307/j.ctv1bzfpdn 2532:, pp. 114, 118. 2456:, pp. 223, 224. 2208:, pp. 235, 139. 2196:, pp. 227, 238. 1363:, pp. 152, 345. 1313:, pp. 129, 132. 1031:Lays of Ancient Rome 993:Lucius Junius Brutus 914:Marcus Junius Brutus 776:Also alternatively, 631:Aristodemus of Cumae 487:Lucius Junius Brutus 361:, who mobilises the 281:Lucius Junius Brutus 246:Lucius Junius Brutus 230:Lucius Junius Brutus 110:Varronian chronology 63:Lucius Junius Brutus 5348:Distinguished women 4999:Velleius Paterculus 4839:Nicolaus Damascenus 4819:Marcellus Empiricus 4208:Republican currency 3433:A companion to Livy 2805:, p. 438 n. 1. 1818:Classical Philology 1209:, pp. 94, 369. 1143:Classical Philology 1057:Jacques-Louis David 890:Political influence 645:represented in the 489:, "never existed". 418:A companion to Livy 204:Traditional account 5122:Phlegon of Tralles 4929:Seneca the Younger 4403:Naming conventions 4133:Personal equipment 3666:Later Roman Empire 3471:, pp. 139–52. 3462:, pp. 301–13. 3002:Imperial Republics 1977:, pp. 148–49. 1962:, pp. 217–18. 1935:, pp. 147–48. 1464:, pp. 215–16. 1250:, pp. 218–19. 916:, to organise the 906: 901:triumvir monetalis 785: 450 BC 743: 500 BC 649:comitia centuriata 619: 500 BC 609:Beginnings of Rome 582: 505 BC 455: 200 BC 234: 222:Capitoline Museums 159:, 28 years before 105: 5461: 5460: 5423:Pontifices maximi 5205: 5204: 5062:Diogenes Laërtius 4884:Pliny the Younger 4639:Asconius Pedianus 4599:Romance languages 4471:Civil engineering 4213:Imperial currency 4086:Political control 4047: 4046: 3681: 3680: 3442:978-1-118-33893-3 3413:978-0-674-65965-0 3386:978-2-87031-264-3 3322:978-0-19-954556-8 3252:978-0-520-94029-1 3203:978-1-107-03224-8 3182:978-0-691-14043-8 3153:978-1-4696-2314-6 3134:978-0-521-07492-6 3066:978-1-4051-7203-5 3039:978-1-4051-0216-2 3020:978-1-4426-9586-3 2815:Mastrocinque 2015 2696:978-0-300-23126-7 2629:978-2-917575-26-0 2492:, pp. 17–18. 2259:978-0-472-10400-0 2089:978-1-107-00154-1 1945:Mastrocinque 2015 1774:978-0-85989-822-5 1659:Mastrocinque 2015 1646:, pp. 75–76. 1485:978-0-472-12920-1 1344:978-1-4051-0060-1 1059:'s 1789 painting 1014:French Revolution 935:, the authors of 925:French Revolution 808:Critical approach 475:The stories that 445:Life of Poplicola 371:Castor and Pollux 355:Octavius Mamilius 277:Sextus Tarquinius 214:Capitoline Brutus 67:Roman aristocracy 55:Sextus Tarquinius 5521: 5413:Magistri equitum 5328:Cities and towns 5321: 5247:Constantinopolis 5057:Diodorus Siculus 4989:Valerius Maximus 4924:Seneca the Elder 4844:Nonius Marcellus 4612: 4611: 4165:Hippika gymnasia 4128:Infantry tactics 4034:Consular tribune 4024:Magister equitum 3973:Military tribune 3938: 3937: 3898:Pontifex maximus 3893:Princeps senatus 3883:Magister militum 3649:Byzantine Empire 3570: 3569: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3425: 3396:The rise of Rome 3390: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3305: 3264: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3186: 3165: 3138: 3117: 3090: 3078: 3051: 3024: 2986: 2985: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2097: 2096: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1888: 1882: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1809: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1662: 1656: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1526: 1520: 1507: 1497: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1388: 1382: 1376: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1133: 1124: 1118: 1089: 1074: 1053: 1011: 1008: 871:Scipio Africanus 829: 798: 792: 786: 783: 771: 756: 750: 744: 741: 693: 687: 672:British monarchy 669: 658: 652: 620: 617: 583: 580: 572: 565: 516: 513: 456: 453: 318: 194: 188: 150:eponymous archon 129:fasti Capitolini 119:fasti Capitolini 103: 100: 49: 46: 27:was an event in 5529: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5494:Democratization 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5319: 5317: 5311: 5201: 5037:Aëtius of Amida 5018: 5004:Verrius Flaccus 4984:Valerius Antias 4944:Silius Italicus 4879:Pliny the Elder 4824:Marcus Aurelius 4699:Cornelius Nepos 4649:Aurelius Victor 4603: 4525: 4437: 4371:Secessio plebis 4342: 4217: 4169: 4043: 3997: 3927: 3809: 3761: 3677: 3598: 3559: 3541: 3535: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3443: 3414: 3387: 3323: 3253: 3204: 3183: 3172:Roman republics 3154: 3135: 3106: 3067: 3040: 3021: 2994: 2989: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2927:Master Drawings 2919: 2915: 2892:10.2307/2911508 2872: 2868: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2715: 2711: 2697: 2673: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2630: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2279: 2275: 2260: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2100: 2090: 2072: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1989:, pp. 1–3. 1985: 1981: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1897: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1861: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1794: 1775: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1665: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1568: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1529: 1521: 1510: 1486: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428:, pp. 1–2. 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1345: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1285: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1134: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1081: 1075: 1066: 1054: 1009: 949: 910:Capitoline Hill 892: 887: 863:Servius Tullius 810: 784: 742: 736: 716:Pliny the Elder 708:Andreas Alföldi 704: 691:magister populi 680:Servius Tullius 676:archon basileus 618: 604: 595: 593:Modern theories 581: 514: 503: 501:Inconsistencies 454: 405: 391: 348:Horatius Cocles 265: 252:city's founding 248: 206: 101: 91: 47: 19: 12: 11: 5: 5527: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4889:Pomponius Mela 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4624:Aelius Donatus 4620: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4592:Ecclesiastical 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4333:Toys and games 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Vigintisexviri 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833:Cursus honorum 3830: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3632:Western Empire 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3481: 3480:External links 3478: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3464: 3441: 3427: 3426: 3412: 3391: 3385: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3321: 3307: 3306: 3265: 3251: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3225: 3202: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3166: 3152: 3139: 3133: 3118: 3104: 3091: 3079: 3065: 3052: 3038: 3025: 3019: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2972: 2952: 2933:(2): 221–236. 2913: 2886:(2): 100–106. 2866: 2839:(1): 229–244. 2819: 2817:, p. 311. 2807: 2792: 2790:, p. 401. 2780: 2778:, p. 147. 2768: 2766:, p. 142. 2756: 2709: 2702:Utinam viveres 2695: 2667: 2655: 2653:, p. 455. 2643: 2628: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2494: 2482: 2480:, p. 121. 2470: 2458: 2446: 2417: 2415:, p. 223. 2405: 2386: 2384:, p. 221. 2371: 2369:, p. 220. 2359: 2332: 2330:, p. 222. 2320: 2308: 2306:, p. 149. 2293: 2273: 2258: 2234: 2222: 2220:, p. 227. 2210: 2198: 2186: 2184:, p. 238. 2174: 2127: 2115: 2113:, p. 237. 2098: 2088: 2063: 2051: 2049:, p. 152. 2039: 2027: 2023:Broughton 1951 2015: 2013:, p. 153. 2003: 1991: 1987:Broughton 1951 1979: 1964: 1949: 1947:, p. 306. 1937: 1925: 1910: 1908:, p. 148. 1895: 1883: 1871: 1859: 1846:10.1086/659849 1830:10.1086/659849 1824:(2): 155–160. 1804: 1802:, p. 344. 1792: 1773: 1756:Unwritten Rome 1745: 1733: 1721: 1706: 1694: 1692:, p. 259. 1682: 1663: 1661:, p. 302. 1648: 1636: 1624: 1622:, p. 217. 1607: 1595: 1583: 1581:, p. 151. 1566: 1562:Broughton 1951 1554: 1542: 1538:Broughton 1951 1527: 1525:, p. 216. 1508: 1502:5.6–13; Plut. 1484: 1466: 1454: 1452:, p. 151. 1442: 1440:, p. 226. 1430: 1426:Broughton 1951 1418: 1414:Broughton 1951 1406: 1404:, p. 215. 1389: 1387:, p. 147. 1377: 1365: 1353: 1343: 1315: 1303: 1291: 1289:, p. 154. 1276: 1264: 1252: 1240: 1238:, p. 218. 1223: 1211: 1199: 1187: 1155:10.1086/359186 1149:(3): 316–329. 1125: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1093:Gavin Hamilton 1091: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1001:wrote a play, 948: 945: 891: 888: 886: 883: 856: 809: 806: 778:Einar Gjerstad 735: 732: 703: 700: 603: 600: 594: 591: 532:The historian 502: 499: 478: 390: 387: 342:, the king of 264: 261: 205: 202: 199: 172:Gnaeus Flavius 168: 167: 164: 153: 90: 87: 33:Roman monarchy 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5526: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4779:Julius Paulus 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4714:Fabius Pictor 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4451:Amphitheatres 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4188:Deforestation 4186: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:Siege engines 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071:Establishment 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002:Extraordinary 4000: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Promagistrate 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:Twelve Tables 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3230:Flower (2014) 3226: 3222: 3221:Flower (2014) 3217: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105:0-415-01596-0 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2973:0-8078-1740-6 2969: 2965: 2964: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2664: 2663:Drummond 2012 2659: 2652: 2651:Crawford 1974 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2592:, p. 22. 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2568:, p. 46. 2567: 2562: 2555: 2550: 2543: 2542:Holloway 2008 2538: 2531: 2530:Holloway 2008 2526: 2519: 2518:Holloway 2008 2514: 2507: 2503: 2502:Holloway 2008 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2478:Holloway 2008 2474: 2467: 2466:Forsythe 2005 2462: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2368: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2324: 2317: 2316:Forsythe 2005 2312: 2305: 2304:Forsythe 2005 2300: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281:Forsythe 2005 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2242:Forsythe 2005 2238: 2231: 2230:Forsythe 2005 2226: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2190: 2183: 2178: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2061:, p. 45. 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2011:Forsythe 2005 2007: 2000: 1999:Forsythe 2005 1995: 1988: 1983: 1976: 1975:Forsythe 2005 1971: 1969: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1933:Forsythe 2005 1929: 1923:, p. 77. 1922: 1921:Forsythe 2005 1917: 1915: 1907: 1906:Forsythe 2005 1902: 1900: 1893:, p. 55. 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1796: 1789: 1788:respectively. 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1749: 1743:, p. 44. 1742: 1737: 1731:, p. 43. 1730: 1725: 1719:, p. 38. 1718: 1713: 1711: 1704:, p. 32. 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1644:Forsythe 2005 1640: 1634:, p. 75. 1633: 1632:Forsythe 2005 1628: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1591:Cornell 2012b 1587: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1550:Cornell 2012a 1546: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1458: 1451: 1450:Forsythe 2005 1446: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1410: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1386: 1385:Forsythe 2005 1381: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1319: 1312: 1307: 1301:, p. 18. 1300: 1295: 1288: 1287:Forsythe 2005 1283: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1219:Forsythe 2005 1215: 1208: 1207:Forsythe 2005 1203: 1197:, p. 20. 1196: 1191: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1004: 1000: 996: 994: 990: 989:Nathaniel Lee 986: 982: 978: 974: 973: 968: 965:'s 1594 poem 964: 960: 958: 954: 953:Lucius Accius 944: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 904:in 54 BC 903: 902: 896: 882: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 854: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 828: 823: 818: 814: 805: 801: 797: 791: 779: 774: 770: 764: 758: 755: 749: 731: 727: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 699: 697: 692: 686: 681: 677: 673: 668: 667: 660: 657: 651: 650: 643: 639: 634: 632: 627: 626:Lars Porsenna 623: 612: 610: 599: 590: 588: 575: 571: 564: 558: 556: 552: 548: 542: 540: 539:Lars Porsenna 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 515: 510 BC 509: 498: 494: 490: 488: 483: 482:T. P. Wiseman 476: 472: 467: 463: 458: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 422:Lucius Accius 419: 414: 413:T. P. Wiseman 410: 404: 400: 396: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 349: 345: 341: 340:Lars Porsenna 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 317: 316: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 260: 257: 253: 247: 243: 239: 238:Roman Kingdom 231: 227: 223: 219: 216:, an ancient 215: 210: 201: 197: 193: 187: 180: 177: 173: 165: 162: 158: 155:according to 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136:according to 135: 134: 133: 131: 130: 123: 121: 120: 115: 111: 102: 500 BC 97:Map of Italy 95: 86: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 51: 48: 509 BC 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 21: 16: 5393:Institutions 5257:Leptis Magna 5210:Major cities 5117:Philostratus 4904:Quadrigarius 4724:Rufus Festus 4587:Contemporary 4308:Romanization 4231:Architecture 3838:Collegiality 3687:Constitution 3586: 3538:Ancient Rome 3492: 3469:Mineo (2015) 3460:Mineo (2015) 3432: 3395: 3375: 3312: 3277: 3273: 3242: 3193: 3171: 3143: 3123: 3095: 3086: 3056: 3029: 3001: 2962: 2955: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2810: 2803:Cornell 1995 2788:Sellers 2014 2783: 2771: 2759: 2729:(3): 51–77. 2726: 2722: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2677: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2619: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2556:, p. 6. 2549: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2468:, p. 4. 2461: 2454:Cornell 1995 2449: 2431: 2425:Cornell 1995 2420: 2413:Cornell 1995 2408: 2399: 2394:Cornell 1995 2389: 2382:Cornell 1995 2367:Cornell 1995 2362: 2345: 2340:Cornell 1995 2335: 2328:Cornell 1995 2323: 2311: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2248: 2237: 2225: 2218:Cornell 1995 2213: 2206:Cornell 1995 2201: 2194:Cornell 1995 2189: 2182:Cornell 1995 2177: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2123:Cornell 1995 2118: 2111:Cornell 1995 2093: 2079: 2076:Consuls and 2075: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1960:Cornell 1995 1940: 1928: 1886: 1874: 1869:, p. 4. 1862: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1795: 1786: 1755: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1702:Bispham 2006 1697: 1685: 1680:, p. 3. 1639: 1627: 1620:Cornell 1995 1605:, p. 5. 1598: 1586: 1564:, p. 5. 1557: 1545: 1540:, p. 2. 1523:Cornell 1995 1503: 1499: 1475: 1469: 1462:Cornell 1995 1457: 1445: 1438:Cornell 1995 1433: 1421: 1416:, p. 1. 1409: 1402:Cornell 1995 1380: 1373:Cornell 1995 1368: 1356: 1348: 1325: 1318: 1306: 1299:Drogula 2015 1294: 1272:Cornell 1995 1267: 1260:Cornell 1995 1255: 1248:Cornell 1995 1243: 1236:Cornell 1995 1214: 1202: 1195:Cornell 1995 1190: 1182: 1146: 1142: 1121:Cornell 1995 1116: 1060: 1039:neoclassical 1036: 1029: 1002: 997: 992: 970: 966: 961: 956: 950: 922: 907: 899: 879: 844: 819: 815: 811: 802: 775: 759: 737: 728: 724: 705: 666:rex sacrorum 661: 642:Sant'Omobono 635: 624: 613: 608: 605: 596: 587:rex sacrorum 576: 559: 543: 531: 508:Peisistratid 504: 495: 491: 474: 469: 465: 460: 444: 430: 425: 417: 406: 363:Latin League 352: 321: 297: 266: 249: 181: 169: 144:or the year 127: 124: 117: 106: 83: 52: 29:ancient Rome 24: 22: 20: 15: 5504:Revolutions 5388:Geographers 5072:Dioscorides 5052:Cassius Dio 4674:Cassiodorus 4577:Renaissance 4183:Agriculture 4155:Auxiliaries 4096:Engineering 3933:Magistrates 3785:Citizenship 3780:Mos maiorum 3715:Late Empire 3280:: 107–125. 2776:Andrew 2011 2764:Andrew 2011 2614:Mineo 2015a 2602:Mineo 2015a 2590:Koptev 2010 2578:Mineo 2015a 2566:Koptev 2010 2554:Koptev 2010 2490:Koptev 2010 2435:. Gleerup. 2078:res publica 2059:Koptev 2010 1891:Flower 2010 1879:Oakley 2014 1867:Oakley 2014 1783:j.ctt5vjn65 1741:Flower 2010 1729:Flower 2010 1717:Flower 2010 1678:Oakley 2014 1603:Oakley 2014 1010: 1730 963:Shakespeare 832:Cleisthenes 570:lex Valeria 534:Tim Cornell 466:Similarly, 424:'s tragedy 389:Development 198:or disprove 5468:Categories 5277:Mediolanum 5217:Alexandria 5182:Themistius 5147:Porphyrius 4974:Tertullian 4909:Quintilian 4899:Propertius 4794:Lactantius 4744:Fulgentius 4679:Censorinus 4501:Sanitation 4486:Metallurgy 4443:Technology 4408:Demography 4356:Patricians 4323:Spectacles 4281:Literature 4276:Hairstyles 4113:Technology 3863:Praefectus 3815:Government 3805:Litigation 3790:Auctoritas 3735:Centuriate 3622:Principate 3617:Pax Romana 3577:Foundation 3500:Wikisource 3358:OCD (2012) 3349:OCD (2012) 3340:OCD (2012) 3048:2006032839 2047:Lomas 2018 2035:Lomas 2018 1800:Lomas 2018 1579:Lomas 2018 1494:1243162549 1361:Lomas 2018 1311:Lomas 2018 1104:References 929:Mona Ozouf 855:great year 696:Alba Longa 519:Hipparchos 393:See also: 379:patricians 236:See also: 218:Roman bust 89:Chronology 75:Roman army 5433:Quaestors 5363:Empresses 5353:Dynasties 5343:Dictators 5318:and other 5307:Volubilis 5302:Vindobona 5262:Londinium 5187:Theodoret 5157:Procopius 5137:Polyaenus 5112:Pausanias 5014:Vitruvius 4959:Symmachus 4954:Suetonius 4864:Petronius 4849:Obsequens 4814:Macrobius 4809:Lucretius 4734:Frontinus 4709:Eutropius 4694:Columella 4644:Augustine 4634:Appuleius 4582:Neo-Latin 4557:Classical 4548:Versions 4456:Aqueducts 4398:Patronage 4318:Sexuality 4291:Mythology 4266:Education 4256:Cosmetics 4081:Campaigns 4076:Structure 4029:Decemviri 3888:Imperator 3587:overthrow 3489:(1905) . 3451:885548069 3422:239349186 3331:959667246 3294:0770-2817 3212:866253238 3162:905949529 2939:0025-5025 2900:0149-6611 2861:145304025 2853:1938-6133 2751:145514879 2743:1086-3192 2638:780301104 2441:697770965 2161:0075-4358 1854:155352456 1838:0009-837X 1690:Beck 2007 1500:Ant. Rom. 1179:161535192 1163:0009-837X 1109:Citations 315:praetores 176:Concordia 5438:Tribunes 5428:Praetors 5378:Generals 5358:Emperors 5267:Lugdunum 5252:Eboracum 5242:Carthage 5227:Aquileia 5142:Polybius 5132:Plutarch 5102:Libanius 5092:Josephus 5087:Herodian 4979:Tibullus 4894:Priscian 4869:Phaedrus 4829:Manilius 4774:Jordanes 4759:Hydatius 4689:Claudian 4669:Catullus 4659:Boëthius 4654:Ausonius 4572:Medieval 4544:Alphabet 4516:Theatres 4491:Numerals 4476:Concrete 4466:Circuses 4433:Bagaudae 4423:Adoption 4418:Marriage 4391:Assembly 4296:Religion 4271:Folklore 4251:Clothing 4246:Calendar 4203:Currency 4193:Commerce 4091:Strategy 4053:Military 4039:Triumvir 4019:Dictator 4014:Interrex 3993:Governor 3978:Quaestor 3941:Ordinary 3923:Province 3913:Tetrarch 3903:Augustus 3868:Vicarius 3858:Officium 3795:Imperium 3745:Plebeian 3705:Republic 3627:Dominate 3594:Republic 3555:Timeline 3302:41812945 3261:70728478 3114:31515793 3085:(1951). 3075:86070041 2982:15015674 2947:25609740 2169:20430571 1022:republic 999:Voltaire 875:Augustus 867:Camillus 685:magister 638:comitium 441:Plutarch 359:Tusculum 324:Vitellii 273:Lucretia 226:portrait 157:Polybius 146:Isagoras 142:Olympiad 69:and the 59:Lucretia 41:republic 5408:Legions 5368:Fiction 5338:Consuls 5333:Climate 5287:Ravenna 5282:Pompeii 5272:Lutetia 5237:Bononia 5232:Berytus 5222:Antioch 5197:Zosimus 5192:Zonaras 5167:Sozomen 5152:Priscus 5127:Photius 4969:Terence 4964:Tacitus 4949:Statius 4934:Servius 4919:Sallust 4874:Plautus 4854:Orosius 4834:Martial 4789:Juvenal 4764:Hyginus 4749:Gellius 4608:Writers 4539:History 4521:Thermae 4511:Temples 4461:Bridges 4428:Slavery 4376:Equites 4348:Society 4328:Theatre 4301:Deities 4261:Cuisine 4241:Bathing 4223:Culture 4198:Finance 4175:Economy 4066:Borders 4061:History 3963:Tribune 3958:Praetor 3848:Legatus 3843:Emperor 3730:Curiate 3700:Kingdom 3695:History 3671:History 3654:decline 3612:History 3582:Kingdom 3565:History 3550:Outline 2992:Sources 2908:2911508 2354:7120591 981:Malcolm 977:Macduff 972:Macbeth 967:Lucrece 873:before 859:Romulus 851:account 827:urvater 712:Tacitus 688:(as in 674:or the 656:comitia 555:Zonaras 344:Clusium 332:Etruria 328:Aquilii 308:Tarquin 304:consuls 263:Account 256:Romulus 220:in the 79:consuls 39:with a 5474:509 BC 5418:Nomina 5403:Legacy 5383:Gentes 5320:topics 5316:Lists 5297:Smyrna 5177:Strabo 5107:Lucian 5097:Julian 5047:Arrian 5042:Appian 5032:Aelian 5009:Vergil 4784:Justin 4769:Jerome 4754:Horace 4739:Fronto 4729:Florus 4704:Ennius 4684:Cicero 4664:Caesar 4562:Vulgar 4386:Tribes 4313:Romans 4123:Legion 4106:castra 3983:Aedile 3953:Censor 3948:Consul 3908:Caesar 3878:Lictor 3800:Status 3740:Tribal 3720:Senate 3710:Empire 3604:Empire 3540:topics 3495: 3449: 3439: 3420: 3410: 3383: 3329: 3319: 3300: 3292: 3259: 3249: 3210: 3200: 3179: 3160: 3150: 3131: 3112: 3102: 3073: 3063: 3046: 3036: 3017: 2980: 2970: 2945: 2937: 2906: 2898: 2859: 2851: 2749: 2741: 2693: 2678:Brutus 2636: 2626: 2508:16.62. 2439: 2352: 2268:406979 2266: 2256: 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Overthrow of the Roman monarchy

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