350:
338:
2161:
4461:"As well as the packet switched network actually built at NPL for communication between their local computing facilities, some simulation experiments have been performed on larger networks. A summary of this work is reported in . The work was carried out to investigate networks of a size capable of providing data communications facilities to most of the U.K. ... Experiments were then carried out using a method of flow control devised by Davies called 'isarithmic' flow control. ... The simulation work carried out at NPL has, in many respects, been more realistic than most of the ARPA network theoretical studies."
2699:(NSFNET) was a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the NSF beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States. NSFNET was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks, operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s, 1.5 Mbit/s (T1), and 45 Mbit/s (T3), that were constructed to support NSF's networking initiatives from 1985 to 1995. Initially created to link researchers to the nation's NSF-funded supercomputing centers, through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the
2554:
873:
was a source of the packet switching concepts used in the ARPANET have affected sources on the topic, which has created methodological challenges in the historiography of the
Internet. Historian Andrew L. Russell said "'Internet history' also suffers from a third, methodological, problem: it tends to be too close to its sources. Many Internet pioneers are alive, active, and eager to shape the histories that describe their accomplishments. Many museums and historians are equally eager to interview the pioneers and to publicize their stories".
2680:
941:
only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets. In this case, address information is only transferred to each node during the connection setup phase, when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes. When a connection identifier is used, routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection identifier in a table.
1772:
11818:
5317:"Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks ... Kleinrock extended the theoretical approaches of to the early ARPA network."
11828:
2529:
3329:
In his first draft dated Nov. 10, 1965, Davies forecast today's 'killer app' for his new communication service: 'The greatest traffic could only come if the public used this means for everyday purposes such as shopping... People sending enquiries and placing orders for goods of all kinds will make up a large section of the traffic... Business use of the telephone may be reduced by the growth of the kind of service we contemplate.'
183:
11807:
38:
11838:
849:), as "crazy" and non-sensical, despite the ARPA team having advocated for it. The reignited debate caused other former BBN employees to make their concerns known, including Alex McKenzie, who followed Davies in disputing that Kleinrock's work was related to packet switching, stating "... there is nothing in the entire 1964 book that suggests, analyzes, or alludes to the idea of packetization".
47:
6811:
Distributed
Communications" in the early 1960's. Also of note was work done by Donald Davies and others at the National Physical Laboratory in England in the mid-1960's. ... Another early major network development which affected development of the ARPANET was undertaken at the National Physical Laboratory in Middlesex, England, under the leadership of D. W. Davies.
601:, it was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control. The BBN "IMP Guys" independently developed significant aspects of the network's internal operation, including the routing algorithm, flow control, software design, and network control. The UCLA NMC and the BBN team also investigated network congestion. The Network Working Group, led by
6417:
with his old colleague Len
Kleinrock, who had written about them as early as 1962, as part of his Ph.D. research on communication nets. It requires a great deal of squinting to extract anything resembling packet-switching from Kleinrock's work, however, and no other contemporary textual evidence that I have come across backs the Kleinrock/Roberts account.
1259:. First demonstrated in 1973, it was developed to explore alternatives to the early ARPANET design and to support network research generally. It was the first network to use the end-to-end principle and make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself. Concepts of this network influenced later ARPANET architecture.
587:. After SOSP, and after Roberts' direction to use packet switching, Kleinrock sought input from Baran and proposed to retain Baran and RAND as advisors. The ARPANET working group assigned Kleinrock responsibility to prepare a report on software for the IMP. In 1968, Roberts awarded Kleinrock a contract to establish a Network Measurement Center (NMC) at
1047:(RSVP) create virtual circuits on top of datagram networks. MPLS and its predecessors, as well as ATM, have been called "fast packet" technologies. MPLS, indeed, has been called "ATM without cells". Virtual circuits are especially useful in building robust failover mechanisms and allocating bandwidth for delay-sensitive applications.
639:. It was the first to implement the end-to-end principle of Davies, and make the host computers responsible for the reliable delivery of data on a packet-switched network, rather than this being a service of the network itself. His team was thus first to tackle the highly-complex problem of providing user applications with a reliable
1647:"The experimental packet-switched Nordic telecommunication network SCANNET was implemented in Nordic technical libraries in the 1970s, and it included first Nordic electronic journal Extemplo. Libraries were also among first ones in universities to accommodate microcomputers for public use in the early 1980s."
6416:
The above description of how packet-switching came to be is the most widely-accepted one. However, there is an alternative version. Roberts claimed in later years that by the time of the
Gatlinburg symposium, he already had the basic concepts of packet-switching well in mind, and that they originated
5238:
Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data
Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network
4703:
Roberts' proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly ... was not endorsed ... Wesley Clark ... suggested to
Roberts that the network be managed by identical small computers, each attached to a host computer. Accepting the idea, Roberts named the small computers dedicated to
4586:
He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the
Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts's decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation
1487:
completed the triad. Over the next several years, in addition to host-to-host interactive connections, the network was enhanced to support terminal-to-host connections, host-to-host batch connections (remote job submission, remote printing, batch file transfer), interactive file transfer, gateways to
912:
In connectionless mode each packet is labeled with a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet. This information eliminates the need for a pre-established path to help the packet find its way to its destination, but means that
5744:
The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and
5676:
In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and
Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who
4038:
they lacked one vital ingredient. Since none of them had heard of Paul Baran they had no serious idea of how to make the system work. And it took an
English outfit to tell them. ... Larry Roberts paper was the first public presentation of the ARPANET concept as conceived with the aid of Wesley Clark
3328:
The 1960 challenge was to build a network such that a significant subset of the network could survive a military attack. told us he knew he could design a solution once he realized that, 'given redundant paths, the reliability of the net work could be greater than the reliability of the parts.' ...
940:
protocols used for setup allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters. Acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated. The packets transferred may include a connection identifier rather than address information and the packet header can be smaller, as it
536:
to explore the questions of message size and contents for the network, and to write a position paper on the intercomputer communication protocol including “conventions for character and block transmission, error checking and re transmission, and computer and user identification." Roberts revised his
10707:
University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis. Baran describes his working environment at RAND, as well as his initial interest in survivable communications, and the evolution, writing and distribution of his eleven-volume work, "On Distributed Communications". Baran discusses his interaction with the group
9381:"Eircom Plc and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Mr Mark Henry and the Department of Agriculture and Food; Eircom Plc and the Department of Finance and Eircom Plc and Office of the Revenue Commissioners. | [2000] IEIC 98114 | Irish Information Commissioner | Judgment | Law | CaseMine"
6172:
The hierarchical approach is further motivated by theoretical results (e.g., ) which show that, by optimally placing separators, i.e., elements that connect levels in the hierarchy, tremendous gain can be achieved in terms of both routing table size and update message churn. ... KLEINROCK, L., AND
5104:
BARAN: On Tuesday, 31 October 1967 I see a notation 9:30 AM to 2:00 PM for ARPA's (Elmer) Shapiro, (Barry) Boehm, (Len) Kleinrock, ARPA Network. On Monday, 13 November 1967 I see the following: Larry Roberts to abt (about?) lunch (time?). Art Bushkin = 1:00 PM. Here. Larry Roberts IMP Committee. On
3495:
As Kahn recalls: ... Paul Baran's contributions ... I also think Paul was motivated almost entirely by voice considerations. If you look at what he wrote, he was talking about switches that were low-cost electronics. The idea of putting powerful computers in these locations hadn't quite occurred to
2088:
connections. The business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies (mostly banks and airlines) to build their own dedicated networks. The private networks were often connected via gateways to
578:
for a human user. This addressed a key question about the viability of computer networking. Larry Roberts brought Kleinrock into the ARPANET project informally in early 1967. Roberts and Taylor recognized the issue of response time was important, but did not apply Kleinrock's methods to assess this
6090:
In mathematical modelling use is made of the theories of queueing processes and of flows in networks, describing the performance of the network in a set of equations. ... The analytic method has been used with success by Kleinrock and others, but only if important simplifying assumptions are made.
5075:
We propose that a working group of approximately four people devote some concentrated effort in the near future in defining the IMP precisely. This group would interact with the larger group from the earlier meetings from time to time. Tentatively we think that the core of this investigatory group
5055:
Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze
1956:
designed a private network system for sale as a turnkey package to multi-national organizations. In addition to providing X.25 packet switching, message switching software was also included. Messages were buffered at the nodes adjacent to the sending and receiving terminals. Switched virtual calls
1756:
was an international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA. In 1969, it began install a network based on minicomputers to connect timesharing terminals to its central computers. The network used store-and-forward and voice-grade lines. Routing was not distributed, rather it was
872:
on packet switching, carried out in the 1970s, which was an extension of his pioneering work in the early 1960s on the optimization of message delays in communication networks. However, Kleinrock's claims that his work in the early 1960s originated the concept of packet switching and that his work
804:
Roberts claimed in later years that, by the time of the October 1967 SOSP, he already had the concept of packet switching in mind (although not yet named and not written down in his paper published at the conference, which a number of sources describe as "vague"), and that this originated with his
6810:
Aside from the technical problems of interconnecting computers with communications circuits, the notion of computer networks had been considered in a number of places from a theoretical point of view. Of particular note was work done by Paul Baran and others at the Rand Corporation in a study "On
2923:
In June 1999 MCI WorldCom introduced vBNS+ which allowed attachments to the vBNS network by organizations that were not approved by or receiving support from NSF. After the expiration of the NSF agreement, the vBNS largely transitioned to providing service to the government. Most universities and
573:
for his doctoral dissertation in 1961–62 and published it as a book in 1964. Davies, in his 1966 paper on packet switching, applied Kleinorck's techniques to show that "there is an ample margin between the estimated performance of the system and the stated requirement" in terms of a satisfactory
6603:
Leonard Kleinrock and Lawrence (Larry) Roberts, neither of whom were directly involved in the invention of packet switching ... Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate
3568:
Paul Baran ... focused on the routing procedures and on the survivability of distributed communication systems in a hostile environment, but did not concentrate on the need for resource sharing in its form as we now understand it; indeed, the concept of a software switch was not present in his
1541:
to meet the needs of the multidisciplinary laboratory and prove the technology under operational conditions. In 1969, the NPL, followed by the ARPANET, were the first two networks to use packet switching. By 1976, 12 computers and 75 terminal devices were attached, and more were added until the
1446:
governed by Michigan's public universities, was formed in 1966 as the Michigan Educational Research Information Triad to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development. With initial support from the
1108:
Before the introduction of X.25 in 1976, about twenty different network technologies had been developed. Two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core. In the datagram system, operating according to the
820:
The disagreement about Kleinrock's contribution to packet switching dates back to a version of the above claim made on Kleinrock's profile on the UCLA Computer Science department website sometime in the 1990s. Here, he was referred to as the "Inventor of the Internet Technology". The webpage's
4846:
Roberts was already becoming known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. ... And not for nothing was Larry Roberts known as the fastest man in the Pentagon. By the time they got to the airport, the decision had been made .... Once again, the fastest man in the Pentagon made his decision without
864:
A subsequent version of Kleinrock's biography webpage was copyrighted in 2009 by Kleinrock. He was called on to defend his position over subsequent decades. In 2023, he acknowledged that his published work in the early 1960s was about message switching and claimed he was thinking about packet
623:
Roberts presented the idea of packet switching to communication industry professionals in the early 1970s. Before ARPANET was operating, they argued that the router buffers would quickly run out. After the ARPANET was operating, they argued packet switching would never be economic without the
400:
in support of the Air Force initiative. The concept was first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, later published as RAND report P-2626 in 1962, and finally in report RM 3420 in 1964. The reports describe a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed,
4170:
Roger actually convinced Larry that what he was talking about was all wrong and that the way that NPL were proposing to do it was right. I've got some notes that say that first Larry was sceptical but several of the others there sided with Roger and eventually Larry was overwhelmed by the
944:
Connection-oriented transport layer protocols such as TCP provide a connection-oriented service by using an underlying connectionless network. In this case, the end-to-end principle dictates that the end nodes, not the network itself, are responsible for the connection-oriented behavior.
813:. In it, Kleinrock is described as having "published the first paper on packet switching theory in July 1961 and the first book on the subject in 1964". Many sources about the history of the Internet began to reflect these claims as uncontroversial facts. This became the subject of what
3930:
Roger Scantlebury ... from Donald Davies' team ... presented a detailed design study for a packet switched network. It was the first Roberts had heard of it. ... Roberts also learned from Scantlebury, for the first time, of the work that had been done by Paul Baran at RAND a few years
860:
also joined the debate, stating that "authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed". Walter Isaacson notes that "until the mid-1990s Kleinrock had credited with coming up with the idea of packet switching".
2083:
utilized virtual call packet switched technology including X.25, SNA/SDLC, BSC and ASCII interfaces to connect host computers (servers) at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies. Users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated
969:
is generally used in IP networks to dynamically negotiate capacity between connections. Packet switching may also increase the robustness of networks in the face of failures. If a node fails, connections do not need to be interrupted, as packets may be routed around the failure.
2097:
UNINETT was a wide-area Norwegian packet-switched network established through a joint effort between Norwegian universities, research institutions and the Norwegian Telecommunication administration. The original network was based on X.25; Internet protocols were adopted later.
6714:
He developed the mathematical theory of data networks, the technology underpinning the Internet, while a graduate student at MIT in the period from 1960-1962. In that work, he also modeled the packetization of messages and solved for a key performance gain that packetization
5239:
interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.
1105:. The NPL network followed by the ARPANET became operational in 1969, the first two networks to use packet switching. Larry Roberts said many of the packet switching networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Donald Davies' original 1965 design.
2067:
was the national X.25 network in France. It was developed locally at about the same time as DATAPAC in Canada. The development was done by the French PTT and influenced by the experimental RCP network. It began operation in 1978, and served commercial users and, after
1242:
minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout the US (and later, in other countries) and interconnected. Over time, the CompuServe network evolved into a complicated multi-tiered network incorporating ATM, Frame Relay, IP and X.25 technologies.
833:
wrote that Kleinrock's claims "led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching".
1388:
In 1965, at the instigation of Warner Sinback, a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers (Schenectady, New York, Chicago, and Phoenix) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service.
1174:
The protocol was designed to be simple, autoconfiguring, and not require servers or other specialized services to work. These benefits also created drawbacks, as Appletalk tended not to use bandwidth efficiently. AppleTalk support was terminated in 2009.
4213:
Larry Roberts presented a paper on early ideas for what was to become ARPAnet. This was based on a store-and-forward method for entire messages, but as a result of that meeting the NPL work helped to convince Roberts that packet switching was the way
763:
Leonard Kleinrock's research work during the 1970s addressed packet switching networks, packet radio networks, local area networks, broadband networks, nomadic computing, peer-to-peer networks, and intelligent software agents. His theoretical work on
304:
services, circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted, such as characters, packets, or messages.
3949:
More significantly, Roger Scantlebury ... presents the design for a packet-switched network. This is the first Roberts and Taylor have heard of packet switching, a concept that appears to be a promising receipe for transmitting data through the
965:, packet switching is highly dynamic, allocating channel capacity based on usage instead of explicit reservations. This can reduce wasted capacity caused by underutilized reservations at the cost of removing bandwidth guarantees. In practice,
4132:
the ARPA network is being implemented using existing telegraphic techniques simply because the type of network we describe does not exist. It appears that the ideas in the NPL paper at this moment are more advanced than any proposed in the
7720:
I actually set up the first meeting between John Wedlake of the British Post Office and of the French PTT which led to X25. There was a problem about virtual calls in EIN, so I called this meeting and that actually did in the end lead to
5204:
Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David
2711:
In addition to the five NSF supercomputer centers, NSFNET provided connectivity to eleven regional networks and through these networks to many smaller regional and campus networks in the United States. The NSFNET regional networks were:
553:
network, which he presented at SOSP. Roberts was known for making decisions quickly. Immediately after SOSP, he incorporated Davies' and Baran's concepts and designs for packet switching to enable the data communications on the network.
4914:, Internet Hall of Fame "America’s Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), and the ARPANET received his network design enthusiastically and the NPL local network became the first two computer networks in the world using the technique."
4107:
The NPL group influenced a number of American computer scientists in favor of the new technique, and they adopted Davies's term "packet switching" to refer to this type of network. Roberts also adopted some specific aspects of the NPL
9153:
1627:. RCP emphasised terminal-to-host and terminal-to-terminal connection; CYCLADES was concerned with host-to-host communication. RCP influenced the X.25 specification, which was deployed on TRANSPAC and other public data networks.
1061:
Donald Davies' work on data communications and computer network design became well known in the United States, Europe and Japan and was the "cornerstone" that inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following.
2883:
is a high-speed international Internet service connecting research and education networks in the Asia-Pacific region to those in the US. TransPAC3 is part of the NSF's International Research Network Connections (IRNC) program.
186:
This animation illustrates a network model in which consecutive packets between hosts take differing routes. Out-of-order delivery is however detrimental to the performance of several network protocols, including TCP, so that
2868:(NRL) was launched in September 2003. It is a 12,000-mile high-speed national computer network owned and operated by the US research and education community that runs over fiber-optic lines. It was the first transcontinental
1787:
were initially implemented with an X.25 external interface. Some older networks such as TELENET and TYMNET were modified to provide a X.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes. DATAPAC was developed by
6387:
It is more difficult to establish at this time, however, whether Larry intended to switch the fragments as independent packets in the ARPAnet before he heard of the NPL work; certainly he now claims that this was always his
2670:
to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 to 100 Gbit/s. In October, 2007, Internet2 officially retired Abilene and now refers to its new, higher capacity network as the Internet2 Network.
2031:
of 2342. British Telecom renamed PSS Global Network Service (GNS), but the PSS name has remained better known. PSS also included public dial-up PAD access, and various InterStream gateways to other services such as Telex.
1827:. Established by Telstra's predecessor Telecom Australia in the early 1980s, AUSTPAC was Australia's first public packet-switched data network and supported applications such as on-line betting, financial applications—the
1001:) also use packet switching. Packet switching is associated with connectionless networking because, in these systems, no connection agreement needs to be established between communicating parties prior to exchanging data.
772:
became critical to the operation of the Internet. Kleinrock published hundreds of research papers, which ultimately launched a new field of research on the theory and application of queuing theory to computer networks.
5076:
would be Bhushan (MIT), Kleinrock (UCLA), Shapiro (SRI) and Westervelt (University of Michigan), along with a kibitzer's group, consisting of such people as Baran (Rand), Boehm (Rand), Culler (UCSB) and Roberts (ARPA).
1686:
to provide better computing facilities than could be afforded individually. The networks were each based on one manufacturer's standards and were mutually incompatible and overlapping. In 1981, the SRC was renamed the
2055:
is a consortium of airlines. Its Data Transport Network adopted X.25 in 1981, becoming the world's most extensive packet-switching network. As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it.
1944:
development, using X.25 protocols to form virtual circuits. It was to replace EIN and established a network in 1979 linking a number of European countries until 1984 when the network was handed over to national PTTs.
4617:
Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn't remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like
3496:
him as being cost effective. So the idea of computer switches was missing. The whole notion of protocols didn't exist at that time. And the idea of computer-to-computer communications was really a secondary concern.
6473:
The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an
493:. Davies had chosen some of the same parameters for his original network design as did Baran, such as a packet size of 1024 bits. To deal with packet permutations (due to dynamically updated route preferences) and
3763:
all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control ... Computer developments in the distant future might result in one type of network being able to carry speech and digital messages
865:
switching. Primary sources and historians recognize Baran and Davies for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the ARPANET and the Internet.
497:
losses (unavoidable when fast sources send to a slow destinations), he assumed that "all users of the network will provide themselves with some kind of error control", thus inventing what came to be known as the
4438:
The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching.
2631:
due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to the development of the global
1999:
was the UK academic and research network, linking all universities, higher education establishments, and publicly funded research laboratories following its launch in 1984. The X.25 network, which used the
1682:). There were also regional networks centred on Bristol (on which work was initiated in the late 1960s) followed in the mid-late 1970s by Edinburgh, the Midlands and Newcastle. These groups of institutions
3191:
5963:, Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187
4899:
In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this
300:, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes. In cases of billable services, such as
825:
became a public issue after Donald Davies posthumously published a paper in 2001 in which he denied that Kleinrock's work was related to packet switching. Davies also described ARPANET project manager
10033:
1831:
made use of AUSTPAC—and remote terminal access to academic institutions, who maintained their connections to AUSTPAC up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases. Access was via a dial-up terminal to a
2008:
switches, and ran X.25 links at up to 8 Mbit/s in its final phase before being converted to an IP-based network in 1991. The JANET network grew out of the 1970s SRCnet, later called SERCnet.
1714:'s proprietary networking architecture created in 1974. An IBM customer could acquire hardware and software from IBM and lease private lines from a common carrier to construct a private network.
7444:
2904:
under a cooperative agreement with the NSF. By 1998, the vBNS had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with
10390:
8748:
The Spanish, dark horses, were the first people to have a public network. They'd got a bank network which they craftily turned into a public network overnight, and beat everybody to the post.
10408:
10342:"NSF Solicitation 93-52-Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program"
5615:
In addition to the NPL Network and the ARPANET, CYCLADES, an academic and research experimental network, also played an important role in the development of computer networking technologies
2683:
NSFNET Traffic 1991, NSFNET backbone nodes are shown at the top, regional networks below, traffic volume is depicted from purple (zero bytes) to white (100 billion bytes), visualization by
1113:
system, the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host. This results in a simpler host interface but complicates the network. The X.25 protocol suite uses this network type.
451:
concept, using short messages in fixed format with high data transmission rates to achieve rapid communications. He went on to develop a more advanced design for a hierarchical, high-speed
1427:
networking protocols from the 1980s derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP and SPP protocols, respectively which date back to the 1970s. IPX/SPX was used primarily on networks using the
1385:
was a major international provider of information services. The company originally designed a telephone network to serve as its internal (albeit continent-wide) voice telephone network.
4005:
We referenced Baran's paper in our 1967 Gatlinburg ACM paper. You will find it in the References. Therefore I am sure that we introduced Baran's work to Larry (and hence the BBN guys).
6121:
Hierarchical addressing systems for network routing have been proposed by Fultz and, in greater detail, by McQuillan. A recent very full analysis may be found in Kleinrock and Kamoun.
2089:
the public network to reach locations not on the private network. Tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the U.S. and internationally via X.25/X.75 gateways.
4862:
447:) was instrumental in the development of time-sharing. After conversations with Licklider about time-sharing with remote computers in 1965, Davies independently invented a similar
4716:
4691:
1140:
without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required
4547:
The feasibility studies continued with an attempt to apply queuing theory to study overall network performance. This proved to be intractable so we quickly turned to simulation.
6428:
841:(BBN) who had been involved in building and designing the ARPANET IMP on the one side, and ARPA-related researchers on the other. This earlier dispute is exemplified by BBN's
6646:...there were all sorts of crazy ideas about, and most of them didn't make any sense. There was this 'hot potato' routing which somebody was advocating, which was just crazy.
2106:
VENUS-P was an international X.25 network that operated from April 1982 through March 2006. At its subscription peak in 1999, VENUS-P connected 207 networks in 87 countries.
1504:
4472:
3806:
2498:
4816:
Roberts bought the idea and presented a some what vague paper about it at the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating System Principles held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee in late 1967
285:. Packet-based communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (switches and routers). In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or
9305:
5585:
In fact, CYCLADES, unlike ARPANET, had been explicitly designed to facilitate internetworking; it could, for instance, handle varying formats and varying levels of service
1526:
designed and proposed a national commercial data network based on packet switching in 1965. The proposal was not taken up nationally but the following year, he designed a
9916:
8110:
7019:
6580:
752:
For a period in the 1980s and early 1990s, the network engineering community was polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, commonly known as the
4652:
6685:
9307:
Towards a New World in Computer Communication: Eleventh International Conference on Computer Communication, Genova, Italy, 1992 : Proceedings of the Conference
6805:
10041:
8532:
7008:"The advances by Donald Davies, by Paul Baran, and by Vint Cerf, Bob Khan and colleagues had already happened in the 1970s but were only just becoming pervasive."
5653:
2787:, added as part of the upgrade to T3, serving Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont, established in late 1988, operated by
1207:
developed for internal use. It initially had only one host but was designed to support many hosts. BNR later made major contributions to the CCITT X.25 project.
436:
7122:
5528:
5177:
4069:
Scantlebury and his companions from the NPL group were happy to sit up with Roberts all that night, sharing technical details and arguing over the finer points.
8220:
The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.
4292:
The first packet-switching network was implemented at the National Physical Laboratories in the United Kingdom. It was quickly followed by the ARPANET in 1969.
2840:
serving Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, sold to
2603:
subscription, the distinctions between national networks blurred. The user no longer saw network identifiers such as the DNIC. Some older technologies such as
1658:
is a consortium of airlines. Its High Level Network (HLN) became operational in 1969. Although organised to act like a packet-switching network, it still used
1317:
The European Informatics Network (EIN), originally called COST 11, was a project beginning in 1971 to link networks in Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland and
913:
more information is needed in the packet header, which is therefore larger. The packets are routed individually, sometimes taking different paths resulting in
502:. Davies proposed that a local-area network should be built at the laboratory to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. After a
3048:
Paul Baran, an engineer celebrated as the co-inventor (along with Donald Davies) of the packet switching technology that is the foundation of digital networks
1373:
supplied the hardware and software. The handling of link control messages (acknowledgements and flow control) was different from that of most other networks.
9537:
10288:
6002:
3412:
Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
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11082:
7788:
4412:
1612:
1065:
The history of packet-switched networks can be divided into three overlapping eras: early networks before the introduction of X.25; the X.25 era when many
624:
government subsidy. Baran had faced the same rejection and thus failed to convince the military into constructing a packet switching network in the 1960s.
6900:
613:
work on message switching to packet switching in the ARPANET. His work influenced the development of the ARPANET and packet-switched networks generally.
6429:
Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff (1997),
5736:
1691:(SERC). In the early 1980s a standardisation and interconnection effort started, hosted on an expansion of the SERCnet research network and based on the
617:
6936:
Davies's invention of packet switching and design of computer communication networks ... were a cornerstone of the development which led to the Internet
1293:-compliant networking protocol. The DECnet protocols were designed entirely by Digital Equipment Corporation. However, DECnet Phase II (and later) were
7453:
4990:
261:
depending on the link capacity and the traffic load on the network. Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using
609:, which was approved by Barry Wessler for ARPA, after he ordered certain more exotic elements to be dropped. In 1970, Kleinrock extended his earlier
2916:(622 Mbit/s) links on an all OC-12 backbone, a substantial engineering feat for that time. The vBNS installed one of the first ever production
1396:, Ohio. Very little has been published about the internal details of their network. The design was hierarchical with redundant communication links.
7051:
6616:
6446:
4335:
1636:
1972:
is the Spanish public packet-switched network, providing X.25 services. It was based on RETD which was operational since 1972. Iberpac was run by
6091:... It is heartening in Kleinrock's work to see the good correspondence achieved between the results of analytic methods and those of simulation.
2684:
3978:
It was a seminal meeting as the NPL proposal illustrated how the communications for such a resource-sharing computer network could be realized.
7272:
467:, and proposed building a commercial nationwide data network in the UK. He gave a talk on the proposal in 1966, after which a person from the
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370:
155:
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network. It operates with an aggregate capacity of up to 1.6 Tbit/s and a 40 Gbit/s bitrate. NLR ceased operations in March 2014.
2160:
1455:(NSF), the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in December 1971 when an interactive host-to-host connection was made between the
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11762:
11757:
10782:
9938:
1224:
936:
Connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase to establish the parameters of communication before any packet is transferred. The
162:
and inspired numerous packet switching networks in the decade following, including the incorporation of the concept into the design of the
99:. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an
5458:
5328:
4870:
1850:
serving the state of Connecticut. Launched on March 11, 1985, it was the first local public packet-switched network in the United States.
10426:
8833:
5282:
4970:
7736:
Interlinking of Computer Networks: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Bonas, France, August 28 – September 8, 1978
7634:
Barber, D. L. A. and Laws, J. (February 1979). “A basic mail scheme for EIN,” International Network Working Group (INWG), Note no. 192.
7301:
5424:
4722:
9504:
6949:
4683:
3831:
10341:
1097:(NPL) began with a proposal for a wide-area network in 1965, and a local-area network in 1966. ARPANET funding was secured in 1966 by
11877:
9825:
9636:
9125:
478:
10130:
6104:
2301:
2040:
REXPAC was the nationwide experimental packet switching data network in Brazil, developed by the research and development center of
9245:
7259:
Research in packet switching networks at the British National Physical Laboratory (NPL) predates ARPANET, having commenced in 1966.
4631:
3797:
2893:
2654:
led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government. The Internet2 community, in partnership with
1688:
1132:
computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 1990s. AppleTalk included features that allowed
853:
8042:
8022:
5223:
The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications
1554:. It connected sundry hosts at the lab to interactive terminals and various computer peripherals including a bulk storage system.
10159:
5467:
Arpanet had its deficiencies, however, for it was neither a true datagram network nor did it provide end-to-end error correction.
4796:
4480:
3707:
3160:
2896:(vBNS) came on line in April 1995 as part of a NSF sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored
2623:(CSNET) was a computer network funded by the NSF that began operation in 1981. Its purpose was to extend networking benefits for
1066:
917:. At the destination, the original message may be reassembled in the correct order, based on the packet sequence numbers. Thus a
8062:
7149:
In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
6073:
5358:
3961:
1893:
was the first operational X.25 network (1976). It covered major Canadian cities and was eventually extended to smaller centers.
737:
In the late 1970s, the monolithic Transmission Control Program was layered as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), atop the
11784:
10579:
8301:
8118:
7214:
5152:
3486:
3404:
2734:
1847:
1551:
1309:
DDX-1 was an experimental network from Nippon PTT. It mixed circuit switching and packet switching. It was succeeded by DDX-2.
805:
old colleague, Kleinrock, who had written about such concepts in his Ph.D. research in 1961-2. In 1997, along with seven other
723:
emerged using X.25 which was developed with participation from France, the UK, Japan, USA and Canada. It was complemented with
8890:
8584:"Fundamental Choices in the Development of RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switching Data Transmission Service of the French PTT"
8232:
7905:
1321:. Six other European countries also participated in the research on network protocols. Derek Barber directed the project, and
510:
began service in 1970. Davies was invited to Japan to give a series of lectures on packet switching. The NPL team carried out
11779:
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11551:
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10645:
10549:
9364:
9339:
9315:
9190:
7744:
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7619:
7554:
7031:
6929:
6781:
6592:
6244:
6157:
6114:
6083:
6032:
5578:
5500:
5368:
5338:
5048:
4839:
4809:
4610:
4062:
3923:
3841:
3643:
3519:
3277:
3201:
3041:
1985:
388:(SAGE) radar defense system. Recognizing vulnerabilities in this network, the Air Force sought a system that might survive a
7863:
1882:
service used the network and modified PAD devices as infrastructure the name Datanet 1 was used for these services as well.
620:(ICCC) in Washington in October 1972. However, fundamental questions about the design of packet-switched networks remained.
8806:
5944:
4660:
3734:
1675:
468:
150:. The new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of Welsh computer scientist
10916:
10560:
10096:
9800:
8980:
8442:
8140:
6260:
Hayward, G.; Gottlieb, A.; Jain, S.; Mahoney, D. (October 1987). "CMOS VLSI Applications in Broadband Circuit Switching".
3680:
829:
as supporting Kleinrock, referring to Roberts' writings online and Kleinrock's UCLA webpage profile as "very misleading".
11841:
11774:
11620:
6776:. Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology New series. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. pp. 153–196.
4529:
4227:
3028:
2696:
2306:
1346:
135:
62:
independently invented the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet.
10359:
Jamison, John; Nicklas, Randy; Miller, Greg; Thompson, Kevin; Wilder, Rick; Cunningham, Laura; Song, Chuck (July 1998).
10241:
9603:
7999:
6020:
5307:
4451:
4021:
837:
Davies' paper reignited a previous dispute over who deserves credit for getting the ARPANET online between engineers at
11546:
10711:
10528:
10292:
10056:
9240:
9185:. Materials Development Center, Stout Vocational Rehabilitation Institute, University of Wisconsin-Stout. p. 195.
7771:
7189:
6681:
4100:
4031:
3143:
2582:
2532:
1098:
575:
444:
9763:
9714:
9506:
El Desarrollo de la Red Publica de Datos en Espana (1971-1991): Un Caso de Avance Technologico en Condiciones Adversas
9049:
8382:
7833:
7374:
6173:
KAMOUN, F. Hierarchical routing for large networks: Performance evaluation and optimization. Computer Networks (1977).
3861:
3650:. "the first paper on time-shared computers by C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing conference".
1800:(a telecommunications equipment supplier). Northern Telecom sold several DATAPAC clones to foreign PTTs including the
11640:
10509:
10480:
10461:
9912:
9733:
9163:
8643:
8613:
8583:
8553:
7661:
7332:
7226:
7215:
National Research Council (U.S.). National Research Network Review Committee, Leonard Kleinrock; et al. (1988).
7133:
7002:
6538:
6487:
6345:
5539:
5315:(PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.
5188:
4935:
4459:(PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London.
4349:
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3133:
1216:
777:
606:
385:
212:
9474:
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215:
of the packet only, and upon completion of the transmission the channel is made available for the transfer of other
11867:
11425:
10973:
10775:
9530:
6703:
4563:
2383:
2028:
1285:
network architectures, thus transforming DEC into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s. Initially built with three
688:
for sharing resources using packet-switching among the nodes. The specifications of the TCP were then published in
8673:
8614:"RCP, the Experimental Packet-Switched Data Transmission Service of the French PTT: History, Connections, Control"
1345:. Barber proposed and implemented a mail protocol for EIN. The transport protocol of the EIN helped to launch the
11536:
8784:
8703:
7803:
6919:
5995:
5139:
2998:
2316:
507:
17:
10753:
8259:
7242:
5117:
4734:
W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart)were reviewed.
4366:
3605:
11531:
9272:"Commercialization of packet switching (1975-1985): A Canadian perspective [History of Communications]"
6904:
5705:
5608:
5231:
3174:
2020:
1679:
1674:(SRC) community in the United Kingdom developed beginning in the early 1970s. Each had their own star network (
1569:
developed a packet switching network for internal use. It was a datagram network with a single switching node.
1362:
937:
8760:
Haarala, Arja-Riitta (2001). "The Role of Libraries in Information Management in Finnish University Setting".
1032:(ATM) is another virtual circuit technology. It differs from X.25 in that it uses small fixed-length packets (
11556:
10499:
10311:
9016:
6430:
2388:
2366:
1871:
1832:
1271:
1044:
958:
906:
869:
648:
9855:
7934:
4750:
1329:. The contract for its implementation was awarded to an Anglo French consortium led by the UK systems house
11862:
11831:
11592:
11489:
11032:
10827:
10799:
10729:
9873:
4998:
1734:
1707:
1290:
1102:
826:
821:
depictions of Kleinrock's achievements provoked anger among some early Internet pioneers. The dispute over
681:
521:
486:
242:
8412:
7066:
5445:
4778:
Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network
11821:
11328:
10768:
10316:
International Research Network Connections Program (IRNC), U.S. National Science Foundation, October 2011
5930:
5068:
2742:
2346:
1933:
1741:
host interface, but changed it to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29 after their standardization in
1729:
in the United States. Telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975. It was founded by
1452:
1297:
with published specifications, and several implementations were developed outside DEC, including one for
546:
308:
A packet switch has four components: input ports, output ports, routing processor, and switching fabric.
5692:
4653:"4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968"
3946:
392:
to enable a response, thus diminishing the attractiveness of the first strike advantage by enemies (see
11872:
11680:
11602:
11541:
11248:
10682:
9658:
Rybczynski, Tony (2009). "Commercialization of packet switching (1975–1985): A Canadian perspective ".
9182:
Technology for Disabled Persons: Conference Papers, Discovery '84, October 1-3, 1984, Chicago, Illinois
8337:
7162:
4704:
network administration 'Interface Message Processors' (IMPs), which later evolved into today's routers.
3863:
Oral History 189: D. W. Davies interviewed by Martin Campbell-Kelly at the National Physical Laboratory
3010:
Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran
2334:
2231:
1029:
393:
88:
6234:
1109:
end-to-end principle, the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets. In the
349:
11452:
11413:
11258:
11158:
11087:
11020:
10847:
10704:
7349:
5852:
2600:
2503:
2373:
2296:
2256:
1737:
as CEO as a means of making packet switching technology public. Telenet initially used a proprietary
1480:
838:
10266:
9897:
7570:
6788:
Prominently cites Baran and Davies as sources of inspiration, and nowhere mentions Kleinrock's work.
6659:
6401:
4502:
477:, a member of Davies' team, presented their work (and referenced that of Baran) at the October 1967
341:
The "message block", designed by Paul Baran in 1962 and refined in 1964, is the first proposal of a
11811:
11053:
10988:
10941:
10901:
10409:"Verizon and MCI Close Merger, Creating a Stronger Competitor for Advanced Communications Services"
10391:"MCI WorldCom Introduces Next Generation vBNS+ For All Higher Education And Research Organizations"
10219:
NorthWestNet User Services Internet Resource Guide, NorthWestNet Academic Computing Consortium, Inc
8324:
This was the first digital local network in the world to use packet switching and high-speed links.
7276:
6555:
2784:
2620:
2246:
1730:
1671:
1476:
594:
435:
in February 1959. In June that year, he gave a paper "Time Sharing in Large Fast Computers" at the
238:
7411:
3630:
3425:
2900:
centers and select access points in the United States. The network was engineered and operated by
11650:
11635:
11479:
11430:
11353:
11253:
10931:
10817:
10812:
9380:
7960:
6331:
6209:
6185:
6048:
2965:
2950:
2920:(2.5 Gbit/s) IP links in February 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to OC-48.
2539:
2493:
2356:
2351:
2064:
2001:
1784:
1692:
1616:
1499:, X.25 host attachments, gateways to X.25 data networks, Ethernet attached hosts, and eventually
1110:
1056:
1023:
1011:
standard of 1976, is a notable use of packet switching in that it provides to users a service of
998:
982:
789:
746:
317:
9946:
9833:
4184:
3239:
11572:
11358:
11173:
11118:
11113:
10926:
10891:
8824:
7985:
5629:"Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net Neutrality Debate"
2901:
2833:
2667:
2575:
2226:
1858:
Datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the Dutch PTT Telecom (now known as
1789:
1468:
1460:
1443:
1408:
1204:
966:
898:
685:
460:
337:
301:
130:, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the
10743:
9475:"A Private Packet Network and Its Application in A Worldwide Integrated Communication Network"
8791:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. pp. 373–396. Archived from
7678:
7653:
7609:
6528:
5568:
5485:
Proceedings of the May 19-22, 1975, national computer conference and exposition on - AFIPS '75
5345:
On Kleinrock's influence, see Frank, Kahn, and Kleinrock 1972, p. 265; Tanenbaum 1989, p. 631.
5221:
4925:
4829:
4600:
4120:
4052:
3509:
1615:. It was used to gain experience with packet switching technology before the specification of
1018:. These virtual circuits reliably carry variable-length packets with data order preservation.
170:
network in France. The ARPANET and CYCLADES were the primary precursor networks of the modern
11474:
11278:
11243:
11163:
11143:
11065:
10953:
10874:
7810:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. pp. 435–44. Archived from
7734:
7309:
7216:
7045:
6972:
Donald W. Davies, who proposed a method for transmitting data that made the Internet possible
6610:
5598:
5034:
3166:
2812:
2754:
2727:
2717:
2608:
2261:
2138:
2134:
2114:
1828:
1600:
1577:
914:
845:, who in a 1990 oral history described Paul Baran's packet switching design (which he called
666:
414:
278:
208:
143:
10807:
9513:
8674:"A Public Packet Switching Data Communications Network: Eight Years of Operating Experience"
8091:
7761:
4911:
4639:
On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.
3526:
Baran had put more emphasis on digital voice communications than on computer communications.
1984:
In 1978, X.25 provided the first international and commercial packet-switching network, the
11388:
11348:
11318:
11075:
11010:
10832:
10345:
9801:"UNINETT Packet Switched Network Connecting Universities and Research Institutes in Norway"
8482:
8369:
Both Paul Baran and Donald Davies in their original papers anticipated the use of T1 trunks
6295:
Hui, J.; Arthurs, E. (October 1987). "A Broadband Packet Switch for Integrated Transport".
5778:
3115:
2945:
2848:
2611:. Researchers have created some experimental networks to complement the existing Internet.
2458:
2276:
2266:
2016:
1596:
765:
525:
499:
424:
420:
139:
104:
10148:
10119:
9628:
8762:
Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of European University Information Systems
7163:"This is a temporary index for a collection of papers about packet-switching in the 1970s"
6530:
The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
5628:
4927:
The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
2627:
departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to
1187:
was a progenitor network of the Internet and one of the first networks, along with ARPA's
401:
survivable communications network. The proposal was composed of three key ideas: use of a
8:
11398:
11338:
11097:
11059:
10857:
10842:
9231:
8115:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988
6133:
Feldmann, Anja; Cittadini, Luca; MĂĽhlbauer, Wolfgang; Bush, Randy; Maennel, Olaf (2009).
5463:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988
5429:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988
5157:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988
4477:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988
4317:
Leonard Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did
3491:
Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988
2869:
2865:
2795:
2764:
2738:
2663:
2289:
2196:
2085:
1801:
1766:
1726:
1496:
1366:
1070:
1037:
1012:
890:
822:
720:
644:
584:
262:
246:
96:
10613:
A digital communications network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals
5974:
5960:
2798:, serving Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, and Washington, founded in 1987;
1862:). Strictly speaking Datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via
11625:
11582:
11513:
11383:
11313:
11288:
11223:
11070:
10791:
10539:
9994:
9885:
9675:
9106:
8511:
8491:
8360:
8279:
8211:
8048:
8028:
7523:
6882:
6378:
6163:
5506:
4769:
4429:
4386:
4283:
4204:
3913:
3799:
A Digital Communication Network for Computers Giving Rapid Response at remote Terminals
3077:
2960:
2924:
research centers migrated to the Internet2 educational backbone. In January 2006, when
2341:
1531:
1168:
1133:
978:
846:
515:
456:
448:
440:
428:
274:
250:
92:
69:
10638:
Circuits, Packets, and Protocols: Entrepreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988
8851:
7595:"European cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research (COST), 1971-"
6994:
6988:
6848:
6661:
Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock's claim to be "the Father of Modern Data Networking"
6144:. ReArch '09. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 43–48.
3796:
Davies, Donald; Bartlett, Keith; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (October 1967).
3711:
3581:
3030:
Circuits, Packets, and Protocols: Entrepreneurs and Computer Communications, 1968-1988
605:, a graduate student of Kleinrock's at UCLA, developed the host-to-host protocol, the
11665:
11587:
11501:
11484:
11447:
11293:
11123:
11092:
10958:
10852:
10690:
10660:
10641:
10612:
10545:
10524:
10505:
10486:
10476:
10457:
10450:
9585:
9455:
9434:"Rethinking legacies in internet history: Euronet, lost (inter)networks, EU politics"
9360:
9335:
9311:
9186:
9159:
9110:
8961:
8871:
8867:
8549:
8458:
8309:
8070:
7906:"A SURVEY OF PRESENT AND PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS"
7767:
7740:
7684:
7657:
7646:
7615:
7550:
7328:
7222:
7190:"A SURVEY OF PRESENT AMD PLANNED GENERAL PURPOSE EUROPEAN DATA AND COMPUTER NETWORKS"
7027:
6998:
6957:
6925:
6921:
Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995
6823:
6777:
6588:
6534:
6440:
6341:
6312:
6277:
6240:
6153:
6110:
6079:
6028:
5834:
5728:
5661:
5604:
5574:
5496:
5405:
5364:
5334:
5227:
5044:
4931:
4835:
4805:
4606:
4571:
4510:
4345:
4154:
4096:
4058:
4027:
3967:
3919:
3837:
3833:
Turing's Legacy: A History of Computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945-1995
3639:
3559:
3515:
3396:
3373:
3319:
3273:
3197:
3170:
3158:
3139:
3037:
2852:
2774:
2700:
2604:
2568:
2473:
2443:
2361:
2271:
2191:
2052:
1659:
1655:
1448:
1322:
1286:
962:
806:
742:
738:
712:
580:
570:
562:
550:
490:
474:
410:
381:
297:
254:
224:
112:
11333:
10621:
10576:
10521:
Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1982
9998:
9679:
8826:
From Diversity to Convergence: British Computer Networks and the Internet, 1970-1995
8515:
8364:
8215:
8170:
7527:
6886:
6774:
Transforming computer technology: information processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986
6382:
4884:
4773:
4433:
4287:
4208:
3990:
2679:
2553:
1392:
After going international some years later, GEIS created a network data center near
11670:
11630:
11610:
11577:
11464:
11378:
11233:
11218:
11193:
11168:
11128:
10978:
10837:
10822:
10607:
Transactions on Communications Systems, Vol. CS-12 No. 1, pp. 1–9, March 1964)
10600:
10593:
On Distributed Communications: I Introduction to Distributed Communications Network
10372:
10196:
10104:
9984:
9771:
9667:
9575:
9445:
9414:
9279:
9098:
8951:
8913:
8905:
8863:
8789:
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks
8765:
8554:"RCP, THE EXPERIMENTAL PACKET-SWITCHED DATA TRANSMISSION SERVICE OF THE FRENCH PTT"
8503:
8454:
8352:
8283:
8271:
8201:
8148:
7913:
7910:
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks
7875:
7808:
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks
7594:
7513:
6990:
Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor
6874:
6738:
6637:
6370:
6304:
6269:
6167:
6145:
5826:
5768:
5720:
5510:
5488:
5397:
5265:
5250:
5095:
4952:
4761:
4421:
4390:
4378:
4273:
4196:
3755:
3551:
3388:
3311:
3265:
3105:
2933:
2841:
2837:
2805:
2788:
2648:
2624:
2321:
2241:
2221:
1797:
1382:
1337:. Work began in 1973 and it became operational in 1976 including nodes linking the
954:
857:
810:
749:
and the associated Internet architecture and governance that emerged in the 1980s.
689:
533:
503:
452:
362:
234:
131:
100:
77:
9450:
9433:
9088:"The history of telenet and the commercialization of packet switching in the U.S."
6631:
5951:, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, 27 March 2003
5089:
809:, Roberts and Kleinrock co-wrote "Brief History of the Internet" published by the
357:
The concept of switching small blocks of data was first explored independently by
11298:
11153:
10921:
10896:
10884:
10583:
9180:
8005:
7961:"Maintaining IPX Compatibility During a Migration to TCP/IP on a NetWare Network"
7883:
7542:
6984:
6524:
5948:
5480:
4534:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from
4232:. Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001. Archived from
3299:
2659:
2558:
2453:
2186:
2130:
2024:
2005:
1738:
1683:
1620:
1581:
1566:
1141:
1129:
1015:
953:
In telecommunication networks, packet switching is used to optimize the usage of
926:
918:
894:
830:
716:
640:
636:
566:
542:
290:
270:
216:
10717:
6804:(Report). Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. pp. 13, 53 of 183.
6134:
3866:, Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, archived from
3461:
3118:
3099:
1961:
an originating terminal could have a menu of pre-defined destination terminals.
1905:
national network in Germany. The technology was acquired from Northern Telecom.
1255:
packet switching network was a French research network designed and directed by
518:
in networks on a scale to provide data communication across the United Kingdom.
481:(SOSP). At the conference, Scantlebury proposed packet switching for use in the
405:
network with multiple paths between any two points; dividing user messages into
11496:
11368:
11343:
11303:
11273:
11148:
10983:
10936:
10911:
10869:
10723:
9804:
9779:
9271:
9087:
8991:
8483:
8462:
8427:
8236:
7861:
6798:
6730:
5814:
5781:
5758:
5385:
5254:
3684:
3539:
2897:
2819:
2777:
serving Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and South Dakota;
2468:
2236:
2216:
2211:
2118:
1940:
and the French company SESA to set up a joint venture in 1975 to undertake the
1662:. As with many non-academic networks, very little has been published about it.
1584:
882:
731:
693:
389:
229:
127:
108:
82:
10592:
10360:
9775:
9671:
9405:
Dunning, A.J. (1977-12-31). "Origins, development and future of the Euronet".
9283:
9102:
8733:
8507:
7705:
7426:
6878:
6742:
6374:
6361:
Kirstein, Peter T. (2009). "The early history of packet switching in the UK".
6308:
6273:
5724:
5269:
4535:
4233:
4146:
3888:
3392:
3345:
3063:
11856:
11645:
11418:
11408:
11323:
11213:
11208:
11198:
11183:
11005:
10864:
10694:
10214:
9968:
9693:
9607:
9589:
9459:
9357:
The Single European Market and the Information and Communication Technologies
8965:
8875:
8487:
8313:
7862:
Schwartz, Mischa; Boorstyn, Rober R.; Pickholtz, Raymond L. (November 1972).
7763:
A history of international research networking: the people who made it happen
7680:
Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia: Convergences and Complementarities
7090:
6961:
6564:
I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.
6316:
6281:
6025:
A History of International Research Networking: The People who Made it Happen
5979:
5838:
5830:
5732:
5665:
5409:
5290:(Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman. p. III-63.
4575:
4514:
4407:
4158:
3857:
3563:
3400:
3323:
2791:
under contract to MIT, BBN assumed responsibility for NEARNET on 1 July 1993;
2760:
2688:
2508:
2463:
2433:
2411:
2201:
1527:
1519:
1456:
1439:
1334:
1294:
1160:
1078:
930:
842:
769:
753:
602:
538:
532:. Roberts met Baran in February 1967, but did not discuss networks. He asked
402:
366:
321:
151:
59:
46:
10622:
The design of a message switching Centre for a digital communication network
10490:
8356:
8275:
7912:. Sussex, United Kingdom: Noordhoff International Publishing. Archived from
7518:
7501:
7193:
6149:
5913:
5896:"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Version 4"
5796:
5677:
included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
5600:
Internationalising the Internet the Co-evolution of Influence and Technology
5492:
5401:
4382:
3555:
3315:
3264:, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 141–172,
1771:
1361:
The Experimental Packet Switched Service (EPSS) was an experiment of the UK
265:
buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for
227:
data streams, realized as sequences of short messages in fixed format, i.e.
11523:
11363:
11308:
11238:
11203:
11138:
11037:
11027:
10879:
9057:
8390:
7879:
7841:
7382:
5895:
5877:
5564:
4425:
4226:
Rayner, David; Barber, Derek; Scantlebury, Roger; Wilkinson, Peter (2001).
4200:
4086:
3867:
2955:
2428:
2423:
2166:
1534:, to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching.
1484:
1282:
1278:
1256:
1220:
990:
814:
654:
632:
432:
377:
327:
282:
266:
10176:
9989:
9972:
9741:
8651:
8621:
8591:
8561:
7789:"Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society"
6686:"Birthing the Internet: Letters From the Delivery Room; Disputing a Claim"
4765:
1411:
to serve their time-sharing customers. It became operational in May 1976.
591:
to measure and model the performance of packet switching in the ARPANET.
11723:
11373:
11283:
11268:
11228:
11188:
11047:
9482:
7479:
7410:. Computer Science Department, University of Texas Austin. Archived from
7375:"THE BNR NETWORK: A CANADIAN EXPERIENCE WITH PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY"
6871:
X.25 Virtual Circuits - TRANSPAC in France - Pre-Internet Data Networking
5745:
S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
3426:"Reliable Digital Communications Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes"
3221:
2438:
2251:
2206:
1863:
1793:
1542:
network was replaced in 1986. NPL was the first to use high-speed links.
1538:
1338:
1164:
1159:. AppleTalk support was available in most networked printers, especially
1145:
922:
902:
701:
342:
192:
147:
9826:"KDDI to Close VENUS-P International Public Data Communications Service"
6709:
6641:
5099:
4039:... Looking at it now, Roberts paper seems extraordinarily, well, vague.
3269:
2041:
897:
switching. Examples of connectionless systems are Ethernet, IP, and the
11728:
11435:
11133:
11042:
10998:
10968:
10946:
10687:
Computer Resurrection: The Journal of the Computer Conservation Society
9071:
Johnson, Timothy (May 13, 1976). "Electronic post for switching data".
8681:
5281:
Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978).
4969:
Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (January 4, 1978).
2811:
JVNCNet, the John von Neumann National Supercomputer Center Network in
2651:
2378:
1973:
1639:. It became operational in 1972 and thus was the first public network.
1635:
Red Especial de TransmisiĂłn de Datos (RETD) was a network developed by
1588:
1235:
1156:
1125:
1033:
986:
658:
511:
358:
296:
Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm,
258:
119:
55:
37:
10708:
at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
10610:
D. W. Davies, K. A. Bartlett, R. A. Scantlebury, and P. T. Wilkinson,
10319:
9036:
See "15:00 Starting the Commercial Internet in the UK (Peter Houlder)"
8909:
8792:
8711:
8206:
8189:
7811:
6078:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url.
5996:"Rough Consensus and Running Code' and the Internet-OSI Standards War"
5363:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. See page refs highlighted at url.
4991:"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings). [1967]"
4564:"Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81"
4315:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine. 35:55 minutes in.
4278:
4261:
3257:
3159:
National Telecommunication Information Administration (1 April 1997).
1507:
joined the network. All of this set the stage for Merit's role in the
989:
technologies. For example, Ethernet and Frame Relay are common. Newer
11713:
11178:
10993:
10760:
10376:
10097:"Retiring the NSFNET Backbone Service: Chronicling the End of an Era"
9418:
8260:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"
7246:
6756:
6337:
5941:
5797:"Comparison of X.25 and TCP Version 4 as Cable-bus Network Protocols"
5773:
5040:
4367:"Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)"
4341:
4310:
3110:
2880:
2644:
1464:
1393:
1121:
1082:
793:
757:
673:
610:
597:(BBN) won the contract to build the network. Designed principally by
8389:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall Inc.: 95–100. Archived from
5105:
Thursday, 16 November 1967 I see 7 PM Kleinrock, UCLA - IMP Meeting.
1022:
in Canada was the first public network to support X.25, followed by
719:. In the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s, national and international
11708:
11698:
11615:
11440:
11263:
10657:
Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks
9580:
9563:
9214:
9024:
8956:
8939:
7984:
Merit receives administrative services under an agreement with the
7018:
Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.).
6579:
Harris, Trevor, University of Wales (2009). Pasadeos, Yorgo (ed.).
5878:"Specification of Internetwork Transmission Program: TCP Verison 3"
2925:
2801:
2633:
2596:
2152:
1879:
1624:
1370:
1342:
1252:
1074:
974:
886:
677:
662:
628:
598:
494:
188:
182:
171:
167:
111:. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in
9856:"Xerox System Integration Standard - Internet Transport Protocols"
8769:
7446:
Digital Equipment Corporation, Nineteen Fifty-Seven to the Present
7037:
6598:
5634:. Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. pp. 7, 11
3795:
2887:
11703:
11688:
10906:
10636:
Pelkey, James L.; Russell, Andrew L.; Robbins, Loring G. (2022).
7452:, Digital Equipment Corporation, 1978, p. 53, archived from
7408:
Technical Histories of the Internet & other Network Protocols
4410:(2002). "Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000".
3027:
Pelkey, James L.; Russell, Andrew L.; Robbins, Loring G. (2022).
2929:
2829:
2780:
2750:
2746:
2723:
2628:
2448:
2170:
2129:
and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a
2126:
2069:
1969:
1953:
1890:
1843:
1824:
1820:
1780:
1722:
1595:
and packet delivery, as well as higher level functions such as a
1592:
1562:
1493:
1472:
1428:
1420:
1404:
1318:
1184:
1019:
529:
482:
417:
of voice messages using switches that were low-cost electronics.
286:
207:
and transferring of data by means of addressed packets so that a
204:
163:
10149:"Merit–Who, What, and Why, Part One: The Early Years, 1964-1983"
10081:
7372:
6142:
Proceedings of the 2009 workshop on Re-architecting the internet
4225:
2832:, the Southeastern Universities Research Association network in
2767:
serving Michigan, formed in 1966, still in operation as of 2023;
1599:, along with numerous applications. Further developments led to
11733:
11693:
11015:
10748:
10735:
10312:"TransPAC3 - Asia-US High Performance International Networking"
10274:
7020:"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies"
6581:"Who is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies"
2770:
2757:
in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin;
2666:(NLR) project. In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with
2599:
connectivity was made available to anyone who could pay for an
2080:
1937:
1921:
1920:. It was launched in 1984, replacing Euronet. Eirpac is run by
1913:
1753:
1508:
1500:
1489:
1424:
1330:
1275:
1267:
1239:
1238:
developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC
1192:
1188:
1152:
876:
8611:
8233:"The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Netowrk"
8141:"The National Physical Laboratory Data Communications Network"
7323:
Sidhu, Gursharan; Andrews, Richard; Oppenheiner, Alan (1989).
6132:
3374:"The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts"
1916:
is the Irish public switched data network supporting X.25 and
929:
protocol, although the network only provides a connectionless
756:. It was unclear which of the Internet protocol suite and the
146:, exemplified by the development of telecommunications in the
11718:
11655:
10963:
10700:
10616:(ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. October 1967)
10012:
9130:
8782:
7938:
7804:"EXPERIMENTAL PACKET SWITCHING PROJECT OF THE UK POST OFFICE"
7472:"A Survey of the Capabilities of 8 Packet Switching Networks"
7243:"A SURVEY OF THE CAPABILITIES OF 8 PACKET SWITCHING NETWORKS"
5280:
4978:(Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.
4968:
4804:(5th ed.). Boston Amsterdam: Prentice Hall. p. 57.
2917:
2913:
2909:
2823:
2655:
2418:
2311:
2122:
1996:
1867:
1809:
1757:
established by a central supervisor on a call-by-call basis.
1742:
1696:
1298:
1008:
253:, packets are received, buffered, queued, and retransmitted (
10358:
8981:"The Good Old Days: Networking in UK Academia ~25 Years Ago"
8612:
Bache, A.; L. Guillou; H. Layec; B. Long; Y. Matras (1976).
7166:
7106:
is widely known in America which continued his computer work
6924:. National Museum of Science and Industry. pp. 132–34.
6495:
5757:
Cerf, Vinton; Dalal, Yogen; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974).
4751:"Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication"
3953:
3101:
Multipath Issues in Unicast and Multicast Next-Hop Selection
1124:
is a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by
817:
called a "paternity dispute" in The New York Times in 2001.
760:
would result in the best and most robust computer networks.
138:. His ideas contradicted then-established principles of pre-
11660:
10604:
10473:
How the Web was born : the story of the World Wide Web
9472:
8891:"Early Experiences with the ARPANET and INTERNET in the UK"
6556:"An Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching"
5815:"Encoding message lengths for data transmission (Corresp.)"
5764:
4758:
Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications
2905:
2855:, serving Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
2406:
1917:
1805:
1004:
868:
Kleinrock has received many awards for his ground-breaking
785:
781:
724:
708:
588:
10541:
History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present
9734:"TYMNET — A terminal oriented communication network"
8138:
8017:
8015:
7834:"Some Design Aspects of a public packet switching network"
6901:"Interview with the author (of an MPLS-based VPN article)"
6259:
5215:
5213:
5119:
Meeting of the ARPA Computer Network Working Group at UCLA
4333:
4023:
A Brief History of the Future: The origins of the Internet
3918:. Internet Archive. Simon & Schuster. pp. 76–78.
2726:, California Education and Research Federation Network in
9698:
8413:"AN ENGINEERING VIEW OF THE LRL OCTOPUS COMPUTER NETWORK"
8383:"1970 OCTOPUS: THE LAWRENCE RADIATION LABORATORY NETWORK"
8288:
Transmission of packets of data over the high-speed lines
6950:"Donald W. Davies, 75, Dies; Helped Refine Data Networks"
5487:. Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 701–707.
4863:"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967"
3778:
A Protocol for Use in the NPL Data Communications Network
3300:"SIGCOMM's archaeological journey into networking's past"
2991:"The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable"
1859:
1711:
994:
558:
10619:
R. A. Scantlebury, P. T. Wilkinson, and K. A. Bartlett,
9232:"Graduation Report on X.25 data services in GSM network"
9086:
Mathison, S.L.; Roberts, L.G.; Walker, P.M. (May 2012).
3836:. National Museum of Science and Industry. p. 130.
3632:
The Compatible Time-Sharing System: A Programmer's Guide
3162:
Telecommunications: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms
8644:"C.T.N.E.'s PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. ITS APPLICATIONS"
8035:
8012:
7801:
7322:
6850:
Histories of Networking vs. the History of the Internet
6485:
5760:
Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol
5219:
5210:
4185:"Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000"
3915:
Where wizards stay up late: the origins of the Internet
2822:, founded during the 150th anniversary of the State of
1835:, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network.
1812:
allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks.
237:
which allocates transmission resources as needed using
8832:(Computer Science thesis). The University of Warwick.
8428:"Principles of Design in the Octopus Computer network"
7683:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 505.
7350:"42 Dead Networking Technologies and What Killed Them"
6135:"HAIR: Hierarchical architecture for internet routing"
4304:
4302:
4300:
3606:"Computer - Time-sharing, Minicomputers, Multitasking"
2044:, the state-owned public telecommunications provider.
1274:, originally released in 1975 in order to connect two
698:
Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program
10088:
9085:
9047:
7739:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 55.
5914:"Final Report of the Stanford University TCP Project"
1151:
AppleTalk implementations were also released for the
396:). In the early 1960s, Baran invented the concept of
10635:
8527:
8525:
8047:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from
8027:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from
8004:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Merit Network, archived from
4718:
SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings)
4413:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
4189:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
3959:
3026:
1779:
There were two kinds of X.25 networks. Some such as
799:
353:
Packet-switching cost performance trends, 1960-1980.
27:
Method for transmitting data over a computer network
10587:(RAND Corporation Research Documents, August, 1964)
9878:
AIX Version 4.3 Communications Programming Concepts
9126:"Telstra drops Austpac; reaches for finance market"
8533:"Discussion of Technical Choices made for TRANSPAC"
8494:(April 1980). "Pup: An Internetwork Architecture".
8443:"Packet Switching at Philips Research Laboratories"
7864:"Terminal-Oriented Computer-Communication Networks"
6754:
5853:"Reflections on an Internet pioneer: Roger Camrass"
5459:"8.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1973-1976"
4308:
4297:
3775:
2804:, New York State Education and Research Network in
2783:, the New England Academic and Research Network in
2716:BARRNet, the Bay Area Regional Research Network in
1745:. It went public in 1979 and was then sold to GTE.
1623:network in contrast to CYCLADES which was based on
191:attempts to route packets associated with the same
10518:
10449:
9604:"REXPAC-A Brazilian Packet Switching Data Network"
8641:
8440:
7645:
7091:"Treorchy internet pioneer Donald Davies honoured"
6865:
6863:
6771:
6761:(Podcast). Chapter Two: In the Air. Inc. Magazine.
6705:Leonard Kleinrock - UCLA Dept. of Computer Science
5706:"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"
4794:
4684:"A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web"
3889:"UK National Physical Laboratories, Donald Davies"
3776:Scantlebury, R. A.; Bartlett, K. A. (April 1967),
3297:
3251:
3249:
3190:Forouzan, Behrouz A.; Fegan, Sophia Chung (2007).
1823:was an Australian public X.25 network operated by
1325:led the UK technical contribution; both were from
792:) technology led to the development of high-speed
618:International Conference on Computer Communication
10140:
9564:"JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network"
8940:"JANET-the United Kingdom Joint Academic Network"
8704:"Architecture, Protocols and Performance of RETD"
8522:
7547:Communications Standards: State of the Art Report
7373:Martel, C. C.; J. M. Cunningham; M. S. Grushcow.
7270:
5972:
5942:"ISI Names Dr. Paul Mockapetris Visiting Scholar"
5756:
5425:"8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972"
5386:"Principles and lessons in packet communications"
4473:"6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972"
4151:The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society
3805:. ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
3540:"Principles and lessons in packet communications"
1870:DNIC 2041), the name also referred to the public
1381:As General Electric Information Services (GEIS),
901:(UDP). Connection-oriented systems include X.25,
413:switching. Baran's network design was focused on
11854:
10720:, site reviewed by Baran, Roberts, and Kleinrock
10082:"NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World"
9706:
9212:
9017:"6th UK Network Operators' Forum Meeting Agenda"
8852:"Evolution of networks using standard protocols"
8783:Chretien, G.J.; Konig, W.M.; Rech, J.H. (1973).
7831:
7760:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice, eds. (2010).
6755:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023).
6629:
6553:
6297:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
6262:IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
5920:
5876:Cerf, Vinton G.; Postel, Jon (August 18, 1977).
5682:
5087:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4309:Haughney Dare-Bryan, Christine (June 22, 2023).
3936:
730:Packet switching was shown to be optimal in the
10470:
10239:
9740:. Vol. 38. pp. 211–16. Archived from
9354:
9216:Establishing a Computer Network for Connecticut
8581:
8162:
7295:
7293:
7273:"Vint Cerf on why TCP/IP was so long in coming"
6860:
6399:
5812:
4795:Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Wetherall, David (2011).
4121:"Oral-History:Donald Davies & Derek Barber"
3659:
3246:
2888:Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
1702:
1611:RCP was an experimental network created by the
948:
289:), the packets may be delivered according to a
10127:NSFNET: The Partnership That Changed The World
10095:Harris, Susan R.; Gerich, Elise (April 1996).
9904:
9117:
8882:
8710:. IEEE. pp. 28.4.1–28.4.5. Archived from
8680:. IEEE. pp. 39.3.1–39.3.5. Archived from
8299:
8188:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986).
8187:
5935:
5028:
5026:
4953:"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network"
4500:
4364:
4260:John S, Quarterman; Josiah C, Hoskins (1986).
4259:
4081:
4079:
4077:
3756:"Proposal for a Digital Communication Network"
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3165:. Vol. 1037, Part 3 of Federal Standard.
2047:
1423:(IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX) are
10776:
10744:"An Introduction to Packet Switched Networks"
10731:20+ articles on packet switching in the 1970s
9967:
9910:
9278:. Vol. 47, no. 12. pp. 26–31.
9123:
8257:
7786:
7759:
7476:Proceedings of Symposium on Computer Networks
7427:"The Cyclades Experience-Results and Impacts"
6772:Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996).
6701:
6680:
6657:
6109:. Internet Archive. Wiley. pp. 110–111.
6018:
5481:"An integrated approach to network protocols"
4322:
3960:Hempstead, C.; Worthington, W., eds. (2005).
3189:
2576:
1530:using "interface computers", today known as
1524:National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
1289:, it later (1982) evolved into a seven-layer
10094:
9473:Tomaru, K.; T. Kato; S.I. Yamaguchi (1980).
8139:Scantlebury, R. A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1974).
7997:
7676:
7290:
7067:"Donald W. Davies; Work Led to the Internet"
7050:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6633:Oral history interview with William Crowther
6615:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6462:
6445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5333:. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 230.
3966:. Vol. 1, A–L. Routledge. p. 574.
3462:"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet"
2658:, built the first Internet2 Network, called
1878:(using the DNIC 2049). And because the main
1670:A number of computer facilities serving the
1591:in the mid-1970s. The entire suite provided
1225:Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge
877:Connectionless and connection-oriented modes
647:, an early contribution to what will be the
398:distributed adaptive message block switching
332:
199:A simple definition of packet switching is:
124:distributed adaptive message block switching
11791:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
10577:On Distributed Communications, Volumes I-XI
10537:
8302:"Internet pioneers airbrushed from history"
8111:"NPL Network and Donald Davies 1966 - 1971"
7540:
7299:
6983:
6604:claims on the invention of packet switching
6239:. Internet Archive. MIT Press. p. 81.
6027:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 106–110.
6001:. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.
5966:
5926:
5688:
5620:
5435:
5023:
4721:, Stanford University, 1967, archived from
4629:
4074:
3942:
3665:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2875:
2818:SESQUINET, the Sesquicentennial Network in
2706:
1957:were not supported, but through the use of
1369:in the UK when it began operating in 1976.
1270:is a suite of network protocols created by
1195:suite using packet switching technologies.
1101:, and planning began in 1967 when he hired
1050:
439:in Paris where he passed the concept on to
11827:
10783:
10769:
10724:Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet
10519:Norberg, Arthur; O'Neill, Judy E. (2000).
9657:
9531:"1984-2014: 30 years of the Janet network"
9269:
7802:Bright, Roy D.; Smith, Michael A. (1973).
7424:
6799:A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade
6465:"A Paternity Dispute Divides Net Pioneers"
6294:
6226:
6019:Davies, Howard; Bressan, Beatrice (2010).
5875:
5527:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978).
5450:
5441:
5416:
5144:
5135:
5131:
5129:
5018:
4245:The system first went 'live' early in 1969
3911:
3679:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (November 1978).
3582:"Computer Pioneers - Christopher Strachey"
3478:
3339:
3337:
3058:
3056:
2662:, in 1998 and was a prime investor in the
2583:
2569:
2528:
1407:was a semi-private network constructed by
118:During the early 1960s, American engineer
80:into short messages in fixed format, i.e.
10680:
10596:(RAND Memorandum RM-3420-PR. August 1964)
10564:(Proceedings of the IEEE, November, 1978)
10471:Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000).
10034:"Optical networking: The next generation"
9988:
9579:
9449:
9223:
9151:
8955:
8701:
8380:
8205:
7732:
7517:
7506:ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
6488:"Leonard Kleinrock, Professor (archived)"
5772:
5383:
5309:Packet and circuit-switched data networks
5153:"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"
4527:
4453:Packet and circuit-switched data networks
4277:
3537:
3487:"6.1 The Communications Subnet: BBN 1969"
3138:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3109:
1580:(PUP or Pup) was one of the two earliest
1227:. It operated from 1974 until the 1980s.
796:packet switching during the 1980s–1990s.
537:initial design, which was to connect the
479:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
10242:"National LambdaRail Opens for Business"
10146:
10054:
10032:Reardon, Marguerite (October 11, 2004).
9621:
9431:
9229:
8888:
8731:
8425:
7903:
7703:
7187:
7064:
6533:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 244–6.
6523:
6360:
6253:
5703:
4923:
4019:
3078:"Inductee Details - Donald Watts Davies"
3015:
2894:Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
2741:and later as part of the T3 upgrade via
2678:
1770:
1689:Science and Engineering Research Council
1349:and X.25 protocols. EIN was replaced by
881:Packet switching may be classified into
715:and others, was built on the concept of
437:UNESCO Information Processing Conference
427:first Professor of Computation, filed a
348:
336:
181:
10654:
10156:Merit Network, Inc., in Library Hi Tech
10031:
9712:
9404:
9213:Rucker, Chauncy N.; And Others (1985).
9070:
9050:"1980 SNA'S First Six Years: 1974-1980"
8898:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
8759:
8548:
8410:
8335:
7787:Smith, Ed; Miller, Chris; Norton, Jim.
7120:
7116:
7114:
6846:
6725:
6723:
5819:IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
5626:
5590:
5526:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5126:
4827:
4748:
4598:
4406:
4337:Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology
4182:
4050:
3963:Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology
3705:
3678:
3628:
3507:
3343:
3334:
3255:
3053:
2836:and later as part of the T3 upgrade in
2607:have resurfaced with new names such as
158:in 1965. Davies coined the modern term
14:
11855:
10790:
10701:Oral history interview with Paul Baran
10683:"Packet Switching and the NPL Network"
10601:On Distributed Communications Networks
10504:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 52–67.
10497:
10447:
9303:
9048:Sundstrom, R.J.; G.D. Schultz (1980).
8849:
8822:
8671:
8336:Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978).
8108:
7978:
7643:
7607:
7499:
7121:Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978).
7024:Variety in Mass Communication Research
7017:
6808:from the original on 1 December 2012.
6585:Variety in Mass Communication Research
6578:
6574:
6572:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6458:
6456:
6329:
6232:
6102:
6071:
5893:
5794:
5563:
5522:
5520:
5478:
5356:
5326:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5176:Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978).
5091:Oral history interview with Paul Baran
5032:
4950:
4885:"Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies"
4790:
4788:
4786:
4744:
4742:
4657:The History of Computer Communications
4561:
4501:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008).
4464:
4449:
4402:
4400:
4255:
4253:
4229:NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet
4144:
4085:
4015:
4013:
3856:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3622:
3367:
3365:
2859:
2735:Committee on Institutional Cooperation
1848:Southern New England Telephone Company
1637:CompañĂa TelefĂłnica Nacional de España
1552:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1537:By 1968 Davies had begun building the
1475:. In October 1972, connections to the
1093:Research into packet switching at the
273:, or for differentiated or guaranteed
10764:
10289:"International TransPAC2 Inaugurated"
9939:"The Internet—From Modest Beginnings"
9919:from the original on 21 December 2018
9761:
9561:
9270:Rybczynski, Tony (11 December 2009).
9178:
8937:
7648:Computer networks and their protocols
7160:
6947:
6941:
6917:
6106:Computer networks and their protocols
6075:Computer networks and their protocols
5360:Computer networks and their protocols
4857:
4855:
4834:. Stripe Press. pp. 279, 284–5.
4681:
4557:
4555:
4334:C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005).
3912:Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996).
3829:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3708:"The ARPANET & Computer Networks"
3706:Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995).
3423:
3371:
3346:"Paul Baran Invents Packet Switching"
3237:
3233:
3231:
3219:
2985:
2983:
2981:
1986:International Packet Switched Service
981:. The Internet is implemented by the
704:and Carl Sunshine in December 1974.
365:during the early 1960s in the US and
257:), resulting in variable latency and
195:along the same path most of the time.
11837:
10538:Moschovitis, Christos J. P. (1999).
10240:Michael Feldman (October 28, 2008).
10117:
10055:Jesdanun, Anick (October 11, 2007).
9931:
9913:"What is Dedicated Internet Access?"
9764:"Routing and Flow Control in TYMNET"
9651:
9334:. Gale Research. 2000. p. 593.
8978:
8931:
8329:
8168:
8001:A Chronicle of Merit's Early History
7766:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 2.
7677:Hardy, Daniel; Malleus, Guy (2002).
7571:"EIN (European Informatics Network)"
7469:
7111:
7065:Archives, L. A. Times (2000-06-03).
6765:
6720:
6288:
6202:
6178:
6096:
6065:
6041:
5911:
5166:
4694:from the original on January 9, 2015
4644:
3629:CorbatĂł, F. J.; et al. (1963).
3598:
3215:
3213:
3131:
3036:. Morgan & Claypool. p. 4.
925:is provided to the application by a
616:The ARPANET was demonstrated at the
471:(MoD) told him about Baran's work.
223:Packet switching allows delivery of
87:that are transmitted over a digital
10718:Packet Switching History and Design
10475:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9874:"Chapter 12: Xerox Network Systems"
9768:IEEE Transactions on Communications
9639:from the original on 19 August 2012
9502:
9009:
8889:Kirstein, Peter T. (Jan–Mar 1999).
8496:IEEE Transactions on Communications
8441:Burnett, D.J.; Sethi, H.R. (1977).
8338:"The evolution of packet switching"
8251:
7958:
7302:"A History of Macintosh Networking"
7271:Taylor, Steve; Jim Metzler (2008).
7123:"The Evolution of Packet Switching"
6898:
6569:
6510:
6453:
5993:
5788:
5713:IEEE Transactions on Communications
5627:Bennett, Richard (September 2009).
5596:
5529:"The Evolution of Packet Switching"
5517:
5350:
5294:
5178:"The Evolution of Packet Switching"
4962:
4930:. Simon and Schuster. p. 246.
4821:
4783:
4739:
4592:
4531:NPL Development of Packet Switching
4494:
4443:
4397:
4358:
4250:
4219:
4044:
4010:
3744:
3699:
3681:"The Evolution of Packet Switching"
3501:
3362:
3258:"The arpanet and computer networks"
2697:National Science Foundation Network
2687:using traffic data provided by the
1587:; it was created by researchers at
1557:
1511:project starting in the mid-1980s.
1281:. It evolved into one of the first
1036:), and that the network imposes no
136:United States Department of Defense
24:
10629:
10568:
10361:"vBNS: not your father's Internet"
10273:. 3 September 2013. Archived from
9911:Mike C. Smith (7 September 2017).
9413:(4). Emeraldinsight.com: 145–155.
9158:. Laxmi Publications Pvt Limited.
9155:Straight To The Point - Networking
9056:. pp. 578–585. Archived from
8650:. pp. 163–170. Archived from
8264:Annals of the History of Computing
8147:. pp. 223–228. Archived from
7840:. pp. 199–213. Archived from
7652:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
7425:Zimmermann, Hubert (August 1977).
7300:Oppenheimer, Alan (January 2004).
7221:. National Academies. p. 40.
7218:Toward a National Research Network
6856:. 2012 SIGCIS Workshop. p. 6.
6828:UCLA Samueli School Of Engineering
5973:Andrew L. Russell (30 July 2013).
5961:"Congestion avoidance and control"
5813:Camrass, R.; Gallager, R. (1978).
5646:
5456:
5422:
5150:
4852:
4650:
4552:
4470:
4371:Annals of the History of Computing
4095:. MIT Press. pp. 37–8, 58–9.
3784:
3484:
3298:Edmondson-Yurkanan, Chris (2007).
3262:A history of personal workstations
3228:
3193:Data Communications and Networking
2978:
2932:merged, vBNS+ became a service of
2815:, serving Delaware and New Jersey;
2647:is a not-for-profit United States
1043:Technologies such as MPLS and the
565:had researched the application of
409:and delivery of these messages by
25:
11889:
10674:
10561:The Evolution of Packet Switching
10057:"Speedy Internet2 gets 10x boost"
9832:. 9 November 2005. Archived from
9731:
9481:. pp. 517–22. Archived from
9124:Andrew Colley (28 January 2004).
8734:"The Origins of Packet Switching"
8642:Alarcia, G.; Herrera, S. (1974).
8590:. pp. 311–16. Archived from
8560:. pp. 171–85. Archived from
8171:"Celebrating 40 years of the net"
8044:Merit Network Timeline: 1980–1989
8024:Merit Network Timeline: 1970–1979
7706:"The Origins of Packet Switching"
7543:"X.25 - past, present and future"
7404:"A Technical History of CYCLADES"
7347:
6463:Katie Hafner (November 8, 2001),
5742:from the original on 2022-10-10.
4503:"Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies"
4147:"The Origins of Packet Switching"
3733:Pelkey, James L. (May 27, 1988).
3410:from the original on 2022-10-10.
3210:
3080:. National Inventors Hall of Fame
3066:. National Inventors Hall of Fame
2737:Network via the Merit Network in
2173:through a portion of the Internet
1901:Deutsche Bundespost operated the
1665:
1210:
1088:
583:system that was not intended for
386:Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
11878:Packets (information technology)
11836:
11826:
11817:
11816:
11805:
11426:Free-space optical communication
10756:from the original on 2023-12-04.
10681:Wilkinson, Peter (Summer 2020),
10419:
10401:
10383:
10352:
10334:
10304:
10281:
10259:
10233:
10207:
10189:
10169:
10165:from the original on 2013-04-23.
10136:from the original on 2022-10-10.
10111:
10074:
10048:
10025:
10005:
9961:
9866:
9848:
9818:
9793:
9755:
9725:
9686:
9596:
9555:
9523:
9496:
9466:
9425:
9398:
9373:
9348:
9324:
9297:
9263:
9206:
9172:
9145:
9079:
9064:
9041:
8972:
8843:
8839:from the original on 2022-10-10.
8816:
8799:
8776:
8753:
8725:
8695:
8665:
8635:
8605:
8575:
8542:
8476:
8434:
8419:
8404:
8374:
8293:
8225:
8181:
8132:
8102:
8084:
8055:
7991:
7952:
7927:
7897:
7855:
7825:
7795:
7780:
7753:
7726:
7697:
7670:
7637:
7628:
7601:
7587:
7563:
7534:
7493:
7463:
7437:
7418:
7396:
7381:. pp. 10–14. Archived from
7366:
7341:
7316:
7264:
7235:
7208:
7181:
7154:
7083:
7058:
7011:
6977:
6948:Feder, Barnaby J. (2000-06-04).
6911:
6892:
6840:
6816:
6791:
6748:
6695:
6674:
6651:
6623:
6547:
6479:
6422:
6393:
6354:
6323:
6126:
6012:
6008:from the original on 2019-11-17.
5987:
5954:
5912:Cerf, Vinton G. (1 April 1980).
5905:
5887:
5603:. Edward Elgar. pp. 51–55.
5220:F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990).
4605:. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6.
4183:Needham, Roger M. (2002-12-01).
4057:. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6.
3135:Fiber Optics Standard Dictionary
3132:Weik, Martin (6 December 2012).
2730:, serving California and Nevada;
2552:
2527:
2384:Internet Message Access Protocol
2159:
1434:
1429:Novell NetWare operating systems
1067:postal, telephone, and telegraph
973:Packet switching is used in the
893:packet switching, also known as
885:packet switching, also known as
557:A contemporary of Roberts' from
489:the economics were favorable to
45:
36:
10712:NPL Data Communications Network
10441:
10118:Gale, Doug (29 November 2007).
9973:"History and overview of CSNET"
9762:TYMES, LA ROY W. (April 1981).
9543:from the original on 2022-10-10
9387:from the original on 2022-06-21
9359:. Belhaven Press. p. 194.
9251:from the original on 2022-10-10
9152:Maidasani, Dinesh (June 2009).
8169:Ward, Mark (October 29, 2009).
7832:Pearson, DJ; Wilkin, D (1974).
7733:Beauchamp, K. G. (2012-12-06).
7161:Moore, Roger D. (August 2006).
5975:"OSI: The Internet That Wasn't"
5869:
5845:
5806:
5795:Postel, Jon (August 29, 1979).
5750:
5697:
5573:. MIT Press. pp. 124–127.
5557:
5472:
5377:
5320:
5274:
5259:
5244:
5110:
5081:
5061:
5012:
4983:
4944:
4917:
4905:
4877:
4709:
4675:
4623:
4521:
4365:Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1987).
4176:
4138:
4113:
3983:
3905:
3881:
3850:
3823:
3812:from the original on 2022-10-10
3769:
3726:
3653:
3574:
3531:
3454:
3442:from the original on 2022-10-10
3417:
3291:
3240:"On Distributed Communications"
3064:"Inductee Details - Paul Baran"
2144:
2027:) national X.25 network with a
1550:Octopus was a local network at
1505:public universities in Michigan
508:NPL Data Communications Network
126:, with the goal of providing a
10659:. Cambridge University Press.
9713:Epstein, Nadine (1986-03-09).
9230:Steneker, H.J. (16 May 1991).
9179:Smith, Christopher A. (1985).
8582:Bache, A.; Matras, Y. (1976).
8258:Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987).
8145:Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74
7838:Proceedings of the 2nd ICCC 74
7549:. Pergamon. pp. 203–216.
7327:(2 ed.). Addison-Wesley.
6630:Judy O'Neill (12 March 1990),
6400:technicshistory (2019-06-02).
5894:Postel, Jon (September 1978).
5070:Summary of ARPA ad hoc meeting
4682:Press, Gil (January 2, 2015).
4632:"An Interview with PAUL BARAN"
4630:O'Neill, Judy (5 March 1990).
3183:
3152:
3125:
3092:
2021:Post Office Telecommunications
1846:was a network operated by the
1680:Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
1363:Post Office Telecommunications
1073:with X.25 interfaces; and the
524:made the key decisions in the
122:developed a concept he called
13:
1:
10344:. May 6, 1993. Archived from
9451:10.1080/24701475.2019.1701919
8738:Computer Resurrection Issue 5
8381:Mendicino, Samuel F. (1972).
8300:Guardian Staff (2013-06-25).
7710:Computer Resurrection Issue 5
7644:Davies, Donald Watts (1979).
6432:Brief History of the Internet
6402:"ARPANET, Part 2: The Packet"
6103:Davies, Donald Watts (1979).
6072:Davies, Donald Watts (1979).
5357:Davies, Donald Watts (1979).
5161:Kahn, the principal architect
5094:, Charles Babbage Institute,
4828:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018).
4599:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018).
4145:Barber, Derek (Spring 1993).
4051:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018).
3514:. Stripe Press. p. 286.
3508:Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018).
2971:
2389:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
2367:Transmission Control Protocol
1792:which was a joint venture of
1272:Digital Equipment Corporation
1230:
1045:Resource Reservation Protocol
907:Multiprotocol Label Switching
870:applied mathematical research
649:Transmission Control Protocol
245:techniques. As they traverse
166:in the United States and the
11812:Telecommunication portal
11593:Telecommunications equipment
10523:. Johns Hopkins University.
9803:. 2017-06-09. Archived from
9738:Proceedings of the SJCC 1971
9660:IEEE Communications Magazine
9606:. 2017-06-09. Archived from
9332:Telecommunications Directory
9276:IEEE Communications Magazine
9091:IEEE Communications Magazine
8990:. Manchester. Archived from
8868:10.1016/0140-3664(80)90069-9
8807:"Interview of Donald Davies"
8459:10.1016/0376-5075(77)90010-1
6486:UCLA Computer Science Dept.
6363:IEEE Communications Magazine
6210:"Kleinrock (Leonard) papers"
4562:Hafner, Katie (2018-12-30).
3735:"Interview of Donald Davies"
3424:Baran, Paul (May 27, 1960).
3381:IEEE Communications Magazine
3344:Stewart, Bill (2000-01-07).
3238:Baran, Paul (January 1964).
2639:
1853:
1708:Systems Network Architecture
1703:Systems Network Architecture
1421:Internetwork Packet Exchange
1350:
1116:
1095:National Physical Laboratory
949:Packet switching in networks
727:to enable internetworking.
682:Transmission Control Program
635:in the early 1970s to study
579:and based their design on a
547:Interface Message Processors
371:National Physical Laboratory
243:dynamic bandwidth allocation
156:National Physical Laboratory
7:
11329:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
10655:Russell, Andrew L. (2014).
8708:Conference Record of ICC 80
8678:Conference Record of ICC 80
8190:"Notable computer networks"
7904:Kirstein, Peter T. (1973).
7541:Scantlebury, Roger (1986).
7188:Kirstein, Peter T. (1973).
6333:The Communications Handbook
5983:. Vol. 50, no. 8.
5704:Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974).
4262:"Notable computer networks"
3660:Gillies & Cailliau 2000
2939:
2743:Argonne National Laboratory
2347:Hypertext Transfer Protocol
2075:
2059:
2048:SITA Data Transport Network
1948:
1934:European Economic Community
1760:
1725:was the first FCC-licensed
1650:
1453:National Science Foundation
1246:
1203:BNRNET was a network which
669:(PUP) for internetworking.
10:
11894:
11033:Telecommunications history
10501:Where Wizards Stay Up Late
10147:Aupperle, Eric M. (1998).
9633:About SITA > What we do
9562:Wells, Mike (1988-11-01).
9054:Proceedings of 5th ICCC 80
8979:Reid, Jim (3 April 2007).
8938:Wells, Mike (1988-11-01).
8850:Powell, Kit (1980-07-01).
8648:Proceedings of 2nd ICCC 74
8426:Fletcher, John G. (1975).
8411:Pehrson, David L. (1970).
7959:Lee, Rich (1 March 1998).
7614:. MIT Press. p. 125.
7545:. In Stokes, A. V. (ed.).
6492:UCLA Computer Science Dept
5654:"The internet's fifth man"
5479:Pouzin, Louis (May 1975).
5226:. CRC Press. p. 344.
4749:Roberts, Lawrence (1967).
2335:Information infrastructure
2101:
2092:
1964:
1932:Nine member states of the
1927:
1896:
1885:
1838:
1815:
1764:
1717:
1642:
1545:
1414:
1399:
1178:
1054:
1030:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
431:in the United Kingdom for
394:Mutual assured destruction
325:
315:
311:
177:
11800:
11742:
11679:
11641:Public Switched Telephone
11601:
11565:
11522:
11463:
11453:telecommunication circuit
11414:Fiber-optic communication
11397:
11159:Francis Blake (telephone)
11106:
10954:Optical telecommunication
10798:
10705:Charles Babbage Institute
10640:. Morgan & Claypool.
9776:10.1109/tcom.1981.1095020
9672:10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364
9284:10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350364
9239:Electrical Engineering -
9103:10.1109/MCOM.2012.6194380
8508:10.1109/TCOM.1980.1094684
8194:Communications of the ACM
6993:, London: Orion, p.
6879:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965
6743:10.1109/MCOM.2011.5706298
6554:Donald W. Davies (2001),
6375:10.1109/MCOM.2009.4785372
6330:Gibson, Jerry D. (2018).
6309:10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146650
6274:10.1109/JSAC.1987.1146652
5725:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259
5284:Arpanet Completion Report
4972:Arpanet Completion Report
4924:Isaacson, Walter (2014).
4528:Wilkinson, Peter (2001).
4266:Communications of the ACM
3393:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006
3304:Communications of the ACM
2674:
2601:Internet service provider
2374:Internet service provider
2035:
1908:
1775:CCITT SGVII X25 Advocates
1748:
1731:Bolt Beranek & Newman
1565:Research Laboratories in
1481:Michigan State University
1262:
1198:
1155:and compatibles, and the
1069:(PTT) companies provided
839:Bolt, Beranek, and Newman
778:metal–oxide–semiconductor
700:), written by Vint Cerf,
595:Bolt Beranek & Newman
541:directly, to incorporate
373:(NPL) in the UK in 1965.
333:Invention and development
11552:Orbital angular-momentum
10989:Satellite communications
10828:Communications satellite
10197:"BBN to operate NEARnet"
9694:"Airline Control System"
9432:Kerssens, Niels (2020).
9355:Gareth Locksley (1990).
9304:Parodi, Roberto (1992).
8702:Lavandera, Luis (1980).
6918:Yates, David M. (1997).
6847:Russell, Andrew (2012).
5831:10.1109/TIT.1978.1055910
5597:Kim, Byung-Keun (2005).
4912:"Pioneer: Donald Davies"
3830:Yates, David M. (1997).
2876:TransPAC2, and TransPAC3
2785:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2707:NSFNET regional networks
2621:Computer Science Network
2614:
2247:Right to Internet access
2137:. It was developed from
1991:
1672:Science Research Council
1333:and Sesa and managed by
1304:
1051:Packet-switched networks
745:developed this into the
631:network was designed by
443:. Licklider (along with
239:statistical multiplexing
91:. Packets are made of a
76:is a method of grouping
11868:History of the Internet
11431:Molecular communication
11254:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
11083:Undersea telegraph line
10818:Cable protection system
10120:"NSFNET: The Community"
9479:Proceedings of ICCC '80
8856:Computer Communications
8823:Rutter, Dorian (2005).
8357:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141
8345:Proceedings of the IEEE
8276:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023
7868:Proceedings of the IEEE
7575:Computer History Museum
7519:10.1145/1015667.1015669
7470:Wood, David C. (1975).
6731:"Letters to the editor"
6150:10.1145/1658978.1658990
5857:stories.clare.cam.ac.uk
5493:10.1145/1499949.1500100
5402:10.1109/PROC.1978.11143
5390:Proceedings of the IEEE
5056:its actual performance.
4383:10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023
4020:Naughton, John (2015).
3556:10.1109/PROC.1978.11143
3544:Proceedings of the IEEE
3316:10.1145/1230819.1230840
2966:Virtual private network
2951:Optical burst switching
2912:(155 Mbit/s), and
2494:History of the Internet
2357:Internet protocol suite
2352:Internet exchange point
2002:Coloured Book protocols
1979:
1796:(a common carrier) and
1693:Coloured Book protocols
1630:
1376:
1356:
1057:History of the Internet
983:Internet Protocol Suite
800:The "paternity dispute"
790:large-scale integration
747:Internet protocol suite
607:Network Control Program
461:communication protocols
376:In the late 1950s, the
328:Datagram § History
318:History of the Internet
249:, such as switches and
211:is occupied during the
11573:Communication protocol
11359:Charles Sumner Tainter
11174:Walter Houser Brattain
11119:Edwin Howard Armstrong
10927:Information revolution
10498:Hafner, Katie (1996).
10452:Inventing the Internet
10448:Abbate, Janet (2000).
9770:. COM-29 (4): 392–98.
9715:"Et Voila! Le Minitel"
8618:Proceedings of ICCC 76
8588:Proceedings of ICCC 76
8558:Proceedings of ICCC 74
8235:. 1974. Archived from
8109:Pelkey, James (2007),
8096:internethalloffame.org
7986:University of Michigan
7880:10.1109/proc.1972.8912
7611:Inventing the Internet
7608:Abbate, Janet (2000).
7245:. 1975. Archived from
6658:Alex McKenzie (2009),
6236:Inventing the Internet
6233:Abbate, Janet (1999).
5901:. pp. iii, 85–97.
5570:Inventing the Internet
5442:Hafner & Lyon 1996
5384:Kleinrock, L. (1978).
5330:Inventing the Internet
5327:Abbate, Janet (1999).
5306:Clarke, Peter (1982).
5136:Hafner & Lyon 1996
5043:. pp. 39, 57–58.
5036:Inventing the Internet
5033:Abbate, Janet (2000).
5019:Hafner & Lyon 1996
4951:Davies, D. W. (1966).
4450:Clarke, Peter (1982).
4426:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006
4201:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006
4092:Inventing the Internet
3754:Davies, D. W. (1966).
3538:Kleinrock, L. (1978).
2902:MCI Telecommunications
2834:College Park, Maryland
2692:
2668:Level 3 Communications
2227:Freedom of information
2135:remote procedure calls
2109:
2011:
2004:, was based mainly on
1790:Bell-Northern Research
1776:
1695:, later evolving into
1619:was frozen. RCP was a
1606:
1572:
1514:
1469:Wayne State University
1461:University of Michigan
1444:nonprofit organization
1409:I. P. Sharp Associates
1312:
1205:Bell-Northern Research
899:User Datagram Protocol
643:service while using a
514:work on datagrams and
354:
346:
302:cellular communication
221:
196:
109:higher layer protocols
11547:Polarization-division
11279:Narinder Singh Kapany
11244:Erna Schneider Hoover
11164:Jagadish Chandra Bose
11144:Alexander Graham Bell
10875:online video platform
10413:Verizon Business News
10395:Verizon Business News
9990:10.1145/358413.358423
7998:John Mulcahy (1989),
7500:Barber, D L. (1975).
7354:www.pathsolutions.com
6712:on December 5, 2023,
6684:(November 22, 2001),
6190:Internet Hall of Fame
6053:Internet Hall of Fame
5883:. p. iii, 75-87.
5088:Judy O'Neill (1990),
4889:IEEE Computer Society
4766:10.1145/800001.811680
4507:Computer Resurrection
3991:"On packet switching"
3167:Government Institutes
2813:Princeton, New Jersey
2755:University of Chicago
2753:Universities and the
2728:San Diego, California
2718:Palo Alto, California
2682:
2609:fast packet switching
2139:PARC Universal Packet
2115:Xerox Network Systems
1829:Australian Tax Office
1774:
1601:Xerox Network Systems
1578:PARC Universal Packet
1142:inter-network routing
1055:Further information:
915:out-of-order delivery
684:, an internetworking
667:PARC Universal Packet
661:outlined the idea of
463:. He coined the term
415:digital communication
352:
340:
316:Further information:
279:weighted fair queuing
201:
185:
11389:Vladimir K. Zworykin
11349:Almon Brown Strowger
11319:Charles Grafton Page
10974:Prepaid mobile phone
10902:Electrical telegraph
10215:"About NorthWestNet"
6560:The Computer Journal
6406:Creatures of Thought
5545:on December 31, 2018
5073:, November 3, 1967,
4760:. pp. 3.1–3.6.
4663:on December 23, 2022
4587:of today's internet.
3586:history.computer.org
3433:The RAND Corporation
3372:Baran, Paul (2002).
3256:Roberts, L. (1988),
3220:Baran, Paul (1962).
2946:Multi-bearer network
2849:Salt Lake City, Utah
2277:Virtual volunteering
2017:Packet Switch Stream
1678:, UMRCC Manchester,
1597:reliable byte stream
1497:public data networks
1219:was an experimental
1077:era which initially
1071:public data networks
1007:, the international
993:technologies (e.g.,
766:hierarchical routing
721:public data networks
526:request for proposal
500:end-to-end principle
421:Christopher Strachey
255:stored and forwarded
105:application software
11863:Computer networking
11339:Johann Philipp Reis
11098:Wireless revolution
11060:The Telephone Cases
10917:Hydraulic telegraph
10574:Paul Baran et al.,
10271:National LambdaRail
8672:Cuenca, L. (1980).
8121:on 29 November 2020
7935:"IPSANET Documents"
7433:. Toronto: 465–469.
7139:on 31 December 2018
7026:. ATINER: 123–134.
6824:"Leonard Kleinrock"
6735:IEEE Communications
6702:Leonard Kleinrock,
6587:. ATINER: 123–134.
6186:"Leonard Kleinrock"
6049:"Leonard Kleinrock"
6021:"The Protocol Wars"
5994:Russell, Andrew L.
5194:on 31 December 2018
5122:, November 16, 1967
4725:on February 2, 2020
3270:10.1145/61975.66916
3222:"RAND Paper P-2626"
2870:10 Gigabit Ethernet
2866:National LambdaRail
2860:National LambdaRail
2796:Seattle, Washington
2765:Ann Arbor, Michigan
2739:Ann Arbor, Michigan
2664:National LambdaRail
2649:computer networking
2559:Internet portal
2499:Oldest domain names
2086:asynchronous serial
1802:Deutsche Bundespost
1767:Public data network
1727:public data network
1367:public data network
1365:. It was the first
1134:local area networks
985:using a variety of
979:local area networks
891:connection-oriented
645:best-effort service
585:real-time computing
549:(IMPs) to create a
506:in early 1969, the
469:Ministry of Defence
457:interface computers
425:Oxford University's
263:first-in, first-out
247:networking hardware
11537:Frequency-division
11514:Telephone exchange
11384:Charles Wheatstone
11314:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
11289:Innocenzo Manzetti
11224:Reginald Fessenden
10959:Optical telegraphy
10792:Telecommunications
10582:2011-03-29 at the
10558:Lawrence Roberts,
10415:. January 6, 2006.
9949:on August 28, 2011
9719:The New York Times
9438:Internet Histories
8785:"The SITA Network"
8492:Robert M. Metcalfe
8490:; Edward A. Taft;
7431:IFIP Congress 1977
7379:IFIP Congress 1974
7130:IEEE Invited Paper
6954:The New York Times
6435:, Internet Society
5947:2012-08-26 at the
5536:IEEE Invited Paper
5185:IEEE Invited Paper
4568:The New York Times
4344:. pp. 573–5.
2961:Transmission delay
2908:(45 Mbit/s),
2693:
2342:Domain Name System
2232:Internet phenomena
2072:began, consumers.
1777:
1136:to be established
967:congestion control
847:hot-potato routing
449:data communication
441:J. C. R. Licklider
429:patent application
355:
347:
275:quality of service
197:
70:telecommunications
11873:Network protocols
11850:
11849:
11588:Store and forward
11583:Data transmission
11497:Network switching
11448:Transmission line
11294:Guglielmo Marconi
11259:Internet pioneers
11124:Mohamed M. Atalla
11093:Whistled language
10666:978-1-139-91661-5
10647:978-1-4503-9729-2
10551:978-1-57607-118-2
10322:on 14 August 2013
10013:"About Internet2"
9862:. Stamford. 1981.
9732:TYMES, LA ROY W.
9366:978-1-85293-101-8
9341:978-0-7876-3352-3
9317:978-90-5199-110-9
9192:978-0-916671-61-7
8919:on 10 August 2017
8910:10.1109/85.759368
8447:Computer Networks
8387:Computer Networks
8207:10.1145/6617.6618
7746:978-94-009-9431-7
7690:978-3-540-00559-9
7621:978-0-262-51115-5
7556:978-1-4831-6093-1
7502:"Cost project 11"
7071:Los Angeles Times
7033:978-960-6672-46-0
6931:978-0-901805-94-2
6783:978-0-8018-5152-0
6737:, February 2011,
6594:978-960-6672-46-0
6246:978-0-262-01172-3
6159:978-1-60558-749-3
6116:978-0-471-99750-4
6085:978-0-471-99750-4
6034:978-3-527-32710-2
5580:978-0-262-51115-5
5502:978-1-4503-7919-9
5396:(11): 1320–1329.
5370:978-0-471-99750-4
5340:978-0-262-01172-3
5151:Pelkey, James L.
5050:978-0-2625-1115-5
5039:. Cambridge, MA:
4958:. p. 10, 16.
4841:978-1-953953-36-0
4831:The Dream Machine
4811:978-0-13-212695-3
4798:Computer networks
4612:978-1-953953-36-0
4602:The Dream Machine
4279:10.1145/6617.6618
4064:978-1-953953-36-0
4054:The Dream Machine
3925:978-0-684-81201-4
3860:(17 March 1986),
3843:978-0-901805-94-2
3645:978-0-262-03008-3
3550:(11): 1320–1329.
3521:978-1-953953-36-0
3511:The Dream Machine
3485:Pelkey, James L.
3279:978-0-201-11259-7
3203:978-0-07-296775-3
3104:. November 2000.
3043:978-1-4503-9729-2
2853:Boulder, Colorado
2775:Lincoln, Nebraska
2701:Internet backbone
2605:circuit switching
2593:
2592:
2444:Instant messaging
2362:Internet Protocol
2272:Virtual community
2169:visualization of
2125:, which provided
2023:(later to become
1660:message switching
1449:State of Michigan
1442:, an independent
1323:Roger Scantlebury
1223:developed at the
963:circuit switching
909:(MPLS), and TCP.
807:Internet pioneers
743:Internet pioneers
739:Internet Protocol
734:sense in 1978.
581:store-and-forward
571:message switching
563:Leonard Kleinrock
551:message switching
491:message switching
475:Roger Scantlebury
411:store and forward
382:wide area network
298:circuit switching
225:variable bit rate
113:computer networks
16:(Redirected from
11885:
11840:
11839:
11830:
11829:
11820:
11819:
11810:
11809:
11808:
11681:Notable networks
11671:Wireless network
11611:Cellular network
11603:Types of network
11578:Computer network
11465:Network topology
11379:Thomas A. Watson
11234:Oliver Heaviside
11219:Philo Farnsworth
11194:Daniel Davis Jr.
11169:Charles Bourseul
11129:John Logie Baird
10838:Data compression
10833:Computer network
10785:
10778:
10771:
10762:
10761:
10757:
10739:
10734:, archived from
10714:NPL video, 1970s
10697:
10670:
10651:
10555:
10534:
10515:
10494:
10467:
10455:
10435:
10434:
10431:Verizon Business
10423:
10417:
10416:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10397:. June 23, 1999.
10387:
10381:
10380:
10377:10.1109/6.694354
10356:
10350:
10349:
10338:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10318:. Archived from
10308:
10302:
10296:
10295:on 20 June 2013.
10291:. Archived from
10285:
10279:
10278:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10211:
10205:
10204:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10183:
10177:"Merit Internet"
10173:
10167:
10166:
10164:
10153:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10124:
10115:
10109:
10108:
10103:. Archived from
10092:
10086:
10085:
10084:. November 2007.
10078:
10072:
10071:
10069:
10067:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10044:on 10 July 2012.
10040:. Archived from
10029:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10009:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9971:(October 1983).
9965:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9945:. Archived from
9935:
9929:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9908:
9902:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9889:
9881:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9788:
9787:
9778:. Archived from
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9749:
9729:
9723:
9722:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9646:
9644:
9625:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9600:
9594:
9593:
9583:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9542:
9535:
9527:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9512:, archived from
9511:
9503:Infante, Jorge,
9500:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9453:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9419:10.1108/eb046759
9402:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9392:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9328:
9322:
9321:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9267:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9250:
9236:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9210:
9204:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9121:
9115:
9114:
9083:
9077:
9076:
9068:
9062:
9061:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9033:
9032:
9023:. Archived from
9021:www.uknof.org.uk
9013:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9002:
8996:
8985:
8976:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8935:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8912:. Archived from
8895:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8831:
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8699:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8689:
8669:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8620:. Archived from
8609:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8579:
8573:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8529:
8520:
8519:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8470:
8461:. Archived from
8438:
8432:
8431:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8342:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8321:
8320:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8270:(3/4): 221–247.
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8239:on 1 August 2020
8229:
8223:
8222:
8209:
8185:
8179:
8178:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8136:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8126:
8117:, archived from
8106:
8100:
8099:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8069:. Archived from
8059:
8053:
8052:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8019:
8010:
8009:
7995:
7989:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7946:
7937:. Archived from
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7882:. Archived from
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7849:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7799:
7793:
7792:
7784:
7778:
7777:
7757:
7751:
7750:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7651:
7641:
7635:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7567:
7561:
7560:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7521:
7497:
7491:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7478:. Archived from
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7451:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7370:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7325:Inside AppleTalk
7320:
7314:
7313:
7308:. Archived from
7297:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7275:. Archived from
7268:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7254:
7249:on 26 April 2017
7239:
7233:
7232:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7192:. Archived from
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7165:. Archived from
7158:
7152:
7151:
7146:
7144:
7138:
7132:. Archived from
7127:
7118:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7102:
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7062:
7056:
7055:
7049:
7041:
7036:. Archived from
7015:
7009:
7007:
6985:Berners-Lee, Tim
6981:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6968:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6903:. Archived from
6896:
6890:
6889:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6708:, archived from
6699:
6693:
6692:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6614:
6606:
6601:on May 2, 2022.
6597:. Archived from
6576:
6567:
6566:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6525:Isaacson, Walter
6521:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6494:. Archived from
6483:
6477:
6476:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6436:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6303:(8): 1264–1273.
6292:
6286:
6285:
6268:(8): 1231–1241.
6257:
6251:
6250:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6139:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6000:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5970:
5964:
5958:
5952:
5939:
5933:
5927:Moschovitis 1999
5924:
5918:
5917:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5776:
5774:10.17487/RFC0675
5754:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5710:
5701:
5695:
5689:Moschovitis 1999
5686:
5680:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5538:. Archived from
5533:
5524:
5515:
5514:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5454:
5448:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5278:
5272:
5263:
5257:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5217:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5199:
5193:
5187:. Archived from
5182:
5173:
5164:
5163:
5148:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5123:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5030:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4997:. Archived from
4995:web.stanford.edu
4987:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4873:on 27 June 2015.
4869:. Archived from
4859:
4850:
4849:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4803:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4713:
4707:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4659:. Archived from
4648:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4559:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4543:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4479:. Archived from
4468:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4404:
4395:
4394:
4377:(3/4): 221–247.
4362:
4356:
4355:
4331:
4320:
4319:
4306:
4295:
4294:
4281:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4083:
4072:
4071:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3957:
3951:
3943:Moschovitis 1999
3940:
3934:
3933:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3793:
3782:
3781:
3780:, Private papers
3773:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3751:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3714:on 24 March 2016
3710:. Archived from
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3687:on 24 March 2016
3683:. Archived from
3676:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3637:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3466:RAND Corporation
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3113:
3111:10.17487/RFC2991
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2997:. Archived from
2987:
2934:Verizon Business
2838:Atlanta, Georgia
2806:Ithaca, New York
2794:NorthWestNet in
2625:computer science
2585:
2578:
2571:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2530:
2163:
2149:
2148:
1936:contracted with
1798:Northern Telecom
1684:shared resources
1558:Philips Research
1503:; additionally,
1383:General Electric
1016:virtual circuits
955:channel capacity
811:Internet Society
717:virtual circuits
569:in the field of
534:Frank Westervelt
504:pilot experiment
465:packet switching
453:computer network
363:RAND Corporation
235:computer network
160:packet switching
134:, funded by the
132:RAND Corporation
101:operating system
74:packet switching
49:
40:
21:
11893:
11892:
11888:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11882:
11853:
11852:
11851:
11846:
11806:
11804:
11796:
11738:
11675:
11597:
11561:
11518:
11467:
11459:
11400:
11393:
11299:Robert Metcalfe
11154:Tim Berners-Lee
11102:
10922:Information Age
10794:
10789:
10752:. May 3, 1988.
10742:
10728:
10677:
10667:
10648:
10632:
10630:Further reading
10584:Wayback Machine
10571:
10569:Primary sources
10552:
10531:
10512:
10483:
10464:
10444:
10439:
10438:
10425:
10424:
10420:
10407:
10406:
10402:
10389:
10388:
10384:
10357:
10353:
10340:
10339:
10335:
10325:
10323:
10310:
10309:
10305:
10301:, 8 April 2005.
10287:
10286:
10282:
10265:
10264:
10260:
10250:
10248:
10238:
10234:
10224:
10222:
10221:. 24 March 1992
10213:
10212:
10208:
10203:. 14 July 1993.
10195:
10194:
10190:
10181:
10179:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10162:
10151:
10145:
10141:
10133:
10122:
10116:
10112:
10093:
10089:
10080:
10079:
10075:
10065:
10063:
10053:
10049:
10030:
10026:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10010:
10006:
9983:(10): 747–753.
9966:
9962:
9952:
9950:
9937:
9936:
9932:
9922:
9920:
9909:
9905:
9893:
9892:
9883:
9882:
9880:. October 1997.
9872:
9871:
9867:
9854:
9853:
9849:
9839:
9837:
9824:
9823:
9819:
9810:
9808:
9799:
9798:
9794:
9785:
9783:
9760:
9756:
9747:
9745:
9730:
9726:
9711:
9707:
9692:
9691:
9687:
9656:
9652:
9642:
9640:
9627:
9626:
9622:
9613:
9611:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9560:
9556:
9546:
9544:
9540:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9524:
9516:
9509:
9501:
9497:
9488:
9486:
9471:
9467:
9430:
9426:
9403:
9399:
9390:
9388:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9353:
9349:
9342:
9330:
9329:
9325:
9318:
9302:
9298:
9288:
9286:
9268:
9264:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9234:
9228:
9224:
9211:
9207:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9177:
9173:
9166:
9150:
9146:
9136:
9134:
9122:
9118:
9084:
9080:
9069:
9065:
9046:
9042:
9030:
9028:
9015:
9014:
9010:
9000:
8998:
8994:
8983:
8977:
8973:
8936:
8932:
8922:
8920:
8916:
8893:
8887:
8883:
8848:
8844:
8836:
8829:
8821:
8817:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8800:
8781:
8777:
8758:
8754:
8742:
8740:
8730:
8726:
8717:
8715:
8700:
8696:
8687:
8685:
8670:
8666:
8657:
8655:
8640:
8636:
8627:
8625:
8610:
8606:
8597:
8595:
8580:
8576:
8567:
8565:
8547:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8523:
8481:
8477:
8468:
8466:
8439:
8435:
8424:
8420:
8409:
8405:
8396:
8394:
8379:
8375:
8351:(11): 1307–13.
8340:
8334:
8330:
8318:
8316:
8298:
8294:
8256:
8252:
8242:
8240:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8200:(10): 932–971.
8186:
8182:
8167:
8163:
8154:
8152:
8137:
8133:
8124:
8122:
8107:
8103:
8092:"Donald Davies"
8090:
8089:
8085:
8076:
8074:
8063:"Donald Davies"
8061:
8060:
8056:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8021:
8020:
8013:
7996:
7992:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7957:
7953:
7944:
7942:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7919:
7917:
7902:
7898:
7889:
7887:
7874:(11): 1408–23.
7860:
7856:
7847:
7845:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7815:
7800:
7796:
7785:
7781:
7774:
7758:
7754:
7747:
7731:
7727:
7714:
7712:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7675:
7671:
7664:
7642:
7638:
7633:
7629:
7622:
7606:
7602:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7579:
7577:
7569:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7539:
7535:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7483:
7468:
7464:
7456:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7423:
7419:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7388:
7386:
7371:
7367:
7358:
7356:
7346:
7342:
7335:
7321:
7317:
7298:
7291:
7282:
7280:
7269:
7265:
7252:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7213:
7209:
7199:
7197:
7196:on 2 March 2017
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7169:on 24 July 2017
7159:
7155:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7125:
7119:
7112:
7100:
7098:
7089:
7088:
7084:
7075:
7073:
7063:
7059:
7043:
7042:
7040:on May 2, 2022.
7034:
7016:
7012:
7005:
6982:
6978:
6966:
6964:
6946:
6942:
6932:
6916:
6912:
6897:
6893:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6853:
6845:
6841:
6832:
6830:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6770:
6766:
6758:Computer Freaks
6753:
6749:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6700:
6696:
6679:
6675:
6666:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6628:
6624:
6608:
6607:
6595:
6577:
6570:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6522:
6511:
6501:
6499:
6498:on Feb 27, 2004
6484:
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5949:Wayback Machine
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5518:
5503:
5477:
5473:
5457:Pelkey, James.
5455:
5451:
5440:
5436:
5423:Pelkey, James.
5421:
5417:
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4697:
4695:
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4666:
4664:
4651:Pelkey, James.
4649:
4645:
4634:
4628:
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4597:
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4541:
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4499:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4471:Pelkey, James.
4469:
4465:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4405:
4398:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4332:
4323:
4312:Computer Freaks
4307:
4298:
4272:(10): 932–971.
4258:
4251:
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4181:
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3897:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3873:
3871:
3870:on 29 July 2014
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3350:Living Internet
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2995:Washington Post
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2337:
2327:
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2292:
2282:
2281:
2182:
2174:
2147:
2131:reliable stream
2121:promulgated by
2112:
2104:
2095:
2078:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2025:British Telecom
2014:
2006:GEC 4000 series
1994:
1982:
1967:
1951:
1930:
1911:
1899:
1888:
1856:
1841:
1818:
1769:
1763:
1751:
1739:Virtual circuit
1720:
1705:
1668:
1653:
1645:
1633:
1621:virtual-circuit
1609:
1585:protocol suites
1582:internetworking
1575:
1567:Redhill, Surrey
1560:
1548:
1517:
1459:systems at the
1437:
1417:
1402:
1379:
1359:
1315:
1307:
1265:
1249:
1233:
1213:
1201:
1181:
1130:Apple Macintosh
1119:
1091:
1059:
1053:
1013:flow-controlled
951:
927:transport layer
919:virtual circuit
895:virtual circuit
889:switching, and
879:
831:Walter Isaacson
802:
711:, developed by
641:virtual circuit
637:internetworking
567:queueing theory
407:message blocks;
335:
330:
324:
314:
291:multiple access
271:traffic shaping
180:
66:
65:
64:
63:
52:
51:
50:
42:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Packet-switched
15:
12:
11:
5:
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11532:Space-division
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11411:
11405:
11403:
11395:
11394:
11392:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11369:Camille Tissot
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11344:Claude Shannon
11341:
11336:
11334:Tivadar Puskás
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11304:Antonio Meucci
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11274:Charles K. Kao
11271:
11266:
11261:
11256:
11251:
11249:Harold Hopkins
11246:
11241:
11236:
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11211:
11206:
11201:
11196:
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11156:
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11149:Emile Berliner
11146:
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11131:
11126:
11121:
11116:
11110:
11108:
11104:
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11101:
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11095:
11090:
11088:Videotelephony
11085:
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11030:
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10986:
10984:Radiotelephone
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10894:
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10872:
10870:Internet video
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10773:
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10758:
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10709:
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10676:
10675:External links
10673:
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10608:
10597:
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10556:
10550:
10535:
10530:978-0801863691
10529:
10516:
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10495:
10481:
10468:
10462:
10443:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10418:
10400:
10382:
10351:
10348:on 2016-03-05.
10333:
10303:
10280:
10277:on 2013-09-04.
10258:
10232:
10206:
10188:
10168:
10139:
10110:
10107:on 2013-08-17.
10087:
10073:
10047:
10024:
10004:
9977:Communications
9960:
9930:
9903:
9894:|website=
9865:
9847:
9817:
9792:
9754:
9724:
9705:
9685:
9650:
9629:"SITA History"
9620:
9595:
9581:10.1629/010328
9554:
9522:
9495:
9465:
9424:
9397:
9372:
9365:
9347:
9340:
9323:
9316:
9296:
9262:
9244:. p. 20.
9222:
9205:
9191:
9171:
9164:
9144:
9116:
9078:
9063:
9060:on 2013-10-20.
9040:
9008:
8997:on 28 May 2008
8971:
8957:10.1629/010328
8930:
8881:
8862:(3): 117–122.
8842:
8815:
8798:
8795:on 2013-10-20.
8775:
8752:
8732:Derek Barber.
8724:
8694:
8664:
8634:
8604:
8574:
8541:
8521:
8502:(4): 612–624.
8484:David R. Boggs
8475:
8453:(6): 341–348.
8433:
8418:
8403:
8373:
8328:
8292:
8250:
8224:
8180:
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8131:
8101:
8083:
8054:
8034:
8011:
7990:
7977:
7951:
7926:
7896:
7854:
7824:
7794:
7779:
7773:978-3527327102
7772:
7752:
7745:
7725:
7704:Derek Barber.
7696:
7689:
7669:
7662:
7636:
7627:
7620:
7600:
7586:
7562:
7555:
7533:
7492:
7462:
7436:
7417:
7414:on 2013-09-01.
7395:
7365:
7340:
7333:
7315:
7312:on 2006-10-16.
7289:
7263:
7234:
7227:
7207:
7180:
7153:
7110:
7082:
7057:
7032:
7010:
7003:
6976:
6940:
6930:
6910:
6907:on 2007-09-29.
6891:
6859:
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6790:
6782:
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6747:
6719:
6694:
6690:New York Times
6673:
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6509:
6478:
6469:New York Times
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6392:
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6011:
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5953:
5934:
5919:
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5886:
5868:
5844:
5825:(4): 495–496.
5805:
5787:
5749:
5719:(5): 637–648.
5696:
5681:
5660:. 2013-11-30.
5645:
5619:
5609:
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5471:
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5415:
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4851:
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4782:
4738:
4708:
4674:
4643:
4637:. p. 37.
4622:
4611:
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4551:
4520:
4493:
4463:
4442:
4408:Needham, R. M.
4396:
4357:
4350:
4321:
4296:
4249:
4218:
4175:
4137:
4112:
4102:978-0262261333
4101:
4073:
4063:
4043:
4033:978-1474602778
4032:
4009:
3982:
3972:
3952:
3935:
3924:
3904:
3893:LivingInternet
3880:
3849:
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3783:
3768:
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3644:
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3333:
3290:
3278:
3245:
3227:
3209:
3202:
3196:. Huga Media.
3182:
3175:
3151:
3145:978-1461560234
3144:
3124:
3091:
3052:
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3014:
2976:
2975:
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2898:supercomputing
2889:
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2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2827:
2820:Houston, Texas
2816:
2809:
2799:
2792:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2749:, serving the
2731:
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2501:
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2469:World Wide Web
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2239:
2237:Net neutrality
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Digital rights
2214:
2212:Digital divide
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
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2156:
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2119:protocol suite
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2077:
2074:
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2049:
2046:
2037:
2034:
2019:(PSS) was the
2013:
2010:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1978:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1947:
1929:
1926:
1910:
1907:
1898:
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1817:
1814:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1719:
1716:
1704:
1701:
1667:
1666:SRCnet/SERCnet
1664:
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1413:
1401:
1398:
1378:
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1358:
1355:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1295:open standards
1264:
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1248:
1245:
1232:
1229:
1217:Cambridge Ring
1212:
1211:Cambridge Ring
1209:
1200:
1197:
1180:
1177:
1161:laser printers
1118:
1115:
1090:
1089:Early networks
1087:
1052:
1049:
961:. Compared to
950:
947:
883:connectionless
878:
875:
801:
798:
776:Complementary
732:Huffman coding
680:described the
657:and others at
543:Wesley Clark's
539:host computers
485:and persuaded
390:nuclear attack
380:established a
334:
331:
313:
310:
179:
176:
128:fault-tolerant
54:
53:
44:
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35:
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11715:
11712:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11690:
11687:
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11684:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11669:
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11662:
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11639:
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11614:
11612:
11609:
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11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11570:
11568:
11564:
11558:
11557:Code-division
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11543:
11542:Time-division
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11508:
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11495:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11468:and switching
11466:
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11449:
11446:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11420:
11419:optical fiber
11417:
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11412:
11410:
11409:Coaxial cable
11407:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11387:
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11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
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11350:
11347:
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11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11324:Radia Perlman
11322:
11320:
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11312:
11310:
11307:
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11297:
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11240:
11237:
11235:
11232:
11230:
11227:
11225:
11222:
11220:
11217:
11215:
11214:Lee de Forest
11212:
11210:
11209:Thomas Edison
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11199:Donald Davies
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11184:Claude Chappe
11182:
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11177:
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11049:
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11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11028:Smoke signals
11026:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11006:Semiconductor
11004:
11000:
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10886:
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10865:Digital media
10863:
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10779:
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10767:
10766:
10763:
10755:
10751:
10750:
10745:
10741:
10738:on 2009-08-01
10737:
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10511:9780684832678
10507:
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10488:
10484:
10482:0-19-286207-3
10478:
10474:
10469:
10465:
10463:9780262511155
10459:
10456:. MIT Press.
10454:
10453:
10446:
10445:
10432:
10428:
10422:
10414:
10410:
10404:
10396:
10392:
10386:
10378:
10374:
10370:
10366:
10365:IEEE Spectrum
10362:
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10321:
10317:
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10035:
10028:
10014:
10008:
10000:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9969:Douglas Comer
9964:
9953:September 30,
9948:
9944:
9940:
9934:
9918:
9914:
9907:
9899:
9887:
9879:
9875:
9869:
9861:
9857:
9851:
9836:on 2013-09-04
9835:
9831:
9827:
9821:
9807:on 2017-06-09
9806:
9802:
9796:
9782:on 2013-10-20
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9758:
9744:on 2013-05-09
9743:
9739:
9735:
9728:
9720:
9716:
9709:
9701:
9700:
9695:
9689:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9666:(12): 26–31.
9665:
9661:
9654:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9610:on 2017-06-09
9609:
9605:
9599:
9591:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9539:
9532:
9526:
9519:on 2010-04-05
9515:
9508:
9507:
9499:
9485:on 2013-10-20
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9461:
9457:
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9386:
9382:
9376:
9368:
9362:
9358:
9351:
9343:
9337:
9333:
9327:
9319:
9313:
9310:. IOS Press.
9309:
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9277:
9273:
9266:
9247:
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9233:
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9165:9788131805299
9161:
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9127:
9120:
9112:
9108:
9104:
9100:
9096:
9092:
9089:
9082:
9074:
9073:New Scientist
9067:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9044:
9037:
9027:on 2007-06-21
9026:
9022:
9018:
9012:
8993:
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8953:
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8819:
8808:
8802:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8779:
8771:
8770:10.18452/1040
8767:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8739:
8735:
8728:
8714:on 2013-10-20
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8684:on 2013-10-20
8683:
8679:
8675:
8668:
8654:on 2013-10-20
8653:
8649:
8645:
8638:
8624:on 2013-10-20
8623:
8619:
8615:
8608:
8594:on 2013-10-20
8593:
8589:
8585:
8578:
8564:on 2013-10-20
8563:
8559:
8555:
8551:
8545:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8517:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8488:John F. Shoch
8485:
8479:
8465:on 2013-10-20
8464:
8460:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8429:
8422:
8414:
8407:
8393:on 2013-10-20
8392:
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8350:
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8221:
8217:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8184:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8151:on 2013-10-20
8150:
8146:
8142:
8135:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8087:
8073:on 2020-11-05
8072:
8068:
8064:
8058:
8051:on 2016-01-01
8050:
8046:
8045:
8038:
8031:on 2016-01-01
8030:
8026:
8025:
8018:
8016:
8008:on 2009-02-07
8007:
8003:
8002:
7994:
7987:
7981:
7966:
7962:
7955:
7941:on 2021-02-25
7940:
7936:
7930:
7916:on 2013-10-20
7915:
7911:
7907:
7900:
7886:on 2013-10-20
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7865:
7858:
7844:on 2013-10-20
7843:
7839:
7835:
7828:
7814:on 2013-10-20
7813:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7790:
7783:
7775:
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7665:
7663:9780471997504
7659:
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7552:
7548:
7544:
7537:
7529:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7496:
7482:on 2020-08-06
7481:
7477:
7473:
7466:
7459:on 2017-06-30
7455:
7448:
7447:
7440:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7385:on 2013-10-20
7384:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7355:
7351:
7344:
7336:
7334:0-201-55021-0
7330:
7326:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7306:MacWorld Expo
7303:
7296:
7294:
7279:on 2013-06-21
7278:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7230:
7228:9780309581257
7224:
7220:
7219:
7211:
7195:
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7184:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:September 10,
7135:
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7107:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7072:
7068:
7061:
7053:
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7004:0-75282-090-7
7000:
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6736:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6698:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6682:Robert Taylor
6677:
6663:
6662:
6654:
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6643:
6639:
6635:
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6605:
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6349:
6347:9781420041163
6343:
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6214:oac.cdlib.org
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6044:
6036:
6030:
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6022:
6015:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5981:
5980:IEEE Spectrum
5976:
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5946:
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5908:
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5659:
5658:The Economist
5655:
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5612:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5586:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5565:Abbate, Janet
5560:
5549:September 10,
5541:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5521:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5490:
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5256:
5252:
5247:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5198:September 10,
5190:
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5172:
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5162:
5158:
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5071:
5064:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5029:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5001:on 2011-08-10
5000:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4974:
4973:
4965:
4954:
4947:
4939:
4937:9781476708690
4933:
4929:
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4608:
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4595:
4588:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4538:on 2003-08-07
4537:
4533:
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4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4483:on 2021-06-17
4482:
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4236:on 2003-08-07
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3858:Davies, D. W.
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3638:. MIT Press.
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3019:
3011:
3001:on 2015-05-30
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2761:Merit/MichNet
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2689:Merit Network
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2509:Protocol Wars
2507:
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2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
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2464:Voice over IP
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
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2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:File transfer
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2427:
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2422:
2420:
2417:
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2412:Microblogging
2410:
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2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2202:Data activism
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
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2177:
2172:
2171:routing paths
2168:
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2158:
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2128:
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2054:
2045:
2043:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1959:logical ports
1955:
1946:
1943:
1939:
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1925:
1923:
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1791:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:Larry Roberts
1732:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
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1685:
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1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:local network
1525:
1521:
1520:Donald Davies
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1479:mainframe at
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:IBM mainframe
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:Merit Network
1435:Merit Network
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Andrew Karney
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:minicomputers
1277:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1191:, to run the
1190:
1186:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1103:Larry Roberts
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:competed with
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
968:
964:
960:
957:and increase
956:
946:
942:
939:
934:
932:
931:network layer
928:
924:
920:
916:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
871:
866:
862:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
843:Will Crowther
840:
835:
832:
828:
827:Larry Roberts
824:
818:
816:
812:
808:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
770:Farouk Kamoun
768:with student
767:
761:
759:
755:
754:Protocol Wars
750:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:X.25 protocol
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:In May 1974,
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
603:Steve Crocker
600:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
577:
576:response time
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
531:
528:to build the
527:
523:
522:Larry Roberts
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
487:Larry Roberts
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:John McCarthy
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
423:, who became
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:decentralized
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
367:Donald Davies
364:
360:
351:
344:
339:
329:
323:
322:Protocol Wars
319:
309:
306:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:
226:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
200:
194:
190:
184:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:Donald Davies
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
79:
75:
71:
61:
60:Donald Davies
57:
48:
39:
30:
19:
11524:Multiplexing
11506:
11399:Transmission
11364:Nikola Tesla
11354:Henry Sutton
11309:Samuel Morse
11239:Robert Hooke
11204:Amos Dolbear
11139:John Bardeen
11058:
11038:Telautograph
10942:Mobile phone
10897:Edholm's law
10880:social media
10813:Broadcasting
10747:
10736:the original
10730:
10686:
10656:
10637:
10620:
10611:
10599:Paul Baran,
10591:
10590:Paul Baran,
10575:
10559:
10544:. ABC-CLIO.
10540:
10520:
10500:
10472:
10451:
10442:Bibliography
10430:
10421:
10412:
10403:
10394:
10385:
10371:(7): 38–46.
10368:
10364:
10354:
10346:the original
10336:
10324:. Retrieved
10320:the original
10315:
10306:
10298:
10293:the original
10283:
10275:the original
10270:
10261:
10249:. Retrieved
10245:
10235:
10223:. Retrieved
10218:
10209:
10200:
10191:
10180:. Retrieved
10171:
10155:
10142:
10126:
10113:
10105:the original
10100:
10090:
10076:
10064:. Retrieved
10060:
10050:
10042:the original
10037:
10027:
10016:. Retrieved
10007:
9980:
9976:
9963:
9951:. Retrieved
9947:the original
9942:
9933:
9921:. Retrieved
9906:
9877:
9868:
9859:
9850:
9838:. Retrieved
9834:the original
9829:
9820:
9809:. Retrieved
9805:the original
9795:
9784:. Retrieved
9780:the original
9767:
9757:
9746:. Retrieved
9742:the original
9737:
9727:
9718:
9708:
9697:
9688:
9663:
9659:
9653:
9641:. Retrieved
9632:
9623:
9612:. Retrieved
9608:the original
9598:
9574:(3): 28–36.
9571:
9567:
9557:
9547:23 September
9545:. Retrieved
9525:
9514:the original
9505:
9498:
9487:. Retrieved
9483:the original
9478:
9468:
9441:
9437:
9427:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9389:. Retrieved
9375:
9356:
9350:
9331:
9326:
9306:
9299:
9287:. Retrieved
9275:
9265:
9253:. Retrieved
9238:
9225:
9215:
9208:
9196:. Retrieved
9181:
9174:
9154:
9147:
9135:. Retrieved
9129:
9119:
9097:(5): 28–45.
9094:
9090:
9081:
9072:
9066:
9058:the original
9053:
9043:
9035:
9029:. Retrieved
9025:the original
9020:
9011:
8999:. Retrieved
8992:the original
8987:
8974:
8950:(3): 28–36.
8947:
8943:
8933:
8921:. Retrieved
8914:the original
8901:
8897:
8884:
8859:
8855:
8845:
8825:
8818:
8801:
8793:the original
8788:
8778:
8761:
8755:
8747:
8741:. Retrieved
8737:
8727:
8716:. Retrieved
8712:the original
8707:
8697:
8686:. Retrieved
8682:the original
8677:
8667:
8656:. Retrieved
8652:the original
8647:
8637:
8626:. Retrieved
8622:the original
8617:
8607:
8596:. Retrieved
8592:the original
8587:
8577:
8566:. Retrieved
8562:the original
8557:
8544:
8499:
8495:
8478:
8467:. Retrieved
8463:the original
8450:
8446:
8436:
8421:
8406:
8395:. Retrieved
8391:the original
8386:
8376:
8368:
8348:
8344:
8331:
8323:
8317:. Retrieved
8306:The Guardian
8305:
8295:
8287:
8267:
8263:
8253:
8241:. Retrieved
8237:the original
8227:
8219:
8197:
8193:
8183:
8174:
8164:
8153:. Retrieved
8149:the original
8144:
8134:
8123:, retrieved
8119:the original
8114:
8104:
8095:
8086:
8075:. Retrieved
8071:the original
8066:
8057:
8049:the original
8043:
8037:
8029:the original
8023:
8006:the original
8000:
7993:
7980:
7968:. Retrieved
7964:
7954:
7943:. Retrieved
7939:the original
7929:
7918:. Retrieved
7914:the original
7909:
7899:
7888:. Retrieved
7884:the original
7871:
7867:
7857:
7846:. Retrieved
7842:the original
7837:
7827:
7816:. Retrieved
7812:the original
7807:
7797:
7782:
7762:
7755:
7735:
7728:
7719:
7713:. Retrieved
7709:
7699:
7679:
7672:
7647:
7639:
7630:
7610:
7603:
7589:
7578:. Retrieved
7574:
7565:
7546:
7536:
7512:(3): 12–15.
7509:
7505:
7495:
7484:. Retrieved
7480:the original
7475:
7465:
7454:the original
7445:
7439:
7430:
7420:
7412:the original
7407:
7398:
7387:. Retrieved
7383:the original
7378:
7368:
7357:. Retrieved
7353:
7348:Titus, Tim.
7343:
7324:
7318:
7310:the original
7305:
7281:. Retrieved
7277:the original
7266:
7258:
7251:. Retrieved
7247:the original
7237:
7217:
7210:
7198:. Retrieved
7194:the original
7183:
7171:. Retrieved
7167:the original
7156:
7148:
7141:. Retrieved
7134:the original
7129:
7105:
7099:. Retrieved
7097:. 2013-07-25
7094:
7085:
7074:. Retrieved
7070:
7060:
7046:cite journal
7038:the original
7023:
7013:
6989:
6979:
6971:
6965:. Retrieved
6953:
6943:
6935:
6920:
6913:
6905:the original
6899:Pildush, G.
6894:
6870:
6849:
6842:
6831:. Retrieved
6827:
6818:
6809:
6793:
6773:
6767:
6757:
6750:
6734:
6713:
6710:the original
6704:
6697:
6689:
6676:
6665:, retrieved
6660:
6653:
6645:
6642:11299/107235
6632:
6625:
6611:cite journal
6602:
6599:the original
6584:
6563:
6559:
6549:
6529:
6500:. Retrieved
6496:the original
6491:
6481:
6472:
6468:
6431:
6424:
6415:
6409:. Retrieved
6405:
6395:
6386:
6369:(2): 18–26.
6366:
6362:
6356:
6332:
6325:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6235:
6228:
6217:. Retrieved
6213:
6204:
6193:. Retrieved
6189:
6180:
6171:
6141:
6128:
6120:
6105:
6098:
6089:
6074:
6067:
6056:. Retrieved
6052:
6043:
6024:
6014:
5989:
5978:
5968:
5956:
5937:
5922:
5907:
5889:
5871:
5860:. Retrieved
5856:
5847:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5790:
5759:
5752:
5743:
5716:
5712:
5699:
5684:
5675:
5669:. Retrieved
5657:
5648:
5638:11 September
5636:. Retrieved
5622:
5614:
5599:
5592:
5584:
5569:
5559:
5547:. Retrieved
5540:the original
5535:
5484:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5437:
5428:
5418:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5329:
5322:
5308:
5283:
5276:
5261:
5246:
5237:
5222:
5203:
5196:. Retrieved
5189:the original
5184:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5118:
5112:
5103:
5100:11299/107101
5090:
5083:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5054:
5035:
5014:
5003:. Retrieved
4999:the original
4994:
4985:
4980:pp. III-40-1
4971:
4964:
4946:
4926:
4919:
4907:
4898:
4892:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4871:the original
4867:stanford.edu
4866:
4845:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4797:
4777:
4757:
4733:
4727:, retrieved
4723:the original
4717:
4711:
4702:
4696:. Retrieved
4687:
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4661:the original
4656:
4646:
4638:
4625:
4616:
4601:
4594:
4585:
4579:. Retrieved
4567:
4546:
4540:. Retrieved
4536:the original
4530:
4523:
4506:
4496:
4485:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4476:
4466:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4336:
4316:
4311:
4291:
4269:
4265:
4244:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:the original
4228:
4221:
4212:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4169:
4162:. Retrieved
4150:
4140:
4131:
4124:. Retrieved
4115:
4106:
4091:
4087:Abbate, Jane
4068:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4026:. Hachette.
4022:
4004:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:
3985:
3977:
3962:
3955:
3938:
3929:
3914:
3907:
3896:. Retrieved
3892:
3883:
3872:, retrieved
3868:the original
3862:
3852:
3832:
3825:
3814:. Retrieved
3798:
3777:
3771:
3764:efficiently.
3762:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:the original
3701:
3689:. Retrieved
3685:the original
3662:, p. 13
3655:
3631:
3624:
3613:. Retrieved
3609:
3600:
3589:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3567:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3525:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3432:
3419:
3411:
3387:(7): 42–48.
3384:
3380:
3353:. Retrieved
3349:
3327:
3310:(5): 63–68.
3307:
3303:
3293:
3283:, retrieved
3261:
3192:
3185:
3161:
3154:
3134:
3127:
3100:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3068:. Retrieved
3047:
3029:
3009:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:the original
2994:
2956:Packet radio
2922:
2891:
2879:
2863:
2844:in 1994; and
2733:CICNet, the
2710:
2694:
2643:
2618:
2594:
2538:
2526:
2429:File sharing
2167:Opte Project
2145:Internet era
2117:(XNS) was a
2113:
2105:
2096:
2079:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2015:
1995:
1983:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1941:
1931:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1875:
1864:leased lines
1857:
1842:
1819:
1778:
1752:
1721:
1706:
1669:
1654:
1646:
1634:
1610:
1576:
1561:
1549:
1536:
1518:
1485:East Lansing
1438:
1418:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1360:
1316:
1308:
1283:peer-to-peer
1266:
1257:Louis Pouzin
1250:
1234:
1221:ring network
1214:
1202:
1182:
1173:
1165:file servers
1150:
1137:
1128:in 1985 for
1120:
1111:virtual call
1107:
1092:
1064:
1060:
1042:
1038:flow control
1028:
1003:
991:mobile phone
972:
952:
943:
935:
911:
880:
867:
863:
851:
836:
819:
815:Katie Hafner
803:
775:
762:
751:
736:
729:
713:Rémi Després
706:
697:
671:
655:Bob Metcalfe
653:
633:Louis Pouzin
626:
622:
615:
593:
556:
545:idea to use
520:
473:
464:
433:time-sharing
419:
406:
397:
378:US Air Force
375:
356:
307:
295:
283:leaky bucket
267:fair queuing
228:
222:
213:transmission
202:
198:
189:the Internet
159:
123:
117:
81:
73:
67:
29:
11724:NPL network
11436:Radio waves
11374:Alfred Vail
11284:Hedy Lamarr
11269:Dawon Kahng
11229:Elisha Gray
11189:Yogen Dalal
11114:Nasir Ahmed
11048:Teleprinter
10912:Heliographs
10625:(IFIP 1968)
10326:3 September
10267:"About NLR"
9943:NSF website
9923:21 December
9840:3 September
9137:21 December
8550:Després, R.
8243:5 September
7970:3 September
7253:5 September
7200:5 September
7173:5 September
6502:28 December
6474:aberration.
5138:, pp.
4164:6 September
3995:Net History
3691:5 September
3084:6 September
3070:6 September
2847:Westnet in
2745:outside of
2267:Vigilantism
2252:Slacktivism
1866:(using the
1794:Bell Canada
1676:ULCC London
1539:NPL network
1339:NPL network
1146:plug-n-play
1144:. It was a
1026:in France.
923:byte stream
921:carrying a
903:Frame Relay
741:(IP). Many
702:Yogen Dalal
343:data packet
193:data stream
148:Bell System
142:of network
115:worldwide.
11857:Categories
11770:Antarctica
11729:Toasternet
11651:Television
11134:Paul Baran
11066:Television
11050:(teletype)
11043:Telegraphy
11021:transistor
10999:Phryctoria
10969:Photophone
10947:Smartphone
10937:Mass media
10182:2023-06-05
10101:ConneXions
10018:2009-06-26
9811:2022-08-30
9786:2013-08-30
9748:2013-08-30
9614:2022-08-30
9489:2013-08-30
9391:2022-06-22
9289:12 January
9198:12 January
9031:2020-02-12
8743:2024-06-05
8718:2013-08-30
8688:2013-08-30
8658:2013-08-30
8628:2013-08-30
8598:2013-08-30
8568:2013-08-30
8469:2013-08-30
8397:2013-08-30
8319:2020-07-31
8155:2013-08-30
8077:2017-08-28
7945:2020-10-22
7920:2013-08-30
7890:2013-08-30
7848:2013-08-30
7818:2013-08-30
7715:2024-06-05
7580:2020-02-05
7486:2020-03-13
7389:2013-08-30
7359:2023-09-23
7283:2013-08-30
7101:2024-07-01
7076:2024-01-21
6967:2020-01-10
6833:2024-01-20
6411:2024-06-21
6388:intention.
6219:2023-04-04
6195:2023-03-13
6058:2023-03-13
5929:, p.
5862:2024-07-01
5691:, p.
5671:2020-04-22
5610:1845426754
5444:, p.
5233:0824729005
5005:2020-02-15
4900:technique.
4894:2020-02-20
4847:hesitation
4729:2020-02-15
4698:2020-02-07
4581:2020-02-20
4542:2024-06-13
4487:2020-02-03
4240:2024-06-13
4000:2024-01-08
3945:, p.
3898:2024-06-05
3816:2020-09-15
3615:2023-07-23
3610:Britannica
3591:2020-01-23
3471:2020-02-15
3355:2008-05-08
3285:2023-11-30
3176:1461732328
3005:2020-02-18
2972:References
2652:consortium
2459:Television
2379:IP address
2290:Governance
2197:Censorship
1974:Telefonica
1765:See also:
1613:French PTT
1589:Xerox PARC
1236:CompuServe
1231:CompuServe
1157:Apple IIGS
1099:Bob Taylor
1040:to users.
987:link layer
959:robustness
858:Bob Taylor
659:Xerox PARC
516:congestion
512:simulation
455:including
359:Paul Baran
326:See also:
277:, such as
259:throughput
140:allocation
120:Paul Baran
56:Paul Baran
11754:Americas
11743:Locations
11714:Internet2
11475:Bandwidth
11179:Vint Cerf
11076:streaming
11054:Telephone
10994:Semaphore
10885:streaming
10695:0958-7403
10061:USA Today
9896:ignored (
9886:cite book
9643:16 August
9590:1475-3308
9460:2470-1475
9444:: 32–48.
9111:206453987
8966:1475-3308
8876:0140-3664
8314:0261-3077
8067:thocp.net
6962:0362-4331
6715:provides.
6667:April 23,
6338:CRC Press
6317:1558-0008
6282:1558-0008
5839:0018-9448
5733:1558-0857
5666:0013-0613
5410:0018-9219
5041:MIT Press
4576:0362-4331
4515:0958-7403
4420:: 87–96.
4342:Routledge
4195:: 87–96.
4159:0958-7403
3564:0018-9219
3401:0163-6804
3324:0001-0782
2881:TransPAC2
2645:Internet2
2640:Internet2
2257:Sociology
2207:Democracy
1854:Datanet 1
1710:(SNA) is
1625:datagrams
1465:Ann Arbor
1394:Cleveland
1353:in 1979.
1122:AppleTalk
1117:AppleTalk
1083:OSI model
977:and most
938:signaling
933:service.
856:director
794:broadband
758:OSI model
674:Vint Cerf
233:, over a
144:bandwidth
11822:Category
11709:Internet
11699:CYCLADES
11616:Ethernet
11566:Concepts
11490:terminal
11441:wireless
11264:Bob Kahn
11107:Pioneers
10932:Internet
10823:Cable TV
10754:Archived
10580:Archived
10491:43377073
10299:HPC Wire
10201:MIT News
10160:Archived
10131:Archived
9999:11943330
9917:Archived
9680:23243636
9637:Archived
9635:. SITA.
9538:Archived
9536:. Disc.
9385:Archived
9246:Archived
9001:16 April
8834:Archived
8552:(1974).
8516:62684407
8365:26876676
8216:25341056
8175:BBC News
8125:13 April
7528:28994436
7095:BBC News
6987:(1999),
6887:23639680
6806:Archived
6527:(2014).
6441:citation
6383:34735326
6003:Archived
5945:Archived
5737:Archived
5567:(2000).
5140:116, 149
4774:17409102
4692:Archived
4434:72835589
4288:25341056
4214:forward.
4209:72835589
4171:numbers.
4126:13 April
4089:(2000).
3950:ARPAnet.
3931:earlier.
3807:Archived
3718:13 April
3437:Archived
3405:Archived
2940:See also
2802:NYSERNet
2634:Internet
2597:Internet
2504:Pioneers
2454:Shopping
2449:Podcasts
2401:Services
2192:Activism
2153:Internet
2065:TRANSPAC
2060:TRANSPAC
2042:Telebrás
1988:(IPSS).
1949:HIPA-NET
1880:Videotex
1874:service
1785:TRANSPAC
1761:X.25 era
1651:SITA HLN
1617:TRANSPAC
1451:and the
1371:Ferranti
1343:CYCLADES
1253:CYCLADES
1247:CYCLADES
1148:system.
1075:Internet
1024:TRANSPAC
975:Internet
887:datagram
823:priority
686:protocol
678:Bob Kahn
665:and the
663:Ethernet
629:CYCLADES
611:analytic
599:Bob Kahn
495:datagram
384:for the
293:scheme.
172:Internet
168:CYCLADES
11842:Commons
11832:Outline
11785:Oceania
11704:FidoNet
11689:ARPANET
11502:circuit
11071:digital
10800:History
10427:"vBNS+"
10251:June 6,
10246:HPCwire
10066:26 June
9568:Serials
9407:Program
9255:15 June
8944:Serials
8284:8172150
6168:2930578
5511:1689917
4391:8172150
4108:design.
3874:21 July
3446:July 7,
2930:Verizon
2830:SURAnet
2781:NEARNET
2751:Big Ten
2747:Chicago
2724:CERFnet
2660:Abilene
2629:ARPANET
2540:Outline
2488:History
2242:Privacy
2222:Freedom
2181:General
2141:(PUP).
2127:routing
2102:VENUS-P
2093:UNINETT
2070:Minitel
1970:Iberpac
1965:Iberpac
1954:Hitachi
1942:Euronet
1928:Euronet
1903:Datex-P
1897:Datex-P
1891:DATAPAC
1886:DATAPAC
1876:Telepad
1844:ConnNet
1839:ConnNet
1825:Telstra
1821:AUSTPAC
1816:AUSTPAC
1781:DATAPAC
1723:Telenet
1718:Telenet
1643:SCANNET
1603:(XNS).
1593:routing
1563:Philips
1546:Octopus
1532:routers
1522:of the
1494:Telenet
1473:Detroit
1415:IPX/SPX
1405:IPSANET
1400:IPSANET
1351:Euronet
1319:Euratom
1185:ARPANET
1179:ARPANET
1169:routers
1163:, some
1020:DATAPAC
852:Former
651:(TCP).
530:ARPANET
483:ARPANET
369:at the
361:at the
312:History
287:10BASE5
251:routers
230:packets
217:traffic
209:channel
205:routing
178:Concept
164:ARPANET
154:at the
97:payload
89:network
83:packets
11780:Europe
11750:Africa
11734:Usenet
11694:BITNET
11631:Mobile
11507:packet
11016:MOSFET
11011:device
10808:Beacon
10749:Phrack
10693:
10689:(90),
10663:
10644:
10548:
10527:
10508:
10489:
10479:
10460:
10225:3 July
9997:
9678:
9588:
9458:
9363:
9338:
9314:
9189:
9162:
9109:
8988:UKNOF7
8964:
8923:18 May
8874:
8514:
8363:
8312:
8282:
8214:
7965:Novell
7770:
7743:
7687:
7660:
7618:
7553:
7526:
7331:
7225:
7030:
7001:
6960:
6928:
6885:
6780:
6591:
6537:
6381:
6344:
6315:
6280:
6243:
6166:
6156:
6113:
6082:
6031:
5837:
5731:
5664:
5607:
5577:
5509:
5499:
5408:
5367:
5337:
5268:
5253:
5230:
5205:Walden
5047:
4934:
4838:
4808:
4772:
4688:Forbes
4667:May 9,
4609:
4574:
4513:
4509:(44).
4432:
4389:
4348:
4286:
4207:
4157:
4099:
4061:
4030:
3970:
3922:
3840:
3642:
3562:
3518:
3399:
3322:
3276:
3200:
3173:
3142:
3040:
2771:MIDnet
2675:NSFNET
2521:Guides
2474:search
2187:Access
2133:, and
2081:Tymnet
2076:Tymnet
2036:REXPAC
1938:Logica
1922:Eircom
1914:Eirpac
1909:Eirpac
1754:Tymnet
1749:Tymnet
1509:NSFNET
1501:TCP/IP
1490:Tymnet
1425:Novell
1331:Logica
1287:layers
1276:PDP-11
1268:DECnet
1263:DECnet
1240:PDP-11
1199:BNRNET
1193:TCP/IP
1189:SATNET
1153:IBM PC
1138:ad hoc
788:(very-
692:
95:and a
93:header
11763:South
11758:North
11719:JANET
11656:Telex
11646:Radio
11485:Nodes
11480:Links
11401:media
10979:Radio
10964:Pager
10892:Drums
10858:video
10853:image
10843:audio
10163:(PDF)
10152:(PDF)
10134:(PDF)
10123:(PDF)
9995:S2CID
9860:Xerox
9676:S2CID
9541:(PDF)
9534:(PDF)
9517:(PDF)
9510:(PDF)
9249:(PDF)
9235:(PDF)
9131:ZDNet
9107:S2CID
8995:(PDF)
8984:(PDF)
8917:(PDF)
8904:(1).
8894:(PDF)
8837:(PDF)
8830:(PDF)
8810:(PDF)
8536:(PDF)
8512:S2CID
8361:S2CID
8341:(PDF)
8280:S2CID
8212:S2CID
7524:S2CID
7457:(PDF)
7450:(PDF)
7137:(PDF)
7126:(PDF)
6883:S2CID
6854:(PDF)
6802:(PDF)
6379:S2CID
6164:S2CID
6138:(PDF)
6006:(PDF)
5999:(PDF)
5899:(PDF)
5881:(PDF)
5800:(PDF)
5740:(PDF)
5709:(PDF)
5632:(PDF)
5543:(PDF)
5532:(PDF)
5507:S2CID
5313:(PDF)
5288:(PDF)
5192:(PDF)
5181:(PDF)
4976:(PDF)
4956:(PDF)
4802:(PDF)
4770:S2CID
4754:(PDF)
4635:(PDF)
4618:that?
4457:(PDF)
4430:S2CID
4387:S2CID
4284:S2CID
4205:S2CID
4153:(5).
3810:(PDF)
3803:(PDF)
3759:(PDF)
3738:(PDF)
3636:(PDF)
3569:work.
3440:(PDF)
3435:: 1.
3429:(PDF)
3408:(PDF)
3377:(PDF)
3034:(PDF)
2918:OC-48
2914:OC-12
2910:OC-3c
2824:Texas
2656:Qwest
2615:CSNET
2595:When
2533:Index
2439:Games
2419:Email
2407:Blogs
2312:ICANN
2262:Usage
2123:Xerox
1997:JANET
1992:JANET
1868:X.121
1810:X.121
1743:CCITT
1733:with
1697:JANET
1305:DDX-1
1299:Linux
1126:Apple
1034:cells
1009:CCITT
107:, or
11775:Asia
11661:UUCP
11621:ISDN
10691:ISSN
10661:ISBN
10642:ISBN
10605:IEEE
10546:ISBN
10525:ISBN
10506:ISBN
10487:OCLC
10477:ISBN
10458:ISBN
10328:2013
10253:2013
10227:2012
10068:2009
10038:CNET
9955:2011
9925:2018
9898:help
9842:2013
9830:KDDI
9645:2012
9586:ISSN
9549:2017
9456:ISSN
9361:ISBN
9336:ISBN
9312:ISBN
9291:2022
9257:2011
9200:2022
9187:ISBN
9160:ISBN
9139:2018
9003:2008
8962:ISSN
8925:2020
8872:ISSN
8310:ISSN
8245:2017
8127:2016
7972:2013
7768:ISBN
7741:ISBN
7721:X25.
7685:ISBN
7658:ISBN
7616:ISBN
7551:ISBN
7329:ISBN
7255:2017
7223:ISBN
7202:2017
7175:2017
7145:2017
7052:link
7028:ISBN
6999:ISBN
6958:ISSN
6926:ISBN
6778:ISBN
6669:2015
6617:link
6589:ISBN
6535:ISBN
6504:2023
6447:link
6342:ISBN
6313:ISSN
6278:ISSN
6241:ISBN
6154:ISBN
6111:ISBN
6080:ISBN
6029:ISBN
5931:78-9
5835:ISSN
5765:IETF
5729:ISSN
5693:78-9
5662:ISSN
5640:2017
5605:ISBN
5575:ISBN
5551:2017
5497:ISBN
5406:ISSN
5365:ISBN
5335:ISBN
5228:ISBN
5200:2017
5045:ISBN
4932:ISBN
4836:ISBN
4806:ISBN
4669:2023
4607:ISBN
4572:ISSN
4511:ISSN
4346:ISBN
4166:2017
4155:ISSN
4128:2016
4097:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4028:ISBN
3968:ISBN
3947:58-9
3920:ISBN
3876:2014
3838:ISBN
3720:2016
3693:2017
3640:ISBN
3560:ISSN
3516:ISBN
3448:2016
3397:ISSN
3320:ISSN
3274:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3171:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3119:2991
3086:2017
3072:2017
3038:ISBN
2928:and
2906:DS-3
2892:The
2864:The
2851:and
2695:The
2685:NCSA
2619:The
2322:ISOC
2317:IETF
2307:IANA
2053:SITA
2029:DNIC
1980:IPSS
1918:X.28
1808:and
1806:X.75
1783:and
1656:SITA
1631:RETD
1492:and
1488:the
1467:and
1419:The
1377:GEIS
1357:EPSS
1347:INWG
1341:and
1313:EIN
1251:The
1215:The
1183:The
1167:and
1081:the
1005:X.25
854:IPTO
786:VLSI
782:CMOS
725:X.75
707:The
676:and
627:The
589:UCLA
459:and
320:and
203:The
78:data
58:and
11666:WAN
11636:NGN
11626:LAN
10907:Fax
10848:DCT
10603:, (
10373:doi
9985:doi
9772:doi
9699:IBM
9668:doi
9576:doi
9446:doi
9415:doi
9280:doi
9241:TUE
9099:doi
8952:doi
8906:doi
8864:doi
8766:doi
8504:doi
8455:doi
8353:doi
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