85:
769:
after the explosion, radioactive substances were brought into the city on the wheels of cars and buses, on the clothes and shoes of industrial workers. The most polluted was the central Lenin street, especially when entering the city from the industrial site, and
Shkolnaya street, where the management of the plant lived. Subsequently, the flow of radioactive substances was suspended. It was forbidden to enter the city from industrial sites for cars and buses. Site workers at the checkpoint got off the buses and passed the checkpoint. This requirement extended to everyone, regardless of rank and official position. Shoes were washed on flowing trays.
147:
75:
1377:Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области. Постановление №161 от 25 мая 2006 г. «Об утверждении перечня муниципальных образований (административно-территориальных единиц) Челябинской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав», в ред. Постановления №2255 от 23 октября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в перечень муниципальных образований (административно-территориальных единиц) Челябинской области и населённых пунктов, входящих в их состав». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южноуральская панорама", №111–112, 14 июня 2006 г.
114:
383:
781:
radioactive solutions". In the order for the
Ministry of Medium Machine Building, signed by E.P. Slavsky, it was noted that the reason for the explosion was insufficient cooling of the container, which led to an increase in the temperature in it and to the creation of conditions for the explosion of salts. This was later confirmed in experiments carried out by the Central Factory Laboratory (CPL). The director of the plant M. A. Demyanovich took all the blame for the accident, for which he was relieved of his duties as director.
2148:
60:
1393:Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области. Закон №287-ЗО от 28 октября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах Озёрского городского округа», в ред. Закона №124-ЗО от 28 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Челябинской области "О статусе и границах Озёрского городского округа"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южноуральская панорама", спецвыпуск, 30 ноября 2004 г.
2160:
726:, which it severely contaminated as well as residents of dozens of riverside villages such as Muslyumovo, who relied on the river as their sole source of drinking, washing and bathing water. After the 1957 accident, dumping in the Techa River officially ceased, but the waste material was dumped in convenient shallow lakes near the plant instead, of which 7 have been officially identified. Of particular concern is
2172:
154:
121:
685:. Built and operated with great haste and disregard for safety, largely out of gaps in information, between 1945 and 1957 the plant dumped and released large amounts of solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive material into the area immediately around the plant. Over time, the sum of radionuclide contamination is estimated to be 2-3 times the release from the explosions from the
761:("cans") in the canyon. One tenth of the radioactive substances were lifted into the air. After the explosion, a column of smoke and dust rose up to a kilometer high, the dust flickered with an orange-red light and settled on buildings and people. The rest of the waste discarded from the tank remained at the industrial site. Reactor plants got into the contamination zone.
784:
The radiation accident in the Urals posed a whole series of completely new tasks for science and practice. It was necessary to develop measures for the radiation protection of the population. An
Experimental Station was created in the Urals, which played a leading role in studying the consequences of
764:
Immediately after the explosion at the facilities of the chemical plant, dosimetrists noted a sharp increase in the background radiation. Many industrial buildings, vehicles, concrete and railways were contaminated. The main spot of radioactive contamination fell on the territory of industrial sites,
760:
On Sunday
September 29, 1957 at 4:22 pm, in the production association "Beacon" in Ozersk one of the containers exploded, in which high-level waste was kept. The explosion completely destroyed a stainless steel container located in a concrete canyon 8.2 meters deep. In total, there were 14 containers
780:
wrote: "Investigating the causes of the accident on the spot, the commission believes that the main culprits of this incident are the head of the radiochemical plant and the chief engineer of this plant, who committed a gross violation of the technological regulations for the operation of storage of
768:
As a result of the explosion of the container, a concrete slab weighing 160 tons was torn off. A brick wall was destroyed in a building located 200 meters from the explosion site. They did not immediately notice the polluted streets, canteens, shops, schools, and kindergartens. In the first hours
801:
Reports indicated that humans living in the affected area during the time that the disaster took place and their offspring have developed problems with reproductive functions, mortality, age structure, and sex deformities. These populations were recorded at experiencing a radioactive exposure of
772:
The territory, which was exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of the explosion at the chemical plant, was named "East Ural
Radioactive Trace" (EURT). Its total length was about 300 km, with a width of 5–10 km. This area was inhabited by about 270 thousand people. Fields,
793:
While the environmental impact of the disaster was immense, the contamination of the local populace was equally devastating. The average person living in
Ozyorsk, 8 km from the Mayak Nuclear Facility, had a long term radioactive burden on their body at 17
765:
and 256 cubic meters of radioactive solutions were poured into the tank. The radioactive cloud passed the city of atomic scientists and passed by due to the successful location of the city - when it was laid, the wind rose was taken into account.
798:. Because of the large amounts of radioactive materials that were discharged into the atmosphere, over 22 small towns throughout the region were evacuated. Some cities took two years for a full evacuation to take place.
745:
and particulate soot levels in
Ozyorsk (along with much of the Ural industrial region) are also very high—roughly equal to the levels encountered along busy roadsides in the era predating
1159:"Russian village evacuation as rocket blast sparks radiation fears: Nyonoksa residents asked to leave within a day after last week's explosion that spiked radiation levels up to 16 times"
738:
of high-level liquid waste (75-90% of the total radioactivity released by
Chernobyl) was dumped and concentrated in the shallow 45-hectare (110-acre) lake over several decades.
1158:
1480:
825:, physics-mathematics lyceum, three professional colleges, Southern-Ural Polytechnical College, Music College, Ozyorsk Engineering Institute (an affiliate of
1382:
On
Adoption of the Registry of the Municipal Formations (Administrative-Territorial Units) of Chelyabinsk Oblast and of the Inhabited Localities They Comprise
182:
1386:
On
Amending the Registry of the Municipal Formations (Administrative-Territorial Units) of Chelyabinsk Oblast and of the Inhabited Localities They Comprise
655:
The Chelyabinsk region has been reported as being one of the most polluted places on Earth, having previously been a center of production of weapons-grade
1906:
1132:
719:(EURT). The matter was quietly and secretly covered up, and few either inside or outside Russia were aware of the full scope of the disaster until 1980.
851:
1964:
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1604:
146:
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934:
900:
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Kostyuchenko, V.A. (1994). "Long-term irradiation effects in the population evacuated from the East-Urals radioactive trace area".
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50:
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1957:
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2010:
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298:
1213:
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pastures, reservoirs, forests were polluted on the territory, which turned out to be unsuitable for further use.
604:
59:
1380:(Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Resolution #161 of November 25, 2006
1239:
Suslova, K. G.; Khokhryakov, V. F.; Sokolova, A. B. (November 1, 2007). "Plutonium in the Ozyorsk population".
716:
74:
494:, and the name is that of the nearest big city, which was a common practice of giving names to closed towns).
2115:
2085:
1995:
890:
616:) is another major enterprise. Its activities include construction for atomic industry needs, production of
1848:
1733:
1396:(Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Law #287-ZO of October 28, 2004
1192:
Lenssen, "Nuclear Waste: The Problem that Won't Go Away", Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1991: 15.
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Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters
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Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters
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On Amending the Law of Chelyabinsk Oblast "On the Status and Borders of Ozyorsky Urban Okrug"
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The plant itself covers an area of approximately 90 km and employs about 15,000 people.
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exploded, contaminating thousands of square kilometres of territory, now known as the
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plant since the late 1940s. The Mayak plant was one of the largest producers of
1921:
1838:
1748:
1659:
1039:
The Atomic Bazaar: Dispatches from the Underground World of Nuclear Trafficking
861:
846:
27:
1005:"'The graveyard of the Earth': inside City 40, Russia's deadly nuclear secret"
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1833:
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1718:
1384:, as amended by the Resolution #2255 of October 23, 2014
1260:
1178:
830:
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563:
197:
184:
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In a memo addressed to the Central Committee of the CPSU, Industry Minister
580:
is primarily engaged in reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel from the nuclear
501:, Ozersk was the birthplace of the Soviet nuclear weapons program after the
1853:
1798:
1773:
1763:
1713:
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Ozyorsk and the surrounding countryside have been heavily contaminated by
2100:
2090:
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1973:
1901:
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than the meltdown at Chernobyl. An improperly stored underground tank of
593:
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455:
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There are seventeen different cultural and public-service institutions.
2025:
1990:
1205:
Allies As Rivals: The U.S., Europe and Japan in a Changing World-system
585:
1400:, as amended by the Law #124-ZO of April 28, 2011
548:
Ozyorsk was and remains a closed town because of its proximity to the
2105:
2080:
2030:
1931:
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1828:
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There are sixteen secondary schools, two schools specializing in the
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1515:
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629:) are low-voltage devices for military-industrial establishments.
26:"City 40" redirects here. For the documentary about the city, see
2070:
2020:
1768:
1753:
1738:
20:
722:
Before the 1957 accident, much of the waste was dumped into the
1916:
1783:
463:
373:
217:
1334:. Vol. 1. Москва : РИПОЛ классик. pp. 469–478.
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1803:
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550:
413:
1972:
998:
996:
959:Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (
895:[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].
641:
in the US were the first two cities in the world to produce
785:
the accident and developing the necessary recommendations.
742:
528:—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the
505:. In 1994, it was granted town status and renamed Ozyorsk.
1238:
986:
Domus, monthly review of architecture interiors design art
588:
and from nuclear power plants. Commercially, it produces
1442:
993:
803:
1227:
Lake Karachay, a shallow pond about 45 hectares in area.
1458:
1450:
1404:. Effective as of the official publication date.).
1388:. Effective as of the official publication date.).
795:
466:. It had a population of 82,164 as of the 2010 census.
1443:
News, views and people (information portal of Ozyorsk)
1434:
892:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1
508:
428:
2136:
1280:
1278:
1035:
1114:"The radioactive legacy of the search for plutopia"
741:In addition to the radioactive risks, the airborne
566:and recycling nuclear material from decommissioned
1133:"How Chelyabinsk became synonymous with pollution"
1031:
1029:
1027:
730:, the closest lake to the plant (now notorious as
1398:On the Status and Borders of Ozyorsky Urban Okrug
1275:
1124:
889:Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).
789:Radioactive contamination of the local population
2186:
1327:
1002:
897:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года
603:The town's coat of arms depicts a flame-colored
1024:
939:Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации
633:Radioactive contamination and the 1957 disaster
1517:Administrative divisions of Chelyabinsk Oblast
1354:
1065:"Military history:Dinner at the fission chips"
623:Main products of Plant of Wiring Products #2 (
1958:
1501:
1391:
1375:
1130:
624:
611:
1284:
884:
882:
613:ЗАО "Южноуральское управление строительства"
562:, and now a Russian facility for processing
536:, the town of Ozyorsk has the official name
1111:
1062:
1042:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 33–.
703:In 1957, the Mayak plant was the site of a
1965:
1951:
1508:
1494:
827:National Research Nuclear University MEPhI
620:constructions and construction materials.
381:
1088:
953:
879:
850:is a documentary film about the town, by
19:For other places with the same name, see
16:Closed city in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
1435:Official website of Ozyorsky Urban Okrug
809:
677:for the Soviet Union during much of the
610:Southern-Urals Construction Department (
1036:William Langewiesche (April 29, 2008).
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
864:. Most of the novel is set in City 40.
626:ЗАО "Завод электромонтажных изделий №2"
490:(the digits are the last digits of the
2200:Cities and towns in Chelyabinsk Oblast
2187:
1421:Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
927:
860:is a 2022 historical fiction novel by
64:A view of Karl Marx Avenue in Ozyorsk.
1946:
1489:
1201:
977:
840:
515:framework of administrative divisions
482:in 1947. Until 1994, it was known as
907:
732:the most contaminated place on Earth
554:plant, one of the sources of Soviet
692:
509:Administrative and municipal status
13:
1408:
1181:'s interview of Nadezhda Kutepova.
1003:Samira Goetschel (July 20, 2016).
33:Town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
14:
2211:
1425:
1202:Tabak, Faruk (December 3, 2015).
753:—due to the presence of numerous
2170:
2158:
2146:
1287:Science of the Total Environment
901:Federal State Statistics Service
152:
145:
119:
112:
83:
73:
58:
1348:
1321:
1232:
1195:
1186:
1151:
1131:Andrew Osborn (July 27, 2011).
989:. Editoriale Domus S.p.A. 2004.
713:high-level liquid nuclear waste
153:
120:
1241:Radiation Protection Dosimetry
1112:Rob Edwards (March 18, 2013).
1105:
1063:Mark Peplow (March 27, 2013).
1056:
717:Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace
169:Show map of Chelyabinsk Oblast
1:
1451:Information portal of Ozyorsk
965:Поиск объектов почтовой связи
867:
478:was founded on the shores of
1307:10.1016/0048-9697(94)90080-9
517:, it has, together with six
166:Ozyorsk (Chelyabinsk Oblast)
7:
10:
2216:
1976:of the former Soviet Union
1472:Article about Ozyorsk and
1369:
941:(in Russian). June 3, 2011
696:
683:Soviet atomic bomb program
681:, particularly during the
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18:
1981:
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1392:
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1358:The Half Life of Valery K
1328:Кутепова Надежда (2021).
858:The Half Life of Valery K
854:, released in July 2016.
709:radioactive contamination
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521:, official status as the
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268:240 m (790 ft)
1355:Natasha Pulley (2022).
1177:See 25 minute video of
1139:. Telegraph Media Group
935:"Об исчислении времени"
675:weapons-grade plutonium
486:, and even earlier, as
1869:Urban-type settlements
1691:of oblast significance
1689:Urban-type settlements
1459:News portal of Ozyorsk
1331:Тайны закрытых городов
2051:Priozersk, Kazakhstan
2001:Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
1526:Administrative center
969:Postal Objects Search
829:), and affiliates of
810:Education and culture
299:Administrative status
751:catalytic converters
734:) where roughly 4.4
664:industrial pollution
538:Ozyorsky Urban Okrug
363:Ozyorsky Urban Okrug
349:Ozyorsky Urban Okrug
1299:1994ScTEn.142..119K
1081:2013Natur.495..444P
194: /
133:Location of Ozyorsk
100:Location of Ozyorsk
2177:Nuclear technology
1467:Website of Ozyorsk
1253:10.1093/rpd/ncm303
841:In popular culture
534:municipal division
460:Chelyabinsk Oblast
278: • Total
230:Chelyabinsk Oblast
136:Show map of Russia
2134:
2133:
1940:
1939:
1341:978-5-386-14469-2
1167:. August 13, 2019
1049:978-1-4299-3434-3
837:'s universities.
747:unleaded gasoline
707:, releasing more
437:
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286: • Rank
257: • Head
244:Town status since
198:55.750°N 60.717°E
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852:Samira Goetschel
819:English language
699:Kyshtym disaster
693:Kyshtym disaster
628:
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519:rural localities
503:Second World War
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336:Municipal status
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1977:
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1902:Mezhozyorny
1887:Kropachyovo
1824:Tryokhgorny
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1698:Lokomotivny
1620:Nagaybaksky
1610:Kunashaksky
1580:Kartalinsky
1555:Argayashsky
1531:Chelyabinsk
1171:October 17,
945:January 19,
835:Chelyabinsk
724:Techa River
645:for use in
594:iridium-192
586:icebreakers
558:during the
513:Within the
492:postal code
456:closed city
419:75743000001
345:Urban okrug
201: /
2189:Categories
2026:Novouralsk
1991:Gadzhiyevo
1635:Plastovsky
1630:Oktyabrsky
1575:Chesmensky
1164:Al Jazeera
868:References
689:accident.
605:salamander
582:submarines
526:of Ozyorsk
497:Codenamed
315:of Ozyorsk
273:Population
252:Government
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2081:Snezhinsk
2036:Ostrovnoy
2031:Omutninsk
2011:Mezhgorye
1932:Zauralsky
1877:Berdyaush
1829:Ust-Katav
1814:Snezhinsk
1724:Chebarkul
1680:Yetkulsky
1665:Varnensky
1645:Sosnovsky
1640:Satkinsky
1600:Korkinsky
1585:Kaslinsky
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1543:Districts
1261:0144-8420
1221:August 9,
823:gymnasium
687:Chernobyl
671:plutonium
666:from the
657:plutonium
643:plutonium
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590:cobalt-60
556:plutonium
530:districts
429:ozerskadm
369:Time zone
265:Elevation
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2076:Shikhany
2056:Raduzhny
2046:Polyarny
1897:Mezhevoy
1892:Magnitka
1859:Zlatoust
1849:Yuryuzan
1734:Karabash
1650:Troitsky
1615:Kusinsky
1595:Kizilsky
1560:Ashinsky
1269:17545660
1016:July 25,
679:Cold War
647:Cold War
639:Richland
618:concrete
560:Cold War
2139:Portals
2071:Seversk
2041:Ozyorsk
2021:Norilsk
1819:Troitsk
1794:Ozyorsk
1769:Kyshtym
1759:Korkino
1754:Kopeysk
1739:Kartaly
1655:Uvelsky
1370:Sources
1315:8178130
1295:Bibcode
1099:4313672
1077:Bibcode
847:City 40
833:'s and
802:40-500
544:Economy
532:. As a
499:City 40
470:History
454:) is a
448:Russian
440:Ozyorsk
424:Website
357:Capital
323:Capital
292:in 2010
236:Founded
214:Country
189:60°43′E
186:55°45′N
160:Ozyorsk
127:Ozyorsk
40:Ozyorsk
21:Ozyorsk
2165:Russia
2006:Lesnoy
1986:Fokino
1927:Yuzhny
1917:Suleya
1784:Minyar
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596:, and
464:Russia
452:Озёрск
444:Ozersk
380:
281:82,164
218:Russia
43:Озёрск
2061:Sarov
2016:Mirny
1804:Satka
1799:Plast
1779:Miass
1744:Kasli
1719:Bakal
1660:Uysky
1474:Mayak
1095:S2CID
873:Notes
668:Mayak
578:Mayak
551:Mayak
414:OKTMO
378:MSK+2
374:UTC+5
290:202nd
1912:Roza
1764:Kusa
1714:Asha
1336:ISBN
1311:PMID
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1257:ISSN
1223:2016
1210:ISBN
1173:2019
1145:2013
1044:ISBN
1018:2016
947:2019
749:and
743:lead
584:and
576:The
524:Town
476:town
474:The
313:Town
247:1994
239:1945
79:Flag
51:Town
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1303:doi
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458:in
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431:.ru
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