Second Persian invasion of Greece

2642:. However, as successful as this was, there was no need for the Persians to fight at Salamis to win the war; it has been suggested that the Persians were either overconfident or overeager to finish the campaign. Thus, the Allied victory at Salamis must at least partially be ascribed to a Persian strategic blunder. After Salamis, the Persian strategy changed. Mardonius sought to exploit dissensions between the Allies in order to fracture the alliance. In particular, he sought to win over the Athenians, which would leave the Allied fleet unable to oppose Persian landings on the Peloponnesus. Although Herodotus tells us that Mardonius was keen to fight a decisive battle, his actions in the run-up to Plataea are not particularly consistent with this. He seems to have been willing to accept battle on his terms, but he waited either for the Allies to attack, or for the alliance to collapse ignominiously. The Allied strategy for 479 BC was something of a mess; the Peloponnesians only agreed to march north in order to save the alliance, and it appears that the Allied leadership had little idea how to force a battle that they could win. It was the botched attempt to retreat from Plataea that finally delivered the Allies battle on their terms. Mardonius may have been overeager for victory; there was no need to attack the Allies, and by doing so he played to the main Allied tactical strength, combat in the melee. The Allied victory at Plataea can also therefore be seen as partially the result of a Persian mistake. 2318:, stayed on high ground above Plataea to protect themselves against such tactics. Mardonius ordered a hit-and-run cavalry attack on the Greek lines, but the attack was unsuccessful and the cavalry commander killed. The outcome prompted the Allies to move to a position nearer the Persian camp, still on high ground. As a result, the Allied lines of communication were exposed. The Persian cavalry began to intercept food deliveries and finally managed to destroy the only spring of water available to the Allies. The Allied position now undermined, Pausanias ordered a night-time retreat towards their original positions. This went awry, leaving the Athenians, and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills, with the other contingents scattered further away, near Plataea itself. Seeing that he might never have a better opportunity to attack, Mardonius ordered his whole army forward. However, as at Thermopylae, the Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites, and the Spartans broke through to Mardonius's bodyguard and killed him. The Persian force thus dissolved in rout; 40,000 troops managed to escape via the road to Thessaly, but the rest fled to the Persian camp where they were trapped and slaughtered by the Allies, thus finalising their victory. 2563:, where their cavalry had easily routed the (probably exhausted) Greeks. However, at the battle of Marathon, the Athenian hoplites had shown their superiority over the Persian infantry, albeit in the absence of any cavalry. It is therefore slightly surprising that the Persians did not bring any hoplites from the Greek regions, especially Ionia, under their control in Asia. Equally, Herodotus tells us that the Egyptian marines serving in the navy were well armed, and performed well against the Greek marines; yet no Egyptian contingent served in the army. The Persians may not have completely trusted the Ionians and Egyptians, since both had recently revolted against Persian rule. However, if this is the case, then it must be questioned why there were Greek and Egyptian contingents in the navy. The Allies evidently tried to play on the Persian fears about the reliability of the Ionians in Persian service; but, as far as we can tell, both the Ionians and Egyptians performed particularly well for the Persian navy. It may therefore simply be that neither the Ionians nor Egyptians were included in the army because they were serving in the fleet — none of the coastal regions of the Persian empire appear to have sent contingents with the army. 2650:". This may have played a part, and certainly the Greeks seem to have interpreted their victory in those terms. One crucial factor in the Allied success was that, having formed an alliance, however fractious, they remained true to it, despite the odds. There appear to have been many occasions when the alliance seemed in doubt, but ultimately it withstood; and while this alone did not defeat the Persians, it meant that even after the occupation of most of Greece, the Allies were not themselves defeated. This is exemplified by the remarkable fact that the citizens of Athens, Thespiae and Plataea chose to carry on fighting from exile rather than submit to the Persians. Ultimately, the Allies succeeded because they avoided catastrophic defeats, stuck to their alliance, took advantage of Persian mistakes, and because in the hoplite they possessed an advantage (perhaps their only real advantage at the start of the conflict), which, at Plataea, allowed them to destroy the Persian invasion force. 2173:

empire for so long. Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position had little chance of success; with the Allies now dug in across the isthmus, there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land. However, if the isthmus's defensive line could be outflanked, the Allies could be defeated. Such an outflanking of the isthmus required the use of the Persian navy, and thus the neutralisation of the Allied navy. In summary, if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy, he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season. Conversely by avoiding destruction, or as Themistocles hoped, by destroying the Persian fleet, the Greeks could avoid conquest. In the final reckoning, both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle, in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war.

2567:

the Persians signally failed to adjust their tactics to the situation, although the position was well chosen to limit the Persian options. At Plataea, the harassing of the Allied positions by cavalry was a successful tactic, forcing the precipitous (and nearly disastrous) retreat; however, Mardonius then brought about a general melee between the infantry, which resulted in the Persian defeat. The events at Mycale reveal a similar story; Persian infantry committing themselves to a melee with hoplites, with disastrous results. It has been suggested that there is little evidence of complex tactics in the Greco-Persian wars. However, as simple as the Greek tactics were, they played to their strengths; the Persians, however, may have seriously underestimated the strength of the hoplite, and their failure to adapt to facing the Allied infantry contributed to the eventual Persian defeat.

2598:

efficient bureaucracy, which allowed them to undertake remarkable feats of planning. The Persian generals had significant experience of warfare over the 80 years in which the Persian empire had been established. Furthermore, the Persians excelled in the use of intelligence and diplomacy in warfare, as shown by their (nearly successful) attempts to divide and conquer the Greeks. The Greeks, by comparison, were fragmented, with only 30 or so city-states actively opposing the Persian invasion; even those were prone to quarrel with one another. They had little experience of large-scale warfare, being largely restricted to small-scale local warfare, and their commanders were chosen primarily on the basis of the political and social standing, rather than because of any experience or expertise. As Lazenby therefore asks:

2322: 1965: 2500:). Hoplites fought in the phalanx formation; the exact details are not completely clear, but it was a close-knit formation, presenting a uniform front of overlapping shields, and spears, to the enemy. Properly assembled, the phalanx was a formidable offensive and defensive weapon; on occasions when it is recorded to have happened, it took a huge number of light infantry to defeat a relatively small phalanx. It is also possible that the "leather armor" was actually untanned or partially tanned rawhide rather than fully tanned leather, because modern tests have concluded that plain or treated rawhide is a significantly better material for making armor than leather. 2105: 1776:

had sworn alliance" (Godley translation) or "the Greeks who had banded themselves together" (Rawlinson translation). Hereafter, they will be referred to as the 'Allies'. Sparta and Athens had a leading role in the congress but interests of all the states played a part in determining defensive strategy. Little is known about the internal workings of the congress or the discussions during its meetings. Only 70 of the approximately 700 Greek cities sent representatives. Nevertheless, this was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world, especially since many of the city-states in attendance were still technically at war with each other.

2093: 2605:

the Persians but then were forced to submit as the Persians advanced. Conversely, the Allied strategy was probably to try and stop the Persian advance as far north as possible, and thus prevent the submission of as many potential Allies as possible. Beyond this, the Allies seem to have realised that given the Persians' overwhelming numbers, they had little chance in open battle, and thus they opted to try to defend geographical bottle-necks, where the Persian numbers would count for less. The whole Allied campaign for 480 BC can be seen in this context. Initially they attempted to defend the

2383: 2622: 731: 2544: 628:) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been relatively recent history (the wars finally ending in 450 BC). Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it. As Holland has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally". 1836: 2033: 1466:

the contradictions in the ancient sources. A later influential historian, J. B. Bury, calls Herodotus's numbers "wholly fabulous" and judges that the Persian land forces may have been 180,000. A major limiting factor for the size of the Persian army, first suggested by Sir Frederick Maurice (a British transport officer) is the supply of water. Maurice suggested in the region of 200,000 men and 70,000 animals could have been supported by the rivers in that region of Greece. He further suggested that Herodotus may have confused the Persian terms for

2004: 1736: 2374:

Mycale. An army of 60,000 men had been left there by Xerxes, and the fleet joined with them, building a palisade around the camp to protect the ships. However, Leotychides decided to attack the camp with the Allied fleet's marines. Seeing the small size of the Allied force, the Persians emerged from the camp, but the hoplites again proved superior and destroyed much of the Persian force. The ships were abandoned to the Allies, who burnt them, crippling Xerxes' sea power, and marking the ascendancy of the Allied fleet.

2263: 1450: 742:" in token of their submission to him. Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year, the majority of Greek cities duly obliged. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well. This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia. (Later, in order to appease Xerxes, who was about to launch the Second Persian invasion of Greece after succeeding his father, Darius, two Spartans were voluntarily sent to 699: 647:" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds that have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his 794: 2306: 907:, based on Persian records, gave 800,000 as the total number of the army (without the support personnel) that was assembled by Xerxes. While it has been suggested that Herodotus or his sources had access to official Persian Empire records of the forces involved in the expedition, modern scholars tend to reject these figures based on knowledge of the Persian military systems, their logistical capabilities, the Greek countryside, and supplies available along the army's route. 37: 814: 887: 2576: 9607: 2220:, whom he found in revolt". Despite attempts to capture Potidaea by treachery, the Persians were forced to keep up the siege for three months. Then, attempting to use an unusually low tide to attack the town from sea, the Persian army was caught by the returning tide, many drowning and the survivors being attacked by the Potideans in boats. Artabazus was thus forced to lift the siege, and return to Mardonius in Thessaly with the remnants of his men. 9617: 2659: 9627: 2177: 1519: 2184:

result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles, the navies finally engaged in the cramped Straits of Salamis. There, the large Persian numbers were an active hindrance, as ships struggled to manoeuvre and became disorganised. Seizing the opportunity, the Greek fleet attacked, and scored a decisive victory, sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships, and thus ensuring the Peloponnesus would not be outflanked.

2029:), Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Allied army, remaining to guard the rear with 300 Spartans, 700 Thespians, 400 Thebians and perhaps a few hundred others. On the third day of the battle, the remaining Allies sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians and slaughter as many as they could. Ultimately, however, the Allied rearguard was annihilated, and the pass of Thermopylae opened to the Persians. 2125: 1895:. There, food had been sent from Asia for several years in preparation for the campaign. Animals had been bought and fattened, while the local populations had, for several months, been ordered to grind the grains into flour. The Persian army took roughly three months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme, a journey of about 600 km (360 mi). It paused at 2061:. These ships were to round Euboea and block the line of retreat for the Allied fleet. Meanwhile, the Allies and the remaining Persians engaged in the late afternoon, the Allies having the better of the engagement and capturing 30 vessels. That evening, another storm occurred, wrecking the majority of the Persian detachment which had been sent around Euboea. 2680:, while Themistocles's ruse before Salamis is a good example of the use of deception in warfare. The major lesson of the invasion, reaffirming the events at the Battle of Marathon, was the superiority of the hoplite in close-quarters fighting over the more-lightly armed Persian infantry. Taking on this lesson, the Persian empire would later, after the 2488:) who could afford the armour necessary to fight in this manner. The hoplite was, by the standards of the time, heavily armoured, with linothorax or a breastplate (originally bronze, but probably by this stage made of organic materials such as linen (possibly linothorax) and leather, greaves, a full helmet, and a large round shield (the 3043:

purpose, the demanders were cast at the one city into the Pit32 and at the other in case of a well, and bidden to carry thence earth and water to the king. For this cause Xerxes sent no demand. What calamity befell the Athenians for thus dealing with the heralds I cannot say, save that their land and their city was laid waste.."

1759:

man-power to fight on land and sea; therefore combatting the Persians would require an alliance of several Greek city states. In 481 BC Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water, but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta. Support thus began to coalesce around these two states.

2146:, were captured and razed. Attica was also left open to invasion, and the remaining population of Athens was thus evacuated, with the aid of the Allied fleet, to Salamis. The Peloponnesian Allies began to prepare a defensive line across the Isthmus of Corinth, building a wall, and demolishing the road from 911:

figure of 200,000 or 300,000–500,000. Nevertheless, whatever the real numbers were, it is clear that Xerxes was eager to ensure a successful expedition by mustering overwhelming numerical superiority by land and by sea, and also that much of the army died of starvation and disease, never returning to Asia.

2604:

The Persian strategy for 480 BC was probably to simply progress through Greece in overwhelming force. The cities in any territory that the army passed through would be forced to submit or risk destruction; and indeed this happened with the Thessalian, Locrian and Phocian cities who initially resisted

2566:

In the two major land battles of the invasion, the Allies clearly adjusted their tactics to nullify the Persian advantage in numbers and cavalry, by occupying the pass at Thermopylae and by staying on high ground at Plataea. At Thermopylae, until the path outflanking the Allied position was revealed,

1775:

was formed. This confederation had the power to send envoys asking for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation. Herodotus does not formulate an abstract name for the union but simply calls them "οἱ Ἕλληνες" (the Greeks) and "the Greeks who

898:

The numbers of troops that Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece have been the subject of endless dispute because the numbers given in ancient sources are very large indeed. Herodotus claimed that there were, in total, 2.5 million military personnel, accompanied by an equivalent number of

718:

in 499–494 BC. The Persian Empire was still relatively young and prone to revolts among its subject peoples. Moreover, Darius was a usurper and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire, and Darius thus vowed to punish

2191:

and Ctesias place this attempt before the battle). In any case, this project was soon abandoned. With the Persians' naval superiority removed, Xerxes feared that the Greeks might sail to the Hellespont and destroy the pontoon bridges. According to Herodotus, Mardonius volunteered to remain in Greece

1918:

that the vale could be bypassed by at least two other passes and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelming; the Allies therefore retreated. Shortly afterwards, they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont. The abandonment of Tempe meant that all of Thessaly submitted to the Persians,

1783:

was a major absentee and was suspected of being willing to aid the Persians once the invasion force arrived. Not all Thebans agreed with this policy, and 400 "loyalist" hoplites joined the Allied force at Thermopylae (at least according to one possible interpretation). The most notable city actively

1758:

The Athenians had been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid-480s BC, and in 482 BC the decision was taken, under the guidance of the politician Themistocles, to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians. The Athenians did not have the

1465:

Grote's main objection is the supply problem, though he does not analyse the problem in detail. He did not reject Herodotus's account altogether, citing the latter's reporting of the Persians' careful methods of accounting and their stockpiling of supply caches for three years, but drew attention to

3042:

This self-sacrifice occurred shortly after Darius' reign ended, when Xerxes was imminently to invade Greece in the Second Persian Invasion. As Herodotus writes: "But to Athens and Sparta Xerxes sent no heralds to demand earth, and this was the reason: when Darius had before sent men with this same

3033:"Two Spartans of noble birth and great wealth, Sperthias son of Aneristus and Bulis son of Nicolaus, undertook of their own free will that they would make atonement to Xerxes for Darius' heralds who had been done to death at Sparta. Thereupon the Spartans sent these men to Media for execution." in 2273:

Over the winter, there seems to have been some tension between the Allies. In particular, the Athenians, who were not protected by the isthmus, but whose fleet were the key to the security of the Peloponnesus, felt hard done by. They demanded an Allied army march north the following year. When the

2183:

Thus, it was that the Allied fleet remained off the coast of Salamis into September, despite the imminent arrival of the Persians. Even after Athens fell to the advancing Persian army, the Allied fleet still remained off the coast of Salamis, trying to lure the Persian fleet to battle. Partly as a

1694:

Herodotus also records that this was the number at the Battle of Salamis, despite the losses earlier in storms off Sepia and Euboea, and at the battle of Artemisium. He claims that the losses were replenished with reinforcements, though he only records 120 triremes from the Greeks of Thrace and an

2597:

At the beginning of the invasion, the Persians held most advantages. Regardless of its actual size, it is clear that the Persians had brought an overwhelming number of troops and ships to Greece. The Persians had a unified command system, and everyone was answerable to the king. They had a hugely

2511:

The phalanx was vulnerable to being outflanked by cavalry, if caught on the wrong terrain, however. The hoplite's heavy armour and long spears made them excellent troops in hand-to-hand combat and gave them significant protection against ranged attacks by light troops and skirmishers. Even if the

2293:

as an intermediary. The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the offer, but rejected it. Athens was thus evacuated again, and the Persians marched south and re-took possession of it. Mardonius brought even more thorough destruction to the city. According to Herodotus,

2172:

The Persians had now captured most of Greece, but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance from the Greeks; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible; the huge invasion force could not be supplied indefinitely, and probably Xerxes did not wish to be at the fringe of his

2069:

ships, capturing and destroying them. On the third day, however, the Persian fleet attacked the Allies lines in full force. In a day of savage fighting, the Allies held on to their position, but suffered severe losses (half the Athenian fleet was damaged); nevertheless, the Allies inflicted equal

1722:

These numbers are (by ancient standards) consistent, and this could be interpreted that a number around 1,200 is correct. Among modern scholars some have accepted this number, although suggesting that the number must have been lower by the Battle of Salamis. Other recent works on the Persian Wars

910:

Modern scholars thus generally attribute the numbers given in the ancient sources to the result of miscalculations or exaggerations on the part of the victors, or disinformation by the Persians in the run up to the war. The topic has been hotly debated but the modern consensus revolves around the

2675:

Militarily, there was not much in the way of tactical or strategic innovation during the Persian invasion, one commentator suggesting it was something of "a soldier's war" (i.e., it was the soldiers rather than generals that won the war). Thermopylae is often used as a good example of the use of

2515:

The Persian infantry used in the invasion were a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting. The troops were, generally speaking, armed with a bow, 'short spear' and sword,

2373:

had joined up with the rest of the Allied fleet. The fleet, now able to match the Persians, had first sailed to Samos, where the Persian fleet was based. The Persians, whose ships were in a poor state of repair, had decided not to risk fighting and instead drew their ships up on the beach under

1826:

The allies had no 'standing army', nor was there any requirement to form one; since they were fighting on home territory, they could muster armies as and when required. Different-sized allied forces thus appeared throughout the campaign. These numbers are discussed fully in the article for each

2617:

was initially effective; however, the failure to properly guard the path that outflanked Thermopylae undermined their strategy, and led to defeat. At Artemisium the fleet also scored some successes, but withdrew due to the losses they had sustained, and since the defeat of Thermopylae made the

2637:

by the Allies changed the nature of the war. The Persians did not attempt to attack the isthmus by land, realising they probably could not breach it. This essentially reduced the conflict to a naval one. Themistocles now proposed what was in hindsight the strategic masterstroke in the Allied

2404:

With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale, the second Persian invasion of Greece was over. Moreover, the threat of future invasion was abated; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again, over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much

719:

those involved (especially those not already part of the empire). Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece. A preliminary expedition under Mardonius, in 492 BC, to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re-conquest of

2011:

When the Persians arrived at Thermopylae in mid-August, they initially waited for three days for the Allies to disperse. When Xerxes was eventually persuaded that the Allies intended to contest the pass, he sent his troops to attack. However, the Greek position was ideally suited to

2297:

Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on Salamis. Athens, along with Megara and Plataea, sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance, and threatening to accept the Persian terms if not. The Spartans, who were at that time celebrating the festival of

2070:

losses on the Persian fleet. That evening, the Allies received news of the fate of Leonidas and the Allies at Thermopylae. Since the Allied fleet was badly damaged, and since it no longer needed to defend the flank of Thermopylae, they retreated from Artemisium to the island of

2504: 2536:, Medes, Cissians and Saka; most of these probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry. The style of fighting used by the Persians was probably to stand off from an enemy, using their bows (or equivalent) to wear down the enemy before closing in to deliver the 2435:, would expel the Persians from Macedon, Thrace, the Aegean islands and Ionia. The Achaemenid maintained a strong presence at the doorstep of Greece, in Thrace, until circa 465 BC. In 477–455 BC, according to Thucydides, the allies campaigned against the city of 2516:

carried a wicker shield and wore at most a leather jerkin. The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops, who may have worn a corslet of scaled armour. Some of the contingents may have been armed somewhat differently; for instance, the

1470:(1,000) and myriarchy (10,000), leading to an exaggeration by a factor of ten. Other early modern scholars estimated that the land forces participating in the invasion at 100,000 soldiers or less, based on the logistical systems available to the Ancients. 2057:, losing many ships, but could still probably muster over 800 ships at the start of the battle. On the first day (also the first of the Battle of Thermopylae), the Persians detached 200 seaworthy ships, which were sent to sail around the eastern coast of 850:(rounding which headland, a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC). These were both feats of exceptional ambition, which would have been beyond any contemporary state. However, the campaign was delayed one year because of another revolt in Egypt and 2369:. Their morale boosted, the Allied marines fought and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Mycale that same day, destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet. As soon as the Peloponnesians had marched north of the isthmus, the Athenian fleet under 2313:

When Mardonius heard that the Allied army was on the march, he retreated into Boeotia, near Plataea, trying to draw the Allies into open terrain where he could use his cavalry. The Allied army however, under the command of the Spartan regent

1992:) of 300 men (in this case, the elite young soldiers in the Hippeis were replaced by veterans who already had sons). Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Peloponnesian cities allied to Sparta, and other forces that were picked up 2024:

who revealed to Xerxes a mountain path that led behind the Allied lines. Xerxes then sent his elite guards, the Immortals on a night march to outflank the Allies. When he was made aware of this maneuver (while the Immortals were still

522:, the Allied army held back the Persian army for three days, before they were outflanked by a mountain path and the Allied rearguard was trapped and annihilated. The Allied fleet had also withstood two days of Persian attacks at the 2192:

and complete the conquest with a hand-picked group of troops, while advising Xerxes to retreat to Asia with the bulk of the army. All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica, with Mardonius over-wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly.

2052:

Simultaneous with the battle at Thermopylae, an Allied naval force of 271 triremes defended the Straits of Artemisium against the Persians. Directly before Artemisium, the Persian fleet had been caught in a gale off the coast of

2645:

Thus, the Persian failure may be seen partly as a result of two strategic mistakes that handed the Allies tactical advantages, and resulted in decisive defeats for the Persians. The Allied success is often seen as the result of

2412:. After the victory at Mycale, the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges, but found that this was already done. The Peloponnesians sailed home, but the Athenians remained to attack the 857:

In 481 BC, after roughly four years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster the troops for the invasion of Europe. Herodotus gives the names of 46 nations from which troops were drafted. The Persian army was gathered in

2302:, delayed making a decision for 10 days. However, when the Athenian emissaries then delivered an ultimatum to the Spartans, they were amazed to hear that a task force was in fact already marching to meet the Persians. 2666:

The second Persian invasion of Greece was an event of major significance in European history. A large number of historians hold that, had Greece been conquered, the Ancient Greek culture that lies at the basis of

2671:

would have never developed (and by extension Western civilization itself). While this may be an exaggeration, it is clear that even at the time the Greeks understood that something very significant had happened.

1938:. This dual strategy was adopted by congress. However, the Peloponnesian cities made fall-back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to it, while the women and children of Athens were evacuated 1481:, the basic unit of the Persian infantry, which numbered about 10,000-strong); this would give a land force of roughly 300,000 men. Other proponents of larger numbers suggest figures from 250,000 to 700,000. 651:, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story. 1934:. This could easily be blocked by the Allies, despite the overwhelming number of Persians. Furthermore, to prevent the Persians from bypassing Thermopylae by sea, the allied navy could block the straits of 2064:

On the second day of the battle, news reached the Allies that their lines of retreat were no longer threatened; they therefore resolved to maintain their position. They staged a hit-and-run attack on some

1489:

The size of the Persian fleet is also disputed, though perhaps less so. According to Herodotus the Persian fleet numbered 1,207 triremes and 3,000 transport and supply ships, including 50-oared galleys

2286:, both sides unwilling to risk battle. Similarly, Mardonius remained in Thessaly, knowing an attack on the isthmus was pointless, while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponessus. 769:, where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army. At the ensuing Battle of Marathon, the Athenians won a remarkable victory, which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia. 2289:

Mardonius moved to break the stalemate, by offering peace, self-government and territorial expansion to the Athenians (with the aim of thereby removing their fleet from the Allied forces), using

384: 565:

succeeded in luring the Persian navy into the narrow Straits of Salamis, where the huge number of Persian ships became disorganised, and were soundly beaten by the Allied fleet. The Allied

1438:

Herodotus doubles this number to account for support personnel and thus he reports that the whole army numbered 5,283,220 men. Other ancient sources give similarly large numbers. The poet

2020:

head on. The Allies thus withstood two full days of battle and everything Xerxes could throw at them. However, at the end of the second day, they were betrayed by a local resident named

727:

to become a fully subordinate kingdom part of Persia. It had previously been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC, but remained having autonomy and not fully subordinate yet.

4728: 4587: 4461: 4441: 4421: 3958: 4401: 3935: 3895: 3875: 3855: 3815: 3795: 3775: 3755: 3735: 3715: 3695: 3675: 3655: 3635: 3615: 3595: 3575: 3555: 3535: 3495: 3475: 3383: 3160: 3432: 3915: 3835: 618:. Herodotus, who has been called the 'Father of History', was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus, Asia Minor (then under Persian overlordship). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek— 2195:

Some Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt-out city for the winter. They would have to evacuate again in front of a second advance by Mardonius in June 479 BC.

9861: 668:. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's. The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch, 6292: 6127: 6107: 5890: 5870: 5658: 5635: 5601: 5557: 5514: 5494: 5474: 5454: 5434: 5402: 5382: 5362: 5342: 5297: 5277: 5257: 5205: 5180: 5155: 5135: 5115: 5095: 5066: 4885: 4865: 4845: 4825: 4802: 4782: 4748: 4708: 4679: 4636: 4607: 4555: 4535: 4275: 3515: 3455: 3403: 3363: 3299: 3220: 3200: 3180: 3140: 3085: 3065: 2989: 2957: 2913: 2892: 2800: 377: 2274:

other Allies failed to commit to this, the Athenian fleet probably refused to join the Allied navy in the spring. The navy, now under the command of the Spartan king

9906: 479:'s attempts to subjugate Greece. After Darius's death, his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the second invasion, mustering an enormous army and navy. The 3260: 307: 776:

subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition. Darius then died while preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son

584:, the Greek infantry again proved its superiority, inflicting a severe defeat on the Persians and killing Mardonius in the process. On the same day, across the 1508:

fleet held a position of primacy among the naval forces of the Achaemenid Empire at that time, providing the best ships in the fleet, even before the fleet of

370: 5253: 5886: 5654: 5597: 5201: 5176: 5151: 5131: 4675: 4603: 3061: 874:

where it was joined with the armies of the western satrapies. Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe, crossing the Hellespont on two

5866: 5553: 5510: 5490: 5470: 5450: 5430: 5398: 5378: 5358: 5293: 5273: 5111: 5091: 5062: 4881: 4861: 4841: 4821: 4798: 4632: 4142: 3359: 3216: 3255:

The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas

2985: 5631: 6288: 2361:

On the afternoon of the Battle of Plataea, Herodotus tells us that rumour of the Allied victory reached the Allied navy, at that time off the coast of

1984:, during both of which warfare was considered sacrilegious. Nevertheless, the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they despatched their king 2420:, the strongest town in the region, which the Athenians then laid siege to; after a protracted siege, it fell to the Athenians. Herodotus ended his 6669:

Papademetriou, K (2005). "Περσικό Πεζικό: Η δύναμη που κατέκτησε τη νοτιοδυτική Ασία" (Persian Infantry: The force that conquered southwest Asia),

3239: 2613:. After they realised that they could not defend this position, they chose the next-most northerly position, the Thermopylae/Artemisium axis. The 1899:

where it was joined by the fleet. Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march.

1855:

Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC, the Persian army began its march to Greece. Five major food depots had been set up along the path: at

9686: 6754: 1930:. The route to southern Greece (Boeotia, Attica and the Peloponnesus) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of 9663: 6706: 10039: 6346: 6320: 4724: 4583: 4457: 4437: 4417: 3954: 6103: 4397: 3931: 3891: 3871: 3851: 3811: 3791: 3771: 3751: 3731: 3711: 3691: 3671: 3651: 3631: 3611: 3591: 3571: 3551: 3531: 3511: 3491: 3471: 3399: 3379: 3156: 2909: 1856: 1478: 487:

led the Greek resistance. About a tenth of the Greek city-states joined the 'Allied' effort; most remained neutral or submitted to Xerxes.

300: 6123: 4704: 4551: 3428: 3295: 3081: 2953: 2888: 6328: 5338: 4531: 4271: 3911: 3831: 3451: 3196: 3176: 2796: 1788:, in the otherwise Spartan-dominated Peloponnese. However, the Argives had been severely weakened in 494 BC, when a Spartan-force led by 5741: 4778: 4744: 3343: 3323: 3136: 8354: 6362: 596:, eventually expelling the Persians from Europe, the Aegean Islands and Ionia before the war finally came to an end in 449 BC with the 6588: 1902:

The Allied 'congress' met again in the spring of 480 BC. A Thessalian delegation suggested that the allies could muster in the narrow

561:

from Persian conquest. Both sides thus sought a naval victory that might decisively alter the course of the war. The Athenian general

592:. With this double defeat, the invasion was ended, and Persian power in the Aegean severely dented. The Greeks would now move to the 2842: 765:. The task force then moved on Eretria, which it besieged and destroyed. Finally, it moved to attack Athens, landing at the bay of 569:

prevented a quick conclusion to the invasion, and fearing becoming trapped in Europe, Xerxes retreated to Asia leaving his general

2134:, or "Persian rubble": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of Xerxes. Photographed in 1866, just after excavation. 9771: 6607:

Scott, JA (1915). "Thoughts on the Reliability of Classical Writers, with Especial Reference to the Size of the Army of Xerxes",

2618:

position irrelevant. Thus far, the Persian strategy had succeeded, while the Allied strategy, though not a disaster, had failed.

293: 6197: 10044: 10034: 834:

Since this was to be a full-scale invasion, it required long-term planning, stock-piling and conscription. It was decided that

6598: 6463: 2187:

According to Herodotus, after this loss Xerxes attempted to build a causeway across the straits to attack Salamis (although

7742: 772:

Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his

1699:, who fought at Salamis, also claims that he faced 1,207 warships there, of which 1,000 were triremes and 207 fast ships. 6747: 3256: 2443:

river. Eion was one of the Achaemenid garrisons left in Thrace during and after the second Persian invasion, along with

2409: 593: 346: 9813: 9656: 8364: 8054: 7747: 7681: 6489: 4121: 9970: 9938: 7752: 7727: 6695: 6573: 6530: 6522: 6507: 6436: 6421: 6399: 4964: 4928: 4242: 2321: 9786: 9561: 8310: 7737: 7732: 2792: 754: 693: 639:), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting. 468: 418: 336: 8204: 8064: 8059: 7336: 2294:

Mardonius "burnt Athens and utterly overthrew or demolished whatever wall or house or temple was left standing".

2153:

Athens fell a first time in September 480 BC. The small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the

1147: 9828: 9823: 2309:

The main battle at Plataea. The Greek retreat becomes disorganised, and the Persians cross the Asopus to attack.

467:

of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the

10049: 9588: 8229: 7643: 6740: 2354: 570: 157: 2447:. Herodotus then alludes to several failed attempts, presumably Athenian, to dislodge the Persian governor of 780:. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece. 9943: 9916: 9766: 9649: 9583: 9140: 8633: 8149: 8069: 7767: 7477: 2520:

were renowned axemen. The 'elite' contingents of the Persian infantry seem to have been the ethnic Persians,

1727:—and generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean. 1707:

independently claim there were 1,200 at Doriskos. The number of 1,207 (for the outset only) is also given by

1231: 1779:

The majority of other city-states remained more-or-less neutral, awaiting the outcome of the confrontation.

1512:

or the Egyptians. The Phoenicians furnished a fleet of 300 ships, "together with the Syrians of Palestine".

631:

Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with

10054: 9931: 9911: 9713: 9556: 8085: 7539: 1715:

claims there were 1,300 at Doriskos and 1,200 at Salamis. Ctesias gives another number, 1,000 ships, while

3235: 10029: 9899: 8611: 8219: 8095: 7757: 7711: 7666: 7442: 7131: 6370: 2459: 2237: 1964: 664:, also provides an account of the Greco-Persian wars, partially derived from the earlier Greek historian 9150: 3045: 3035: 1976:, and thus intending to march towards Thermopylae, it was both the period of truce that accompanied the 10024: 10019: 9851: 9691: 9272: 9145: 8278: 8273: 8249: 8159: 7676: 6774: 2045: 1509: 835: 9761: 9975: 9926: 9866: 9856: 9846: 9630: 9573: 8529: 8332: 8317: 8239: 8174: 7494: 7389: 6863: 6797: 2399: 351: 8141: 8121: 7319: 6977: 2532:, although they were still armed in the aforementioned style. Cavalry was provided by the Persians, 2138:

Victory at Thermopylae meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes; the two cities that had resisted him,

2104: 1914:

Euenetus and Themistocles was thus dispatched to the pass. However, once there, they were warned by

9818: 9746: 8327: 8290: 8224: 7890: 7777: 6718: 6561:. University of Nebraska Press. Reprint edition, 1990. Translated by Walter, J. Renfroe. 4 Volumes. 6473: 862:

in the summer and autumn of 481 BC. The armies from the Eastern satrapies was gathered in Kritala,

9953: 9871: 9610: 8734: 8534: 8519: 8322: 8305: 8285: 8254: 8154: 8090: 7706: 7691: 7661: 7622: 7499: 7351: 6853: 1997: 1410:

There is some contradiction in Herodotus's accounts. The figure of 240,000 is derived from 3,000

1431:

The term "Asian" is Herodotus' but under that term he also includes Arabians and north Africans.

9958: 9948: 9894: 9568: 8571: 8342: 8300: 8234: 8199: 7651: 7635: 7331: 7272: 7121: 7116: 2560: 2480:

The Greek style of warfare had been honed over the preceding centuries. It revolved around the

2290: 2209: 2092: 1915: 1271: 1135: 4954: 4232: 2621: 2425: 2382: 1723:

reject this number—1,207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the

636: 514:

of Sparta; simultaneously, the Persian fleet was blocked by an Allied fleet at the straits of

9703: 9698: 9620: 8849: 8839: 8829: 8814: 8504: 8244: 8214: 8169: 8164: 7795: 7762: 7564: 7469: 7455: 7111: 6982: 6946: 6357: 5747: 4918: 3339: 3320: 2614: 2543: 2216:

on the return journey to Thessaly: "he thought it right that he should enslave the people of

2117: 2083: 1977: 1955: 1805: 1474: 730: 660: 624: 519: 408: 1835: 643:

criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "

9876: 9092: 9086: 9072: 8556: 8514: 8486: 8371: 8184: 7414: 7210: 6387: 2315: 2299: 2166: 2109: 2021: 1959: 1935: 1809: 523: 413: 152: 128: 2032: 746:

for execution, in atonement for the death of the Persian heralds sent earlier by Darius.)

8: 9223: 9193: 8581: 8476: 8471: 7908: 7223: 7136: 7106: 7060: 6823: 2413: 2213: 2113: 2054: 1369: 2846: 2455:. The Achaemenids finally removed Mascames and their garrison at Doriskos circa 465 BC. 1864: 918:

for an inspection by Xerxes, and he recounts the numbers of troops found to be present:

9781: 9756: 9440: 9337: 9243: 8887: 8804: 8692: 8194: 8018: 7534: 7514: 7371: 7242: 7126: 6921: 6848: 4213: 4205: 4180:

Kelly, Thomas (1 November 1987). "Herodotus and the Chronology of the Kings of Sidon".

2634: 2395: 2097: 1477:

note Herodotus giving the names of six major commanders and 29 myriarchs (leaders of a

1411: 1071: 1031: 949: 871: 824: 689: 635:. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the 554: 472: 460: 317: 28: 6550:

Maurice, F (1930). "The size of the army of Xerxes in the invasion of Greece 480 BC".

3276: 2003: 914:

Herodotus tells us that the army and navy, while moving through Thrace, was halted at

738:

In 491 BC, Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city-states, asking for a gift of "

10059: 9965: 9921: 9798: 9738: 9616: 9515: 9102: 8651: 8499: 8451: 8295: 8264: 8209: 8126: 8003: 7875: 7696: 7529: 7482: 7422: 7296: 7278: 7254: 7236: 7191: 7146: 7141: 6792: 6691: 6685: 6594: 6569: 6526: 6518: 6515:

The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece—and Western Civilization

6503: 6485: 6459: 6432: 6417: 6395: 6201: 4960: 4924: 4238: 4217: 4197: 4136: 2681: 2639: 2529: 2326: 2266: 2253: 2087: 2017: 1817: 1813: 1772: 1439: 1139: 1004: 900: 581: 566: 480: 438: 423: 96: 6662:Οι δυνάμεις των Ελλήνων και των Περσών (The forces of the Greeks and the Persians), 2416:, still held by the Persians. The Persians in the region, and their allies made for 2240:. Having taken the town, he massacred the defenders and handed over the town to the 1463:"To admit this overwhelming total, or anything near to it, is obviously impossible." 362: 9987: 9803: 9445: 8977: 8942: 8759: 8616: 8494: 8381: 8376: 7701: 7656: 7487: 7394: 7010: 6843: 6828: 6818: 6342: 4920:

The Symposium in Context: Pottery from a Late Archaic House Near the Athenian Agora

4189: 2677: 2662:

Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting. Ancient kylix, 5th century BC.

2589:) formed a large portion of the Achaemenid army. Detail of the tomb of Xerxes I at 2257: 1821: 1793: 1735: 1700: 1663: 766: 655: 597: 589: 443: 212: 161: 114: 2496:), which was evidently significantly longer than Persian spears, and a sword (the 1910:, and thereby block Xerxes's advance. A force of 10,000 Allies led by the Spartan 10014: 10009: 9886: 9838: 9751: 9708: 9460: 9218: 9006: 8819: 8561: 8427: 8359: 7686: 7284: 7266: 7260: 7174: 7151: 7025: 6936: 6896: 6833: 6366: 6296: 6131: 6111: 5894: 5874: 5662: 5639: 5605: 5561: 5518: 5498: 5478: 5458: 5438: 5406: 5386: 5366: 5346: 5301: 5281: 5261: 5209: 5184: 5159: 5139: 5119: 5099: 5070: 4889: 4869: 4849: 4829: 4806: 4786: 4752: 4732: 4712: 4683: 4640: 4611: 4591: 4559: 4539: 4465: 4445: 4425: 4405: 4279: 3962: 3939: 3919: 3899: 3879: 3859: 3839: 3819: 3799: 3779: 3759: 3739: 3719: 3699: 3679: 3659: 3639: 3619: 3599: 3579: 3559: 3539: 3519: 3499: 3479: 3459: 3436: 3407: 3387: 3367: 3347: 3327: 3303: 3264: 3243: 3224: 3204: 3184: 3164: 3144: 3089: 3069: 3003: 3001: 2993: 2961: 2917: 2896: 2804: 2668: 2262: 2162: 1780: 1606: 1449: 993: 739: 197: 9485: 9198: 9808: 9342: 9282: 9277: 9233: 9014: 8962: 8952: 8932: 8922: 8666: 8661: 8656: 7509: 7308: 7302: 7290: 7090: 7065: 6838: 6763: 6477: 2626: 2590: 2512:

shield did not stop a missile, there was a reasonable chance the armour would.

2440: 2387: 2346: 2071: 1401:

The 30 marines are in addition to the figure of 200 given for the ships' crews.

1247: 1131: 1123: 1091: 1008: 985: 957: 891: 875: 677: 527: 132: 2998: 2100:

of Athens, which was stormed and burned down by the Achaemenid Army of Xerxes.

2000:

had built at the narrowest point of the pass and waited for Xerxes's arrival.

1996:

to Thermopylae. The Allies proceeded to occupy the pass, rebuilt the wall the

580:

army and marched north from the Isthmus to confront Mardonius. At the ensuing

526:, but when news reached them of the disaster at Thermopylae, they withdrew to 10003: 9776: 9578: 9495: 9470: 9160: 9082: 8764: 8707: 8606: 8596: 8566: 8548: 8422: 7574: 7356: 7248: 7204: 7166: 7005: 6926: 4201: 2606: 2432: 2077: 1973: 1903: 1884: 1844: 1785: 1572: 1515:

Herodotus gives a detailed breakdown of the Persian triremes by nationality:

1501: 1207: 953: 773: 711: 331: 2625:

A Persian soldier of the Achaemenid army. Detail of the tomb of Xerxes I at

2157:

were eventually defeated, and Xerxes then ordered Athens to be torched. The

1492: 1461:, set the tone by expressing incredulity at the numbers given by Herodotus: 698: 9728: 9718: 9678: 9395: 9347: 9213: 9067: 8937: 8576: 8412: 7918: 7880: 7579: 2305: 2130: 1927: 1892: 1497: 1458: 1329: 1055: 941: 843: 800: 758: 562: 558: 123: 890:

The soldiers of Xerxes I, of all ethnicities, on the tomb of Xerxes I, at

793: 36: 9415: 9307: 9287: 9115: 8623: 8601: 8591: 8586: 8509: 8466: 8013: 7923: 7913: 7800: 7790: 7554: 6931: 6906: 2575: 2408:

In many ways Mycale represents the start of a new phase of the conflict,

2275: 1931: 1920: 1872: 1789: 1504:, served as the chief advisor of Xerxes in naval matters. In effect, the 1446:

gave 800,000 as the total number of the army that assembled in Doriskos.

1155: 886: 847: 813: 804: 507: 169: 9120: 6687:

Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner)

6335: 1972:

When the Allies received the news that Xerxes was clearing paths around

1034:(80-man crew), 30-oared ships, light galleys and heavy horse-transports 614:

The main source for the Great Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian

9723: 9641: 9352: 9322: 9317: 9302: 9188: 9155: 8824: 8794: 8461: 8189: 8023: 7865: 7860: 7850: 7835: 7820: 7810: 7785: 7161: 6916: 6871: 4209: 2756: 2370: 2241: 1985: 1848: 1744: 1655: 1523: 1467: 1349: 1251: 1215: 1171: 1067: 863: 859: 839: 632: 585: 515: 511: 491: 490:

The invasion began in spring 480 BC, when the Persian army crossed the

136: 109: 2528:

and the Saka. The foremost of the infantry were the royal guards, the

9327: 9253: 9238: 9208: 9203: 9135: 9059: 9044: 9029: 8972: 8872: 8524: 8456: 8028: 8008: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7933: 7928: 7898: 7845: 7805: 7584: 7450: 7404: 7384: 7015: 6886: 6316: 2658: 2580: 2547:

Persian soldiers, possibly Immortals, a frieze in Darius's palace at

2525: 2431:

Over the next 30 years, the Greeks, primarily the Athenian-dominated

2342: 2233: 2158: 2154: 1911: 1712: 1696: 1642: 1559: 1365: 1259: 1119: 1063: 965: 945: 851: 673: 615: 609: 285: 192: 140: 4193: 2176: 9377: 9367: 9357: 9332: 9110: 9077: 9039: 8982: 8897: 8882: 8739: 8729: 8646: 8641: 8038: 8033: 7993: 7988: 7963: 7943: 7870: 7825: 7815: 7671: 7569: 7504: 7432: 7040: 6678:

Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art

3988:

A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great 3rd edition

2610: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2350: 2229: 2217: 2139: 2041: 1907: 1896: 1868: 1860: 1345: 1267: 1211: 1167: 1143: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1099: 915: 777: 762: 715: 640: 503: 476: 464: 207: 202: 146: 9130: 6232:

Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power

1518: 9520: 9510: 9455: 9450: 9435: 9425: 9410: 9405: 9292: 9180: 9170: 9049: 9024: 9019: 8992: 8987: 8967: 8957: 8947: 8912: 8902: 8892: 8844: 8834: 8809: 8774: 8769: 8744: 8397: 8179: 7840: 7830: 7589: 7559: 7549: 7544: 7524: 7519: 7399: 7346: 7055: 7045: 7035: 7030: 7020: 6732: 6353: 2533: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2338: 2143: 2066: 2037: 2013: 1981: 1943: 1768: 1740: 1708: 1650: 1590: 1443: 1361: 1337: 1310: 1235: 1223: 1219: 1195: 1191: 1179: 1175: 1163: 1159: 1111: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1075: 973: 961: 937: 904: 724: 707: 669: 665: 588:

an Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy at the

577: 542: 499: 224: 220: 9465: 8779: 6392:

Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West

2212:

escorted Xerxes to the Hellespont with 60,000 men; as he neared

1830: 9490: 9420: 9400: 9362: 9228: 9034: 8927: 8864: 8854: 8799: 8417: 8402: 7998: 7983: 7958: 7953: 7938: 7599: 7594: 7361: 7341: 7085: 7075: 7070: 6941: 6901: 6891: 6876: 2751: 2552: 2417: 2362: 2330: 2188: 2147: 2124: 2058: 1888: 1876: 1704: 1624: 1580: 1357: 1353: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1314: 1227: 1203: 1127: 1027: 989: 867: 820: 720: 550: 546: 538: 534: 495: 484: 216: 187: 89: 85: 60: 6673:, Issue 22 September–October 2005, Periscopio editions Athens. 2390:, the remains of a monument dedicated by the victorious Allies 9500: 9475: 9372: 9312: 9297: 9165: 9125: 8877: 8789: 8784: 8754: 8749: 8724: 8407: 7948: 7903: 7855: 7427: 7379: 7080: 7050: 6997: 6972: 6911: 6881: 6458:. Elite Series 42. Simon Chew (illustrator). London: Osprey. 2585: 2521: 2366: 2334: 2283: 2279: 1724: 1716: 1632: 1616: 1598: 1564: 1505: 1286: 1263: 1255: 1199: 1187: 1183: 1151: 1083: 1059: 1016: 1012: 981: 977: 969: 803:(seen from north), built over 3 years from 483 BC across the 750: 6581:

Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army

2016:

warfare, the Persian contingents being forced to attack the

1949: 1719:, speaking in general terms refers to 1,000 ships and more. 576:

The following spring, the Allies assembled the largest ever

9505: 9480: 9430: 8917: 8907: 6450:, Ilya Gershevitch, ed. (1985). Cambridge University Press. 2548: 2517: 2503: 2436: 2228:

While besieging Potidea, Artabazus also decided to besiege

1926:

A second strategy was therefore suggested to the Allies by

1880: 1840: 1282: 743: 672:, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright 6476:(2012). "The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550–330 BCE)". In 4956:

Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives

2559:

The Persians had encountered hoplites in battle before at

2078:

September 480 BC: Destruction of Athens, battle of Salamis

870:

where they passed the winter. Early in spring it moved to

2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 702:

A map showing the Greek world at the time of the invasion

1771:

in late autumn of 481 BC, and a confederate alliance of

6538:

A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great

1968:

Battle of Thermopylae and movements to Salamis, 480 BC.

1422:

The 47th ethnic group is missing from Herodotus's text.

749:

Darius thus put together an ambitious task force under

2694: 2507:

Diagram reconstructing the armament of a Greek hoplite

2282:, while the remnants of the Persian fleet skulked off 1442:, who was a near-contemporary, talks of four million; 4182:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

2684:, start recruiting and relying on Greek mercenaries. 2232:, which was also in revolt. The town was held by the 819:

Preparations of the army of Xerxes, with quarters in

680:, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims. 553:. However, a larger Allied army fortified the narrow 392: 1875:

estuary where the Asian army was linked up with the

1695:

unspecified number of ships from the Greek islands.

1453:

Crossing the Hellespont by Xerxes with his huge army

6680:. Translated by J. G. Howie. Leeds: Francis Cairns. 6198:"VDH's Private Papers::History and the Movie "300"" 1522:Xerxes attending the lashing and "chaining" of the 573:to finish the conquest with the elite of the army. 549:fell to the Persian army, which captured and burnt 257:80,000–100,000 soldiers or less (modern estimates) 6586: 5746:(Ph.D.). The University of Reading. Archived from 3007: 2247: 2208:According to Herodotus a Persian general known as 658:from Sicily, writing in the 1st century BC in his 6619:Das Zahlenproblem in Perserkriege 480–479 v. Chr. 6517:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004 (hardcover, 4953:Barringer, Judith M.; Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2010). 4484: 4482: 2116:, destroyed by the armies of Xerxes I during the 903:, who was a contemporary, talks of four million; 838:were to be set up to allow his army to cross the 823:in 481–480 BC, and crossing of the Hellespont at 506:. The Persian advance was blocked at the pass of 10001: 5743:Non-metallic armour prior to the first world war 4141:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1457:An early and very influential modern historian, 211:30,000 Greeks from other city-states, including 9687:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 6968: 4952: 1919:as did many cities to the north of the pass of 761:, before receiving the submission of the other 277: 5013: 4479: 2843:"Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies" 2492:). Hoplites were armed with a long spear (the 2462:, finally ending the half-century of warfare. 734:The Spartans throw Persian envoys into a well. 9657: 6748: 2150:, thereby abandoning Athens to the Persians. 1831:Spring 480 BC: Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly 881: 378: 301: 6705:Eikenberry, Lt. Gen. Karl W. (Summer 1996). 6657:Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens 6629:La Grece et l'hellenization du monde antique 3047:LacusCurtius Herodotus Book VII: Chapter 134 3037:LacusCurtius Herodotus Book VII: Chapter 134 5196: 5194: 5192: 5171: 5169: 5167: 3290: 3288: 2198: 1859:on the Thracian side of the Hellespont, at 9664: 9650: 7634: 6755: 6741: 6704: 6587:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). 6540:(4th Revised Edition). Palgrave Macmillan. 5649: 5647: 4959:. University of Texas Press. p. 295. 4816: 4814: 4578: 4576: 4124:. Archived from the original on 2018-12-15 3949: 3947: 3446: 3444: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 2458:Peace with Persia came in 449 BC with the 2128:Part of the archaeological remains called 385: 371: 308: 294: 16:480–479 BC phase of the Greco-Persian Wars 6711:Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly 6634:Tarn, WW. (1908). "The Fleet of Xerxes", 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5592: 5590: 1950:August 480 BC: Thermopylae and Artemisium 1923:when it seemed help was not forthcoming. 1784:siding with the Persians ("Medised") was 9671: 6472: 6224: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5825: 5823: 5795: 5793: 5739: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5571: 5569: 5548: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5416: 5414: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5189: 5164: 5144: 5124: 5039: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5006: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4517: 4515: 4496: 4494: 4450: 4410: 3972: 3970: 3285: 2707: 2657: 2620: 2574: 2542: 2502: 2381: 2320: 2304: 2261: 2175: 2123: 2103: 2091: 2031: 2002: 1963: 1843:(hill to the left) and the mouth of the 1834: 1799: 1734: 1517: 1448: 885: 729: 697: 6453: 6442:Burn, A.R., "Persia and the Greeks" in 6272: 5859: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5717: 5715: 5672: 5670: 5644: 5055: 4811: 4717: 4697: 4596: 4573: 4356: 4354: 3944: 3441: 3412: 3332: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3020: 3018: 3016: 2971: 2969: 2939: 2937: 2865: 2863: 2840: 2814: 2812: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2638:campaign; to lure the Persian fleet to 2007:The pass of Thermopylae in modern times 783: 676:. Archaeological evidence, such as the 10002: 9704:Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt) 8688: 6684:Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction". 6683: 6482:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History 5587: 4923:. ASCSA. pp. 20–21, and Note 37. 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4737: 3999: 3997: 3924: 3904: 3884: 3864: 3844: 3824: 3804: 3784: 3764: 3744: 3724: 3704: 3684: 3664: 3644: 3624: 3604: 3584: 3564: 3544: 3524: 3504: 3484: 3464: 3392: 3372: 2927: 2925: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2551:. Silicious glazed bricks, c. 510 BC, 2040:. Circa 500 BC–475 BC, at the time of 1313:with 200-man crews from the Greeks of 433: 428: 315: 9645: 9545: 8687: 8116: 7620: 6967: 6787: 6736: 6536:Bury, J. B. & Meiggs, R. (2000). 5957: 5945: 5917: 5879: 5820: 5679: 5624: 5610: 5566: 5543: 5523: 5411: 5315: 5306: 5228: 5214: 5075: 5034: 5022: 5001: 4987: 4973: 4916: 4757: 4659: 4645: 4616: 4564: 4512: 4491: 4470: 4381: 4251: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4033: 3967: 3278:NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica 2570: 2484:, members of the middle-classes (the 1730: 928: 923: 366: 289: 263:: 600–1,200 ships (modern estimates) 10040:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire 9156:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus 6788: 6500:Thermopylae: The Battle for the West 6331:(The Perseus Digital Library) (1908) 5770: 5712: 5667: 4351: 4230: 4159: 3985: 3308: 3115: 3103: 3013: 2966: 2934: 2860: 2809: 2713: 2465: 2223: 2203: 1762: 846:should be dug across the isthmus of 706:The Greek city-states of Athens and 4903: 4237:. Hackett Publishing. p. 381. 3994: 2922: 2763: 2731: 2648:free men fighting for their freedom 1792:had annihilated the Argive army in 510:by a small Allied force under King 13: 8117: 6762: 6416:, 499–386 BC. Osprey Publishing, ( 6327:Macan translation of books 7–9 of 6310: 4168: 3990:. Oxford: Oxford Uni. p. 269. 2236:tribe, who had been driven out of 1796:and then massacred the fugitives. 14: 10071: 6650:Cambridge Ancient History vol. IV 6448:The Median and Achaemenid Periods 6409:. University of California Press. 6381: 2615:Allied performance at Thermopylae 1988:with his personal bodyguard (the 1425: 1416: 1404: 1395: 459:(480–479 BC) occurred during the 457:second Persian invasion of Greece 22:Second Persian invasion of Greece 9625: 9615: 9606: 9605: 6590:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia 6429:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC 6281: 6263: 6254: 6245: 6236: 6215: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6116: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6060: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6024: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5908: 5899: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5811: 5802: 5761: 5733: 5724: 5703: 5578: 5503: 5483: 5463: 5443: 5423: 5391: 5371: 5351: 5331: 5286: 5266: 5246: 5104: 5084: 5046: 4946: 4937: 4894: 4874: 4854: 4834: 4791: 4771: 4688: 4668: 4625: 4544: 4524: 4503: 4430: 4390: 4372: 4363: 4342: 4333: 4320: 4311: 4302: 2793:History of the Peloponnesian War 2640:battle in the straits of Salamis 2096:A few Athenians resisted in the 2036:Achaemenid king killing a Greek 1847:(right), seen from Ennea Hodoi ( 812: 792: 694:First Persian invasion of Greece 469:first Persian invasion of Greece 35: 9626: 6636:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 6305: 4293: 4284: 4264: 4224: 4150: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3979: 3352: 3269: 3249: 3229: 3209: 3189: 3169: 3149: 3129: 3094: 3074: 3054: 3027: 2978: 2946: 2902: 2881: 2872: 2653: 2600:"So why did the Persians fail?" 2248:June 479 BC: Plataea and Mycale 1839:The ancient Achaemenid fort at 1298:Total Asian land and sea forces 807:peninsula. It is now filled-up. 710:had supported the unsuccessful 6583:. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London. 6566:Warfare in the Classical World 4122:"The size of the Persian Army" 3008:Roisman & Worthington 2011 2834: 2821: 2785: 2745: 1980:, and the Spartan festival of 714:against the Persian Empire of 1: 10045:Wars involving ancient Athens 10035:Wars involving ancient Greece 7227: 7214: 7195: 7178: 6444:The Cambridge History of Iran 6431:. Aris & Phillips Ltd., ( 2687: 1942:to the Peloponnesian city of 1748: 683: 9714:Battle of the Persian Border 8355:Funeral and burial practices 7540:Military of Mycenaean Greece 6717:(2): 109–118. Archived from 6545:A History of Greece: Part II 6200:. 2009-02-16. Archived from 4156:E Istorika, 19 October 2002. 3010:, pp. 135–138, 342–345. 2377: 1767:A congress of states met at 899:support personnel. The poet 7: 9804:Revolt of Cyrus the Younger 6552:Journal of Hellenic Studies 6484:. Oxford University Press. 6456:The Persian Army 560-330 BC 4917:Lynch, Kathleen M. (2011). 4308:Isocrates, Oration VII, 49. 4299:Ephorus, Universal History. 1043:Total of ships' complements 948:along with the "Syrians of 940:with 200-man crews from 12 10: 10076: 8279:Greek Revival architecture 7621: 6554:vol. 50, pp. 115–128. 6454:Sekunda, Nicholas (1992). 6414:The Greek and Persian Wars 4317:Isocrates, Oration IV, 93. 2469: 2393: 2251: 2081: 2046:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1953: 1803: 1510:Artemisia of Halicarnassus 882:Size of the Persian forces 866:and were led by Xerxes to 757:in 490 BC, which attacked 687: 607: 603: 533:After Thermopylae, all of 9984: 9885: 9847:Parni conquest of Parthia 9837: 9737: 9677: 9601: 9552: 9546: 9541: 9386: 9263: 9252: 9179: 9101: 9058: 9005: 8863: 8715: 8706: 8702: 8683: 8632: 8547: 8485: 8447: 8440: 8390: 8350: 8341: 8263: 8140: 8136: 8112: 8078: 8047: 7889: 7776: 7720: 7687:Attalid kings of Pergamon 7642: 7633: 7629: 7616: 7495:Antigonid Macedonian army 7468: 7441: 7413: 7370: 7327: 7318: 7160: 7099: 6996: 6992: 6963: 6862: 6811: 6807: 6783: 6770: 6559:History of the Art of War 6412:de Souza, Philip (2003). 2400:Wars of the Delian League 2325:Achaemenid troops at the 1317:and the islands near it. 1148:Ethiopians of Baluchistan 404: 352:Wars of the Delian League 327: 175: 102: 79: 43: 34: 26: 21: 9900:Against Byzantine Empire 9772:Conquest of Indus Valley 9762:Revolts against Darius I 9719:Siege of Pasargadae Hill 6666:no. 164 19 October 2002. 6334:Macauley translation of 5740:Cheshire, E. J. (2010). 2199:Autumn/winter 480/479 BC 1526:(Illustration from 1909) 1484: 9757:First conquest of Egypt 6593:. John Wiley and Sons. 6557:Delbrück, Hans (1920). 2609:to prevent the loss of 2410:the Greek counterattack 1246:Horse cavalry from the 836:Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges 342:Second Persian invasion 93:Other Greek city states 9747:Conquest of Asia Minor 7721:Artists & scholars 7636:List of ancient Greeks 7273:Second Athenian League 7122:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 6947:Ancient Greek colonies 6643:Der Feldzug des Xerxes 6407:The Greco-Persian Wars 2663: 2630: 2594: 2556: 2540:with spear and sword. 2508: 2439:, at the mouth of the 2391: 2358: 2310: 2291:Alexander I of Macedon 2270: 2180: 2135: 2121: 2101: 2049: 2008: 1969: 1916:Alexander I of Macedon 1852: 1755: 1527: 1454: 895: 735: 703: 337:First Persian invasion 103:Commanders and leaders 10050:Wars involving Sparta 9819:Great Satraps' Revolt 9699:Battle of the Eclipse 8840:Sybaris on the Traeis 7565:Sacred Band of Thebes 7305:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) 6819:Cycladic civilization 6609:The Classical Journal 6405:Green, Peter (1996). 6269:Lazenby, pp. 257–258. 6251:Holland, pp xvii–xix. 6221:Lazenby, pp. 259–261. 6178:Holland, pp. 307–308. 6169:Holland, pp. 316–317. 6142:Lazenby, pp. 149–150. 6066:Holland, pp. 344–345. 6057:Holland, pp. 311–313. 5994:Lazenby, pp. 248–253. 5856:Holland, pp. 192–197. 5847:Holland, pp. 160–161. 5829:Holland, pp. 274–275. 5767:Holland, pp. 187–192. 5621:Holland, pp. 359–363. 5575:Holland, pp. 358–359. 5540:Holland, pp. 357–358. 5243:Holland, pp. 336–338. 5225:Holland, pp. 333–335. 5081:Holland, pp. 320–326. 5031:Lazenby, pp. 157–161. 5010:Holland, pp. 310–315. 4998:Holland, pp. 308–309. 4943:Holland, pp. 305–306. 4768:Holland, pp. 276–281. 4665:Holland, pp. 262–264. 4656:Holland, pp. 257–259. 4521:Holland, pp. 168–169. 4509:Holland, pp. 246–247. 4387:Holland, pp. 217–223. 4084:Papademetriou (2005). 3126:Holland, pp. 213–214. 3112:Holland, pp. 208–211. 3100:Holland, pp. 206–207. 3024:Holland, pp. 178–179. 2889:Bibliotheca Historica 2661: 2624: 2578: 2546: 2506: 2385: 2324: 2308: 2265: 2179: 2127: 2118:Destruction of Athens 2107: 2095: 2084:Destruction of Athens 2035: 2006: 1967: 1956:Battle of Thermopylae 1838: 1806:Battle of Thermopylae 1804:Further information: 1800:Size of allied forces 1738: 1521: 1452: 889: 733: 701: 661:Bibliotheca Historica 520:Battle of Thermopylae 9971:Civil war of 628–632 9939:Civil war of 589–591 9824:Abdashtart I' revolt 9724:Battle of Pasargadae 9672:Ancient Iranian wars 8365:mythological figures 8086:Ancient Greek tribes 7211:Peloponnesian League 6707:"Take No Casualties" 6579:Engels, DW. (1978). 6474:Shahbazi, A. Shapour 6427:Lazenby, JF (1993). 6348:Biblioteca Historica 5420:Holland, pp. 350–355 5328:Holland, pp. 342–349 4984:Holland, pp. 327–329 4622:Holland pp. 255–257. 4231:Romm, James (2014). 3986:Bury, J. B. (1956). 2669:Western civilization 2167:Old Temple of Athena 2110:Old Temple of Athena 1960:Battle of Artemisium 1906:, on the borders of 1810:Battle of Artemisium 1711:, while his teacher 1368:, Enienes, Dolopes, 1144:Ethiopians of Africa 1007:per triremefrom the 952:" (likely Judeans), 842:to Europe, and that 784:Persian preparations 654:The Greek historian 524:Battle of Artemisium 494:and marched through 471:(492–490 BC) at the 153:Artemisia I of Caria 10055:Invasions of Greece 9932:Annexation of Yemen 9912:Against Arab tribes 9782:Invasions of Greece 8477:Tunnel of Eupalinos 8472:Theatre of Dionysus 8096:Ancient Macedonians 7712:Tyrants of Syracuse 7224:Amphictyonic League 6824:Minoan civilization 6676:Fehling, D (1989). 6655:Köster, AJ (1934). 6648:Munro, JAR (1929). 6242:Strauss, pp. 1–294. 6093:Lazenby, pp. 37–38. 6075:Lazenby, pp. 21–22. 6048:Lazenby, pp. 29–30. 6021:Lazenby, pp. 17–18. 5817:Holland, pp. 17–18. 5799:Lazenby, pp. 23–29. 5721:Lazenby, pp. 39–41. 5676:Holland, pp. 69–72. 4360:Lazenby, pp. 93–94. 3236:Soldiers with names 2878:Fehling, pp. 1–277. 2633:The defence of the 2278:, thus skulked off 1030:, including 50-oar 347:Greek counterattack 274:(modern estimates) 10030:Greco-Persian Wars 9976:Fall of the Empire 9877:Fall of the Empire 9829:Fall of the Empire 9151:Menestheus's Limin 8805:Pandosia (Lucania) 8693:Greek colonisation 8055:Athenian statesmen 7816:Diogenes of Sinope 7677:Kings of Macedonia 7667:Kings of Commagene 7535:Macedonian phalanx 7515:Hellenistic armies 7263:(c. 424–c. 395 BC) 7127:Indo-Greek Kingdom 6849:Hellenistic Greece 6659:. Klio Belheft 32. 6624:, N. F., vol. VII. 6564:Warry, J. (1998). 6365:2016-12-05 at the 6295:2022-12-30 at the 6278:Eikenberry (1996). 6130:2022-12-30 at the 6110:2022-12-30 at the 5893:2022-12-30 at the 5873:2022-12-30 at the 5661:2022-12-30 at the 5638:2022-12-30 at the 5604:2022-12-30 at the 5560:2022-12-30 at the 5517:2022-12-30 at the 5497:2022-12-30 at the 5477:2022-12-30 at the 5457:2022-12-30 at the 5437:2022-12-30 at the 5405:2022-12-30 at the 5385:2022-12-30 at the 5365:2022-12-30 at the 5345:2022-12-30 at the 5300:2022-12-30 at the 5280:2022-12-30 at the 5260:2022-12-30 at the 5208:2022-12-30 at the 5183:2022-12-30 at the 5158:2022-12-30 at the 5138:2022-12-30 at the 5118:2022-12-30 at the 5098:2022-12-30 at the 5069:2022-12-30 at the 4888:2022-12-30 at the 4868:2022-12-30 at the 4848:2022-12-30 at the 4828:2022-12-30 at the 4805:2022-12-30 at the 4785:2022-12-30 at the 4751:2022-12-30 at the 4731:2008-05-02 at the 4711:2022-12-30 at the 4682:2022-12-30 at the 4639:2022-12-30 at the 4610:2022-12-30 at the 4590:2008-05-02 at the 4558:2022-12-30 at the 4538:2022-12-30 at the 4464:2008-05-02 at the 4444:2008-05-02 at the 4424:2008-05-02 at the 4404:2008-05-02 at the 4278:2022-12-30 at the 4147:(Internet Archive) 4075:Ernst Obst (1914). 4066:W. W. Tarn (1908). 3961:2008-05-02 at the 3938:2008-05-06 at the 3918:2008-05-02 at the 3898:2008-05-06 at the 3878:2008-05-06 at the 3858:2008-05-06 at the 3838:2008-05-02 at the 3818:2008-05-06 at the 3798:2008-05-06 at the 3778:2008-05-06 at the 3758:2008-05-06 at the 3738:2008-05-06 at the 3718:2008-05-06 at the 3698:2008-05-06 at the 3678:2008-05-06 at the 3658:2008-05-06 at the 3638:2008-05-06 at the 3618:2008-05-06 at the 3598:2008-05-07 at the 3578:2008-05-06 at the 3558:2008-05-06 at the 3538:2008-05-06 at the 3518:2022-11-29 at the 3498:2008-05-06 at the 3478:2008-05-06 at the 3458:2022-12-30 at the 3435:2008-05-02 at the 3406:2022-11-29 at the 3386:2008-05-06 at the 3366:2022-11-29 at the 3346:2022-08-15 at the 3326:2020-10-09 at the 3302:2022-12-30 at the 3263:2020-05-23 at the 3242:2020-09-17 at the 3223:2022-12-30 at the 3203:2022-12-30 at the 3183:2022-12-30 at the 3163:2008-05-06 at the 3143:2022-12-30 at the 3088:2022-12-30 at the 3068:2022-12-30 at the 2992:2022-12-30 at the 2960:2022-12-30 at the 2931:Holland, p. 47–55. 2916:2022-12-30 at the 2908:Note to Herodotus 2895:2022-12-30 at the 2887:Diodorus Siculus, 2803:2022-12-30 at the 2664: 2635:Isthmus of Corinth 2631: 2595: 2571:Strategic analysis 2557: 2509: 2396:Greco-Persian Wars 2392: 2359: 2311: 2271: 2181: 2161:was razed and the 2136: 2122: 2102: 2050: 2009: 1970: 1853: 1756: 1731:Greek preparations 1528: 1455: 896: 736: 704: 690:Greco-Persian Wars 567:victory at Salamis 555:Isthmus of Corinth 473:Battle of Marathon 461:Greco-Persian Wars 397:invasion of Greece 319:Greco-Persian Wars 29:Greco-Persian Wars 10025:470s BC conflicts 10020:480s BC conflicts 9995: 9994: 9966:Battle of Dhi Qar 9814:Cadusian campaign 9799:Peloponnesian War 9767:Scythian campaign 9739:Achaemenid Empire 9639: 9638: 9597: 9596: 9537: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9103:Iberian Peninsula 9035:Lipara/Meligounis 9001: 9000: 8679: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8652:Cypriot syllabary 8543: 8542: 8452:Athenian Treasury 8436: 8435: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 7697:Ptolemaic dynasty 7657:Archons of Athens 7612: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7483:Athenian military 7464: 7463: 7297:League of Corinth 7279:Thessalian League 7255:Chalcidian League 7237:Acarnanian League 7147:Ptolemaic Kingdom 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6641:Obst, E. (1914). 6627:Cohen, R (1934). 6600:978-1-44-435163-7 6502:. Da Capo Press, 6465:978-1-85532-250-9 5942:Lazenby, 254–255. 4570:Holland, 248–249. 4270:Diodorus Siculus 2975:Holland, 171–178. 2682:Peloponnesian War 2466:Tactical analysis 2327:Battle of Plataea 2267:Battle of Plataea 2254:Battle of Plataea 2224:Siege of Olynthus 2204:Siege of Potidaea 2088:Battle of Salamis 1818:Battle of Plataea 1814:Battle of Salamis 1773:Greek city-states 1763:Hellenic alliance 1739:Probable Spartan 1692: 1691: 1496:) (πεντηκοντήρ). 1391: 1390: 1328:infantry from 13 1285:camel troops and 1054:Infantry from 47 799:Rendition of the 582:Battle of Plataea 557:, protecting the 452: 451: 360: 359: 284: 283: 279:(ancient sources) 97:Achaemenid Empire 75: 74: 10067: 9988:Military history 9917:Hephthalite Wars 9729:Fall of Ecbatana 9666: 9659: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9629: 9628: 9619: 9609: 9608: 9543: 9542: 9261: 9260: 8760:Heraclea Lucania 8713: 8712: 8704: 8703: 8685: 8684: 8445: 8444: 8377:Twelve Olympians 8348: 8347: 8138: 8137: 8114: 8113: 7702:Seleucid dynasty 7682:Kings of Paionia 7631: 7630: 7618: 7617: 7488:Scythian archers 7395:Graphe paranomon 7325: 7324: 7232: 7229: 7219: 7216: 7200: 7197: 7187: 7183: 7180: 6994: 6993: 6965: 6964: 6844:Classical Greece 6829:Mycenaean Greece 6809: 6808: 6785: 6784: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6701: 6617:von Fischer, R. 6604: 6513:Strauss, Barry. 6495: 6469: 6343:Diodorus Siculus 6299: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6261: 6260:Holland, pp xvi. 6258: 6252: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6179: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6160:Holland, p. 310. 6158: 6152: 6151:Lazenby, p. 197. 6149: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6120: 6114: 6100: 6094: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6019: 6013: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5955: 5954:Lazenby, p. 258. 5952: 5943: 5940: 5915: 5914:Lazenby, p. 138. 5912: 5906: 5905:Holland, p. 343. 5903: 5897: 5883: 5877: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5839: 5838:Lazenby, p. 232. 5836: 5830: 5827: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5808:Holland, p. 196. 5806: 5800: 5797: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5722: 5719: 5710: 5709:Holland, p. 217. 5707: 5701: 5700:Lazenby, p. 256. 5698: 5677: 5674: 5665: 5651: 5642: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5608: 5594: 5585: 5584:Lazenby, p. 247. 5582: 5576: 5573: 5564: 5550: 5541: 5538: 5521: 5507: 5501: 5487: 5481: 5467: 5461: 5447: 5441: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5409: 5395: 5389: 5375: 5369: 5355: 5349: 5335: 5329: 5326: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5290: 5284: 5270: 5264: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5226: 5223: 5212: 5198: 5187: 5173: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5128: 5122: 5108: 5102: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052:Holland, p. 319. 5050: 5044: 5043:Holland, p. 303. 5041: 5032: 5029: 5020: 5019:Holland, p. 294. 5017: 5011: 5008: 4999: 4996: 4985: 4982: 4971: 4970: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4914: 4901: 4900:Holland, p. 300. 4898: 4892: 4878: 4872: 4858: 4852: 4838: 4832: 4818: 4809: 4795: 4789: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4755: 4741: 4735: 4721: 4715: 4701: 4695: 4694:Holland, p. 274. 4692: 4686: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4643: 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4600: 4594: 4580: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4500:Holland, p. 263. 4498: 4489: 4488:Holland, p. 225. 4486: 4477: 4476:Holland, p. 226. 4474: 4468: 4454: 4448: 4434: 4428: 4414: 4408: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4349: 4348:Holland, p. 320. 4346: 4340: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4177: 4166: 4165:Holland, p. 394. 4163: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4140: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4012:Delbrück (1920). 4010: 4004: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3965: 3951: 3942: 3928: 3922: 3908: 3902: 3888: 3882: 3868: 3862: 3848: 3842: 3828: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3788: 3782: 3768: 3762: 3748: 3742: 3728: 3722: 3708: 3702: 3688: 3682: 3668: 3662: 3648: 3642: 3628: 3622: 3608: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3528: 3522: 3508: 3502: 3488: 3482: 3468: 3462: 3448: 3439: 3425: 3410: 3396: 3390: 3376: 3370: 3356: 3350: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3306: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3253: 3247: 3233: 3227: 3213: 3207: 3193: 3187: 3173: 3167: 3153: 3147: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3113: 3110: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3078: 3072: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3041: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2964: 2950: 2944: 2943:Holland, p. 203. 2941: 2932: 2929: 2920: 2906: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2869:Holland, p. 377. 2867: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2845:. Archived from 2838: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2807: 2789: 2783: 2772: 2761: 2749: 2743: 2742:Holland, p. 237. 2740: 2729: 2728:de Souza, p. 41. 2726: 2711: 2705: 2678:force multiplier 2460:Peace of Callias 2258:Battle of Mycale 2169:were destroyed. 1822:Battle of Mycale 1794:Battle of Sepeia 1753: 1750: 1530: 1529: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1399: 986:Aegean islanders 921: 920: 816: 796: 763:Cycladic Islands 656:Diodorus Siculus 598:Peace of Callias 590:Battle of Mycale 518:. At the famous 399: 387: 380: 373: 364: 363: 322: 320: 310: 303: 296: 287: 286: 166: 119: 45: 44: 39: 19: 18: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9991: 9980: 9922:Armenian revolt 9887:Sasanian Empire 9881: 9839:Parthian Empire 9833: 9752:Fall of Babylon 9733: 9709:Battle of Hyrba 9692:Fall of Nineveh 9673: 9670: 9640: 9635: 9593: 9548: 9525: 9388: 9382: 9265: 9256: 9248: 9219:Melaina Korkyra 9175: 9097: 9054: 9007:Aeolian Islands 8997: 8859: 8717: 8698: 8697: 8671: 8628: 8539: 8481: 8432: 8386: 8337: 8259: 8250:Wedding customs 8132: 8131: 8100: 8091:Thracian Greeks 8074: 8065:Olympic victors 8043: 7885: 7772: 7716: 7707:Kings of Sparta 7692:Kings of Pontus 7662:Kings of Athens 7638: 7625: 7604: 7500:Army of Macedon 7460: 7437: 7409: 7366: 7314: 7287:(370–c. 230 BC) 7285:Arcadian League 7269:(c. 400–188 BC) 7267:Aetolian League 7261:Boeotian League 7243:Hellenic League 7230: 7217: 7207:(c. 650–404 BC) 7198: 7192:Italiote League 7185: 7181: 7175:Doric Hexapolis 7165: 7156: 7152:Seleucid Empire 7095: 6988: 6987: 6951: 6858: 6834:Greek Dark Ages 6803: 6802: 6779: 6766: 6761: 6724: 6722: 6721:on June 9, 2007 6698: 6671:Panzer magazine 6601: 6492: 6478:Daryaee, Touraj 6466: 6384: 6367:Wayback Machine 6313: 6311:Ancient sources 6308: 6303: 6302: 6297:Wayback Machine 6286: 6282: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6207: 6205: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6132:Wayback Machine 6121: 6117: 6112:Wayback Machine 6101: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084:Lazenby, p. 33. 6083: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039:Lazenby, p. 31. 6038: 6034: 6030:Lazenby, p. 30. 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6012:Lazenby, p. 21. 6011: 6007: 6003:Lazenby, p. 29. 6002: 5998: 5993: 5958: 5953: 5946: 5941: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5895:Wayback Machine 5884: 5880: 5875:Wayback Machine 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5738: 5734: 5730:Holland, p. 74. 5729: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663:Wayback Machine 5652: 5645: 5640:Wayback Machine 5629: 5625: 5620: 5611: 5606:Wayback Machine 5595: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5562:Wayback Machine 5551: 5544: 5539: 5524: 5519:Wayback Machine 5508: 5504: 5499:Wayback Machine 5488: 5484: 5479:Wayback Machine 5468: 5464: 5459:Wayback Machine 5448: 5444: 5439:Wayback Machine 5428: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5407:Wayback Machine 5396: 5392: 5387:Wayback Machine 5376: 5372: 5367:Wayback Machine 5356: 5352: 5347:Wayback Machine 5336: 5332: 5327: 5316: 5312:Holland, p. 339 5311: 5307: 5302:Wayback Machine 5291: 5287: 5282:Wayback Machine 5271: 5267: 5262:Wayback Machine 5251: 5247: 5242: 5229: 5224: 5215: 5210:Wayback Machine 5199: 5190: 5185:Wayback Machine 5174: 5165: 5160:Wayback Machine 5149: 5145: 5140:Wayback Machine 5129: 5125: 5120:Wayback Machine 5109: 5105: 5100:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5071:Wayback Machine 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5035: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4988: 4983: 4974: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4915: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4890:Wayback Machine 4879: 4875: 4870:Wayback Machine 4859: 4855: 4850:Wayback Machine 4839: 4835: 4830:Wayback Machine 4819: 4812: 4807:Wayback Machine 4796: 4792: 4787:Wayback Machine 4776: 4772: 4767: 4758: 4753:Wayback Machine 4742: 4738: 4733:Wayback Machine 4722: 4718: 4713:Wayback Machine 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684:Wayback Machine 4673: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4646: 4641:Wayback Machine 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4612:Wayback Machine 4601: 4597: 4592:Wayback Machine 4581: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4560:Wayback Machine 4549: 4545: 4540:Wayback Machine 4529: 4525: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466:Wayback Machine 4455: 4451: 4446:Wayback Machine 4435: 4431: 4426:Wayback Machine 4415: 4411: 4406:Wayback Machine 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280:Wayback Machine 4269: 4265: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4194:10.2307/1356993 4178: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4111:Lazenby, p. 90. 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093:Sekunda (1992). 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003:Maurice (1930). 4002: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963:Wayback Machine 3952: 3945: 3940:Wayback Machine 3929: 3925: 3920:Wayback Machine 3909: 3905: 3900:Wayback Machine 3889: 3885: 3880:Wayback Machine 3869: 3865: 3860:Wayback Machine 3849: 3845: 3840:Wayback Machine 3829: 3825: 3820:Wayback Machine 3809: 3805: 3800:Wayback Machine 3789: 3785: 3780:Wayback Machine 3769: 3765: 3760:Wayback Machine 3749: 3745: 3740:Wayback Machine 3729: 3725: 3720:Wayback Machine 3709: 3705: 3700:Wayback Machine 3689: 3685: 3680:Wayback Machine 3669: 3665: 3660:Wayback Machine 3649: 3645: 3640:Wayback Machine 3629: 3625: 3620:Wayback Machine 3609: 3605: 3600:Wayback Machine 3589: 3585: 3580:Wayback Machine 3569: 3565: 3560:Wayback Machine 3549: 3545: 3540:Wayback Machine 3529: 3525: 3520:Wayback Machine 3509: 3505: 3500:Wayback Machine 3489: 3485: 3480:Wayback Machine 3469: 3465: 3460:Wayback Machine 3449: 3442: 3437:Wayback Machine 3426: 3413: 3408:Wayback Machine 3397: 3393: 3388:Wayback Machine 3377: 3373: 3368:Wayback Machine 3357: 3353: 3348:Wayback Machine 3337: 3333: 3328:Wayback Machine 3318: 3309: 3304:Wayback Machine 3293: 3286: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3265:Wayback Machine 3254: 3250: 3244:Wayback Machine 3234: 3230: 3225:Wayback Machine 3214: 3210: 3205:Wayback Machine 3194: 3190: 3185:Wayback Machine 3174: 3170: 3165:Wayback Machine 3154: 3150: 3145:Wayback Machine 3134: 3130: 3125: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3090:Wayback Machine 3079: 3075: 3070:Wayback Machine 3059: 3055: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2994:Wayback Machine 2983: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962:Wayback Machine 2951: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918:Wayback Machine 2907: 2903: 2897:Wayback Machine 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805:Wayback Machine 2790: 2786: 2773: 2764: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2732: 2727: 2714: 2706: 2695: 2690: 2656: 2629:, circa 480 BC. 2593:, circa 480 BC. 2573: 2478: 2470:Main articles: 2468: 2426:Siege of Sestos 2402: 2394:Main articles: 2380: 2260: 2252:Main articles: 2250: 2226: 2206: 2201: 2165:as well as the 2163:Older Parthenon 2108:Remains of the 2090: 2082:Main articles: 2080: 1962: 1954:Main articles: 1952: 1833: 1824: 1802: 1765: 1751: 1733: 1654: 1562: 1553: 1545: 1537: 1487: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 884: 876:pontoon bridges 832: 831: 830: 829: 828: 817: 809: 808: 797: 786: 740:earth and water 696: 688:Main articles: 686: 637:Siege of Sestos 625:(The) Histories 612: 606: 453: 448: 400: 396: 395:Second Persian 393: 391: 361: 356: 323: 318: 316: 314: 278: 273: 272:300,000–500,000 271: 269: 264: 256: 247: 245: 240: 239: 237: 235: 233: 228: 227: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 168: 162: 156: 150: 139: 135: 131: 127: 121: 115: 92: 88: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10073: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 9993: 9992: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9891: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9843: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9809:Corinthian War 9806: 9801: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9789: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9743: 9741: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9695: 9694: 9683: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9623: 9613: 9602: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9553: 9550: 9549: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9267: 9258: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9185: 9183: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9064: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8953:Megara Hyblaea 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8933:Hybla Gereatis 8930: 8925: 8923:Heraclea Minoa 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8869: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8710: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8670: 8669: 8667:Attic numerals 8664: 8662:Greek numerals 8659: 8657:Greek alphabet 8654: 8649: 8644: 8638: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8311:Musical system 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8282: 8281: 8270: 8268: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8118: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7743:Mathematicians 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7652:Kings of Argos 7648: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7627: 7626: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7510:Cretan archers 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7309:Achaean League 7306: 7303:Euboean League 7300: 7294: 7291:Epirote League 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7239:(c. 500–31 BC) 7234: 7221: 7208: 7202: 7189: 7171: 7169: 7167:Confederations 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7091:Lissus (Crete) 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6990: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839:Archaic Greece 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6764:Ancient Greece 6760: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6702: 6696: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6625: 6615: 6605: 6599: 6584: 6577: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6511: 6496: 6491:978-0190208820 6490: 6470: 6464: 6451: 6440: 6425: 6410: 6403: 6383: 6382:Modern sources 6380: 6379: 6378: 6351: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6332: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6280: 6271: 6262: 6253: 6244: 6235: 6223: 6214: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6115: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6059: 6050: 6041: 6032: 6023: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5956: 5944: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5878: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5831: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5769: 5760: 5732: 5723: 5711: 5702: 5678: 5666: 5643: 5623: 5609: 5586: 5577: 5565: 5542: 5522: 5502: 5482: 5462: 5442: 5422: 5410: 5390: 5370: 5350: 5330: 5314: 5305: 5285: 5265: 5245: 5227: 5213: 5188: 5163: 5143: 5123: 5103: 5083: 5074: 5054: 5045: 5033: 5021: 5012: 5000: 4986: 4972: 4965: 4945: 4936: 4929: 4902: 4893: 4873: 4853: 4833: 4810: 4790: 4770: 4756: 4736: 4716: 4696: 4687: 4667: 4658: 4644: 4624: 4615: 4595: 4572: 4563: 4543: 4523: 4511: 4502: 4490: 4478: 4469: 4449: 4429: 4409: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4350: 4341: 4339:Köster (1934). 4332: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4290:Lysias II, 27. 4283: 4263: 4250: 4243: 4223: 4188:(268): 42–43. 4167: 4158: 4149: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4057:Cohen, p. 164. 4050: 4041: 4032: 4030:Engels (1978). 4023: 4014: 4005: 3993: 3978: 3976:Grote, ch. 38. 3966: 3943: 3923: 3903: 3883: 3863: 3843: 3823: 3803: 3783: 3763: 3743: 3723: 3703: 3683: 3663: 3643: 3623: 3603: 3583: 3563: 3543: 3523: 3503: 3483: 3463: 3440: 3411: 3391: 3371: 3351: 3331: 3307: 3284: 3268: 3248: 3246:, after Walser 3228: 3208: 3188: 3168: 3148: 3128: 3114: 3102: 3093: 3073: 3053: 3026: 3012: 2997: 2977: 2965: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2901: 2880: 2871: 2859: 2833: 2820: 2818:Finley, p. 15. 2808: 2784: 2762: 2744: 2730: 2712: 2710:, p. 129. 2692: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2655: 2652: 2627:Naqsh-e Rostam 2591:Naqsh-e Rostam 2572: 2569: 2467: 2464: 2388:Serpent Column 2379: 2376: 2249: 2246: 2225: 2222: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2079: 2076: 1951: 1948: 1867:territory, at 1857:White Headland 1832: 1829: 1801: 1798: 1764: 1761: 1732: 1729: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1648: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1567: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1486: 1483: 1434: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1000: 999: 996: 992:, Greeks from 933: 932: 927: 892:Naqsh-e Rostam 883: 880: 818: 811: 810: 798: 791: 790: 789: 788: 787: 785: 782: 685: 682: 678:Serpent Column 608:Main article: 605: 602: 475:, which ended 450: 449: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 405: 402: 401: 390: 389: 382: 375: 367: 358: 357: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 325: 324: 313: 312: 305: 298: 290: 282: 281: 249: 238:68,000 oarsmen 236:6,000 marines 178: 177: 173: 172: 143: 133:Leotychidas II 105: 104: 100: 99: 94: 82: 81: 77: 76: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 59: 57: 53: 52: 49: 41: 40: 32: 31: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10072: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10005: 9998: 9990: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927:Aksumite Wars 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9884: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9862:Scythian Wars 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9852:Seleucid Wars 9850: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9777:Ionian Revolt 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9676: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9632: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9544: 9540: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Hemeroscopion 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8708:Magna Graecia 8705: 8701: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8582:Arcadocypriot 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8535:Zeus, Olympia 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8520:Hera, Olympia 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8423:Mount Olympus 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391:Sacred places 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215:Olympic Games 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8205:Homosexuality 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7575:Seleucid army 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7301: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7249:Delian League 7247: 7244: 7241: 7238: 7235: 7225: 7222: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7205:Ionian League 7203: 7193: 7190: 7186: 560 BC 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:Magna Graecia 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6758: 6753: 6751: 6746: 6744: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6697:0-14-044039-9 6693: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574:1-84065-004-4 6571: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6531:0-7432-4451-6 6528: 6525:; paperback, 6524: 6523:0-7432-4450-8 6520: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508:0-306-81360-2 6505: 6501: 6498:Bradford, E. 6497: 6493: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437:0-85668-591-7 6434: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422:1-84176-358-6 6419: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400:0-385-51311-9 6397: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6336:The Histories 6333: 6330: 6329:The Histories 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6322:The Histories 6318: 6315: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6218: 6204:on 2009-02-16 6203: 6199: 6193: 6187:Green, p. 36. 6184: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6090: 6081: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5911: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5824: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5764: 5750:on 2020-07-26 5749: 5745: 5744: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5572: 5570: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5078: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4966:9780292782907 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4940: 4932: 4930:9780876615461 4926: 4922: 4921: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4662: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4518: 4516: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4473: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4384: 4378:Burn, p. 331. 4375: 4369:Green, p. 61. 4366: 4357: 4355: 4345: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4246: 4244:9781624661150 4240: 4236: 4235: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4162: 4153: 4144: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4108: 4102:Munro (1929). 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4039:Scott (1915). 4036: 4027: 4021:Warry (1998). 4018: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3971: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3049: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2849:on 2007-12-27 2848: 2844: 2841:David Pipes. 2837: 2830: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2774:Holland, pp. 2771: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2708:Shahbazi 2012 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676:terrain as a 2673: 2670: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2539: 2538:coup de grace 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433:Delian League 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:Olympic games 1975: 1974:Mount Olympus 1966: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:Vale of Tempe 1900: 1898: 1894: 1891:, modern-day 1890: 1886: 1885:Strymon river 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1845:Strymon River 1842: 1837: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1752: 500 BC 1746: 1742: 1737: 1728: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:King of Sidon 1499: 1495: 1494: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1428: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1394: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330:ethnic groups 1327: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:Paphlagonians 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:ethnic groups 1053: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:ethnic groups 939: 935: 934: 931: 926: 922: 919: 917: 912: 908: 906: 902: 893: 888: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 826: 822: 815: 806: 802: 795: 781: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 732: 728: 726: 722: 717: 713: 712:Ionian Revolt 709: 700: 695: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 652: 650: 646: 645:Philobarbaros 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 626: 621: 617: 611: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 403: 398: 388: 383: 381: 376: 374: 369: 368: 365: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 332:Ionian Revolt 330: 329: 326: 321: 311: 306: 304: 299: 297: 292: 291: 288: 280: 275: 267: 262: 258: 254: 250: 243: 234:400 triremes 231: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 183: 180: 179: 174: 171: 167: 165: 159: 155: 154: 149: 148: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 125: 120: 118: 112: 111: 107: 106: 101: 98: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 78: 71:Greek victory 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 47: 46: 42: 38: 33: 30: 25: 20: 9997: 9986: 9944:Göktürk Wars 9867:Armenian War 9857:Bactrian War 9791: 9679:Median state 9426:Dionysopolis 9396:Abonoteichos 9348:Pantikapaion 8938:Hybla Heraea 8274:Architecture 8230:Prostitution 7919:Aristophanes 7778:Philosophers 7748:Philosophers 7580:Spartan army 7311:(280–146 BC) 7299:(338–322 BC) 7293:(370–168 BC) 7281:(374–196 BC) 7275:(378–355 BC) 7257:(430–348 BC) 7251:(478–404 BC) 7245:(499–449 BC) 6932:Peloponnesus 6854:Roman Greece 6723:. Retrieved 6719:the original 6714: 6710: 6686: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6618: 6611: 6608: 6589: 6580: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6514: 6499: 6481: 6455: 6447: 6446:, Volume 2: 6443: 6428: 6413: 6406: 6391: 6388:Holland, Tom 6374: 6358: 6347: 6321: 6306:Bibliography 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6217: 6206:. Retrieved 6202:the original 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6118: 6098: 6089: 6080: 6071: 6062: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6026: 6017: 6008: 5999: 5910: 5901: 5881: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5813: 5804: 5763: 5752:. Retrieved 5748:the original 5742: 5735: 5726: 5705: 5626: 5580: 5505: 5485: 5465: 5445: 5425: 5393: 5373: 5353: 5333: 5308: 5288: 5268: 5248: 5146: 5126: 5106: 5086: 5077: 5057: 5048: 5015: 4955: 4948: 4939: 4919: 4896: 4876: 4856: 4836: 4793: 4773: 4739: 4719: 4699: 4690: 4670: 4661: 4627: 4618: 4598: 4566: 4546: 4526: 4505: 4472: 4452: 4432: 4412: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4344: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4266: 4259:The Persians 4258: 4253: 4233: 4226: 4185: 4181: 4161: 4152: 4126:. Retrieved 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4048:von Fischer. 4044: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3987: 3981: 3926: 3906: 3886: 3866: 3846: 3826: 3806: 3786: 3766: 3746: 3726: 3706: 3686: 3666: 3646: 3626: 3606: 3586: 3566: 3546: 3526: 3506: 3486: 3466: 3394: 3374: 3354: 3334: 3277: 3271: 3251: 3231: 3211: 3191: 3171: 3151: 3131: 3096: 3076: 3056: 3046: 3036: 3029: 2980: 2948: 2904: 2899:, XI, 28–34. 2883: 2874: 2851:. Retrieved 2847:the original 2836: 2828: 2827:Holland, p. 2823: 2791:Thucydides, 2787: 2779: 2775: 2755: 2747: 2674: 2665: 2654:Significance 2647: 2644: 2632: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2584: 2565: 2558: 2537: 2514: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2457: 2430: 2421: 2407: 2405:diminished. 2403: 2363:Mount Mycale 2360: 2312: 2296: 2288: 2272: 2227: 2207: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2171: 2152: 2137: 2131:Perserschutt 2129: 2063: 2051: 2026: 2010: 1993: 1989: 1971: 1939: 1928:Themistocles 1925: 1901: 1893:Thessaloniki 1854: 1825: 1778: 1766: 1757: 1721: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1514: 1498:Tetramnestos 1493:Penteconters 1491: 1488: 1472: 1462: 1459:George Grote 1456: 1437: 1427: 1418: 1412:penteconters 1406: 1397: 1385: 1380: 1302: 1297: 1289:charioteers 1172:Cappadocians 1058:, including 1047: 1042: 1032:penteconters 929: 924: 913: 909: 897: 856: 833: 801:Xerxes Canal 771: 748: 737: 705: 659: 653: 648: 644: 630: 623: 619: 613: 575: 563:Themistocles 559:Peloponnesus 532: 489: 456: 454: 394: 341: 265: 260: 259: 252: 251: 246:131,000 men 241: 229: 181: 163: 151: 145: 124:Themistocles 122: 116: 108: 80:Belligerents 27:Part of the 9574:Place names 9486:Salmydessus 9308:Kalos Limen 9288:Chersonesus 9278:Borysthenes 8983:Tauromenion 8795:Metapontion 8557:Proto-Greek 8510:Erechtheion 8505:Athena Nike 8467:Philippeion 8296:Mathematics 8267:and science 8150:Agriculture 8014:Stesichorus 7924:Bacchylides 7914:Archilochus 7801:Antisthenes 7791:Anaximander 7763:Seven Sages 7753:Playwrights 7733:Geographers 7728:Astronomers 7555:Pezhetairos 7182: 1100 7162:Federations 7061:Megalopolis 6998:City states 6973:City states 6690:. Penguin. 6102:Herodotus, 5630:Thucydides 4743:Herodotus, 4723:Herodotus, 4436:Herodotus, 4257:Aeschylus, 3730:Herodotus, 2757:On the Laws 2414:Chersonesos 2276:Leotychides 1932:Thermopylae 1921:Thermopylae 1879:allies, at 1873:Evros river 1790:Cleomenes I 1381:Grand total 1372:, Achaeans 1362:Macedonians 1350:Chalcidians 1332:: European 1272:Paricanians 1238:islanders. 1136:Paricanians 1100:Chorasmians 966:Pamphylians 946:Phoenicians 848:Mount Athos 805:Mount Athos 755:Artaphernes 723:and forced 508:Thermopylae 409:Thermopylae 253:Land forces 198:Corinthians 182:Land forces 10004:Categories 9907:Kushan War 9895:Roman Wars 9872:Roman Wars 9476:Polemonion 9353:Phanagoria 9323:Kimmerikon 9318:Kerkinitis 9303:Hermonassa 9293:Dioscurias 9189:Aspalathos 9136:Kalathousa 9111:Akra Leuke 9040:Phoenicusa 8825:Scylletium 8810:Poseidonia 8730:Brentesion 8617:Pamphylian 8612:Macedonian 8530:Samothrace 8515:Hephaestus 8462:Long Walls 8441:Structures 8382:Underworld 8328:Technology 8291:Literature 8225:Philosophy 8190:Euergetism 8079:By culture 8024:Thucydides 7866:Pythagoras 7861:Protagoras 7851:Parmenides 7836:Heraclitus 7821:Empedocles 7811:Democritus 7796:Anaximenes 7786:Anaxagoras 7738:Historians 7231: 595 7218: 550 7199: 800 7184: – c. 7112:Cappadocia 6917:Ionian Sea 6907:Hellespont 6872:Aegean Sea 6725:2007-10-17 6664:E Istorika 6645:. Leipzig. 6543:Grote, G. 6394:. Abacus, 6287:Xenophon, 6208:2017-02-28 6122:Herodotus 5885:Herodotus 5865:Herodotus 5754:2019-05-15 5653:Herodotus 5596:Herodotus 5552:Herodotus 5509:Herodotus 5489:Herodotus 5469:Herodotus 5449:Herodotus 5429:Herodotus 5397:Herodotus 5377:Herodotus 5357:Herodotus 5337:Herodotus 5292:Herodotus 5272:Herodotus 5252:Herodotus 5200:Herodotus 5175:Herodotus 5150:Herodotus 5130:Herodotus 5110:Herodotus 5090:Herodotus 5061:Herodotus 4880:Herodotus 4860:Herodotus 4840:Herodotus 4820:Herodotus 4797:Herodotus 4777:Herodotus 4703:Herodotus 4674:Herodotus 4631:Herodotus 4602:Herodotus 4582:Herodotus 4550:Herodotus 4530:Herodotus 4456:Herodotus 4416:Herodotus 4396:Herodotus 4128:2023-10-19 3953:Herodotus 3930:Herodotus 3910:Herodotus 3890:Herodotus 3870:Herodotus 3850:Herodotus 3830:Herodotus 3810:Herodotus 3790:Herodotus 3770:Herodotus 3750:Herodotus 3710:Herodotus 3690:Herodotus 3670:Herodotus 3650:Herodotus 3630:Herodotus 3610:Herodotus 3590:Herodotus 3570:Herodotus 3550:Herodotus 3530:Herodotus 3510:Herodotus 3490:Herodotus 3470:Herodotus 3450:Herodotus 3427:Herodotus 3398:Herodotus 3378:Herodotus 3358:Herodotus 3338:Herodotus 3294:Herodotus 3215:Herodotus 3195:Herodotus 3175:Herodotus 3157:VII, 62–80 3155:Herodotus 3135:Herodotus 3080:Herodotus 3060:Herodotus 2984:Herodotus 2952:Herodotus 2853:2008-01-18 2688:References 2607:Tempe pass 2424:after the 2371:Xanthippus 2300:Hyacinthus 2242:Chalcidian 1986:Leonidas I 1936:Artemisium 1865:Perinthian 1849:Amphipolis 1745:Vix krater 1656:Asia Minor 1524:Hellespont 1479:baivabaram 1473:Munro and 1468:chiliarchy 1370:Magnesians 1252:Sagartians 1241:1,700,000 1232:Saspirians 1228:Alarodians 1216:Mossynoeci 1168:Mariandyni 1108:Gandarians 1068:Hyrcanians 864:Cappadocia 860:Asia Minor 840:Hellespont 684:Background 633:Thucydides 622:; English— 586:Aegean Sea 516:Artemisium 512:Leonidas I 492:Hellespont 463:, as King 414:Artemisium 276:5,283,220 261:Sea forces 230:Sea forces 137:Eurybiades 110:Leonidas I 51:480–479 BC 9562:in Epirus 9511:Trapezous 9456:Mesambria 9441:Eupatoria 9411:Apollonia 9406:Anchialos 9368:Theodosia 9338:Nymphaion 9328:Myrmekion 9298:Gorgippia 9254:Black Sea 9239:Tragurion 9224:Nymphaion 9209:Epidauros 9204:Epidamnos 9194:Apollonia 9171:Zacynthos 9093:Ptolemais 9087:Apollonia 9060:Cyrenaica 9050:Therassía 9045:Strongyle 9025:Ereikousa 8948:Leontinoi 8888:Apollonia 8765:Hipponion 8562:Mycenaean 8525:Parthenon 8457:Lion Gate 8360:Mythology 8323:Sculpture 8286:Astronomy 8220:Pederasty 8195:Festivals 8180:Education 8060:Lawgivers 8029:Timocreon 8009:Sophocles 8004:Simonides 7979:Philocles 7974:Panyassis 7969:Mimnermus 7934:Herodotus 7929:Euripides 7899:Aeschylus 7846:Leucippus 7806:Aristotle 7585:Strategos 7451:Synedrion 7405:Ostracism 7385:Areopagus 7337:Free city 7132:Macedonia 7016:Byzantion 6922:Macedonia 6887:Cyrenaica 6864:Geography 6798:Geography 6317:Herodotus 5202:VIII, 127 5177:VIII, 129 5152:VIII, 128 5132:VIII, 126 5112:VIII, 100 4330:III, 699. 4234:Histories 4218:163208310 4202:0003-097X 3340:VIII, 115 3319:Ctesias, 2581:Scythians 2534:Bactrians 2530:Immortals 2378:Aftermath 2355:Mardonius 2343:Bactrians 2316:Pausanias 2234:Bottiaean 2210:Artabazus 2159:Acropolis 2155:Acropolis 2114:Acropolis 2098:Acropolis 2022:Ephialtes 1912:polemarch 1887:, and at 1713:Isocrates 1697:Aeschylus 1643:Pamphylia 1560:Phoenicia 1554:of ships 1440:Simonides 1386:2,641,610 1366:Perrhaebi 1338:Paeonians 1334:Thracians 1303:2,317,610 1224:Colchians 1192:Thracians 1180:Armenians 1176:Phrygians 1096:Parthians 1080:Bactrians 1076:Chaldeans 1072:Assyrians 976:of Asia, 962:Cilicians 954:Egyptians 950:Palestine 901:Simonides 852:Babylonia 674:Aeschylus 616:Herodotus 610:Herodotus 594:offensive 571:Mardonius 481:Athenians 248:400 ships 203:Thespians 193:Athenians 158:Mardonius 141:Aristides 129:Pausanias 10060:Xerxes I 9611:Category 9589:Theatres 9516:Tripolis 9451:Kerasous 9446:Heraclea 9378:Tyritake 9333:Nikonion 9244:Thronion 9166:Salauris 9121:Emporion 9078:Berenice 9068:Balagrae 9020:Euonymos 8993:Tyndaris 8978:Syracuse 8973:Selinous 8943:Kamarina 8898:Casmenae 8883:Akrillai 8800:Neápolis 8735:Caulonia 8716:Mainland 8647:Linear B 8642:Linear A 8572:Dialects 8549:Language 8343:Religion 8301:Medicine 8235:Religion 8200:Folklore 8185:Emporium 8160:Clothing 8155:Calendar 8039:Xenophon 8034:Tyrtaeus 8019:Theognis 7994:Polybius 7989:Plutarch 7964:Menander 7944:Hipponax 7871:Socrates 7826:Epicurus 7672:Diadochi 7570:Sciritae 7530:Hetairoi 7505:Ballista 7470:Military 7433:Gerousia 7423:Ekklesia 7390:Ecclesia 7372:Athenian 7320:Politics 7233:–279 BC) 7220:–366 BC) 7201:–389 BC) 7137:Pergamon 7107:Bithynia 7100:Kingdoms 7041:Pergamon 6983:Military 6978:Politics 6775:Timeline 6390:(2006). 6363:Archived 6293:Archived 6289:Anabasis 6230:Hanson, 6128:Archived 6124:VII, 172 6108:Archived 5891:Archived 5871:Archived 5867:VIII, 22 5659:Archived 5655:VII, 107 5636:Archived 5602:Archived 5558:Archived 5515:Archived 5495:Archived 5475:Archived 5455:Archived 5435:Archived 5403:Archived 5383:Archived 5363:Archived 5343:Archived 5298:Archived 5278:Archived 5258:Archived 5206:Archived 5181:Archived 5156:Archived 5136:Archived 5116:Archived 5096:Archived 5092:VIII, 97 5067:Archived 5063:VIII, 89 4886:Archived 4882:VIII, 41 4866:Archived 4862:VIII, 21 4846:Archived 4842:VIII, 18 4826:Archived 4822:VIII, 16 4803:Archived 4799:VIII, 14 4783:Archived 4749:Archived 4729:Archived 4725:VII, 225 4709:Archived 4705:VII, 223 4680:Archived 4676:VII, 210 4637:Archived 4633:VIII, 40 4608:Archived 4604:VII, 174 4588:Archived 4584:VII, 173 4556:Archived 4552:VII, 100 4536:Archived 4462:Archived 4458:VII, 161 4442:Archived 4438:VII, 148 4422:Archived 4418:VII, 145 4402:Archived 4276:Archived 4137:cite web 3959:Archived 3955:VII, 185 3936:Archived 3916:Archived 3896:Archived 3876:Archived 3856:Archived 3836:Archived 3816:Archived 3796:Archived 3776:Archived 3756:Archived 3736:Archived 3716:Archived 3696:Archived 3676:Archived 3656:Archived 3636:Archived 3616:Archived 3596:Archived 3576:Archived 3556:Archived 3536:Archived 3516:Archived 3496:Archived 3476:Archived 3456:Archived 3433:Archived 3429:VII, 184 3404:Archived 3384:Archived 3364:Archived 3344:Archived 3324:Archived 3300:Archived 3296:VII, 186 3261:Archived 3240:Archived 3221:Archived 3201:Archived 3181:Archived 3161:Archived 3141:Archived 3086:Archived 3066:Archived 2990:Archived 2958:Archived 2914:Archived 2893:Archived 2801:Archived 2611:Thessaly 2526:Cissians 2486:zeugites 2453:Mascames 2449:Doriskos 2445:Doriskos 2422:Historia 2353:, under 2351:Persians 2333:allies, 2244:people. 2230:Olynthus 2218:Potidaea 2140:Thespiae 2067:Cilician 2055:Magnesia 2042:Xerxes I 2027:en route 1998:Phocians 1994:en route 1940:en masse 1908:Thessaly 1897:Doriskos 1869:Doriskos 1861:Tyrodiza 1827:battle. 1701:Diodorus 1664:Cyclades 1546:of ships 1538:of ships 1375:300,000 1358:Pierians 1354:Brygians 1346:Bottiaei 1311:triremes 1268:Caspians 1260:Cissians 1248:Persians 1212:Macrones 1208:Tibareni 1190:, Asian 1140:Arabians 1120:Sarangae 1116:Caspians 1104:Sogdians 1064:Cissians 1037:240,000 1009:Persians 998:241,400 990:Aeolians 958:Cyprians 938:triremes 916:Doriskos 778:Xerxes I 774:Egyptian 767:Marathon 716:Darius I 649:Historia 641:Plutarch 620:Historia 504:Thessaly 485:Spartans 477:Darius I 465:Xerxes I 434:Olynthus 429:Potidaea 208:Phocians 188:Spartans 176:Strength 170:Hydarnes 147:Xerxes I 56:Location 9631:Outline 9584:Temples 9521:Zaliche 9501:Thèrmae 9491:Sesamus 9461:Odessos 9436:Cytorus 9431:Cotyora 9181:Illyria 9146:Mainake 9141:Kypsela 9030:Hycesia 8988:Thermae 8968:Segesta 8958:Messana 8913:Helorus 8893:Calacte 8873:Akragas 8835:Sybaris 8820:Rhegion 8775:Krimisa 8725:Alision 8634:Writing 8607:Locrian 8597:Epirote 8567:Homeric 8500:Artemis 8487:Temples 8428:Olympia 8398:Eleusis 8333:Theatre 8318:Pottery 8245:Warfare 8240:Slavery 8175:Economy 8170:Cuisine 8165:Coinage 8142:Society 8127:Culture 8122:Society 8070:Tyrants 7909:Alcaeus 7891:Authors 7841:Hypatia 7831:Gorgias 7768:Writers 7590:Toxotai 7560:Sarissa 7550:Peltast 7545:Phalanx 7525:Hoplite 7520:Hippeis 7443:Macedon 7415:Spartan 7400:Heliaia 7347:Proxeny 7056:Larissa 7051:Kerkyra 7046:Eretria 7036:Miletus 7031:Ephesus 7026:Corinth 7021:Chalcis 6942:Taurica 6812:Periods 6793:History 6480:(ed.). 6375:Epitome 6371:Photius 6359:Persica 6354:Ctesias 5598:IX, 114 5511:IX, 100 5274:IX, 6–9 4779:VIII, 8 4745:VIII, 2 4532:VII, 25 4398:VII, 32 4326:Plato, 4210:1356993 3932:VII, 61 3912:VII, 87 3892:VII, 86 3872:VII, 85 3852:VII, 84 3832:VII, 60 3812:VII, 80 3792:VII, 79 3772:VII, 78 3752:VII, 77 3732:VII, 75 3712:VII, 74 3692:VII, 73 3672:VII, 72 3652:VII, 71 3632:VII, 70 3612:VII, 69 3592:VII, 68 3572:VII, 67 3552:VII, 66 3532:VII, 65 3512:VII, 64 3492:VII, 63 3472:VII, 62 3452:VII, 97 3380:VII, 89 3360:VII, 59 3321:Persica 3217:VII, 35 3197:VII, 37 3177:VII, 26 3082:VI, 113 3062:VI, 101 2795:, e.g. 2561:Ephesus 2522:Medians 2482:hoplite 2476:Phalanx 2472:Hoplite 2441:Strymon 2339:Indians 2238:Macedon 2214:Pallene 2144:Plataea 2112:on the 2072:Salamis 2038:hoplite 2018:phalanx 2014:hoplite 1990:Hippeis 1982:Carneia 1944:Troezen 1883:on the 1871:at the 1769:Corinth 1741:Hoplite 1709:Ephorus 1651:Dorians 1591:Cilicia 1444:Ctesias 1320:24,000 1292:20,000 1277:80,000 1264:Indians 1236:Red Sea 1196:Lasonii 1188:Mysians 1184:Lydians 1164:Matieni 1152:Libyans 1132:Mycians 1124:Pactyes 1112:Dadicae 1088:Indians 1048:517,610 1028:Galleys 1021:36,210 1005:marines 982:Ionians 978:Carians 974:Dorians 970:Lycians 930:Numbers 905:Ctesias 844:a canal 725:Macedon 708:Eretria 670:Ctesias 666:Ephorus 604:Sources 578:hoplite 543:Boeotia 528:Salamis 500:Macedon 439:Plataea 424:Salamis 270:200,000 225:Plataea 221:Eretria 213:Arcadia 186:10,000 164:† 117:† 10015:479 BC 10010:480 BC 9621:Portal 9569:People 9557:Cities 9496:Sinope 9481:Rhizos 9471:Phasis 9421:Bathus 9416:Athina 9401:Amisos 9363:Tanais 9358:Pityus 9283:Charax 9234:Pharos 9229:Orikon 9126:Helike 9116:Alonis 9083:Cyrene 9015:Didyme 8928:Himera 8903:Catana 8865:Sicily 8855:Thurii 8850:Terina 8815:Pixous 8770:Hydrus 8745:Croton 8577:Aeolic 8495:Aphaea 8418:Dodona 8403:Delphi 8372:Temple 8048:Others 7999:Sappho 7984:Pindar 7959:Lucian 7954:Ibycus 7939:Hesiod 7876:Thales 7644:Rulers 7623:People 7600:Xyston 7595:Xiphos 7456:Koinon 7362:Tyrant 7352:Stasis 7342:Koinon 7142:Pontus 7117:Epirus 7086:Sparta 7076:Rhodes 7071:Megara 7066:Thebes 7011:Athens 6937:Pontus 6902:Epirus 6892:Cyprus 6877:Aeolis 6694: 6597: 6572: 6529: 6521: 6506: 6488: 6462: 6435: 6420: 6398: 6369:(from 6104:IX, 17 5887:IX, 98 5554:IX, 96 5491:IX, 65 5471:IX, 66 5451:IX, 63 5431:IX, 62 5399:IX, 59 5379:IX, 25 5359:IX, 23 5339:IX, 20 5294:IX, 10 4963: 4927: 4241: 4216: 4208: 4200: 3400:VII 90 3137:VII, 7 2986:VI, 44 2954:V, 105 2910:IX, 81 2752:Cicero 2553:Louvre 2498:xiphos 2418:Sestos 2189:Strabo 2148:Megara 2059:Euboea 1889:Therme 1877:Balkan 1820:, and 1781:Thebes 1705:Lysias 1625:Aeolia 1607:Pontus 1581:Cyprus 1552:Number 1549:Region 1544:Number 1541:Region 1536:Number 1533:Region 1326:Balkan 1315:Thrace 1287:Libyan 1204:Moschi 1200:Milyae 1160:Ligyes 1128:Utians 1092:Arians 1026:3,000 994:Pontus 936:1,207 872:Abydos 868:Sardis 825:Abydos 821:Sardis 721:Thrace 551:Athens 547:Attica 539:Phocis 535:Euboea 496:Thrace 444:Mycale 419:Athens 223:, and 217:Aegina 206:1,000 201:2,000 196:5,000 191:9,000 160: 113: 90:Sparta 86:Athens 68:Result 61:Greece 9579:Stoae 9547:Lists 9466:Oinòe 9389:coast 9387:South 9373:Tyras 9343:Olbia 9313:Kepoi 9266:coast 9264:North 9257:basin 9199:Aulon 9161:Rhode 9073:Barca 8963:Naxos 8918:Henna 8878:Akrai 8845:Taras 8830:Siris 8790:Medma 8785:Locri 8750:Cumae 8740:Chone 8718:Italy 8624:Koine 8602:Ionic 8592:Doric 8587:Attic 8408:Delos 8306:Music 7949:Homer 7904:Aesop 7856:Plato 7758:Poets 7428:Ephor 7380:Agora 7357:Tagus 7332:Boule 7081:Samos 7006:Argos 6912:Ionia 6897:Doris 6882:Crete 6638:v.28. 5632:I, 98 5254:IX, 7 4272:XI, 3 4214:S2CID 4206:JSTOR 3257:p.713 2797:I, 22 2760:I, 5. 2586:Sakas 2490:aspis 2367:Ionia 2347:Medes 2335:Sacae 2331:Greek 2284:Samos 2280:Delos 1786:Argos 1725:Iliad 1717:Plato 1682:Total 1633:Lycia 1617:Caria 1599:Ionia 1573:Egypt 1565:Syria 1506:Sidon 1485:Fleet 1475:Macan 1342:Eordi 1256:Medes 1220:Mares 1084:Sacae 1060:Medes 1017:Sacae 1013:Medes 925:Units 759:Naxos 751:Datis 266:Total 242:Total 9506:Tium 9273:Akra 9214:Issa 8908:Gela 8780:Laüs 8755:Elea 8413:Dion 8265:Arts 8255:Wine 7881:Zeno 7478:Wars 6715:XXVI 6692:ISBN 6622:Klio 6614:(9). 6595:ISBN 6570:ISBN 6527:ISBN 6519:ISBN 6504:ISBN 6486:ISBN 6460:ISBN 6433:ISBN 6418:ISBN 6396:ISBN 4961:ISBN 4925:ISBN 4328:Laws 4239:ISBN 4198:ISSN 4143:link 2829:xxiv 2780:xvii 2579:The 2549:Susa 2518:Saka 2494:doru 2474:and 2437:Eion 2398:and 2386:The 2349:and 2256:and 2142:and 2086:and 1958:and 1881:Eion 1841:Eion 1703:and 1687:1207 1653:from 1611:100 1585:150 1563:and 1309:120 1283:Arab 1270:and 1234:and 753:and 744:Susa 692:and 545:and 498:and 483:and 455:The 48:Date 9959:3rd 9954:2nd 9949:1st 9792:2nd 9787:1st 8210:Law 6373:'s 4190:doi 4186:268 2776:xvi 2365:in 1863:in 1668:17 1637:50 1603:100 1595:100 1577:200 1569:300 1015:or 1003:30 502:to 10006:: 7228:c. 7215:c. 7196:c. 7179:c. 6713:. 6709:. 6612:10 6568:. 6533:). 6356:, 6345:, 6319:, 6291:. 6126:. 6106:. 5959:^ 5947:^ 5919:^ 5889:. 5869:. 5822:^ 5772:^ 5714:^ 5681:^ 5669:^ 5657:. 5646:^ 5634:. 5612:^ 5600:. 5589:^ 5568:^ 5556:. 5545:^ 5525:^ 5513:. 5493:. 5473:. 5453:. 5433:. 5413:^ 5401:. 5381:. 5361:. 5341:. 5317:^ 5296:. 5276:. 5256:. 5230:^ 5216:^ 5204:. 5191:^ 5179:. 5166:^ 5154:. 5134:. 5114:. 5094:. 5065:. 5036:^ 5024:^ 5003:^ 4989:^ 4975:^ 4905:^ 4884:. 4864:. 4844:. 4824:. 4813:^ 4801:. 4781:. 4759:^ 4747:. 4727:. 4707:. 4678:. 4647:^ 4635:. 4606:. 4586:. 4575:^ 4554:. 4534:. 4514:^ 4493:^ 4481:^ 4460:. 4440:. 4420:. 4400:. 4353:^ 4274:. 4212:. 4204:. 4196:. 4184:. 4170:^ 4139:}} 4135:{{ 3996:^ 3969:^ 3957:. 3946:^ 3934:. 3914:. 3894:. 3874:. 3854:. 3834:. 3814:. 3794:. 3774:. 3754:. 3734:. 3714:. 3694:. 3674:. 3654:. 3634:. 3614:. 3594:. 3574:. 3554:. 3534:. 3514:. 3494:. 3474:. 3454:. 3443:^ 3431:. 3414:^ 3402:. 3382:. 3362:. 3342:. 3310:^ 3298:. 3287:^ 3259:. 3238:. 3219:. 3199:. 3179:. 3159:. 3139:. 3117:^ 3105:^ 3084:. 3064:. 3015:^ 3000:^ 2988:. 2968:^ 2956:. 2936:^ 2924:^ 2912:. 2891:. 2862:^ 2811:^ 2799:. 2765:^ 2754:, 2733:^ 2715:^ 2696:^ 2524:, 2451:, 2428:. 2345:, 2341:, 2337:, 2329:: 2074:. 2044:. 1946:. 1851:). 1816:, 1812:, 1808:, 1749:c. 1747:, 1743:, 1660:30 1647:30 1629:60 1621:70 1500:, 1364:, 1360:, 1356:, 1352:, 1348:, 1344:, 1340:, 1336:, 1274:. 1266:, 1262:, 1258:, 1254:, 1250:, 1230:, 1226:, 1222:, 1218:, 1214:, 1210:, 1206:, 1202:, 1198:, 1194:, 1186:, 1182:, 1178:, 1174:, 1170:, 1166:, 1162:, 1158:, 1154:, 1150:, 1146:, 1142:, 1138:, 1134:, 1130:, 1126:, 1122:, 1118:, 1114:, 1110:, 1106:, 1102:, 1098:, 1094:, 1090:, 1086:, 1082:, 1078:, 1074:, 1070:, 1066:, 1062:, 1011:, 988:, 984:, 980:, 972:, 968:, 964:, 960:, 956:, 944:: 878:. 854:. 600:. 541:, 537:, 530:. 244:: 219:, 215:, 9665:e 9658:t 9651:v 9089:) 9085:( 7226:( 7213:( 7194:( 7188:) 7177:( 7164:/ 6756:e 6749:t 6742:v 6728:. 6700:. 6652:. 6631:. 6603:. 6576:. 6547:. 6510:. 6494:. 6468:. 6439:) 6424:) 6402:. 6377:) 6211:. 5757:. 4969:. 4933:. 4261:. 4247:. 4220:. 4192:: 4145:) 4131:. 3281:. 3050:. 3040:. 2856:. 2831:. 2782:. 2778:– 2646:" 2583:( 2555:. 2357:. 2269:. 2120:. 2048:. 1754:. 1490:( 894:. 827:. 386:e 379:t 372:v 309:e 302:t 295:v 268:: 255:: 232:: 184::

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Second Persian invasion of Greece

Index