2043:
1354:
742:
133:
111:
1845:
1935:
1851:
514:
Kostopoulos, Dimitris S.; Konidaris, George E.; Amanatidou, Marina; Chitoglou, Krystalia; Fragkioudakis, Emmanouil; Gerakakis, Nikolaos; Giannakou, Vasiliki; Gkeme, Anastasia; Kalaitzi, Christina; Tsakalidis, Christos; Tsatsalis, Vaggelis (March 2023).
470:
Zelenkov, N. V.; Lavrov, A. V.; Startsev, D. B.; Vislobokova, I. A.; Lopatin, A. V. (2019). "A giant early
Pleistocene bird from eastern Europe: unexpected component of terrestrial faunas at the time of early Homo arrival".
614:
1396:
379:
390:
has been estimated standing 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) tall and weighing up to 450 kg (990 lb), making it much larger than the modern ostrich and
1183:
1130:
1253:
2015:
1239:
1166:
1915:
1880:
1593:
1138:
1908:
1573:
1246:
1456:
1260:
1901:
1215:
1152:
2084:
2128:
2002:
1208:
775:
2113:
1353:
572:"A Giant Ostrich from the Lower Pleistocene Nihewan Formation of North China, with a Review of the Fossil Ostriches of China"
517:"The new fossil site Krimni-3 in Mygdonia Basin and the first evidence of a giant ostrich in the Early Pleistocene of Greece"
2138:
640:"The Missing Late Pleistocene Ostrich Femur from Zhoukoudian (China): New Information Provided by a Rediscovered Old Cast"
2143:
2108:
2103:
2042:
2153:
2118:
2077:
132:
768:
391:
2123:
1844:
598:
2070:
846:
2133:
1993:
2148:
1955:
761:
2020:
679:
1938:
900:
528:
480:
8:
1850:
747:
418:
532:
484:
2058:
873:
552:
516:
496:
285:
127:
1868:
1372:
1320:
661:
556:
544:
500:
347:
2050:
1887:
1535:
1081:
719:
651:
593:
583:
536:
488:
194:
492:
1978:
1413:
1229:
1145:
1065:
831:
437:
431:
615:"Giant 11-Foot Bird Discovered in Europe Would Have Weighed Almost Half a Tonne"
2054:
1766:
1028:
540:
445:
441:
2097:
1739:
1675:
1583:
1271:
1058:
970:
957:
912:
784:
665:
548:
204:
184:
61:
110:
1894:
1697:
1613:
1123:
1113:
230:
1987:
1794:
1782:
1755:
1715:
1706:
1654:
1620:
1528:
1463:
1405:
1283:
991:
885:
335:
36:
797:
2007:
1725:
1668:
1638:
1542:
1501:
1436:
1384:
1044:
1002:
703:
513:
81:
46:
656:
639:
588:
571:
1803:
1748:
1682:
1604:
1198:
1176:
1098:
1051:
1037:
1013:
858:
753:
144:
86:
1949:
412:
Some authors have suggested placing the large (albeit smaller than
1972:
1820:
1810:
1647:
1521:
1494:
1446:
809:
374:
331:
295:
164:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1661:
1627:
1557:
1512:
1424:
1301:
469:
369:
339:
327:
320:
248:
91:
66:
803:
343:
154:
815:
323:
174:
1481:
405:, its relationship to the extant ostriches of the genus
677:
1816:
1778:
1736:
1721:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1478:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1393:
1289:
1279:
1226:
1195:
1163:
1110:
1094:
1025:
1009:
998:
987:
737:
422:from the Late Pleistocene of China in the genus.
2095:
1319:
350:, and China. The genus contains three species:
830:
684:sp. n., from the Lower Pleistocene of Georgia"
569:
465:
463:
461:
2078:
769:
968:
458:
2085:
2071:
776:
762:
678:Burchak-Abramovich, N.; Vekua, A. (1990).
368:, which were all formerly placed with the
109:
701:
655:
637:
599:1983/0d3c1bba-d496-47b6-a61c-e141a472612a
597:
587:
570:Buffetaut, Eric; Angst, Delphine (2021).
2096:
783:
277:(Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1971)
261:(Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1990)
1954:
1953:
1866:
1371:
1370:
955:
796:
757:
717:
612:
2037:
13:
473:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
434:, flightless bird fossils in China
14:
2165:
956:
338:. Its fossils have been found in
2041:
1934:
1933:
1849:
1843:
1352:
740:
131:
34:
32:Late Pliocene–Middle Pleistocene
2129:Pleistocene species extinctions
378:. An incomplete femur from the
638:Buffetaut, Eric (2023-02-13).
631:
606:
563:
507:
1:
2114:Fossil taxa described in 1954
493:10.1080/02724634.2019.1605521
451:
440:, flightless bird fossils in
382:(China) has been assigned to
2057:. You can help Knowledge by
613:McRae, Mike (27 June 2019).
7:
2139:Prehistoric birds of Europe
691:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
425:
10:
2170:
2036:
1867:
541:10.1007/s12542-022-00632-8
416:) extinct ostrich species
1962:
1929:
1875:
1862:
1840:
1793:
1774:
1765:
1735:
1705:
1696:
1637:
1603:
1565:
1556:
1511:
1489:
1477:
1423:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1366:
1349:
1315:
1270:
1225:
1194:
1162:
1109:
1090:
1079:
1024:
983:
979:
964:
951:
911:
893:
884:
866:
857:
839:
826:
792:
291:
284:
254:
247:
236:
229:
128:Scientific classification
126:
117:
108:
23:
2144:Quaternary birds of Asia
2109:Extinct flightless birds
238:Pachystruthio pannonicus
2104:Birds described in 1954
702:Hitchcock, Don (2010).
2154:Prehistoric bird stubs
718:Zicha, Ondrej (1999).
118:Restoration of a male
16:Extinct genus of birds
2119:Neogene birds of Asia
682:Struthio dmanisensis
680:"The fossil ostrich
356:(the type species),
748:Paleontology portal
533:2023PalZ...97..147K
485:2019JVPal..39E5521Z
419:Struthio anderssoni
724:Biological Library
704:"The Dmanisi Site"
392:one of the largest
365:P. transcaucasicus
274:P. transcaucasicus
2124:Pleistocene birds
2066:
2065:
2031:
2030:
1956:Taxon identifiers
1947:
1946:
1925:
1924:
1858:
1857:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1692:
1691:
1552:
1551:
1473:
1472:
1397:Opisthodactylidae
1373:Notopalaeognathae
1362:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1321:Notopalaeognathae
1311:
1310:
1075:
1074:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
931:
930:
720:"Struthio orlovi"
657:10.3390/d15020265
589:10.3390/d13020047
380:Nihewan Formation
312:
311:
306:
278:
270:
262:
225:
2161:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2051:prehistoric bird
2045:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1888:Incognitoolithus
1864:
1863:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1818:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1738:
1723:
1703:
1702:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1487:
1486:
1482:Dinornithiformes
1480:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1356:
1317:
1316:
1291:
1281:
1228:
1197:
1165:
1112:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1082:Struthioniformes
1027:
1011:
1000:
989:
981:
980:
977:
976:
966:
965:
953:
952:
891:
890:
864:
863:
837:
836:
828:
827:
821:
820:
794:
793:
778:
771:
764:
755:
754:
750:
745:
744:
743:
734:
732:
730:
714:
712:
710:
698:
688:
670:
669:
659:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
610:
604:
603:
601:
591:
567:
561:
560:
511:
505:
504:
467:
401:is known as the
304:
276:
268:
260:
223:
216:
195:Struthioniformes
136:
135:
113:
103:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1921:
1871:
1854:
1842:
1826:
1789:
1761:
1731:
1688:
1633:
1599:
1548:
1507:
1469:
1419:
1414:Opisthodactylus
1375:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1307:
1266:
1230:Ergilornithidae
1221:
1190:
1184:Galligeranoides
1158:
1146:Palaeophasianus
1131:Galligeranoides
1105:
1084:
1071:
1066:Pseudocrypturus
1020:
973:
960:
927:
907:
880:
853:
847:Avemetatarsalia
832:Avemetatarsalia
822:
799:
798:
788:
782:
746:
741:
739:
728:
726:
708:
706:
686:
674:
673:
636:
632:
623:
621:
611:
607:
568:
564:
512:
508:
479:(2): e1605521.
468:
459:
454:
438:Struthio orlovi
432:Struthio wimani
428:
326:which lived in
269:(Kretzoi, 1954)
243:
242:(Kretzoi, 1954)
240:
224:(Kretzoi, 1954)
222:
214:
130:
104:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Pliocene birds
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2046:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1984:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1769:
1767:Casuariiformes
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1740:Aepyornithidae
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1450:
1440:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1387:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1254:Sinoergilornis
1250:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1029:Lithornithidae
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1007:
996:
984:
974:
969:
962:
961:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
926:
925:
924:
923:
917:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
904:
903:
894:
888:
882:
881:
879:
878:
877:
876:
867:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
850:
849:
840:
834:
824:
823:
819:
818:
812:
806:
790:
789:
781:
780:
773:
766:
758:
752:
751:
736:
735:
715:
699:
672:
671:
630:
605:
562:
527:(1): 147–161.
506:
456:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
446:Eastern Europe
435:
427:
424:
414:P. dmanisensis
409:is not clear.
399:P. dmanisensis
388:P. dmanisensis
359:P. dmanisensis
334:to the Middle
330:from the Late
319:is a genus of
310:
309:
308:
307:
289:
288:
282:
281:
280:
279:
271:
263:
258:P. dmanisensis
252:
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227:
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172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
124:
123:
120:P. dmanisensis
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Struthionidae
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:article is a
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1994:Pachystruthio
1989:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1964:Pachystruthio
1961:
1957:
1952:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1584:Querandiornis
1578:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:Anomalopteryx
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:Pachystruthio
1288:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1272:Struthionidae
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:Amphipelargus
1237:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:Palaeotididae
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1059:Paracathartes
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
993:
986:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
971:Palaeognathae
967:
963:
959:
958:Palaeognathae
954:
950:
921:
920:
919:
918:
916:
914:
913:Palaeognathae
910:
902:
898:
897:
896:
895:
892:
889:
887:
883:
875:
871:
870:
869:
868:
865:
862:
860:
856:
848:
844:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:
829:
825:
817:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:
795:
791:
786:
779:
774:
772:
767:
765:
760:
759:
756:
749:
738:
725:
721:
716:
705:
700:
697:(7): 121–132.
696:
692:
685:
683:
676:
675:
667:
663:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
620:
616:
609:
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585:
581:
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573:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
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510:
502:
498:
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486:
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478:
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457:
447:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
429:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
403:giant ostrich
400:
395:
394:known birds.
393:
389:
385:
384:Pachystruthio
381:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
354:
353:P. pannonicus
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
317:
316:Pachystruthio
305:Kretzoi 1954a
302:
301:Pachystruthio
298:
297:
293:
292:
290:
287:
283:
275:
272:
267:
266:P. pannonicus
264:
259:
256:
255:
253:
250:
246:
239:
235:
232:
228:
221:
220:
219:Pachystruthio
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:Struthionidae
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:Palaeognathae
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
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134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
107:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
25:Pachystruthio
22:
19:
2059:expanding it
2048:
2033:
1963:
1916:Tsondabornis
1914:
1907:
1900:
1895:Medioolithus
1893:
1886:
1881:Diamantornis
1879:
1819:
1809:
1802:
1781:
1754:
1747:
1724:
1714:
1698:Novaeratitae
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1626:
1619:
1614:Crypturellus
1612:
1594:Roveretornis
1592:
1582:
1572:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1502:Megalapteryx
1500:
1493:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1412:
1404:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1282:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1214:
1207:
1182:
1175:
1151:
1144:
1139:Geranodornis
1137:
1129:
1124:Eogeranoides
1122:
1114:Geranoididae
1097:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1012:
1001:
990:
727:. Retrieved
723:
707:. Retrieved
694:
690:
681:
647:
643:
633:
622:. Retrieved
619:ScienceAlert
618:
608:
579:
575:
565:
524:
520:
509:
476:
472:
417:
413:
411:
406:
402:
398:
396:
387:
383:
373:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
351:
315:
314:
313:
300:
294:
273:
265:
257:
237:
231:Type species
218:
217:
181:Infraclass:
119:
24:
18:
1988:Wikispecies
1795:Casuariidae
1783:Diogenornis
1756:Mullerornis
1707:Apterygidae
1655:Nothoprocta
1621:Nothocercus
1536:Euryapteryx
1406:Diogenornis
1284:Orientornis
992:Asteriornis
901:Maniraptora
886:Maniraptora
785:Palaeognath
709:16 February
336:Pleistocene
2098:Categories
1909:Psammornis
1726:Proapteryx
1669:Rhynchotus
1639:Nothurinae
1574:Miniothura
1543:Pachyornis
1437:Heterorhea
1385:Rheiformes
1330:see below↓
1247:Ergilornis
1045:Fissuravis
1003:Eremopezus
922:see below↓
729:2 February
650:(2): 265.
624:2019-06-27
452:References
1979:Q64845989
1804:Casuarius
1749:Aepyornis
1683:Tinamotis
1676:Taoniscus
1605:Tinaminae
1558:Tinamidae
1457:Protorhea
1261:Urmiornis
1199:Eogruidae
1177:Palaeotis
1099:Remiornis
1052:Lithornis
1038:Calciavis
1014:Limenavis
874:Theropoda
859:Theropoda
802:Kingdom:
666:1424-2818
644:Diversity
582:(2): 47.
576:Diversity
557:252750662
549:0031-0220
501:198384367
397:Although
342:, Greece
151:Kingdom:
145:Eukaryota
1973:Wikidata
1939:Category
1902:Namornis
1821:Emuarius
1811:Dromaius
1648:Eudromia
1495:Dinornis
1447:Hinasuri
1302:Struthio
1216:Sonogrus
1153:Paragrus
810:Chordata
808:Phylum:
804:Animalia
426:See also
407:Struthio
375:Struthio
332:Pliocene
296:Struthio
286:Synonyms
201:Family:
165:Chordata
161:Phylum:
155:Animalia
141:Domain:
2021:1158989
2008:4851534
1716:Apteryx
1662:Nothura
1628:Tinamus
1513:Emeidae
1425:Rheidae
814:Class:
529:Bibcode
481:Bibcode
442:Central
386:indet.
372:genus,
370:ostrich
348:Georgia
340:Hungary
328:Eurasia
321:extinct
249:Species
211:Genus:
191:Order:
171:Class:
98:↓
1869:Ootaxa
1209:Eogrus
787:genera
664:
555:
547:
499:
362:, and
344:Crimea
2049:This
2016:IRMNG
1529:Emeus
687:(PDF)
553:S2CID
497:S2CID
2055:stub
2003:GBIF
1464:Rhea
899:see
872:see
845:see
816:Aves
731:2010
711:2011
662:ISSN
545:ISSN
521:PalZ
444:and
324:bird
175:Aves
37:PreꞒ
652:doi
594:hdl
584:doi
537:doi
489:doi
2100::
2018::
2005::
1990::
1975::
722:.
695:33
693:.
689:.
660:.
648:15
646:.
642:.
617:.
592:.
580:13
578:.
574:.
551:.
543:.
535:.
525:97
523:.
519:.
495:.
487:.
477:39
475:.
460:^
346:,
303:)
122:.
87:Pg
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
2061:.
1817:†
1786:?
1779:†
1737:†
1722:†
1590:†
1580:†
1570:†
1479:†
1453:†
1443:†
1433:†
1409:?
1394:†
1297:?
1290:†
1280:†
1232:?
1227:†
1201:?
1196:†
1187:?
1169:?
1164:†
1134:?
1116:?
1111:†
1102:?
1095:†
1026:†
1017:?
1010:†
1006:?
999:†
995:?
988:†
777:e
770:t
763:v
733:.
713:.
668:.
654::
627:.
602:.
596::
586::
559:.
539::
531::
503:.
491::
483::
299:(
215:†
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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