Communication - Knowledge

1777:. Models of communication aim to give a simplified overview of the main components involved in communication. Theories of communication try to provide conceptual frameworks to accurately present communication in all its complexity. Some theories focus on communication as a practical art of discourse while others explore the roles of signs, experience, information processing, and the goal of building a social order through coordinated interaction. Communication studies is also interested in the functions and effects of communication. It covers issues like how communication satisfies physiological and psychological needs, helps build relationships, and assists in gathering information about the environment, other individuals, and oneself. A further topic concerns the question of how communication systems change over time and how these changes correlate with other societal changes. A related topic focuses on psychological principles underlying those changes and the effects they have on how people exchange ideas. 1416:. This response has to be short relative to the plant's lifespan. Communication is a special form of behavior that involves conveying information from a sender to a receiver. It is distinguished from other types of behavior, like defensive reactions and mere sensing. Like in the field of animal communication, plant communication researchers often require as additional criteria that there is some form of response in the receiver and that the communicative behavior is beneficial to sender and receiver. Biologist Richard Karban distinguishes three steps of plant communication: the emission of a cue by a sender, the perception of the cue by a receiver, and the receiver's response. For plant communication, it is not relevant to what extent the emission of a cue is intentional. However, it should be possible for the receiver to ignore the signal. This criterion can be used to distinguish a response to a signal from a defense mechanism against an unwanted change like intense heat. 413:, who characterize communication as a transmission of information brought about by the interaction of several components, such as a source, a message, an encoder, a channel, a decoder, and a receiver. The transmission view is rejected by transactional and constitutive views, which hold that communication is not just about the transmission of information but also about the creation of meaning. Transactional and constitutive perspectives hold that communication shapes the participant's experience by conceptualizing the world and making sense of their environment and themselves. Researchers studying animal and plant communication focus less on meaning-making. Instead, they often define communicative behavior as having other features, such as playing a beneficial role in survival and reproduction, or having an observable response. 1205:. The biologists Rumsaïs Blatrix and Veronika Mayer define communication as "the exchange of information between individuals, wherein both the signaller and receiver may expect to benefit from the exchange". According to this view, the sender benefits by influencing the receiver's behavior and the receiver benefits by responding to the signal. These benefits should exist on average but not necessarily in every single case. This way, deceptive signaling can also be understood as a form of communication. One problem with the evolutionary approach is that it is often difficult to assess the impact of such behavior on natural selection. Another common pragmatic constraint is to hold that it is necessary to observe a response by the receiver following the signal when judging whether communication has occurred. 508: 485: 1562: 1523:

plants rely on plant-to-animal communication to disperse their seeds and move them to a favorable location. This happens by providing nutritious fruits to animals. The seeds are eaten together with the fruit and are later excreted at a different location. Communication makes animals aware of where the fruits are and whether they are ripe. For many fruits, this happens through their color: they have an inconspicuous green color until they ripen and take on a new color that stands in visual contrast to the environment. Another example of interspecies communication is found in the ant-plant relation. It concerns, for instance, the selection of seeds by

1501: 1401: 104: 548: 1926: 861:, even though it is, strictly speaking, not a language but rather non-verbal communication. It includes many forms, like gestures, postures, walking styles, and dance. Facial expressions, like laughing, smiling, and frowning, all belong to kinesics and are expressive and flexible forms of communication. Oculesics is another subcategory of kinesics in regard to the eyes. It covers questions like how eye contact, gaze, blink rate, and pupil dilation form part of communication. Some kinesic patterns are inborn and involuntary, like blinking, while others are learned and voluntary, like giving a 1106:

cultural context in order to adapt and express the message in a way that is considered acceptable in the given situation. For example, to bid farewell to their teacher, a student may use the expression "Goodbye, sir" but not the expression "I gotta split, man", which they may use when talking to a peer. To be both effective and appropriate means to achieve one's preferred outcomes in a way that follows social standards and expectations. Some definitions of communicative competence put their main emphasis on either effectiveness or appropriateness while others combine both features.

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regulate one's own mental activity and outward behavior as well as internalize cultural norms and ways of thinking. External forms of intrapersonal communication can aid one's memory. This happens, for example, when making a shopping list. Another use is to unravel difficult problems, as when solving a complex mathematical equation line by line. New knowledge can also be internalized this way, like when repeating new vocabulary to oneself. Because of these functions, intrapersonal communication can be understood as "an exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking."

943: 93: 916:, to claim that the majority of ideas and information is conveyed this way. It has also been suggested that human communication is at its core non-verbal and that words can only acquire meaning because of non-verbal communication. The earliest forms of human communication, such as crying and babbling, are non-verbal. Some basic forms of communication happen even before birth between mother and embryo and include information about nutrition and emotions. Non-verbal communication is studied in various fields besides communication studies, like linguistics, 873:

with how they are expressed. This includes elements like articulation, lip control, rhythm, intensity, pitch, fluency, and loudness. For example, saying something loudly and in a high pitch conveys a different meaning on the non-verbal level than whispering the same words. Paralanguage is mainly concerned with spoken language but also includes aspects of written language, like the use of colors and fonts as well as spatial arrangement in paragraphs and tables. Non-linguistic sounds may also convey information;

1223:. There are many parallels to human communication. One is that humans and many animals express sympathy by synchronizing their movements and postures. Nonetheless, there are also significant differences, like the fact that humans also engage in verbal communication, which uses language, while animal communication is restricted to non-verbal (i.e. non-linguistic) communication. Some theorists have tried to distinguish human from animal communication based on the claim that animal communication lacks a 124: 1113:, control, flexibility, sensitivity, and knowledge. It is often discussed in terms of the individual skills employed in the process, i.e. the specific behavioral components that make up communicative competence. Message production skills include reading and writing. They are correlated with the reception skills of listening and reading. There are both verbal and non-verbal communication skills. For example, verbal communication skills involve the proper understanding of a language, including its 1995:, which made it possible to broadcast radio and television signals to stations all over the world. This way, information could be shared almost instantly everywhere around the globe. The development of the internet constitutes a further milestone in the history of communication. It made it easier than ever before for people to exchange ideas, collaborate, and access information from anywhere in the world by using a variety of means, such as websites, e-mail, social media, and video conferences. 13982: 792: 1285:, and dogs. Auditory signals are frequently used to alert and warn. Lower-order living systems often have simple response patterns to auditory messages, reacting either by approach or avoidance. More complex response patterns are observed for higher animals, which may use different signals for different types of predators and responses. For example, some primates use one set of signals for airborne predators and another for land predators. Tactile communication occurs through touch, 113: 995: 133: 84: 971:

person is talking while the other person sends non-verbal messages in response signaling whether they agree with what is being said. Some communication theorists, like Sarah Trenholm and Arthur Jensen, distinguish between content messages and relational messages. Content messages express the speaker's feelings toward the topic of discussion. Relational messages, on the other hand, demonstrate the speaker's feelings toward their relation with the other participants.

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channels can enhance the effectiveness of communication by helping the receiver better understand the subject matter. The choice of channels often matters since the receiver's ability to understand may vary depending on the chosen channel. For instance, a teacher may decide to present some information orally and other information visually, depending on the content and the student's preferred learning style. This underlines the role of a

13740: 1547:. Dogs can learn to react to various commands, like "sit" and "come". They can even be trained to respond to short syntactic combinations, like "bring X" or "put X in a box". They also react to the pitch and frequency of the human voice to detect emotions, dominance, and uncertainty. Dogs use a range of behavioral patterns to convey their emotions to humans, for example, in regard to aggressiveness, fearfulness, and playfulness. 1918:, societies grew and there was an increased need for stable records of ownership of land and commercial transactions. This triggered the invention of writing, which is able to solve many problems that arose from using exclusively oral communication. It is much more efficient at preserving knowledge and passing it on between generations since it does not depend on human memory. Before the invention of writing, certain forms of 2014: 1172: 1796:. According to Aristotle, for example, the goal of communication is to persuade the audience. The field of communication studies only became a separate research discipline in the 20th century, especially starting in the 1940s. The development of new communication technologies, such as telephone, radio, newspapers, television, and the internet, has had a big impact on communication and communication studies. 13752: 1991:

wireless transmission using radio signals. They made it possible to reach wide audiences and radio soon became one of the central forms of mass communication. Various innovations in the field of photography enabled the recording of images on film, which led to the development of cinema and television. The reach of wireless communication was further enhanced with the development of

1945:. Pictograms are still in use today, like no-smoking signs and the symbols of male and female figures on bathroom doors. A significant disadvantage of pictographic writing systems is that they need a large amount of symbols to refer to all the objects one wants to talk about. This problem was solved by the development of other writing systems. For example, the symbols of 532:

into an electrical signal that travels through the wire, which acts as the channel. The person taking the call is the destination and their telephone is the receiver. The Shannon–Weaver model includes an in-depth discussion of how noise can distort the signal and how successful communication can be achieved despite noise. This can happen by making the message partially

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on interpersonal communication includes topics like how people build, maintain, and dissolve relationships through communication. Other questions are why people choose one message rather than another and what effects these messages have on the communicators and their relation. A further topic is how to predict whether two people would like each other.

1906:, the dominant media for each age can be characterized in relation to several factors. They include the amount of information a medium can store, how long it persists, how much time it takes to transmit it, and how costly it is to use the medium. Poe argues that subsequent ages usually involve some form of improvement of one or more of the factors. 1194:. There are additional obstacles in this area for judging whether communication has taken place between two individuals. Acoustic signals are often easy to notice and analyze for scientists, but it is more difficult to judge whether tactile or chemical changes should be understood as communicative signals rather than as other biological processes. 1937:. Pictograms are graphical symbols that convey meaning by visually resembling real-world objects. The use of basic pictographic symbols to represent things like farming produce was common in ancient cultures and began around 9000 BCE. The first complex writing system including pictograms was developed around 3500 BCE by the 504:, and the effect. Lasswell's model was initially only conceived as a model of mass communication, but it has been applied to other fields as well. Some communication theorists, like Richard Braddock, have expanded it by including additional questions, like "Under what circumstances?" and "For what purpose?". 1656:. They concern various aspects of the exchange, like the format of messages and how to respond to transmission errors. They also cover how the two systems are synchronized, for example, how the receiver identifies the start and end of a signal. Based on the flow of informations, systems are categorized as 1742:, is the academic discipline studying communication. It is closely related to semiotics, with one difference being that communication studies focuses more on technical questions of how messages are sent, received, and processed. Semiotics, on the other hand, tackles more abstract questions in relation to 869:

kissing, or slapping. Meanings linked to haptics include care, concern, anger, and violence. For instance, handshaking is often seen as a symbol of equality and fairness, while refusing to shake hands can indicate aggressiveness. Kissing is another form often used to show affection and erotic closeness.

1664:, and full-duplex. For simplex systems, signals flow only in one direction from the sender to the receiver, like in radio, cable television, and screens displaying arrivals and departures at airports. Half-duplex systems allow two-way exchanges but signals can only flow in one direction at a time, like 814:, hold that it depends on the existence of a socially shared coding system that is used to interpret the meaning of non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal communication has many functions. It frequently contains information about emotions, attitudes, personality, interpersonal relations, and private thoughts. 1910:

helped early humans to organize themselves and plan ahead more efficiently. In early societies, spoken language was the primary form of communication. Most knowledge was passed on through it, often in the form of stories or wise sayings. This form does not produce stable knowledge since it depends on

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is relevant to both organizational and political communication since they often involve attempts to exchange messages between communicators from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural background affects how messages are formulated and interpreted and can be the cause of misunderstandings. It is

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Today, communication studies is a wide discipline. Some works in it try to provide a general characterization of communication in the widest sense. Others attempt to give a precise analysis of one specific form of communication. Communication studies includes many subfields. Some focus on wide topics

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The physical characteristics of a channel have an impact on the code and cues that can be used to express information. For example, typical telephone calls are restricted to the use of verbal language and paralanguage but exclude facial expressions. It is often possible to translate messages from one

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Traditionally, most research focused on verbal communication. However, this paradigm began to shift in the 1950s when research interest in non-verbal communication increased and emphasized its influence. For example, many judgments about the nature and behavior of other people are based on non-verbal

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Chronemics concerns the use of time, such as what messages are sent by being on time versus late for a meeting. The physical appearance of the communicator, such as height, weight, hair, skin color, gender, clothing, tattooing, and piercing, also carries information. Appearance is an important factor

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Verbal communication serves various functions. One key function is to exchange information, i.e. an attempt by the speaker to make the audience aware of something, usually of an external event. But language can also be used to express the speaker's feelings and attitudes. A closely related role is to

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Barriers to effective communication can distort the message. They may result in failed communication and cause undesirable effects. This can happen if the message is poorly expressed because it uses terms with which the receiver is not familiar, or because it is not relevant to the receiver's needs,

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Intrapersonal communication can be triggered by internal and external stimuli. It may happen in the form of articulating a phrase before expressing it externally. Other forms are to make plans for the future and to attempt to process emotions to calm oneself down in stressful situations. It can help

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in which the communicators take turns sending and receiving messages. Transaction models further refine this picture by allowing representations of sending and responding at the same time. This modification is needed to describe how the listener can give feedback in a face-to-face conversation while

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that aim to make the recipient aware of the communicator's intention. One question in this regard is whether only successful transmissions of information should be regarded as communication. For example, distortion may interfere with and change the actual message from what was originally intended. A

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resulted in rapid changes. Mass printing quickly increased the circulation of written media and also led to the dissemination of new forms of written documents, like newspapers and pamphlets. One side effect was that the augmented availability of written documents significantly improved the general

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to indicate to other bees where flowers are located. In regard to self-defense, communication is used to warn others and to assess whether a costly fight can be avoided. Another function of communication is to mark and claim territories used for food and mating. For example, some male birds claim a

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while playing in an attempt to direct their own behavior. In this view, interpersonal communication only develops later when the child moves from their early egocentric perspective to a more social perspective. A different explanation holds that interpersonal communication is more basic since it is

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it satisfies. This includes the needs of belonging somewhere, being included, being liked, maintaining relationships, and influencing the behavior of others. On a practical level, interpersonal communication is used to coordinate one's actions with the actions of others to get things done. Research

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Paralanguage, also known as vocalics, encompasses non-verbal elements in speech that convey information. Paralanguage is often used to express the feelings and emotions that the speaker has but does not explicitly stated in the verbal part of the message. It is not concerned with the words used but

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may interfere with and distort the signal. Once the signal reaches the receiver, it is translated back into a message and made available to the destination. For a landline telephone call, the person calling is the source and their telephone is the transmitter. The transmitter translates the message

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Many aspects of human life depend on successful communication, from ensuring basic necessities of survival to building and maintaining relationships. Communicative competence is a key factor regarding whether a person is able to reach their goals in social life, like having a successful career and

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The transmission of information can occur through multiple channels at once. For example, face-to-face communication often combines the auditory channel to convey verbal information with the visual channel to transmit non-verbal information using gestures and facial expressions. Employing multiple

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Various theories of the function of interpersonal communication have been proposed. Some focus on how it helps people make sense of their world and create society. Others hold that its primary purpose is to understand why other people act the way they do and to adjust one's behavior accordingly. A

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Interpersonal communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. For asynchronous communication, the parties take turns in sending and receiving messages. This occurs when exchanging letters or emails. For synchronous communication, both parties send messages at the same time. This happens when one

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The precise characterization of communication is disputed. Many scholars have raised doubts that any single definition can capture the term accurately. These difficulties come from the fact that the term is applied to diverse phenomena in different contexts, often with slightly different meanings.

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and how people exchange information has changed over time. These changes were usually triggered by the development of new communication technologies. Examples are the invention of writing systems, the development of mass printing, the use of radio and television, and the invention of the internet.

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According to some scientific estimates, language developed around 40,000 years ago while others consider it to be much older. Before this development, human communication resembled animal communication and happened through a combination of grunts, cries, gestures, and facial expressions. Language

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and other rewards in return. They use communication to signal their benefits and attract visitors by using distinctive colors and symmetrical shapes to stand out from their surroundings. This form of advertisement is necessary since flowers compete with each other for visitors. Many fruit-bearing

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that manifests in degrees. In this view, an exchange varies in how interpersonal it is based on several factors. It depends on how many people are present, and whether it happens face-to-face rather than through telephone or email. A further factor concerns the relation between the communicators:

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and may exclude writing and sign language. However, in academic discourse, the term is usually used in a wider sense, encompassing any form of linguistic communication, whether through speech, writing, or gestures. Some of the challenges in distinguishing verbal from non-verbal communication come

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Most communication happens between members within a species as intraspecies communication. This is because the purpose of communication is usually some form of cooperation. Cooperation happens mostly within a species while different species are often in conflict with each other by competing over

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used to perceive the message, i.e. hearing, seeing, smelling, touching, and tasting. But in the widest sense, channels encompass any form of transmission, including technological means like books, cables, radio waves, telephones, or television. Naturally transmitted messages usually fade rapidly

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Proxemics studies how personal space is used in communication. The distance between the speakers reflects their degree of familiarity and intimacy with each other as well as their social status. Haptics examines how information is conveyed using touching behavior, like handshakes, holding hands,

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sets human language apart from all non-human communicative systems. Another difference is that human communication is frequently linked to the conscious intention to send information, which is often not discernable for animal communication. Despite these differences, some theorists use the term

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Appropriateness means that the communicative behavior meets social standards and expectations. Communication theorist Brian H. Spitzberg defines it as "the perceived legitimacy or acceptability of behavior or enactments in a given context". This means that the speaker is aware of the social and

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of communication in this way usually makes communication more effective if the messages of each modality are consistent. However, in some cases different modalities can contain conflicting messages. For example, a person may verbally agree with a statement but press their lips together, thereby

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to make a new concept feel familiar and speed up understanding by mimicking the real-world equivalent of the interface object. Examples include the typical computer folder icon and recycle bin used for discarding files. One aim when designing user interfaces is to simplify the interaction with

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and telephones, which made it even easier and faster to transmit information from one location to another without the need to transport written documents. These communication forms were initially limited to cable connections, which had to be established first. Later developments found ways of

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and appropriateness. Effectiveness is the degree to which the speaker achieves their desired outcomes or the degree to which preferred alternatives are realized. This means that whether a communicative behavior is effective does not just depend on the actual outcome but also on the speaker's

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In the academic literature, the history of communication is usually divided into ages based on the dominant form of communication in that age. The number of ages and the precise periodization are disputed. They usually include ages for speaking, writing, and print as well as electronic mass

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since competence can be present even if it is not exercised, while performance consists in the realization of this competence. However, some theorists reject a stark contrast and hold that performance is the observable part and is used to infer competence in relation to future performances.

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Some animal species also engage in interspecies communication, like apes, whales, dolphins, elephants, and dogs. For example, different species of monkeys use common signals to cooperate when threatened by a common predator. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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is conveyed from a sender to a receiver using some medium, such as sound, written signs, bodily movements, or electricity. Sender and receiver are often distinct individuals but it is also possible for an individual to communicate with themselves. In some cases, sender and receiver are not

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Communication history studies how communicative processes evolved and interacted with society, culture, and technology. Human communication has a long history and the way people communicate has changed considerably over time. Many of these changes were triggered by the development of new

1316:, and fireflies send visual messages by flashing light. For some species, the offspring depends on the parent for its survival. One central function of parent-offspring communication is to recognize each other. In some cases, the parents are also able to guide the offspring's behavior. 443:

Models of communication are often categorized based on their intended applications and how they conceptualize communication. Some models are general in the sense that they are intended for all forms of communication. Specialized models aim to describe specific forms, such as models of

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as a transmitter to send information to a server through the public telephone network as the transmission system. The server may use a modem as its receiver. To transmit the data, it has to be converted into an electric signal. Communication channels used for transmission are either

1389:. These walls restrict movement and usually prevent plants from sending and receiving signals that depend on rapid movement. However, there are some similarities since plants face many of the same challenges as animals. For example, they need to find resources, avoid predators and 1621:, which is a computer network within a limited area, usually with a distance of less than one kilometer. This is the case when connecting two computers within a home or an office building. LANs can be set up using a wired connection, like Ethernet, or a wireless connection, like 1330:, wolves, and dogs, engage in various forms of communication to express their feelings and build relations. Communication can aid navigation by helping animals move through their environment in a purposeful way, e.g. to locate food, avoid enemies, and follow other animals. In 749:, are purposefully designed from the ground up. Most everyday verbal communication happens using natural languages. Central forms of verbal communication are speech and writing together with their counterparts of listening and reading. Spoken languages use sounds to produce 1957:

writing systems. A drawback of many early forms of writing, like the clay tablets used for cuneiform, was that they were not very portable. This made it difficult to transport the texts from one location to another to share information. This changed with the invention of

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Communicative competence is the ability to communicate effectively or to choose the appropriate communicative behavior in a given situation. It concerns what to say, when to say it, and how to say it. It further includes the ability to receive and understand messages.

496:, for example, is based on five fundamental questions: "Who?", "Says what?", "In which channel?", "To whom?", and "With what effect?". The goal of these questions is to identify the basic components involved in the communicative process: the sender, the message, the 1098:

intention, i.e. whether this outcome was what they intended to achieve. Because of this, some theorists additionally require that the speaker be able to give an explanation of why they engaged in one behavior rather than another. Effectiveness is closely related to

1141:, and lack of attention to feedback may also be responsible. Noise is another negative factor. It concerns influences that interfere with the message on its way to the receiver and distort it. Crackling sounds during a telephone call are one form of noise. 1973:

Until the 1400s, almost all written communication was hand-written, which limited the spread of written media within society since copying texts by hand was costly. The introduction and popularization of mass printing in the middle of the 15th century by

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representations of the process of communication. Their goal is to provide a simplified overview of its main components. This makes it easier for researchers to formulate hypotheses, apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases, and test

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loop. Feedback is needed to describe many forms of communication, such as a conversation, where the listener may respond to a speaker by expressing their opinion or by asking for clarification. Interaction models represent the process as a form of

962:. It can be planned or unplanned and occurs in many forms, like when greeting someone, during salary negotiations, or when making a phone call. Some communication theorists, like Virginia M. McDermott, understand interpersonal communication as a 241:. Researchers in this field often refine their definition of communicative behavior by including the criteria that observable responses are present and that the participants benefit from the exchange. Animal communication is used in areas like 829:. It often happens simultaneously with verbal communication and helps optimize the exchange through emphasis and illustration or by adding additional information. Non-verbal cues can clarify the intent behind a verbal message. Using multiple 575:

or auditory signs. The message is sent to a destination, who has to decode and interpret it to understand it. In response, they formulate their own idea, encode it into a message, and send it back as a form of feedback. Another innovation of

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establish and maintain social relations with other people. Verbal communication is also utilized to coordinate one's behavior with others and influence them. In some cases, language is not employed for an external purpose but only for

1017:, taking notes, highlighting a passage, and writing a diary or a shopping list. But many forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally in the form of an inner exchange with oneself, like when thinking about something or 607:. A central distinction is whether language is used, as in the contrast between verbal and non-verbal communication. A further distinction concerns whether one communicates with others or with oneself, as in the contrast between 371:

interactions among human beings. Some approaches focus on the use of symbols and signs while others stress the role of understanding, interaction, power, or transmission of ideas. Various characterizations see the communicator's

1289:, stroking, rubbing, and pressure. It is especially relevant for parent-young relations, courtship, social greetings, and defense. Olfactory and gustatory communication happen chemically through smells and tastes, respectively. 900:. They can express what a person or an object looks like and can also convey other ideas and emotions. In some cases, this type of non-verbal communication is used in combination with verbal communication, for example, when 367:. Under a broad definition, many animals communicate within their own species and flowers communicate by signaling the location of nectar to bees through their colors and shapes. Other definitions restrict communication to 1672:. In the case of full-duplex systems, signals can flow in both directions at the same time, like regular telephone and internet. In either case, it is often important for successful communication that the connection is 436:. Due to their simplified presentation, they may lack the conceptual complexity needed for a comprehensive understanding of all the essential aspects of communication. They are usually presented visually in the form of 1393:, find mates, and ensure that their offspring survive. Many of the evolutionary responses to these challenges are analogous to those in animals but are implemented using different means. One crucial difference is that 8442:

Backlund, Philip M.; Morreale, Sherwyn P. (16 October 2015). "Communication competence: Historical synopsis, definitions, applications, and looking to the future". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

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for first impressions but is more limited as a mode of communication since it is less changeable. Some forms of non-verbal communication happen using such artifacts as drums, smoke, batons, traffic lights, and flags.

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A common way to classify communication is by whether information is exchanged between humans, members of other species, or non-living entities such as computers. For human communication, a central contrast is between

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and rules used for communication. Such systems are based on a set of simple units of meaning that can be combined to express more complex ideas. The rules for combining the units into compound expressions are called

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closely related approach is to focus on information and see interpersonal communication as an attempt to reduce uncertainty about others and external events. Other explanations understand it in terms of the

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to send a message as a central component. In this view, the transmission of information is not sufficient for communication if it happens unintentionally. A version of this view is given by philosopher

1812:, or small businesses. Central in this regard is the coordination of the behavior of the different members as well as the interaction with customers and the general public. Closely related terms are 912:

cues. It is further present in almost every communicative act to some extent and certain parts of it are universally understood. These considerations have prompted some communication theorists, like

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had already developed. Proto-writing encompasses long-lasting visible marks used to store information, like decorations on pottery items, knots in a cord to track goods, or seals to mark property.

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is the way this is accomplished. It is not concerned with the meaning of the message but only with the technical means of how the meaning is conveyed. Channels are often understood in terms of the

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Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality: 15th International Conference, VAMR 2023, Held as Part of the 25th HCI International Conference, HCII 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 23–28, 2023, Proceedings

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attack. Most communication takes place between members of the same species. The reason is that its purpose is usually some form of cooperation, which is not as common between different species.

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There are large differences between species concerning what functions communication plays, how much it is realized, and the behavior used to communicate. Common functions include the fields of

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and is thus not able to refer to external phenomena. However, various observations seem to contradict this view, such as the warning signals in response to different types of predators used by

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communication technologies and had various effects on how people exchanged ideas. New communication technologies usually require new skills that people need to learn to use them effectively.

1447:, and connect the roots of different plants. The plants use the network to send messages to each other, specifically to warn other plants of a pest attack and to help prepare their defenses. 12849:

Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013a). "1. The History of Communication History". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

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One influential way to classify communication is to distinguish between linear transmission, interaction, and transaction models. Linear transmission models focus on how a sender transmits

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is that previous experience is necessary to be able to encode and decode messages. For communication to be successful, the fields of experience of source and destination have to overlap.

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the world around them and themselves. This affects how perceptions of external events are interpreted, how things are categorized, and how ideas are organized and related to each other.

1021:. Closely related to intrapersonal communication is communication that takes place within an organism below the personal level, such as exchange of information between organs or cells. 11296: 1719:, which are usually much easier to use for non-experts. They involve graphical elements through which the user can interact with the computer, commonly using a design concept known as 1037:

first used by parents to regulate what their child does. Once the child has learned this, they can apply the same technique to themselves to get more control over their own behavior.

615:. Forms of human communication are also categorized by their channel or the medium used to transmit messages. The field studying human communication is known as anthroposemiotics. 12630:

Schenk, H. Jochen; Seabloom, Eric W. (5 August 2010). "Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Signals and Toxins: A Conceptual Framework". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

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Arimura, G.; Pearse, I. S. (17 March 2017). "From the Lab Bench to the Forest: Ecology and Defence Mechanisms of Volatile-Mediated 'Talking Trees'". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

1454:

into the external environment. For instance, they are used to promote sexual interaction in several aquatic fungal species. One form of communication between bacteria is called

245:

and mating, parent–offspring relations, navigation, and self-defense. Communication through chemicals is particularly important for the relatively immobile plants. For example,

12212: 8674:

Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (2010). "1. What Is Communication Science?". In Berger, Charles R.; Roloff, Michael E.; Ewoldsen, David R. (eds.).

9994: 1358:. Their conflict concerns to what extent animal communication is programmed into the genes as a form of adaptation rather than learned from previous experience as a form of 1800:

like interpersonal communication, intrapersonal communication, verbal communication, and non-verbal communication. Others investigate communication within a specific area.

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For computer communication to be successful, the involved devices have to follow a common set of conventions governing their exchange. These conventions are known as the

1637:. Their networks are more complex and may use several intermediate connection nodes to transfer information between endpoints. Further types of computer networks include 587:

in 1970. He understands communication as "the production of meaning, rather than the production of messages". Its goal is to decrease uncertainty and arrive at a shared

10144: 10111: 10763: 12374:

Visualization in Human-Computer Interaction: 7th Interdisciplinary Workshop on Informatics and Psychology, Schärding, Austria, May 24–27, 1988. Selected Contributions

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Sapienza, Zachary S.; Iyer, Narayanan; Veenstra, Aaron S. (3 September 2015). "Reading Lasswell's Model of Communication Backward: Three Scholarly Misconceptions".

15183: 11636: 1273:, and gustatory communication. Visual communication happens in the form of movements, gestures, facial expressions, and colors. Examples are movements seen during 1102:, the difference being that effectiveness is about achieving goals while efficiency is about using few resources (such as time, effort, and money) in the process. 9676: 666:

One hallmark of human language, in contrast to animal communication, lies in its complexity and expressive power. Human language can be used to refer not just to

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Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (2013). "Introduction". In Simonson, Peter; Peck, Janice; Craig, Robert T.; Jackson, John (eds.).

1914:. Because of this, many details differ from one telling to the next and are presented differently by distinct storytellers. As people started to settle and form 1569:

Computer communication concerns the exchange of data between computers and similar devices. For this to be possible, the devices have to be connected through a

1133:. The lack of communicative competence can cause problems both on the individual and the societal level, including professional, academic, and health problems. 1676:

to ensure that the transmitted data reaches only the intended destination and is not intercepted by an unauthorized third party. This can be achieved by using

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For this reason, researchers often use slightly altered definitions of communication to facilitate their work. A common assumption in this regard comes from

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writing systems do not stand for regular objects. Instead, they relate to the sounds used in spoken language. Other types of early writing systems include

765:, are another form of verbal communication. They rely on visual means, mostly by using gestures with hands and arms, to form sentences and convey meaning. 8602: 14363: 13168: 3675: 1186:

Besides human communication, there are many other forms of communication found in the animal kingdom and among plants. They are studied in fields like

1986:

Scientific discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries caused many further developments in the history of communication. They include the invention of

591:. This happens in response to external and internal cues. Decoding is the process of ascribing meaning to them and encoding consists in producing new 14692: 10615: 8363:"Multiple Genes Coding for Precursors of Rhodotorucine A, a Farnesyl Peptide Mating Pheromone of the Basidiomycetous Yeast Rhodosporidium Toruloides" 7611: 11952:

Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (1999). "1. Overview: on the relationship between language and conceptualization". In Nuyts, Jan; Pederson, Eric (eds.).

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Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013) . "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).

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Spitzberg, Brian H. (16 October 2015). "The composition of competence: Communication skills". In Hannawa, Annegret F.; Spitzberg, Brian H. (eds.).

1439:

to warn neighboring plants, which then react accordingly by adjusting their defenses. Another form of plant-to-plant communication happens through

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code into another to make them available to a different channel. An example is writing down a spoken message or expressing it using sign language.

967:

group communication and mass communication are less typical forms of interpersonal communication and some theorists treat them as distinct types.

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Baldwin, Ian T.; Schultz, Jack C. (1983). "Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication Between Plants".

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O'Day, Danton (2 December 2012). "1. Modes of cellular communication and sexual interactions in eukaryotic microbes". In O'Day, Danton (ed.).

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and health promotion efforts. One of its topics is how healthcare providers, like doctors and nurses, should communicate with their patients.

1565:

Example of computer communication: modems act as transmitter and receiver while the public telephone network is used as a transmission system.

1514:

Interspecies communication plays a key role for plants that depend on external agents for reproduction. For example, flowers need insects for

1032:, some theorists have suggested that intrapersonal communication is more basic than interpersonal communication. Young children sometimes use 12122: 11280: 7596: 8878:

Blatrix, Rumsaïs; Mayer, Veronika (5 August 2010). "Communication in Ant-Plant Symbioses". In Baluška, František; Ninkovic, Velemir (eds.).

1983:

of the population. This development served as the foundation for revolutions in various fields, including science, politics, and religion.

523:

is another influential linear transmission model. It is based on the idea that a source creates a message, which is then translated into a

12141:

What is the Matter with Communicative Competence?: An Analysis to Encourage Teachers of English to Assess the Very Basis of Their Teaching

1381:. This field poses additional difficulties for researchers since plants are different from humans and other animals in that they lack a 10237:

Gilbert, L.; Johnson, D. (17 March 2017). "Plant-Plant Communication Through Common Mycorrhizal Networks". In Becard, Guillaume (ed.).

2061: 1243:, especially its almost limitless ability to combine basic units of meaning into more complex meaning structures. One view states that 12485: 11583: 10614:

Hillstrom, Northern Lights; Magee, ECDI (17 October 2006). "Intercultural communication". In Darnay, Arsen; Magee, Monique D. (eds.).

2644: 1423:

and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the

1219:

Animal communication is the process of giving and taking information among animals. The field studying animal communication is called

15210: 12186: 10218:

Giessen, Hans W. (2015). "Media-Based Learning Methodology: Stories, Games, and Emotions". In Ally, Mohamed; Khan, Badrul H. (eds.).

9486:"The Role of Gesture in Communication and Cognition: Implications for Understanding and Treating Neurogenic Communication Disorders" 15078: 11342:

McDermott, Virginia M. (18 August 2009). "Interpersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

123: 9978: 5684: 1300:. One part of courtship and mating consists in identifying and attracting potential mates. This can happen through various means. 559:. He states that communication starts when a source has an idea and expresses it in the form of a message. This process is called 14356: 11806: 12797:

The IABC Handbook of Organizational Communication: A Guide to Internal Communication, Public Relations, Marketing and Leadership

11850:

Nicotera, Anne Maydan (18 August 2009). "Constitutive View of Communication". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

10534: 857:, and physical appearance. Kinesics studies the role of bodily behavior in conveying information. It is commonly referred to as 1377:

refers to plant processes involving the sending and receiving of information. The field studying plant communication is called

1153:. Significant cultural differences constitute an additional obstacle and make it more likely that messages are misinterpreted. 459:

because this flow of information only goes in a single direction. This view is rejected by interaction models, which include a

11081:

Lantolf, James P. (18 August 2009). "Intrapersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

1832:

but it also encompasses other communication activities aimed at advancing the organization's objective to its audiences, like

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The Acquisition of Spanish: Morphosyntactic Development in Monolingual and Bilingual L1 Acquisition and Adult L2 Acquisition

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is much more prominent in the plant kingdom in contrast to the importance of visual and auditory communication for animals.

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Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself. In some cases this manifests externally, like when engaged in a

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computers. This helps make them more user-friendly and accessible to a wider audience while also increasing productivity.

178:

are simplified overviews of its main components and their interactions. Many models include the idea that a source uses a

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The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference (EVOLANG7), Barcelona, Spain, 12–15 March 2008

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Waters, Christopher M.; Bassler, Bonnie L. (1 November 2005). "Quorum Sensing: Cell-to-Cell Communication in Bacteria".

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Li, Hong Ling (September 2007). "From Shannon-Weaver to Boisot: A Review on the Research of Knowledge Transfer Model".

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Giri, Vijai N. (18 August 2009). "Nonverbal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

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Bowman, J. P.; Targowski, A. S. (1 October 1987). "Modeling the Communication Process: The Map Is Not the Territory".

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Guzman, Andrea L. (2018). "Introduction: 'What Is HumanMachine Communication, Anyway?'". In Guzman, Andrea L. (ed.).

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is usually not defined in terms of physical movement, as is the case for animals, but as a biochemical response to a

481:. Transaction models also hold that meaning is produced during communication and does not exist independently of it. 186:

to a receiver who has to decode it to understand it. The main field of inquiry investigating communication is called

1746:

and how signs acquire it. Communication studies covers a wide area overlapping with many other disciplines, such as

1054:

whereas some messages using artificial channels have a much longer lifespan, as in the case of books or sculptures.

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relationships. For instance, many flowers use symmetrical shapes and distinctive colors to signal to insects where

8797: 2440: 14637: 14590: 13844: 10734: 2101: 533: 13339: 9870:

Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (23 February 2006). "Preface". In Demuth, Donald R.; Lamont, Richard (eds.).

8838: 5584: 4619: 2878: 2833: 2794: 2705: 2259: 14330: 13770: 13756: 8578: 1680:, which changes the format of the transmitted information to make it unintelligible to potential interceptors. 802:

Non-verbal communication is the exchange of information through non-linguistic modes, like facial expressions,

352:

The issue of the right definition affects the research process on many levels. This includes issues like which

63: 17: 12087:"Marshall T. Poe, A History of Communications: Media and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the Internet" 10368:

High Performance Browser Networking: What Every Web Developer Should Know about Networking and Web Performance

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Akada, Rinji; Minomi, Kenjiro; Kai, Jingo; Yamashita, Ichiro; Miyakawa, Tokichi; Fukui, Sakuzo (August 1989).

15041: 14655: 14625: 14423: 14375: 14046: 1149:

between possible interpretations to discern the sender's intention. These interpretations depend also on the

551:

Schramm's model of communication, which focuses on the processes of encoding and decoding as well as feedback

501: 230:

is the ability to communicate well and applies to the skills of formulating messages and understanding them.

42: 11931:"Families, Companion Nonhuman Animals, and the CSZ Disaster: Implications for Crisis and Risk Communication" 9578:

Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (30 January 2013). "Introduction". In Cobley, Paul; Schulz, Peter J. (eds.).

1252:" to refer to certain communicative patterns in animal behavior that have similarities with human language. 810:. However, not every form of non-verbal behavior constitutes non-verbal communication. Some theorists, like 15492: 14629: 14605: 14076: 14026: 13966: 10997:"The Pervasive Role of Information in Health and Health Care: Implications for Health Communication Policy" 1801: 1150: 733:, developed naturally and for the most part unplanned in the course of history. Artificial languages, like 70: 488:

Lasswell's model of communication, which is based on five questions corresponding to five basic components

15380: 15205: 14783: 14756: 14564: 14056: 14041: 13874: 13869: 13864: 11655:

Literacy Theories for the Digital Age: Social, Critical, Multimodal, Spatial, Material and Sensory Lenses

2106: 2091: 1859: 1661: 989: 937: 612: 608: 537: 223: 219: 13981: 13431:"1. Self-Talk and Inner Speech: Understanding The Uniquely Human Aspects of Intrapersonal Communication" 1489:

resources. However, there are also some forms of interspecies communication. This occurs especially for

1450:

Communication can also be observed for fungi and bacteria. Some fungal species communicate by releasing

14945: 14746: 14609: 13829: 13565:

Weaver, Warren (1 September 1998). "Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication".

2056: 1821: 1684: 1483: 1187: 1162: 675: 258: 9538: 2190: 340:

individuals but groups like organizations, social classes, or nations. In a different sense, the term

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in which the user must type a command to interact with the computer. Most modern user interfaces are

1703:, as well as the software used in the process. On the software side, most early user interfaces were 1646: 1428: 1286: 1232: 250: 38: 9579: 9537:

Cobley, Paul (5 June 2008). "Communication: Definitions and Concepts". In Donsbach, Wolfgang (ed.).

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is needed to send messages and a receiver is needed to receive them. A personal computer may use a

1419:

Plant communication happens in various forms. It includes communication within plants, i.e. within

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For communication to be successful, the message has to travel from the sender to the receiver. The

786: 762: 695: 520: 492:

All the early models, developed in the middle of the 20th century, are linear transmission models.

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Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans; Vorwerg, Constanze (2008). Rickheit, Gert; Strohner, Hans (eds.).

12086: 7867: 7738: 1366:, i.e. as a form of learning that only occurs in a certain phase and is then mostly irreversible. 15397: 15273: 14701: 14613: 14404: 14399: 14389: 14096: 14081: 13919: 13909: 2096: 2086: 2071: 1837: 1825: 1817: 1770: 1363: 511:

Shannon–Weaver model of communication, which focuses on how a message is first translated into a

422: 360:

and laws are formulated as well as how systematic theories based on these steps are articulated.

175: 14800: 14172: 11935:

Natural Disasters and Risk Communication: Implications of the Cascadia Subduction Zone Megaquake

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Communicative Competence Approaches to Language Proficiency Assessment: Research and Application

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Toward a Political Economy of Culture: Capitalism and Communication in the Twenty-First Century

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so that decoding is possible nonetheless. Other influential linear transmission models include

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du Plessis, Neeltje; Lowe, Nicky; Smith, Ailsa Stewart; Sykes, Pam; Wright, Bianca (2007).

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Illustrated Course Guides : Verbal Communication - Soft Skills for a Digital Workplace

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finding a suitable spouse. Because of this, it can have a large impact on the individual's

955: 846: 830: 718: 572: 234: 195: 146: 112: 9656: 2320: 1867:, which is about the use of communication for assisting in development, like aid given by 998: 954:

Interpersonal communication is communication between distinct people. Its typical form is

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Developmental Perspectives on Metaphor: A Special Issue of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity

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2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing

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and transmit meaning while for writing, the signs are physically inscribed on a surface.

682:. However, this process is less intuitive and often does not result in the same level of 604: 493: 382: 238: 142: 13626:"Understanding Versus Discriminating Nonliteral Utterances: Evidence for a Dissociation" 11279:

McClelland, Charles A. (2008). "Communication, Political". In Darity, William A. (ed.).

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and mating, parent-offspring relations, social relations, navigation, self-defense, and

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Cryptography, Information Theory, and Error-Correction: A Handbook for the 21st Century

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Animal communication can take a variety of forms, including visual, auditory, tactile,

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by the Egyptians around 2500 BCE and was further improved later by the development of

1683:

Human-computer communication is a closely related field that concerns topics like how

1510:. Many flowers use vivid colors to signal to insects that they offer food like nectar. 1386: 484: 299: 182:

system to express information in the form of a message. The message is sent through a

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Tengan, Callistus; Aigbavboa, Clinton; Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku (27 April 2021).

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Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice for Empowerment

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Neurobiology of Human Language and Its Evolution: Primate and Nonprimate Perspectives

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and how data in the form of inputs and outputs is exchanged. This happens through a

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Many additional components of communicative competence have been suggested, such as

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Theories of Information, Communication and Knowledge: A Multidisciplinary Approach

1281:. Auditory communication takes place through vocalizations by species like birds, 1201:

and holds that communication should somehow benefit the communicators in terms of

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or failed transmissions are included and whether communication not only transmits

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in the here-and-now but also to spatially and temporally distant objects and to

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Non-verbal communication often happens unintentionally and unconsciously, like

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The technological advances also led to new forms of communication, such as the

274: 166:. Its precise definition is disputed and there are disagreements about whether 132: 13401:"Transparency versus Processing Efficiency: A Case Study on German Declension" 13206:

Practicing Communication Ethics: Development, Discernment, and Decision Making

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Lawson, Celeste; Gill, Robert; Feekery, Angela; Witsel, Mieke (12 June 2019).

10220:

International Handbook of E-Learning Volume 2: Implementation and Case Studies

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are another often-discussed case in this respect since they perform a type of

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is located. Humans engage in interspecies communication when interacting with

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Many contributions in the field of communication studies focus on developing

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and the pruning of exogenous vegetation as well as plant protection by ants.

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The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, 4 Volume Set

2526: 405:

to another mind. Another interpretation is given by communication theorists

335:. Communication is usually understood as the transmission of information: a 15268: 15253: 15220: 14865: 14272: 14212: 14202: 14147: 13849: 13834: 13510: 11765: 9529: 9403:

Organizational Behavior: Integrating Individuals, Groups, and Organizations

9072: 9029: 8528: 2019: 1903: 1805: 1720: 1677: 1669: 1343: 1301: 1239:. A further approach is to draw the distinction based on the complexity of 1236: 1220: 1191: 1166: 1146: 1029: 947: 921: 850: 826: 474: 14670: 11632: 10946:. In Scharff, Constance; Friederici, Angela D.; Petrides, Michael (eds.). 9862: 9589: 9207:

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Bruen, Aiden A.; Forcinito, Mario A.; McQuillan, James M. (21 July 2021).

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Significance: Exploring the Nature of Information, Systems and Technology

1954: 1950: 1868: 1829: 1691:, which includes the hardware used to interact with the computer, like a 1574: 1515: 1443:. These fungi form underground networks, colloquially referred to as the 1424: 1420: 1323: 1118: 1018: 791: 630: 624: 568: 452: 163: 13762: 13119: 13095: 12718:

Biocommunication: Sign-mediated Interactions Between Cells And Organisms

10424:

Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought

9873:

Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication: Role in Virulence and Pathogenesis

5028: 3949: 1911: 1137:

or because it contains too little or too much information. Distraction,

950:

conversing in the White House, an example of interpersonal communication

825:, but there are also conscious intentional forms, like shaking hands or 15365: 15335: 15113: 14920: 14460: 13929: 13884: 13879: 13305:

UMN staff (29 September 2016). "1.1 Communication: History and Forms".

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International and Development Communication: A 21st-Century Perspective

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The earliest interaction model was developed by communication theorist

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or personal enjoyment. Verbal communication further helps individuals

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Communication for Business and the Professions: Strategies and Skills

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to influence voters and legislative communication, like letters to a

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The first transactional model was proposed by communication theorist

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Sales contract inscribed on a clay tablet using pre-cuneiform script

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communication and the internet. According to communication theorist

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Multicast Communication: Protocols, Programming, & Applications

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Communication and Popularization of Science and Technology in China

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Some definitions are broad and encompass unconscious and non-human

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can also inhibit effective communication and make it necessary to

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means. Language is usually understood as a conventional system of

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Integrated Distributed Intelligent Systems for Engineering Design

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First and Second Language Acquisition: Parallels and Differences

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McArthur, Thomas Burns; McArthur, Tom; McArthur, Roshan (2005).

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Data and Computer Communications: Networking and Internetworking

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Communicating Meaning: The Evolution and Development of Language

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concerns communication between members of organizations such as

1354:

Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are

218:, touch, and facial expressions. Another distinction is between 15428: 15173: 15128: 15093: 14970: 14885: 14847: 14508: 14498: 13949: 13944: 13751: 9800:

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, Media, and Communications

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accordingly. Other possible responses include the induction of

1362:. To the degree that it is learned, it usually happens through 1050: 874: 837:

There are many forms of non-verbal communication. They include

738: 699: 678:. They are also able to learn other languages later in life as 647: 524: 512: 266: 13435:

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or committee documents. Specific emphasis is often given to

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employ labels to include additional linguistic information.

202:. Verbal communication involves the exchange of messages in 11714:

Professional Communication: Consultancy, Advocacy, Activism

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Fresh Perspectives: Professional Communication for Business

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refers to the message that is being communicated or to the

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Public Health Leadership: Putting Principles Into Practice

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Handbook of Communication Models, Perspectives, Strategies

11435:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

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Sign Language: The Study of Deaf People and Their Language

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National Image: China's Communication of Cultural Symbols

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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

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Green, Corrie; Jiang, Yang; Isaacs, John (8 July 2023).

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Gamble, Teri Kwal; Gamble, Michael W. (2 January 2019).

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Non-verbal communication can also happen through visual

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conveys information about infant health and well-being.

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that is able to express the idea, for instance, through

210:. Non-verbal communication happens without the use of a 13069:

Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology

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Emergence of Communication in Socio-Biological Networks

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Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life

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Two central components of communicative competence are

1009:. Daydreaming is a form of intrapersonal communication. 206:

form, including spoken and written messages as well as

10889:

Knowledge Communication: Contours of a Research Agenda

10810:

Theological Hermeneutics: Development and Significance

9206: 9039:"Regulation of maternal–fetal metabolic communication" 4366: 686:. The academic discipline studying language is called 386:

closely related problem is whether acts of deliberate

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Seckbach, Joseph; Gordon, Richard (1 November 2016).

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Organizational Communication: Perspectives and Trends

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Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (21 February 2014).

10944:"Targets for a Comparative Neurobiology of Language" 10941: 10917:

Flowers and Honeybees: A Study of Morality in Nature

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Educational Technology: The Development of a Concept

10558:

Hartley, Peter; Bruckmann, Clive (28 January 2008).

10240:

How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment

9235:

Burton, Graeme; Dimbleby, Richard (4 January 2002).

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How Plants Communicate With Their Biotic Environment

7412: 7310: 3612: 2980: 2009: 958:, i.e. between two people, but it can also refer to 629:

Verbal communication is the exchange of messages in

440:

showing the basic components and their interaction.

145:

using sounds, sign language, and writing as well as

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The Routledge Dictionary of Nonverbal Communication

9036: 4450: 2288: 2216: 393:According to a broad definition by literary critic 346:

field of inquiry studying communicational phenomena

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C.; Fragomeni, Gino (eds.). 9187: 7608:Hillstrom, Northern Lights & Magee, ECDI 2006 7500: 5553: 4143: 4116: 2527:US congress, Office of Technology Assessment 1990 1277:, the colors of birds, and the rhythmic light of 141:There are many forms of communication, including 15479: 13463:. In Murray, Micah M.; Wallace, Mark T. (eds.). 13344:. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. 13311:. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. 13248: 12876: 11316:. In Garvis, Susanne; Pendergast, Donna (eds.). 11254:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 10586:Hebb, D. O.; Donderi, D. C. (19 December 2013). 10557: 10341: 9266:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 8471:Baker, Anne E.; Hengeveld, Kees (5 March 2012). 8441: 7526: 7210: 5394: 5379: 5307: 5271: 5244: 5217: 5187: 5093: 5069: 5033: 3436: 13491:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 12716:. In Gordon, Richard; Seckbach, Joseph (eds.). 12572: 11169:. In Smith, Andrew D. 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(eds.). 12312:Ren, Fujun; Zhai, Jiequan (12 November 2013). 11487: 11362: 11198:Intentions: Negotiated, Contested, and Ignored 10236: 9900:"Careers/Jobs in Organizational Communication" 9455: 9234: 8498: 8470: 6872: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6337: 6295: 6256: 6235: 6136: 6016: 5965: 5938: 5839: 5812: 5788: 5773: 5731: 5698: 5589: 5042: 4969: 4932: 4900: 4753: 4729: 4630: 4603: 4486: 4326: 4137: 4110: 4008: 3984: 3897: 3879: 3540: 3516: 3454: 3427: 3421: 3139: 3051: 3023: 2768: 2613: 2591: 1369: 1351:to keep other males away and attract females. 713:A central contrast among languages is between 401:acts upon its environment to transmit its own 356:are observed, how they are categorized, which 222:, which happens between distinct persons, and 14686: 14371: 14357: 13778: 13540:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies 13537:Watson, James; Hill, Anne (22 October 2015). 13520:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies 13488: 13405:Language, Cognition, and Computational Models 13280:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 12661:The Process and Effects of Mass Communication 12548:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 12520:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 12487:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 12401:Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction 11951: 11028:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 10971: 10449:Håkansson, Gisela; Westander, Jennie (2013). 10314:Givens, David B.; White, John (26 May 2021). 9164:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation 8767: 8413: 6476: 6400: 4272: 3822: 3486: 1784:. Early influential theories were created by 149:and attempts to communicate with intelligent 13716:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 13459:von Kriegstein, Katharina (25 August 2011). 12877:Sinding, Knud; Waldstrom, Christian (2014). 10589:Textbook of Psychology (Psychology Revivals) 10159: 9869: 9577: 8877: 7349: 7328: 7300: 6686: 6665: 6542: 6482: 6343: 6301: 6241: 5767: 5752: 4675: 2710: 877:indicates that an infant is distressed, and 14700: 12576:Information Theory, Coding and Cryptography 12227: 12137: 10974:"Non-verbal Communication and Interpreting" 10827: 10778: 10704: 10585: 10313: 9290: 8336:The Word Weavers: Newshounds and Wordsmiths 7479: 7186: 7067: 7055: 7013: 6986: 6947: 6893: 6866: 6860: 6830: 5989: 5869: 5144: 4242: 3555: 3109: 1738:Communication studies, also referred to as 1069: 308: 162:is commonly defined as the transmission of 23: 14693: 14679: 14364: 14350: 13785: 13771: 13599:Journal of Educational and Social Research 13536: 13517: 13465:The Neural Bases of Multisensory Processes 13337: 13249:Turkington, Carol; Harris, Joseph (2006). 12923: 11983:Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes 11737: 11431: 11278: 10009: 9484:Clough, Sharice; Duff, Melissa C. 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"2. Other models". 10069:Effective Communication in Organisations 10065: 10037: 9399: 9371: 9262: 9108: 8966:"6. Origins of Communication in Infancy" 8576: 8130: 8007: 7893: 7788: 6926: 6917: 6737: 5896: 5559: 4804: 4501: 4299: 3753: 3717: 3690: 3671: 3495: 3403: 3349: 3331: 3325: 3202: 3169: 2995: 2986: 2889: 2883: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2808: 2799: 2562: 2556: 2535: 1924: 1727: 1560: 1499: 1399: 1254: 1170: 993: 941: 798:is one form of non-verbal communication. 790: 546: 506: 483: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 15146: 13276: 13234:(7 ed.). Oxford University Press. 13096:"A Model for the Communication Process" 12924:Sonderling, Stefan (30 November 1995). 12762: 12741: 12684:Sebeok, Thomas A. (22 September 1991). 12657: 12367: 12311: 11929:Novak, Julie M.; Day, Ashleigh (2018). 11707: 11679: 11518:"Theories of Development Communication" 11515: 11390: 11080: 10913: 10676: 10399:. 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LIT Verlag Münster. 10950:. Frontiers Media SA. 10561:Business Communication 10188:Genesee, Fred (1984). 9633:. Simon and Schuster. 9375:Language and Migration 9238:Teaching Communication 8774:. Palgrave MacMillan. 7038:Meinel & Sack 2014 4321:Clough & Duff 2020 4282:du Plessis et al. 2007 3386:Watson & Hill 2015 3356:Watson & Hill 2015 3131:Watson & Hill 2012 2918:Watson & Hill 2012 2196:Meinel & Sack 2014 2124:Military communication 2067:Aviation communication 1930: 1912:imperfect human memory 1824:. The main element of 1814:business communication 1654:communication protocol 1566: 1511: 1405: 1395:chemical communication 1383:central nervous system 1266: 1183: 1010: 951: 799: 759:American Sign Language 745:, and the language of 552: 516: 489: 309: 15388:Impression management 14484:Intelligence quotient 14072:Mediated cross-border 13794:Communication studies 13714:The Study of Language 13712:Yule, George (2010). 12346:. Walter de Gruyter. 12287:International Tourism 12191:Oxford Bibliographies 11904:Handbook of Semiotics 11856:. SAGE Publications. 11494:. SAGE Publications. 11348:. SAGE Publications. 11087:. SAGE Publications. 10836:. SAGE Publications. 10299:. SAGE Publications. 10166:. SAGE Publications. 9590:10.1515/9783110240450 9584:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9166:. SAGE Publications. 8942:. SAGE Publications. 8746:. SAGE Publications. 8680:. SAGE Publications. 7825:Simonson et al. 2013a 7274:Gill & Adams 1998 4949:Gill & Adams 1998 2775:, transmission models 2598:, transmission models 2321:119, 121–122, 133–134 1928: 1873:third-world countries 1869:first-world countries 1740:communication science 1734:Communication studies 1728:Communication studies 1564: 1503: 1470:and the formation of 1431:(VOCs). For example, 1403: 1258: 1174: 1143:Ambiguous expressions 1028:Based on its role in 1005:(Daydream) featuring 997: 945: 794: 719:constructed languages 684:linguistic competence 659:are combined to form 550: 510: 487: 466:two-way communication 214:, for example, using 188:communication studies 174:but also creates it. 151:extraterrestrial life 15403:Verbal communication 15356:Animal communication 15274:Targeted advertising 14791:Haptic communication 14570:Three-stratum theory 14007:Communication theory 14002:Communication design 13759:at Wikimedia Commons 13632:. Psychology Press. 13072:. Cengage Learning. 12720:. World Scientific. 12259:Communication Skills 12035:. Cengage Learning. 11201:. Penn State Press. 11173:. World Scientific. 10592:. Psychology Press. 10539:www.ahdictionary.com 10511:. Psychology Press. 9661:Communication Theory 9353:Cambridge Dictionary 9297:. Cengage Learning. 8972:. Psychology Press. 7819:Simonson et al. 2013 7708:Simonson et al. 2013 7331:, pp. 31, 41–42 7034:, pp. 29, 41–42 6738:Novak & Day 2018 6461:, pp. 3491–3498 5897:Luuk & Luuk 2008 4453:, pp. 1455–1456 3609:, pp. 11, 13–14 3133:, pp. 112–113, 3036:, pp. 5439–5442 2154:Upward communication 2077:Communication rights 1877:Health communication 1408:In plants, the term 1225:referential function 1215:Animal communication 1199:evolutionary biology 1139:selective perception 956:dyadic communication 946:Kathy Matayoshi and 595:cues as a response. 563:and happens using a 521:Shannon–Weaver model 303:has its root in the 62:For other uses, see 15493:Main topic articles 15412:Non-verbal language 15300:Gesture recognition 15147:Further information 15037:Emotion recognition 14988:Silent service code 14543:Models and theories 11937:. Lexington Books. 11716:. Springer Nature. 11552:. Springer Nature. 11397:. Wiley-Blackwell. 10739:. Clarendon Press. 10350:. Springer Nature. 10044:. Springer Nature. 8513:1983Sci...221..277B 7506:Ren & Zhai 2013 6869:, pp. 142, 175 6383:Baluska et al. 2006 5043:von Kriegstein 2011 2565:, pp. 176, 179 1842:electoral campaigns 1840:covers topics like 1571:transmission system 1375:Plant communication 605:human communication 471:non-verbal feedback 395:I. A. Richards 354:empirical phenomena 239:plant communication 29:Page version status 15438:Art and literature 15393:Meta-communication 15381:Passive-aggressive 15310:Sentiment analysis 15011:Non-verbal leakage 14596:Heritability of IQ 14373:Human intelligence 14037:Discourse analysis 13962:Telecommunications 13905:Meta-communication 11757:10.1093/her/cyn024 10271:. Nelson Thornes. 10243:. Academic Press. 10016:. Wolters Kluwer. 8908:"Innis, Harold A." 8420:. Academic Press. 8316:, pp. 223–224 8310:, pp. 178–181 8268:, pp. 172–173 8223:, pp. 171–172 8181:, pp. 169–170 8127:, pp. 212–214 8094:, pp. 168–169 8079:, pp. 168–169 8040:, pp. 168–169 7983:, pp. 168–169 7470:, pp. 155–156 7436:, pp. 155–156 7409:, pp. 155–156 7382:, pp. 184–185 7231:, pp. 411–413 6950:, pp. 4–5, 14 6896:, pp. 4–5, 14 6833:, pp. 49, 175 6761:, pp. 157–158 6641:, pp. 122–124 6521:, pp. 167–168 6479:, pp. 319–320 6455:, pp. 951–960 6415:, pp. 277–279 5556:, pp. 218–219 5520:, pp. 238–239 5493:, pp. 238–239 4876:, pp. 567–568 4834:, pp. 568–569 4822:, pp. 567–568 4708:, pp. 546–547 4645:, pp. 548–549 4633:, pp. 36, 361 4591:, pp. 547–548 4561:, pp. 547–548 4459:, pp. 113–116 4393:, pp. 690–961 4387:, pp. 492–493 4230:, pp. 693–694 4209:, pp. 693–694 4194:, pp. 692–693 4017:, pp. 493–495 3981:, pp. 692–694 3487:Beynon-Davies 2010 3365:Lawson et al. 2019 3074:, pp. 380–382 2929:, pp. 245–249 2466:, pp. 369–370 2454:, pp. 208–209 2415:, pp. 207–209 2391:, pp. 207–209 2349:, pp. 207–210 2337:, pp. 201–203 2313:, pp. 201–202 2252:, pp. 369–370 2139:Risk communication 1931: 1863:also relevant for 1631:wide area networks 1619:local area network 1567: 1512: 1406: 1267: 1262:Lampyris noctiluca 1184: 1176:Wolves communicate 1011: 1001:'s 1901 painting, 952: 800: 717:and artificial or 639:oral communication 553: 527:by a transmitter. 517: 490: 446:mass communication 35: 15475: 15474: 15471: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15169:Asperger syndrome 15137: 15136: 15119:Social competence 15059: 15058: 15055: 15054: 14861:Emotional prosody 14767:Subtle expression 14752:Facial expression 14668: 14667: 14584:Areas of research 14534:Visual processing 14451:Cognitive liberty 14339: 14338: 13755:Media related to 13723:978-0-521-76527-5 13697:978-0-08-049734-1 13669:978-0-87778-264-3 13639:978-1-317-77779-3 13578:978-0-252-72546-3 13550:978-1-62892-149-6 13529:978-1-84966-563-6 13474:978-1-4398-1217-4 13444:978-1-136-60184-2 13414:978-1-108-50678-6 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10718:978-0-8493-0928-1 10690:978-3-11-087968-1 10662:978-3-11-037387-5 10627:978-0-7876-9112-7 10599:978-1-317-81973-8 10571:978-1-134-64572-5 10518:978-1-84872-089-3 10490:978-1-000-81663-1 10462:978-90-272-0458-5 10434:978-1-4766-7989-1 10406:978-1-4331-4251-2 10378:978-1-4493-4474-0 10357:978-3-031-35634-6 10327:978-1-000-39140-4 10306:978-1-4129-5937-7 10278:978-0-17-438743-5 10250:978-0-12-801620-6 10229:978-1-317-64356-2 10203:978-0-905028-21-7 10173:978-1-5443-3279-6 10140:978-0-203-13431-3 10107:978-0-203-13431-3 10079:978-0-7021-6650-1 10051:978-3-031-02293-7 10023:978-93-5129-722-2 9990:978-0-02-865704-2 9962:978-1-4425-5055-1 9941:978-1-86891-593-4 9913:978-1-118-95560-4 9883:978-1-139-44797-3 9810:978-0-8020-8329-6 9782:978-1-4426-9553-5 9754:978-1-4426-9553-5 9726:978-0-7656-3938-7 9640:978-1-4711-0941-6 9599:978-3-11-024045-0 9558:978-1-4051-8640-7 9469:978-0-19-956875-8 9441:978-1-351-06002-8 9413:978-1-317-36371-2 9385:978-1-351-20770-6 9332:978-1-4617-0035-7 9304:978-1-337-34213-1 9276:978-1-134-63038-7 9248:978-1-134-97045-2 9220:978-1-317-34607-4 9199:978-1-292-11749-2 9173:978-1-4833-7653-0 9143:978-1-119-58242-7 8979:978-1-134-79877-3 8949:978-1-84787-498-6 8921:978-1-118-29073-6 8891:978-3-642-12162-3 8858:978-0-415-07310-3 8817:978-0-415-07310-3 8781:978-0-230-29502-5 8753:978-1-4833-8142-8 8687:978-1-4129-1813-8 8659:978-0-8039-7357-2 8631:978-3-319-64565-0 8598:978-3-11-087875-2 8580:Language Behavior 8559:978-3-540-28475-8 8507:(4607): 277–279. 8484:978-0-631-23036-6 8456:978-3-11-031745-9 8427:978-0-12-801620-6 8346:978-0-521-83245-8 6459:Akada et al. 1989 6430:, pp. 84, 94 5403:, pp. 19, 24 5280:, pp. 18, 25 5202:, pp. 18, 25 2914:, 2. Other models 2736:, 2. Other models 2119:Linguistic rights 2082:Data transmission 2048:Technology portal 1713:Microsoft Windows 1603:computer networks 1557:Computer networks 1507:Cosmos bipinnatus 1441:mycorrhizal fungi 1203:natural selection 1125:, and semantics. 1034:egocentric speech 999:Paul César Helleu 926:social psychology 747:first-order logic 479:facial expression 212:linguistic system 47:28 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 15500: 15349: 15348: 15326:Ray Birdwhistell 15154: 15153: 15143: 15142: 15069:Broader concepts 15065: 15064: 15042:First impression 14723: 14722: 14710: 14709: 14695: 14688: 14681: 14672: 14671: 14654: 14653: 14575:Triarchic theory 14366: 14359: 14352: 14343: 14342: 14329: 14328: 13984: 13935:Public relations 13830:Biocommunication 13787: 13780: 13773: 13764: 13763: 13754: 13742: 13727: 13708: 13706: 13704: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13620: 13610: 13589: 13587: 13585: 13561: 13559: 13557: 13533: 13514: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13245: 13226: 13224: 13222: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13034: 13032: 13030: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12978: 12976: 12974: 12950: 12948: 12946: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12892: 12873: 12871: 12869: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12787: 12785: 12783: 12759: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12626: 12597: 12595: 12593: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12422: 12420: 12418: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12364: 12362: 12360: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12181: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12025: 12004: 12002: 12000: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11948: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11867: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11769: 11759: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11359: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11161: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11098: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11021: 11019: 11017: 10991: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10824: 10803: 10801: 10799: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10620:. 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7089: 7083: 7082:, pp. 41–42 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7026: 7020: 6999: 6993: 6975: 6969: 6965:, pp. 46–48 6942: 6936: 6912: 6906: 6902:, pp. 46–48 6888: 6882: 6863:, pp. 49–50 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6827:, pp. 39–40 6819: 6813: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6753: 6747: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6701:, pp. 56–57 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6537: 6531: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6471: 6465: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6326: 6320: 6314: 6308: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6224: 6218: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6190:, pp. 14–15 6185: 6179: 6169:, pp. 58–59 6161: 6155: 6154:, pp. 28–29 6149: 6143: 6125: 6119: 6118:, pp. 27–28 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6091:, pp. 19–20 6077: 6071: 6061:, pp. 26–27 6053: 6047: 6046:, pp. 26–29 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6005: 5999: 5986:, pp. 58–59 5978: 5972: 5954: 5948: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5885: 5879: 5858: 5852: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5803:, pp. 25–26 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5675: 5669: 5636: 5630: 5606: 5600: 5575: 5569: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5451:, pp. 41–42 5437: 5431: 5413: 5407: 5389: 5383: 5382:, pp. 20–22 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5346:, pp. 59–60 5338: 5332: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5212: 5206: 5190:, pp. 20–21 5182: 5176: 5175:, pp. 17–18 5170: 5164: 5145:Peterwagner 2005 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5103: 5097: 5096:, pp. 20–21 5091: 5085: 5081:, pp. 43–54 5058: 5052: 5019: 5013: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4964: 4958: 4927: 4921: 4895: 4889: 4868: 4862: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4807:, pp. 47–52 4790: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4748: 4742: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4514: 4508: 4504:, pp. 52–53 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4445: 4439: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4315: 4309: 4267: 4261: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4159: 4153: 4132: 4126: 4099: 4093: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 3997: 3991: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3892: 3886: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3786:, pp. 58–59 3778: 3772: 3763:Kyle et al. 1988 3748: 3742: 3733:Kyle et al. 1988 3712: 3706: 3702:, pp. 41–42 3685: 3679: 3669: 3663: 3654: 3648: 3624: 3618: 3601: 3595: 3571: 3565: 3556:Butterfield 2016 3547:Kyle et al. 1988 3535: 3529: 3525:, pp. 58–59 3511: 3505: 3481: 3475: 3449: 3443: 3416: 3410: 3406:, pp. 57–60 3380: 3374: 3344: 3338: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3265: 3259: 3234: 3228: 3197: 3191: 3187:, pp. 25–26 3164: 3158: 3125: 3119: 3110:Januszewski 2001 3084: 3078: 3046: 3040: 3008: 3002: 2998:, pp. 88–93 2975: 2969: 2947:, pp. 52–53 2939: 2933: 2902: 2896: 2869: 2863: 2824: 2818: 2785: 2779: 2743: 2737: 2727: 2721: 2686: 2680: 2654: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2608: 2602: 2551: 2545: 2521: 2515: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2434: 2428: 2407: 2401: 2383: 2377: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2305: 2299: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2238: 2232: 2211: 2205: 2175: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2016: 1976:Johann Gutenberg 1852:and the role of 1834:public relations 1750:, anthropology, 1504:A honeybee on a 1387:rigid cell walls 1188:biocommunication 914:Ray Birdwhistell 680:second languages 668:concrete objects 494:Lasswell's model 334: 331: 328: 324: 321: 318: 314: 135: 126: 115: 106: 95: 86: 21: 15508: 15507: 15503: 15502: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15497: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15459: 15450:Mimoplastic art 15433: 15424:Tactile signing 15407: 15340: 15314: 15278: 15242: 15215: 15148: 15133: 15109:Social behavior 15070: 15051: 15015: 15006:Microexpression 14992: 14976:One-bit message 14955: 14907: 14842: 14762:Microexpression 14717: 14704: 14699: 14669: 14664: 14642: 14579: 14538: 14504:Problem solving 14438: 14429: 14378: 14370: 14340: 14335: 14317: 14106: 13985: 13976: 13823: 13821: 13814: 13796: 13791: 13735: 13730: 13724: 13702: 13700: 13698: 13674: 13672: 13670: 13644: 13642: 13640: 13583: 13581: 13579: 13555: 13553: 13551: 13530: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13361: 13359: 13352: 13328: 13326: 13319: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13242: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13190: 13188: 13181: 13157: 13155: 13153: 13129: 13127: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13028: 13026: 13024: 13000: 12998: 12996: 12972: 12970: 12968: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12914: 12912: 12910: 12889: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12811: 12809: 12807: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12769:. Cisco Press. 12732: 12730: 12728: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12674: 12672: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12507: 12505: 12498: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12218: 12216: 12209: 12178: 12156: 12154: 12152: 12128: 12126: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12022: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11945: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11891: 11889: 11887: 11864: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11812: 11810: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11642: 11640: 11589: 11587: 11580:Merriam-Webster 11576:"Communication" 11564: 11562: 11560: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11422: 11420: 11413: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11356: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11302: 11300: 11293: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11185: 11183: 11181: 11150: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11095: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11015: 11013: 11011: 10988: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10821: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10769: 10767: 10746: 10744: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10637: 10635: 10628: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10548: 10546: 10535:"Communication" 10523: 10521: 10519: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10439: 10437: 10435: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10358: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10307: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10230: 10208: 10206: 10204: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10150: 10148: 10141: 10117: 10115: 10108: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10000: 9998: 9991: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9942: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9815: 9813: 9811: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9719:. M.E. Sharpe. 9682: 9680: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9568: 9566: 9559: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9362: 9360: 9349:"Communication" 9337: 9335: 9333: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9200: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9148: 9146: 9144: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8868: 8866: 8859: 8827: 8825: 8818: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8728: 8726: 8716: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8608: 8606: 8599: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8461: 8459: 8457: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8303: 8299: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7714:Sonderling 1995 7703: 7699: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7622: 7618: 7606: 7602: 7593:McClelland 2008 7591: 7587: 7583: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7402: 7398: 7390: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7200: 7196: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6438: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6396: 6392: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6327: 6323: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6238:, pp. 2, 7 6225: 6221: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6126: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5925: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5734:, pp. 1, 3 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5581:UMN staff 2016a 5576: 5572: 5568: 5549: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5131: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5020: 5016: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4945:, pp. 63–9 4928: 4924: 4920: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4791: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4721:Ezhilarasu 2016 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4616:UMN staff 2016a 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4529:Ezhilarasu 2016 4515: 4511: 4507: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4380: 4376: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4020: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3686: 3682: 3670: 3666: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2920:, p. 154, 2903: 2899: 2895: 2875:UMN staff 2016a 2870: 2866: 2862: 2830:UMN staff 2016a 2825: 2821: 2817: 2791:UMN staff 2016a 2786: 2782: 2778: 2744: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2702:UMN staff 2016a 2687: 2683: 2679: 2655: 2651: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2616:, pp. 1, 3 2609: 2605: 2601: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2464:Munodawafa 2008 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2256:Blackburn 1996a 2250:Munodawafa 2008 2239: 2235: 2231: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2001: 1895: 1889: 1758:, linguistics, 1736: 1730: 1559: 1553: 1541:working animals 1486: 1480: 1468:bioluminescence 1464:gene expression 1372: 1250:animal language 1217: 1211: 1169: 1159: 1078: 1072: 1043: 1030:self-regulation 992: 986: 940: 934: 863:military salute 827:raising a thumb 789: 783: 627: 621: 601: 578:Schramm's model 538:Gerbner's model 425: 419: 332: 329: 326: 322: 319: 316: 295: 275:working animals 157: 156: 155: 154: 138: 137: 136: 128: 127: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 98: 97: 96: 88: 87: 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15506: 15496: 15495: 15490: 15473: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15465: 15464: 15461: 15460: 15458: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15434: 15432: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15415: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15406: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15384: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15358: 15352: 15346: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15338: 15333: 15331:Charles Darwin 15328: 15322: 15320: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15286: 15284: 15280: 15279: 15277: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15250: 15248: 15244: 15243: 15241: 15240: 15235: 15225: 15223: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15160: 15158: 15150: 15149: 15139: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15075: 15072: 15071: 15061: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15027:Affect display 15023: 15021: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15008: 15002: 15000: 14994: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14973: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14954: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14915: 14913:Social context 14909: 14908: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14863: 14858: 14852: 14850: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14821:Pupil dilation 14818: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14749: 14744: 14735: 14729: 14727: 14719: 14718: 14706: 14705: 14698: 14697: 14690: 14683: 14675: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14662: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14587: 14585: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14546: 14544: 14540: 14539: 14537: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14442: 14440: 14439:and constructs 14431: 14430: 14428: 14427: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14386: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14369: 14368: 14361: 14354: 14346: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14114: 14112: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14077:Organizational 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14027:Cross-cultural 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13875:Intrapersonal 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13832: 13826: 13824: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13812: 13807: 13801: 13798: 13797: 13790: 13789: 13782: 13775: 13767: 13761: 13760: 13748: 13734: 13733:External links 13731: 13729: 13728: 13722: 13709: 13696: 13681: 13668: 13651: 13638: 13621: 13590: 13577: 13562: 13549: 13534: 13528: 13515: 13497:(1): 319–346. 13486: 13473: 13456: 13443: 13426: 13413: 13396: 13383: 13368: 13350: 13335: 13317: 13302: 13289: 13274: 13261: 13246: 13240: 13227: 13214: 13197: 13179: 13164: 13151: 13136: 13091: 13078: 13063: 13050: 13035: 13022: 13007: 12994: 12979: 12966: 12951: 12938: 12921: 12908: 12893: 12887: 12874: 12861: 12846: 12833: 12818: 12805: 12788: 12775: 12760: 12750:(3): 379–423. 12739: 12726: 12709: 12696: 12681: 12655: 12642: 12627: 12609:(5): 599–622. 12598: 12585: 12570: 12557: 12542: 12529: 12514: 12496: 12481: 12468: 12453: 12440: 12423: 12410: 12404:. OUP Oxford. 12395: 12382: 12365: 12352: 12337: 12324: 12309: 12296: 12281: 12268: 12253: 12240: 12225: 12207: 12182: 12176: 12163: 12150: 12135: 12097:(2): 356–359. 12082: 12069: 12054: 12041: 12026: 12020: 12005: 11992: 11977: 11964: 11949: 11943: 11926: 11913: 11898: 11885: 11868: 11862: 11847: 11834: 11819: 11798: 11785: 11770: 11750:(3): 369–370. 11735: 11722: 11705: 11692: 11677: 11664: 11649: 11596: 11571: 11558: 11543: 11530: 11513: 11500: 11485: 11472: 11457: 11444: 11429: 11411: 11388: 11375: 11360: 11354: 11339: 11326: 11309: 11291: 11276: 11263: 11248: 11235: 11220: 11207: 11192: 11179: 11162: 11148: 11127: 11114: 11099: 11093: 11078: 11065: 11050: 11037: 11022: 11009: 10992: 10986: 10969: 10956: 10939: 10926: 10911: 10898: 10883: 10870: 10855: 10842: 10825: 10819: 10804: 10791: 10776: 10753: 10730: 10717: 10702: 10689: 10674: 10661: 10644: 10626: 10611: 10598: 10583: 10570: 10555: 10530: 10517: 10502: 10489: 10474: 10461: 10446: 10433: 10418: 10405: 10390: 10377: 10362: 10356: 10339: 10326: 10311: 10305: 10290: 10277: 10262: 10249: 10234: 10228: 10215: 10202: 10185: 10172: 10157: 10139: 10124: 10106: 10091: 10078: 10063: 10050: 10035: 10022: 10007: 9989: 9974: 9961: 9946: 9940: 9925: 9912: 9895: 9882: 9867: 9837:(3): 951–960. 9822: 9809: 9794: 9781: 9766: 9753: 9738: 9725: 9710: 9700:(2): 201–210. 9689: 9667:(2): 119–161. 9652: 9639: 9624: 9598: 9575: 9557: 9534: 9481: 9468: 9462:. OUP Oxford. 9453: 9440: 9425: 9412: 9397: 9384: 9369: 9344: 9331: 9316: 9303: 9288: 9275: 9260: 9247: 9232: 9219: 9204: 9198: 9185: 9172: 9155: 9142: 9127: 9106: 9077: 9034: 9006:(1): 113–123. 8991: 8978: 8961: 8948: 8933: 8920: 8903: 8890: 8875: 8857: 8834: 8816: 8793: 8780: 8765: 8752: 8735: 8714: 8699: 8686: 8671: 8658: 8643: 8630: 8615: 8597: 8574: 8558: 8541: 8496: 8483: 8468: 8455: 8439: 8426: 8411: 8358: 8345: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290:Steinberg 1995 8282: 8279: 8278: 8272:Steinberg 1995 8269: 8262: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8245:Steinberg 1995 8242: 8235: 8228: 8225: 8224: 8218: 8212:Steinberg 1995 8208: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8191: 8185:Steinberg 1995 8182: 8175: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8158: 8152:Steinberg 1995 8148: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8104:Steinberg 1995 8101: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8056: 8050: 8044:Steinberg 1995 8041: 8034: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8017:Aitchison 2007 8014: 8004: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7987:Steinberg 1995 7984: 7977: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7960:Steinberg 1995 7957: 7950: 7943: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7921:Steinberg 1995 7918: 7911: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7891: 7885:Steinberg 1995 7881: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7837:Blondheim 2016 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810:Steinberg 1995 7806: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7786: 7777: 7767: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7755:, pp. 6–7 7750: 7744:Steinberg 1995 7741: 7731: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7684:Steinberg 2007 7680: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7666:Steinberg 2007 7663: 7653: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7633: 7623: 7616: 7600: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7572: 7562: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7523: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7503: 7497: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7477: 7474:Steinberg 2007 7471: 7464: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7443: 7440:Steinberg 2007 7437: 7430: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7410: 7403: 7396: 7384: 7372: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7347: 7344:Steinberg 2007 7340: 7333: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7308: 7307:, Introduction 7298: 7291: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7233: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7131: 7121: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7091: 7084: 7080:Stallings 2014 7072: 7060: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7035: 7032:Stallings 2014 7028: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7016:, pp. 4–5 7011: 7001: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6984: 6981:Stallings 2014 6977: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6963:Stallings 2014 6960: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6924: 6914: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900:Stallings 2014 6897: 6890: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6870: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6846:Stallings 2014 6838: 6835: 6834: 6828: 6825:Stallings 2014 6821: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6801: 6798:Stallings 2014 6794: 6787: 6783:Stallings 2014 6775: 6772: 6771: 6762: 6755: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6485:, p. xiii 6480: 6473: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6439: 6432: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6403:, pp. 4–5 6397: 6390: 6375: 6363: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6319:, pp. 2–4 6309: 6306: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6273: 6271:, pp. 1–2 6261: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6232:, pp. 1–4 6226: 6219: 6204: 6202:, pp. 4–5 6192: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6036: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5936: 5926: 5919: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5728: 5721: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5696: 5690:UMN staff 2016 5687: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5657: 5648: 5638: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5618: 5612:van Trijp 2018 5608: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5518:Spitzberg 2015 5514: 5507: 5495: 5491:Spitzberg 2015 5483: 5468: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5425:Spitzberg 2015 5422: 5415: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5391: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5314:Spitzberg 2015 5311: 5304: 5297: 5293:Spitzberg 2015 5285: 5282: 5281: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5257:Spitzberg 2015 5249: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5224:Spitzberg 2015 5221: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5197: 5194:Spitzberg 2015 5191: 5184: 5177: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5151: 5142: 5132: 5125: 5113: 5098: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5076: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5021: 5014: 4999: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4946: 4940: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4908: 4897: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4877: 4870: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4796:UMN staff 2016 4792: 4785: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4760:Honeycutt 2014 4757: 4750: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4710: 4706:McDermott 2009 4698: 4694:McDermott 2009 4686: 4683: 4682: 4673: 4670:McDermott 2009 4666: 4659: 4655:McDermott 2009 4647: 4643:McDermott 2009 4635: 4623: 4608: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4589:McDermott 2009 4586: 4580: 4574:UMN staff 2016 4570: 4563: 4559:McDermott 2009 4551: 4547:McDermott 2009 4539: 4536: 4535: 4526: 4520:UMN staff 2016 4516: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4499: 4493:UMN staff 2016 4490: 4483: 4476: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4430:Bornstein 2013 4427: 4417: 4410: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4359: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4334: 4333:, Logocentrism 4324: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4249: 4239: 4232: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4174:Bornstein 2013 4171: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4134: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3820: 3814:ISU staff 2016 3810: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3798:, pp. 7–8 3793: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3760: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3687: 3680: 3664: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3636: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3592: 3583: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3537: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3493: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3382: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3362: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3277: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3247: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3176:Steinberg 1995 3173: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3107: 3097: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3059: 3048: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3021: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2945:Steinberg 2007 2941: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2915: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2836: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2766: 2756: 2745: 2738: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2717:, Introduction 2708: 2699: 2688: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2656: 2649: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2589: 2584: 2578:Reisinger 2010 2575: 2569:ISU staff 2016 2566: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2533: 2523: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2468: 2456: 2444: 2437:Blackburn 1996 2429: 2426: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2395:Rosengren 2000 2392: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2365: 2362:Rosengren 2000 2358: 2351: 2339: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2314: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2274:Rosengren 2000 2266: 2263: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2244:Rosengren 2000 2240: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2213: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2181:Rosengren 2000 2177: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2037: 2034:Society portal 2023: 2000: 1997: 1941:and is called 1891:Main article: 1888: 1885: 1782:Ancient Greece 1732:Main article: 1729: 1726: 1689:user interface 1666:walkie-talkies 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1482:Main article: 1479: 1476: 1456:quorum sensing 1379:phytosemiotics 1371: 1368: 1320:Social animals 1298:territoriality 1275:mating rituals 1241:human language 1229:vervet monkeys 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1158: 1155: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1064:media-adequate 1042: 1039: 988:Main article: 985: 982: 936:Main article: 933: 930: 785:Main article: 782: 779: 755:Sign languages 672:abstract ideas 623:Main article: 620: 617: 600: 597: 557:Wilbur Schramm 421:Main article: 418: 415: 407:Claude Shannon 330:to make common 315:, which means 294: 291: 140: 139: 130: 129: 121: 120: 119: 110: 109: 101: 100: 99: 90: 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 18:Communications 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15505: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15488:Communication 15486: 15485: 15483: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15442: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15419:Sign language 15417: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15350: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15281: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15264:Freudian slip 15262: 15260: 15259:Lie detection 15257: 15255: 15252: 15251: 15249: 15245: 15239: 15238:Mirror neuron 15236: 15234: 15230: 15229:Limbic system 15227: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15218: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15195: 15194:Rett syndrome 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15151: 15144: 15140: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15124:Social skills 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15099:People skills 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:Communication 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15073: 15066: 15062: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15024: 15022: 15020:Multi-faceted 15018: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14989: 14986: 14982: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14958: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14931:Display rules 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14914: 14910: 14902: 14901:Voice quality 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14845: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14776: 14775: 14772: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14739: 14738:Body language 14736: 14734: 14731: 14730: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14696: 14691: 14689: 14684: 14682: 14677: 14676: 14673: 14661: 14657: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14601:Psychometrics 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14588: 14586: 14582: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14541: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14529:Understanding 14527: 14524: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14456:Communication 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14436: 14432: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14381: 14377: 14374: 14367: 14362: 14360: 14355: 14353: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14332: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14109: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14067:Media studies 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14057:International 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14042:Environmental 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14032:Developmental 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14012:Communicology 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13983: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13900:Media ecology 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13870:Interpersonal 13868: 13866: 13865:Intercultural 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13840:Communication 13838: 13836: 13833: 13831: 13828: 13827: 13825: 13817: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13802: 13799: 13795: 13788: 13783: 13781: 13776: 13774: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13758: 13757:Communication 13753: 13749: 13746: 13745:Communication 13741: 13737: 13736: 13725: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13699: 13693: 13689: 13688: 13682: 13671: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13652: 13641: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13591: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13563: 13552: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13521: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13487: 13476: 13470: 13467:. CRC Press. 13466: 13462: 13457: 13446: 13440: 13437:. Routledge. 13436: 13432: 13427: 13416: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13386: 13380: 13376: 13375: 13369: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13342: 13336: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13303: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13264: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13217: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13165: 13154: 13148: 13145:. Routledge. 13144: 13143: 13137: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13092: 13081: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13064: 13053: 13047: 13043: 13042: 13036: 13025: 13019: 13015: 13014: 13008: 12997: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12980: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12952: 12941: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12922: 12911: 12905: 12901: 12900: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12880: 12875: 12864: 12858: 12855:. Routledge. 12854: 12853: 12847: 12836: 12830: 12827:. Routledge. 12826: 12825: 12819: 12808: 12802: 12798: 12794: 12789: 12778: 12772: 12768: 12767: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12710: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12688: 12682: 12671: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12656: 12645: 12639: 12635: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12588: 12582: 12578: 12577: 12571: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12543: 12532: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12515: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12489: 12488: 12482: 12471: 12465: 12461: 12460: 12454: 12443: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12424: 12413: 12407: 12403: 12402: 12396: 12385: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12366: 12355: 12349: 12345: 12344: 12338: 12327: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12310: 12299: 12293: 12290:. Routledge. 12289: 12288: 12282: 12271: 12265: 12261: 12260: 12254: 12243: 12237: 12234:. CRC Press. 12233: 12232: 12226: 12214: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12169: 12164: 12153: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12136: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12072: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12055: 12044: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12013: 12012: 12006: 11995: 11989: 11985: 11984: 11978: 11967: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11927: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11899: 11888: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11848: 11837: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11820: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11788: 11782: 11778: 11777: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11741: 11736: 11725: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11695: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11678: 11667: 11661: 11657: 11656: 11650: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11622: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11597: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11572: 11561: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11544: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11519: 11514: 11503: 11497: 11493: 11492: 11486: 11475: 11469: 11465: 11464: 11458: 11447: 11441: 11437: 11436: 11430: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11395: 11389: 11378: 11372: 11369:. CRC Press. 11368: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11340: 11329: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11310: 11298: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11283: 11277: 11266: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11249: 11238: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11221: 11210: 11204: 11200: 11199: 11193: 11182: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11128: 11117: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11079: 11068: 11062: 11058: 11057: 11051: 11040: 11034: 11030: 11029: 11023: 11012: 11006: 11003:. Routledge. 11002: 10998: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10980:. Routledge. 10979: 10975: 10970: 10959: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10940: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10912: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10890: 10884: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10856: 10845: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10816: 10813:. Macmillan. 10812: 10811: 10805: 10794: 10788: 10784: 10783: 10777: 10765: 10761: 10760: 10754: 10742: 10738: 10737: 10731: 10720: 10714: 10711:. CRC Press. 10710: 10709: 10703: 10692: 10686: 10682: 10681: 10675: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10645: 10633: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10612: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10573: 10567: 10564:. Routledge. 10563: 10562: 10556: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10509: 10503: 10492: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10475: 10464: 10458: 10454: 10453: 10447: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10419: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10391: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10329: 10323: 10320:. Routledge. 10319: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10298: 10297: 10291: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10263: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10241: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10222:. Routledge. 10221: 10216: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10186: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10164: 10158: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10133:. Routledge. 10132: 10131: 10125: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10100:. Routledge. 10099: 10098: 10092: 10081: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10064: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10036: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10008: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9975: 9964: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9926: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9896: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9812: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9795: 9784: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9756: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9739: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9690: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9625: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9582: 9576: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9460: 9454: 9443: 9437: 9434:. Routledge. 9433: 9432: 9426: 9415: 9409: 9406:. Routledge. 9405: 9404: 9398: 9387: 9381: 9378:. Routledge. 9377: 9376: 9370: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9345: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9306: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9289: 9278: 9272: 9269:. Routledge. 9268: 9267: 9261: 9250: 9244: 9241:. Routledge. 9240: 9239: 9233: 9222: 9216: 9213:. Routledge. 9212: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9191: 9186: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9145: 9139: 9135: 9134: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8992: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8962: 8951: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8934: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8876: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8843:. Routledge. 8842: 8841: 8835: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8802:. Routledge. 8801: 8800: 8794: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8766: 8755: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8715:9780030074905 8711: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8644: 8633: 8627: 8623: 8622: 8616: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8575: 8572: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8497: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8469: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8440: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8359: 8348: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8286: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241:, p. 171 8240: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8163:, p. 169 8162: 8159: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8136: 8132: 8131:Haarmann 2020 8129: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008:Robinson 2009 8006: 8005: 8001: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7947: 7941:, p. 168 7940: 7935: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7917:, p. 168 7916: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7899: 7895: 7894:Capstick 2020 7892: 7890: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7826: 7823: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7794: 7790: 7789:Tompkins 2023 7787: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7728: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7709: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7692:, p. 395 7691: 7688: 7686:, p. 307 7685: 7682: 7681: 7677: 7668:, p. 301 7667: 7664: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7476:, p. 286 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7394:, p. 155 7393: 7388: 7381: 7376: 7370:, p. 184 7369: 7364: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7325: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7297:, p. 181 7296: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7270:, p. 156 7269: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7258:, p. 181 7257: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7216: 7212: 7209: 7207:, p. 411 7206: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161:, p. 414 7160: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7070:, p. 143 7069: 7064: 7058:, p. 142 7057: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6989:, p. 542 6988: 6985: 6983:, p. 295 6982: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6932: 6928: 6927:Grigorik 2013 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918:Nawrocki 2016 6916: 6915: 6911: 6901: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6728:, p. 157 6727: 6724: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6689:, p. 127 6688: 6683: 6673: 6670: 6668:, p. 129 6667: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6635: 6629:, p. 122 6628: 6623: 6617:, p. 111 6616: 6611: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6578:, p. 110 6577: 6572: 6566:, p. 109 6565: 6560: 6550: 6547: 6545:, p. 129 6544: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6346:, p. 128 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6313: 6304:, p. 128 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6253: 6244:, p. 128 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6148: 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6028: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5827:, p. 107 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5772: 5770:, p. 128 5769: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5755:, p. 128 5754: 5749: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5565: 5561: 5560:Fielding 2006 5558: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5427:, p. 242 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5316:, p. 238 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5295:, p. 241 5294: 5289: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5259:, p. 241 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5231: 5228: 5226:, p. 241 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5198: 5196:, p. 241 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4997:, p. 168 4996: 4991: 4982:, p. 168 4981: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4849:, p. 567 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4806: 4805:Barnlund 2013 4803: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756:, p. 225 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4738:, p. 566 4737: 4734: 4732:, p. 225 4731: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4702: 4696:, p. 546 4695: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4672:, p. 549 4671: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4657:, p. 549 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4606:, p. 221 4605: 4600: 4590: 4587: 4585:, p. 168 4584: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4549:, p. 547 4548: 4543: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4502:Barnlund 2013 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489:, p. 221 4488: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4474:, p. 690 4473: 4468: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4408:, p. 691 4407: 4402: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4357:, p. 690 4356: 4351: 4342: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4323:, p. 323 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4300:Jeanrond 1991 4298: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4215:, p. 492 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140:, p. 310 4139: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4113:, p. 297 4112: 4109: 4107:, p. 694 4106: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4089:, p. 494 4088: 4085: 4083:, p. 692 4082: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4068:, p. 692 4067: 4062: 4056:, p. 493 4055: 4050: 4044:, p. 692 4043: 4038: 4032:, p. 693 4031: 4026: 4016: 4013: 4011:, p. 297 4010: 4007: 4005:, p. 690 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3987:, p. 297 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3966:, p. 493 3965: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3942:, p. 691 3941: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3927:, p. 107 3926: 3921: 3912:, p. 493 3911: 3908: 3906:, p. 690 3905: 3902: 3900:, p. 297 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3882:, p. 297 3881: 3878: 3876:, p. 690 3875: 3872: 3870:, p. 107 3869: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3855:, p. 690 3854: 3849: 3843:, p. 492 3842: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754:Champoux 2016 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729:, p. 306 3728: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3718:Champoux 2016 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3691:Champoux 2016 3689: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3673: 3672:Thomason 2006 3668: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543:, p. 448 3542: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3521: 3519:, p. 448 3518: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3496:Bussmann 2006 3494: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3439:, p. 153 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3404:Barnlund 2013 3402: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350:Barnlund 2013 3348: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3332:Barnlund 2013 3330: 3328:, p. 176 3327: 3326:Nicotera 2009 3324: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3205:, p. 176 3204: 3203:Nicotera 2009 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3172:, p. 176 3171: 3170:Nicotera 2009 3168: 3167: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2996:Braddock 1958 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987:Feicheng 2022 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2891: 2890:Barnlund 2013 2888: 2886:, p. 176 2885: 2884:Nicotera 2009 2882: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2854:Fielding 2006 2852: 2850:, p. 176 2849: 2848:Nicotera 2009 2846: 2844: 2840: 2839:Kastberg 2019 2837: 2835: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2809:Fielding 2006 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800:Kastberg 2019 2798: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2563:Nicotera 2009 2561: 2558: 2557:Barnlund 2013 2555: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2536:Skyttner 2006 2534: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2493:, p. 101 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2478:, p. 209 2477: 2472: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2113:Ishin-denshin 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 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Pearson. 12973:29 December 12782:31 December 12703:26 December 12675:28 November 12649:20 December 12564:20 December 12536:20 December 12508:28 November 12417:2 September 12359:29 December 12247:31 December 12219:17 December 12157:29 December 12048:31 December 11971:22 December 11841:31 December 11792:28 November 11729:20 December 11565:28 November 11537:20 December 11507:28 November 11451:31 December 11423:28 November 11382:31 December 11303:20 December 11270:29 December 11242:22 December 11121:28 November 11072:22 December 11044:20 December 11016:20 December 10933:26 December 10905:28 November 10877:26 December 10798:28 November 10770:22 December 10638:20 December 10577:20 December 10524:22 December 10468:20 December 10412:31 December 10384:31 December 10333:22 December 10284:20 December 10256:26 December 10209:29 December 10179:20 December 10151:28 November 10118:28 November 10057:28 November 10029:20 December 9968:28 November 9889:26 December 9816:20 December 9788:20 December 9760:20 December 9732:22 December 9646:26 December 9618:28 November 9475:28 November 9419:22 December 9310:22 December 9254:20 December 9226:22 December 8985:26 December 8955:28 November 8897:20 December 8787:20 December 8729:22 December 8693:20 December 8665:28 November 8637:20 December 8609:20 December 8565:15 November 8474:Linguistics 8462:29 December 8433:26 December 8352:2 September 8308:Danesi 2013 8274:, pp. 8266:Danesi 2013 8247:, pp. 8239:Danesi 2013 8221:Danesi 2013 8214:, pp. 8187:, pp. 8179:Danesi 2013 8161:Danesi 2013 8133:, pp. 8092:Danesi 2013 8077:Danesi 2013 8046:, pp. 8038:Danesi 2013 8010:, pp. 7989:, pp. 7981:Danesi 2013 7962:, pp. 7939:Danesi 2013 7923:, pp. 7915:Danesi 2013 7896:, pp. 7866:, pp. 7864:Peters 2012 7839:, pp. 7833:, p. 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October 12670:143518338 12623:146389958 12592:4 October 12447:3 January 12303:2 January 12275:3 January 12129:2 January 12111:1461-4448 11999:3 January 11892:3 January 11699:3 January 11671:29 August 11625:0021-9916 11479:3 January 11214:3 January 11186:31 August 10963:3 January 10920:. 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SAGE. 12213:Archived 12123:Archived 12119:45550086 12063:. SAGE. 11807:Archived 11766:18504296 11637:Archived 11584:Archived 11524:. SAGE. 11417:Archived 11297:Archived 11158:15690224 10764:Archived 10741:Archived 10632:Archived 10543:Archived 10145:Archived 10112:Archived 9995:Archived 9677:Archived 9612:Archived 9563:Archived 9530:32903691 9357:Archived 9073:33084944 9030:22292998 8863:Archived 8822:Archived 8652:. SAGE. 8603:Archived 8537:31818182 8529:17815197 8314:Poe 2011 8194:Poe 2011 8098:Poe 2011 8053:Poe 2011 7954:Poe 2011 7858:Poe 2011 7831:Poe 2011 5934:266, 279 5660:Rao 2009 1999:See also 1981:literacy 1846:congress 1794:rhetoric 1699:, and a 1697:keyboard 1635:internet 1551:Computer 1472:biofilms 1414:stimulus 1410:behavior 1306:crickets 1283:primates 1041:Channels 902:diagrams 898:drawings 879:babbling 839:kinesics 823:blushing 819:sweating 808:postures 804:gestures 731:Japanese 644:language 635:language 561:encoding 502:receiver 473:through 461:feedback 438:diagrams 365:behavior 320:to share 43:reviewed 15455:Subtext 15376:Passive 15345:Related 14936:Habitus 14881:Prosody 14833:Posture 14774:Gesture 14660:thought 14521: ( 14519:Thought 14422: ( 14420:Spatial 14303:Tankard 14298:Shannon 14293:Schramm 14278:Quebral 14273:Postman 14263:Packard 14243:McLuhan 14238:Marcuse 14233:Luhmann 14228:Lippman 14223:Kincaid 14218:Johnson 14183:Goffman 14178:Gerbner 14168:Flusser 14148:Chomsky 14128:Bateson 14123:Barthes 14092:Science 14022:Climate 13972:Writing 13940:Reading 13890:Meaning 13810:Outline 13805:History 11813:25 June 11643:21 July 11633:5941548 9863:1547790 9683:21 July 9569:20 July 9521:7438760 9496:: 323. 9064:7904600 9021:3426791 8509:Bibcode 8501:Science 8407:2571924 8326:Sources 8135:157–158 7868:356–359 7841:927–928 7739:356–359 7631:177–180 7612:609–610 7450:201–202 6742:202–203 5616:289–290 5596:, noise 5480:232–233 5354:232–233 5110:232–233 4341:132–133 4286:124–216 4277:121–122 3758:327–328 3722:327–328 3695:327–328 3676:342–345 3034:Li 2007 2645:607–608 2582:166–167 2191:660–666 1960:papyrus 1887:History 1748:biology 1744:meaning 1711:, like 1701:monitor 1660:, half- 1658:simplex 1596:latency 1588:digital 1460:hormone 1328:bonobos 1322:, like 1209:Animals 1180:howling 1123:lexicon 1111:empathy 1047:channel 1003:Rêverie 847:haptics 757:, like 727:Spanish 723:English 715:natural 653:grammar 648:symbols 498:channel 383:actions 337:message 282:history 184:channel 172:meaning 15429:Tadoma 15174:Autism 15129:Unsaid 15094:Nunchi 14971:Smiley 14891:Stress 14886:Rhythm 14856:Affect 14848:Speech 14618:health 14614:height 14499:Memory 14474:factor 14415:Social 14376:topics 14308:Tannen 14288:Rogers 14268:Peirce 14253:Morgan 14198:Huxley 14173:Gasset 14163:Fisher 14118:Adorno 14102:Visual 14052:Health 14047:Global 14017:Crisis 13950:Symbol 13945:Speech 13720: 13694: 13666: 13636: 13615: 13575: 13547: 13526: 13509: 13471: 13441: 13411: 13381: 13348: 13315: 13287: 13259: 13238: 13212: 13177: 13149: 13118: 13110: 13076: 13048: 13020: 12992: 12964: 12936: 12906: 12885: 12859: 12831: 12803: 12773: 12724: 12694: 12668: 12640: 12621: 12583: 12555: 12527: 12494: 12466: 12438: 12408: 12380: 12350: 12322: 12294: 12266: 12238: 12205: 12174: 12148: 12117: 12109: 12067: 12039: 12018: 11990: 11962: 11941: 11911: 11883: 11860: 11832: 11783: 11764: 11720: 11690: 11662: 11631: 11623: 11556: 11528: 11498: 11470: 11442: 11409: 11373: 11352: 11324: 11289: 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180:coding 14960:Other 14514:Skill 14383:Types 14213:Janis 14203:Innis 14158:Ellul 14153:Craig 14138:Burke 13895:Media 13116:JSTOR 12619:S2CID 12115:S2CID 11154:S2CID 9604:S2CID 9098:S2CID 8533:S2CID 7354:14–16 5685:63–64 5564:20–21 4953:35–36 4915:17–18 4680:14–16 3500:65–66 3469:17–18 3390:20–22 3369:76–77 3360:20–22 3275:90–91 3213:90–91 3153:18–19 3094:10–15 2964:12–13 2912:30–31 2423:92–93 1968:paper 1786:Plato 1717:macOS 1693:mouse 1623:Wi-Fi 1579:modem 1433:maple 1349:songs 1344:dance 1310:moths 977:needs 892:like 890:media 751:signs 657:Words 599:Human 529:Noise 307:verb 305:Latin 247:maple 15445:Mime 14896:Tone 14779:List 14634:race 14248:Mead 14087:Risk 14062:Mass 13955:list 13718:ISBN 13705:2022 13692:ISBN 13677:2022 13664:ISBN 13647:2023 13634:ISBN 13613:ISSN 13586:2022 13573:ISBN 13558:2022 13545:ISBN 13524:ISBN 13507:PMID 13482:2023 13469:ISBN 13452:2022 13439:ISBN 13422:2023 13409:ISBN 13392:2023 13379:ISBN 13364:2022 13346:ISBN 13331:2022 13313:ISBN 13298:2022 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11843:2022 11830:ISBN 11815:2023 11794:2022 11781:ISBN 11762:PMID 11731:2022 11718:ISBN 11701:2023 11688:ISBN 11673:2023 11660:ISBN 11645:2021 11629:PMID 11621:ISSN 11592:2022 11567:2022 11554:ISBN 11539:2022 11526:ISBN 11509:2022 11496:ISBN 11481:2023 11468:ISBN 11453:2022 11440:ISBN 11425:2022 11407:ISBN 11384:2022 11371:ISBN 11350:ISBN 11335:2023 11322:ISBN 11305:2022 11287:ISBN 11272:2022 11259:ISBN 11244:2022 11231:ISBN 11216:2023 11203:ISBN 11188:2023 11175:ISBN 11144:ISBN 11123:2022 11110:ISBN 11089:ISBN 11074:2022 11061:ISBN 11046:2022 11033:ISBN 11018:2022 11005:ISBN 10982:ISBN 10965:2023 10952:ISBN 10935:2022 10922:ISBN 10907:2022 10894:ISBN 10879:2022 10866:ISBN 10851:2023 10838:ISBN 10815:ISBN 10800:2022 10787:ISBN 10772:2022 10749:2023 10726:2023 10713:ISBN 10698:2023 10685:ISBN 10670:2023 10657:ISBN 10640:2022 10622:ISBN 10607:2023 10594:ISBN 10579:2022 10566:ISBN 10551:2022 10526:2022 10513:ISBN 10498:2023 10485:ISBN 10470:2022 10457:ISBN 10442:2023 10429:ISBN 10414:2022 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