Linguistics - Knowledge

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instance, consider the structure of the word "tenth" on two different levels of analysis. On the level of internal word structure (known as morphology), the word "tenth" is made up of one linguistic form indicating a number and another form indicating ordinality. The rule governing the combination of these forms ensures that the ordinality marker "th" follows the number "ten." On the level of sound structure (known as phonology), structural analysis shows that the "n" sound in "tenth" is made differently from the "n" sound in "ten" spoken alone. Although most speakers of English are consciously aware of the rules governing internal structure of the word pieces of "tenth", they are less often aware of the rule governing its sound structure. Linguists focused on structure find and analyze rules such as these, which govern how native speakers use language.

1056:(or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison. Its aim is to describe and explain the structural diversity and the common properties of the world's languages. Its subdisciplines include, but are not limited to phonological typology, which deals with sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology, which aims to explain the universal tendencies. 1300:. There may be certain lexical additions (new words) that are brought into play because of the expertise of the community of people within a certain domain of specialization. Thus, registers and discourses distinguish themselves not only through specialized vocabulary but also, in some cases, through distinct stylistic choices. People in the medical fraternity, for example, may use some medical terminology in their communication that is specialized to the field of medicine. This is often referred to as being part of the "medical discourse", and so on. 679: 810:. While these attempts are still not widely accepted as credible methods, they provide necessary information to establish relatedness in language change. This is generally hard to find for events long ago, due to the occurrence of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. A limit of around 10,000 years is often assumed for the functional purpose of conducting research. It is also hard to date various proto-languages. Even though several methods are available, these languages can be dated only approximately. 7384: 8422: 8386: 7729: 2598: 475: 2584: 8411: 2148: 1608: 1071: 9297: 9280: 9314: 1364:, dialogue, and other forms of phonetic variations. Stylistic analysis can also include the study of language in canonical works of literature, popular fiction, news, advertisements, and other forms of communication in popular culture as well. It is usually seen as a variation in communication that changes from speaker to speaker and community to community. In short, Stylistics is the interpretation of text. 9263: 8398: 1009:. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the structural and linguistic knowledge (grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors. 2469:

years of field work in the language concerned, so as to equip the linguist to write a sufficiently accurate reference grammar. Further, the task of documentation requires the linguist to collect a substantial corpus in the language in question, consisting of texts and recordings, both sound and video, which can be stored in an accessible format within open repositories, and used for further research.

2344:. "Applied linguistics" has been argued to be something of a misnomer. Applied linguists actually focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, and not literally "applying" existing technical knowledge from linguistics. Moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g., conversation analysis) and anthropology. ( 1977:. Western interest in the study of languages began somewhat later than in the East, but the grammarians of the classical languages did not use the same methods or reach the same conclusions as their contemporaries in the Indic world. Early interest in language in the West was a part of philosophy, not of grammatical description. The first insights into semantic theory were made by 522:. Linguistics is based on a theoretical as well as a descriptive study of language and is also interlinked with the applied fields of language studies and language learning, which entails the study of specific languages. Before the 20th century, linguistics evolved in conjunction with literary study and did not employ scientific methods. Modern-day linguistics is considered a 2298:, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguists study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluate linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using 1296:

based on specific contexts but also, at a micro level, shapes language as text (spoken or written) down to the phonological and lexico-grammatical levels. Grammar and discourse are linked as parts of a system. A particular discourse becomes a language variety when it is used in this way for a particular purpose, and is referred to as a

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and the different varieties of language through dialects, registers, and idiolects can be tackled through a study of style, as well as through analysis of discourse. Sociolinguists research both style and discourse in language, as well as the theoretical factors that are at play between language and society.

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Forensic linguistics is the application of linguistic analysis to forensics. Forensic analysis investigates the style, language, lexical use, and other linguistic and grammatical features used in the legal context to provide evidence in courts of law. Forensic linguists have also used their expertise

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approach to analyzing the emergence of the language faculty through human evolution, and also the application of evolutionary theory to the study of cultural evolution among different languages. It is also a study of the dispersal of various languages across the globe, through movements among ancient

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It is often believed that a speaker's capacity for language lies in the quantity of words stored in the lexicon. However, this is often considered a myth by linguists. The capacity for the use of language is considered by many linguists to lie primarily in the domain of grammar, and to be linked with

1316:. In some analyses, compound words and certain classes of idiomatic expressions and other collocations are also considered to be part of the lexicon. Dictionaries represent attempts at listing, in alphabetical order, the lexicon of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. 1347:

also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. It involves the study and interpretation of texts for aspects of their linguistic and tonal style. Stylistic analysis entails the analysis

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The above approach of comparativism in linguistics is now, however, only a small part of the much broader discipline called historical linguistics. The comparative study of specific Indo-European languages is considered a highly specialized field today, while comparative research is carried out over

646:, of which some branches are more qualitative and holistic in approach. Today, philology and linguistics are variably described as related fields, subdisciplines, or separate fields of language study but, by and large, linguistics can be seen as an umbrella term. Linguistics is also related to the 2468:

The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has also gained prominence outside North America, with the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages becoming a focus in some university programs in linguistics. Language description is a work-intensive endeavour, usually requiring

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Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is shaped by social factors. This sub-discipline focuses on the synchronic approach of linguistics, and looks at how a language in general, or a set of languages, display variation and varieties at a given point in time. The study of language variation

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Linguistic analysis is a sub-discipline of applied linguistics used by many governments to verify the claimed nationality of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim. This often takes the form of an interview by personnel in an immigration department.

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Structural analysis means dissecting each linguistic level: phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and discourse, to the smallest units. These are collected into inventories (e.g. phoneme, morpheme, lexical classes, phrase types) to study their interconnectedness within a hierarchy of structures and

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Discourse is language as social practice (Baynham, 1995) and is a multilayered concept. As a social practice, discourse embodies different ideologies through written and spoken texts. Discourse analysis can examine or expose these ideologies. Discourse not only influences genre, which is selected

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Modern linguists approach their work with a scientific perspective, although they use methods that used to be thought of as solely an academic discipline of the humanities. Contrary to previous belief, linguistics is multidisciplinary. It overlaps each of the human sciences including psychology,

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like English. Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved. Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done either by private contractors or within a department of the

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entails the idea that language is a tool for communication, or that communication is the primary function of language. Linguistic forms are consequently explained by an appeal to their functional value, or usefulness. Other structuralist approaches take the perspective that form follows from the

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Computational linguistics is the study of linguistic issues in a way that is "computationally responsible", i.e., taking careful note of computational consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain

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government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.

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Linguists focusing on structure attempt to understand the rules regarding language use that native speakers know (not always consciously). All linguistic structures can be broken down into component parts that are combined according to (sub)conscious rules, over multiple levels of analysis. For

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Semantics and pragmatics are branches of linguistics concerned with meaning. These subfields have traditionally been divided according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within linguistics, the

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In modern historical linguistics, we examine how languages change over time, focusing on the relationships between dialects within a specific period. This includes studying morphological, syntactical, and phonetic shifts. Connections between dialects in the past and present are also explored.

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What are the implications of the term "science" encountered in the definition on p. 1? Four aims of the scientific approach to language, often cited in introductory works on the subject, are comprehensiveness, objectivity, systematicness and precision. The contrast is usually drawn with the

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The sub-field of translation includes the translation of written and spoken texts across media, from digital to print and spoken. To translate literally means to transmute the meaning from one language into another. Translators are often employed by organizations such as travel agencies and

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Neurolinguistics is the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in

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plane, which was historical in focus. This meant that they would compare linguistic features and try to analyse language from the point of view of how it had changed between then and later. However, with the rise of Saussurean linguistics in the 20th century, the focus shifted to a more

2496:, which is an automated program to translate words and phrases between any two or more given languages. Translation is also conducted by publishing houses, which convert works of writing from one language to another in order to reach varied audiences. Cross-national and cross-cultural 639:, among children or amongst adults, in terms of how it is being learnt or how it was acquired, as abstract objects or as cognitive structures, through written texts or through oral elicitation, and finally through mechanical data collection or through practical fieldwork. 1817:

plane, on the other hand, focuses on an analysis that is based on the paradigms or concepts that are embedded in a given text. In this case, words of the same type or class may be replaced in the text with each other to achieve the same conceptual understanding.

2306:, electrophysiology, and computer modelling. Amongst the structures of the brain involved in the mechanisms of neurolinguistics, the cerebellum which contains the highest numbers of neurons has a major role in terms of predictions required to produce language. 2000:, where a school of philologists studied the ancient texts in Greek, and taught Greek to speakers of other languages. While this school was the first to use the word "grammar" in its modern sense, Plato had used the word in its original meaning as " 1036:

is concerned with the linguistic abstractions and categorizations of sounds, and it tells us what sounds are in a language, how they do and can combine into words, and explains why certain phonetic features are important to identifying a word.

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plane of linguistic analysis entails the comparison between the way words are sequenced, within the syntax of a sentence. For example, the article "the" is followed by a noun, because of the syntagmatic relation between the words. The

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essentially non-scientific approach of traditional language studies—by which is meant the whole history of ideas about language from Plato and Aristotle down to the nineteenth century study of language history (comparative philology).

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layers. Functional analysis adds to structural analysis the assignment of semantic and other functional roles that each unit may have. For example, a noun phrase may function as the subject or object of the sentence; or the

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Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to

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studies employ translation to collect comparable data among multilingual populations. Academic translators specialize in or are familiar with various other disciplines such as technology, science, law, economics, etc.

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is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United States (where philology has never been very popularly considered as the "science of language").

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in childhood. Some of the questions that developmental linguistics looks into are how children acquire different languages, how adults can acquire a second language, and what the process of language acquisition is.

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the subsequent internal developments in a language: in particular, over the development of modern standard varieties of languages, and over the development of a language from its standardized form to its varieties.

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This study received its foundation at the hands of the Prussian statesman and scholar Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835), especially in the first volume of his work on Kavi, the literary language of Java, entitled

1988:, where he argues that words denote concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. This work is the first to use the word etymology to describe the history of a word's meaning. Around 280 BC, one of 5388:

neurology, anthropology, and sociology. Linguists conduct formal studies of sound structure, grammar and meaning, but they also investigate the history of language families, and research language acquisition.

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are areas of applied linguistics that have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of syntax and semantics, as modelling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.

1682:, which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see 4211: 1664:. Linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature or usage is "good" or "bad". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a 1027:

Phonetics and phonology are branches of linguistics concerned with sounds (or the equivalent aspects of sign languages). Phonetics is largely concerned with the physical aspects of sounds such as their

1320:, closely linked with the domain of semantics, is the science of mapping the words into an encyclopedia or a dictionary. The creation and addition of new words (into the lexicon) is called coining or 2422:

is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and

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Historical linguistics emerged as one of the first few sub-disciplines in the field, and was most widely practised during the late 19th century. Despite a shift in focus in the 20th century towards

765:. Internal reconstruction is the method by which an element that contains a certain meaning is re-used in different contexts or environments where there is a variation in either sound or analogy. 3360: 1777:, written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically 776:, another European language family for which very little written material existed back then. After that, there also followed significant work on the corpora of other languages, such as the 874:, including the principles by which they are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language. Most approaches to morphology investigate the structure of words in terms of 4439: 5137: 1726:

Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and perceiving it, while there have been many cultures and speech communities that lack written communication;

856:, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning. There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals. 749:, which involves a study of the relationship between different languages. At that time, scholars of historical linguistics were only concerned with creating different categories of 6958: 1375:

is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language. The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like

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applies to someone who studies language or is a researcher within the field, or to someone who uses the tools of the discipline to describe and analyse specific languages.

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which arises from the interaction of meaning and form. The organization of linguistic levels is considered computational. Linguistics is essentially seen as relating to

5887: 1472:. The difference between formal and functional structuralism lies in the way that the two approaches explain why languages have the properties they have. Functional 2453:

languages of indigenous peoples. The ethnographic dimension of the Boasian approach to language description played a role in the development of disciplines such as

1138:. For instance, the meaning "cat" is represented worldwide with a wide variety of different sound patterns (in oral languages), movements of the hands and face (in 8951: 1371:, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. 620:

seeks to utilize the scientific findings of the study of language for practical purposes, such as developing methods of improving language education and literacy.

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involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a

4680:"Language Structures May Adapt to the Sociolinguistic Environment, but It Matters What and How You Count: A Typological Study of Verbal and Nominal Complexity" 4653: 4519: 2624: – linguistic tenet that linguistic data should be removed/abstracted from all real-world context so as to be free of any inconsistencies or variability 795:, who considered it imperative, a "must", of historical linguistics to "look to find the same principle operative also in the very outset of that history." 2488:

governmental embassies to facilitate communication between two speakers who do not know each other's language. Translators are also employed to work within

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approach, where the study was geared towards analysis and comparison between different language variations, which existed at the same given point of time.

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grammatical knowledge. Thus, one of the central concerns of the approach is to discover what aspects of linguistic knowledge are innate and which are not.

3910: 1690:, who attempt to eradicate words and structures that they consider to be destructive to society. Prescription, however, may be practised appropriately in 3604: 2090:

There was a shift of focus from historical and comparative linguistics to synchronic analysis in early 20th century. Structural analysis was improved by

2056:. It was soon followed by other authors writing similar comparative studies on other language groups of Europe. The study of language was broadened from 5831:

Himmelman, Nikolaus "Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for?" in P. Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (2006)

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combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars.

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Historical linguistics studies language change either diachronically (through a comparison of different time periods in the past and present) or in a

8460: 1286:, the study of signs and sign processes (semiosis), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication 3375: 3020: 6331: 704:

Historical linguistics is the study of how language changes over history, particularly with regard to a specific language or a group of languages.

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desirable computational properties and their implementations. Computational linguists also work on computer language and software development.

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properties of language, historical research today still remains a significant field of linguistic inquiry. Subfields of the discipline include

1336:, rather than with the growth of vocabulary. Even a very small lexicon is theoretically capable of producing an infinite number of sentences. 3236: 3050: 5374: 3663: 2016:, the study of language was subsumed under the topic of philology, the study of ancient languages and texts, practised by such educators as 5062: 3402: 3106: 3520: 1698:, where certain fundamental grammatical rules and lexical items need to be introduced to a second-language speaker who is attempting to 7048: 3755:

All references in this article to the study of sound should be taken to include the manual and non-manual signs used in sign languages.

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provided a technological solution to foreign language learning. The 1960s also saw a new rise of comparative linguistics: the study of

1878:, first attested in 1716, was commonly used to refer to the study of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. Since 4166: 8978: 7765: 7148: 1951:

into consonants and vowels, and word classes, such as nouns and verbs, was the first known instance of its kind. In the Middle East,

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studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular species is "better" or "worse" than another.

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takes the results of those findings and "applies" them to other areas. Linguistic research is commonly applied to areas such as

1674:, on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favoring a particular dialect or " 2434:. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research. 1759:

with the same pictogram, and text in writing systems used for two languages changing to fit the spoken language being recorded;

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manner (by observing developments between different variations that exist within the current linguistic stage of a language).

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Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics, linguists have been concerned with describing and analysing previously

2073:Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts 1917:, and the humanities. Many linguists, such as David Crystal, conceptualize the field as being primarily scientific. The term 502: 5973: 2932: 1769:

Nonetheless, linguists agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on

9057: 6324: 5085: 3888: 2126:. Towards the end of the century the field of linguistics became divided into further areas of interest with the advent of 392: 17: 2212: 791:

is generally the underlying working hypothesis, occasionally also clearly expressed. The principle was expressed early by

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in the mid-20th century. This focus on language documentation was partly motivated by a concern to document the rapidly

2184: 6253: 3137: 2758: 1414:, is that language is an invention created by people. A semiotic tradition of linguistic research considers language a 772:, many of which had detailed documentation and long written histories. Scholars of historical linguistics also studied 5023: 3326: 8956: 5784: 4550: 4205: 4050: 3856: 2231: 1883: 1647: 1308:

The lexicon is a catalogue of words and terms that are stored in a speaker's mind. The lexicon consists of words and

1199:, the study of the physical properties of speech sound production and perception, and delves into their acoustic and 1118: 4461:

Gibbs, R. W.; Colston, H. (1995). "The cognitive psychological reality of image schemas and their transformations".

1100: 8446: 8402: 7291: 7206: 6357: 6276:– A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology, ed. J.A. García Landa (University of Zaragoza, Spain) 2191: 2114:. As sound recording devices became commonplace in the 1960s, dialectal recordings were made and archived, and the 4622: 4497: 613: 8338: 7246: 7143: 6317: 6195: 2079:

On the Variety of the Structure of Human Language and its Influence upon the Mental Development of the Human Race

2008:), the "art of writing", which is also the title of one of the most important works of the Alexandrine school by 1782: 940:

are concerned with how speakers create words in specific contexts, which evolves over the history of a language.

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MacWhinney, Brian (2015). "Introduction – language emergence". In MacWhinney, Brian; O'Grady, William (eds.).

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Arbib, Michael A. (2015). "Language evolution – an emergentist perspective". In MacWhinney and O'Grady (ed.).

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explains linguistic meaning via aspects of general cognition, drawing on ideas from cognitive science such as

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Developmental linguistics is the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly

2198: 387: 78: 4930:. Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. Translated by Elisabeth Palmer Rubbert. London: Faber. p. 15. 1902:

is first attested in 1847. It is now the usual term in English for the scientific study of language, though

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Daneš, František (1987). "On Prague school functionalism in linguistics". In Dirven, R.; Fried, V. (eds.).

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The study of writing systems themselves, graphemics, is, in any case, considered a branch of linguistics.

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Everaert, Martin; Huybregts, Marinus A. C.; Chomsky, Noam; Berwick, Robert C.; Bolhuis, Johan J. (2015).

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Individuals learn to speak and process spoken language more easily and earlier than they do with writing.

1353: 1344: 1297: 1274: 452: 158: 7383: 2960: 2615: – computational techniques for synthesizing speech based on models of human articulation processes 2180: 1781:

and written. In addition, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of

1258:, and the role played by situational context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning 1142:), and written symbols (in written languages). Linguistic patterns have proven their importance for the 1131:

Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form. Any particular pairing of meaning and form is a

9344: 8713: 8514: 7231: 6998: 6738: 6618: 6349: 6214: 4749: 4384: 2948: 1528:, in contrast, rejects the notion of innate grammar, and studies how the human mind creates linguistic 1460:, or functional grammar, is a branch of structural linguistics. In the humanistic reference, the terms 937: 5621: 5262: 4748:

Kirby, Simon (2013). "Transitions: The Evolution of Linguistic Replicators". In Binder; Smith (eds.).

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in historical linguistics date back to roughly the late 18th century, when the discipline grew out of

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A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present

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All natural writing systems reflect a spoken language (or potentially a signed one), even with

1683: 1457: 1439: 1278:, the study of linguistic factors (rhetoric, diction, stress) that place a discourse in context 1267: 1232: 1200: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1029: 979: 921: 837: 792: 777: 739: 699: 647: 628: 601: 586: 551: 397: 364: 317: 233: 213: 193: 95: 73: 68: 6036: 5287: 4623:"Complex adaptive systems and the origins of adaptive structure: what experiments can tell us" 9155: 8814: 8648: 8233: 8223: 8185: 8158: 8120: 8093: 8003: 7912: 7831: 7821: 7493: 7423: 7296: 7195: 6874: 6854: 6789: 6673: 6455: 5340: 5313: 4971: 4066: 3868: 2621: 1879: 1814: 1525: 1496: 1423: 1391:, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages. 1333: 1143: 1132: 1006: 881: 845: 683: 531: 527: 173: 5942: 5589:"Corpus Linguistics, Learner Corpora, and SLA: Employing Technology to Analyze Language Use" 5443: 4589: 3531: 943:

The discipline that deals specifically with the sound changes occurring within morphemes is

9339: 9123: 8658: 8623: 8600: 8558: 8482: 8180: 8020: 7993: 7988: 7885: 7704: 7503: 7453: 7418: 7408: 7403: 7038: 6948: 6747: 6708: 6440: 5847:"Introduction: Translation of questionnaires in cross-national and cross-cultural research" 4854:(1999). "Functionalism and its difficulties in biology and linguistics". In Darnell (ed.). 2678: 2566: 2510: 2345: 2271: 2115: 2061: 1809: 1699: 1572: 1529: 1388: 1211:, the study of sounds as abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning ( 539: 488: 417: 327: 208: 153: 50: 1223:, the study of morphemes, or the internal structures of words and how they can be modified 8: 9067: 8804: 8755: 8703: 8360: 8354: 8280: 8195: 8140: 8015: 7880: 7826: 7649: 7624: 7088: 7078: 6928: 6884: 6718: 6495: 6410: 6300: 6006: 3072: 2482: 2445:

in the early 1900s, this became the main focus of American linguistics until the rise of

2368: 2325: 2324:

the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all languages.

2315: 2205: 2127: 2123: 2119: 1989: 1982: 1910: 1533: 1516: 1053: 1047: 987: 624: 617: 258: 188: 163: 135: 6273: 4941: 4858:. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 41. John Benjamins. pp. 445–468. 3631: 2639: – Study of analyzing information systems in order to discover their hidden aspects 1172: 9160: 9077: 8946: 8778: 8680: 8663: 8588: 8305: 7870: 7488: 7463: 7438: 7363: 7306: 6938: 6834: 6829: 6753: 6728: 6530: 6515: 6480: 5911: 5548: 5169: 5161: 4899: 4706: 4679: 4645: 4478: 4300: 3830: 3822: 3718: 3468: 2684: 2589: 2497: 2446: 2427: 2356: 2329: 2131: 2103: 2091: 2037: 2025: 1861: 1770: 1691: 1512: 1500: 1427: 1400: 1262: 933: 925: 885: 758: 732: 720: 597:(the study of psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions. 478: 457: 427: 382: 337: 305: 295: 183: 178: 7589: 3493: 2929:

Linguistics summary (Concepts, origin, and Noam Chomsky's contribution to linguistics)

978:

from the meanings of their constituent expressions. Formal semantics draws heavily on

9354: 8936: 8886: 8693: 8628: 8534: 8519: 8275: 8270: 8258: 8253: 8125: 8115: 8035: 7978: 7922: 7519: 6904: 6824: 6663: 6545: 6287: 6281: 6241: 6174: 6143: 6122: 6103: 6082: 6063: 6057: 6042: 6012: 5915: 5901: 5868: 5756: 5733: 5725: 5684: 5637: 5633: 5565: 5488: 5451: 5423: 5346: 5319: 5195: 5173: 5052: 4977: 4903: 4867: 4831: 4806: 4766: 4711: 4641: 4546: 4482: 4435: 4419: 4395: 4363: 4338: 4292: 4262: 4241: 4201: 4188: 4156: 4079: 4046: 4018: 3990: 3878: 3852: 3785: 3722: 3710: 3472: 3456: 3226: 3188: 3133: 2984: 2902: 2892: 2852: 2832: 2797: 2732: 2690: 2337: 2291: 2048:. Bloomfield attributes "the first great scientific linguistic work of the world" to 1955:, a Persian, made a detailed description of Arabic in AD 760 in his monumental work, 1730: 1679: 1451: 1376: 929: 724: 609: 594: 543: 474: 322: 300: 243: 4997: 4923: 4649: 3834: 2384:

Depending on the country, this interview is conducted either in the asylum seeker's

2111: 678: 608:(including traditional descriptive linguistics) is concerned with understanding the 9093: 8546: 8290: 8135: 8110: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7644: 7336: 6968: 6879: 6703: 6698: 6500: 6097: 5938: 5893: 5858: 5799: 5715: 5676: 5629: 5600: 5560: 5153: 4895: 4859: 4758: 4701: 4691: 4637: 4585: 4509: 4470: 4431: 4304: 4282: 4274: 4129: 4119: 3814: 3740: 3705: 3700: 3464: 3426:"The definition of the grammatical category in a syntactically oriented morphology" 3218: 2824: 2714: 2672: 2493: 2454: 2431: 2352: 2284: 2250: 1719: 1556: 1431: 1380: 1135: 991: 983: 975: 773: 535: 422: 253: 248: 223: 218: 203: 7569: 6209: 4010: 3153: 9217: 9191: 8876: 8773: 8743: 8529: 8300: 8067: 8062: 7875: 7679: 7639: 7629: 7619: 7554: 7544: 7534: 7529: 7356: 7113: 7028: 6784: 6763: 6713: 6693: 6633: 6600: 6555: 6550: 6510: 6395: 6237: 5981: 4038: 3984: 3968: 2924: 2696: 2603: 2385: 2360: 2340:, which involves governmental policy implementation related to language use, and 2095: 2009: 1711: 1590:, respectively. This reference is however different from the use of the terms in 1519: 1447: 1411: 1368: 1309: 944: 913: 750: 728: 636: 5863: 5680: 5096: 4762: 3872: 3222: 1190:

Sub-fields that focus on a grammatical study of language include the following:

892:

that can only appear as part of a larger word. For example, in English the root

9098: 8794: 8415: 8263: 8175: 8170: 7927: 7848: 7843: 7774: 7714: 7709: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7634: 7609: 7594: 7584: 7579: 7524: 6864: 6819: 6643: 6575: 6445: 6264: 6227:, a global online linguistics community with news and information updated daily 5144:

Nichols, Stephen G. (1990). "Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture".

4729:

Dahl, Östen (2001). "Grammaticalization and the life cycles of constructions".

4278: 4124: 4107: 3017:"Linguistics Program – Linguistics Program | University of South Carolina" 2666: 2450: 2021: 2001: 1914: 1845: 1837: 1537: 1486: 1469: 1384: 632: 590: 267: 9303: 9286: 6450: 6153: 5720: 5703: 5605: 5588: 4474: 3744: 2977:

Akmajian, Adrian; Richard A. Demers; Ann K. Farmer; Robert M. Harnish (2010).

1913:

field of research that combines tools from natural sciences, social sciences,

1729:

Features appear in speech which are not always recorded in writing, including

806:, linking, for example, Indo-European, Uralic, and other language families to 616:

of language and developing a general theoretical framework for describing it.

9333: 9186: 9138: 9031: 9026: 9005: 8996: 8961: 8891: 8866: 8851: 8698: 8505: 8366: 8322: 8285: 8215: 8190: 8100: 7998: 7944: 7939: 7664: 7659: 7599: 7559: 7539: 7468: 7413: 7301: 7241: 7108: 6723: 6628: 6623: 6585: 6505: 6485: 6460: 6425: 5872: 5729: 5688: 5415: 5117: 5086:"On Panini and the Generative Capacity of Contextualised Replacement Systems" 4887: 4851: 4696: 4566: 3818: 3714: 3656:

Introduction to Linguistic Theory – Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language

2906: 2636: 2515:

Clinical linguistics is the application of linguistic theory to the field of

2394: 2303: 2099: 1753: 1715: 1587: 1461: 1410:

The fundamental principle of humanistic linguistics, especially rational and

1321: 1139: 705: 631:(through the historical development of a language over a period of time), in 574: 5803: 5234: 3279:"Editors' Introduction: Foundations of the new historical linguistics." In: 1940: 1841: 1540:

on human language. In cognitive linguistics, language is approached via the

9036: 9021: 8988: 8633: 8165: 8105: 7853: 7811: 7674: 7614: 7604: 7549: 7251: 7236: 6849: 6844: 6799: 6758: 6668: 6570: 6525: 6520: 6490: 6475: 6470: 5737: 5549:"Linguistics in the digital humanities: (computational) corpus linguistics" 5015: 4715: 4330: 4296: 3356: 2735: – Study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals 2654: 2642: 2553: 2411: 2333: 2017: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1490: 1372: 1317: 663: 627:(by describing the structure of a language at a specific point in time) or 547: 523: 310: 100: 8438: 5897: 5807: 4863: 4803:

Competition in Language Change: the Rise of the English Dative Alternation

4514: 2465:, which investigate the relations between language, culture, and society. 1854: 1379:, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; 9212: 9000: 8748: 8718: 8583: 8317: 8130: 8047: 7959: 7816: 7654: 7261: 7058: 6978: 6804: 6595: 6535: 6420: 6405: 6309: 4618: 2478: 2299: 2049: 2013: 1473: 1415: 1255: 1002: 803: 667: 462: 437: 7164: 6268: 6119:

An Introduction to Language and Linguistics: Breaking the Language Spell

6007:

Akmajian, Adrian; Demers, Richard; Farmer, Ann; Harnish, Robert (2010).

5956: 4263:"Structures, not strings: linguistics as part of the cognitive sciences" 4134: 3826: 3215:

Schools of Thought: The Development of Linguistics from Bopp to Saussure

546:, the environmental, the biological, the literary, the grammatical, the 9133: 9103: 8881: 8688: 8371: 8210: 8052: 8010: 7954: 7331: 7286: 7281: 7098: 6889: 6733: 6688: 6565: 6540: 6465: 6400: 5165: 4287: 3779: 2720: 2442: 2415: 2351:

Today, computers are widely used in many areas of applied linguistics.

2172: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1997: 1943:, the 6th century BC grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit 1687: 1632: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1591: 1568: 1560: 1435: 1246: 998: 971: 960: 841: 754: 651: 582: 432: 115: 3775: 3773: 2708: – Communication about how information is meant to be interpreted 623:

Linguistic features may be studied through a variety of perspectives:

593:(the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and 9143: 8931: 8871: 8799: 8668: 8605: 8578: 8563: 8145: 8042: 7971: 7865: 7838: 7316: 7130: 6839: 6779: 6658: 6638: 6390: 6385: 6365: 5401: 5111: 5109: 3368:

Rheis, International Journal of Linguistics, Philology and Literature

1974: 1970: 1930: 1874: 1756: 1665: 1504: 1419: 1325: 1282: 1251: 1238: 1207: 1195: 1160: 1033: 1022: 1018: 956: 917: 807: 709: 687: 659: 643: 578: 570: 562: 407: 402: 238: 228: 120: 110: 5157: 3597:"Meaning (Semantics and Pragmatics) | Linguistic Society of America" 2519:. Speech language pathologists work on corrective measures to treat 2147: 1607: 1477:

inner mechanisms of the bilateral and multilayered language system.

1146:

field especially with the ever-increasing amount of available data.

1070: 8968: 8734: 8643: 8573: 8509: 8500: 7103: 6794: 6415: 6375: 4967: 4498:"Integrating cognitive linguistics and language evolution research" 4152:

Einführung in die grammatische Beschreibung des Deutschen (2nd ed.)

3770: 3557: 2597: 2583: 1952: 1948: 1849: 1675: 1552: 1357: 1349: 1212: 888:

that can exist as words by themselves, but also categories such as

880:, which are the smallest units in a language with some independent 876: 829: 655: 519: 9320: 8410: 7743: 5785:"Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases" 5263:"Differences between Language and Linguistic in the ELT Classroom" 5106: 3461:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

3425: 1898:

in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641, the term

9222: 8541: 7892: 7373: 7341: 6814: 6370: 6250:, MediaWiki-based encyclopedia of linguistics, under construction 3395:"History of Historical Linguistics Essay on History, Linguistics" 2726: 1993: 1582:

The generative versus evolutionary approach are sometimes called

1508: 1313: 1231:, the study of how words combine to form grammatical phrases and 1171:(the formation and composition of phrases and sentences). Modern 4892:

International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences

3849:

Language and Context: a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register

30:

This article is about the field of study. For publications, see

9196: 8941: 8896: 8861: 8738: 8653: 8615: 7351: 7346: 6959:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

6894: 6304: 6283:

I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science

6139:

I-language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science

6025: 4260: 1749: 1227: 1168: 833: 823: 558: 125: 5405:(2018). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 7–20 530:, and precise analysis of all aspects of language – i.e., the 9245: 6380: 6247: 3430:

Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation. Madrid: Universidad Autónoma

1978: 1541: 1361: 889: 6224: 5704:"Cerebellum as a Master-Piece for Linguistic Predictability" 4894:. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 6323–6330. 6260: 5929:

Croft, William (October 2008). "Evolutionary Linguistics".

5626:

Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)

4731:

RASK – Internationalt Tidsskrift for Sprog og Kommunikation

4385:"Where do cognitive biases fit into cognitive linguistics?" 3295:

Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors

3130:

Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia

2699: – study of the relations between language and culture 1710:

Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that

1686:). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among 1576: 1564: 1387:, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and 871: 6009:

Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication

4942:"Linguistics | PDF | Lexicon | Linguistics" 1796:

Before the 20th century, linguists analysed language on a

1312:, which are parts of words that can not stand alone, like 581:(the abstract sound system of a particular language), and 7934: 3874:

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

3275: 3273: 2831:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii. 2687: – Study of the geographic distribution of languages 1242:, the study of lexical and grammatical aspects of meaning 8952:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

5553:

Mediekultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research

5448:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

4757:. The Frontiers Collection. Springer. pp. 121–138. 4420:"MIND-AS-BODY as a Cross-linguistic Conceptual Metaphor" 3207:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians." 2823: 1864:

employ many of the principles that were laid down then.

745:

At first, historical linguistics was the cornerstone of

4408: 3851:, Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 6. 3780:

Chierchia, Gennaro & Sally McConnell-Ginet (2000).

3680: 3463:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900–905. 3160:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2022. 2743:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2710:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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used by speech communities. Stylistic features include

904:

may appear as its own word, or it may be combined with

604:

that span both theoretical and practical applications.

557:

Traditional areas of linguistic analysis correspond to

6041:(New ed.). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5530: 5528: 5436: 5228: 5226: 4454: 3270: 3211:"The Idea System of the Early Comparative Grammarians" 3187:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 391. 3043:"Studying Linguistics | Linguistic Society of America" 2853:"What is Linguistics? | Linguistic Society of America" 1947:. Pāṇini's systematic classification of the sounds of 3986:

Trends in Linguistics: Runes and Germanic Linguistics

3805:

Ariel, Mira (2009). "Discourse, grammar, discourse".

3767:(2nd ed.), 2013. Andrew Carnie. Blackwell Publishing. 3327:"Early Uralic – Indo-European contacts within Europe" 2657: – Theory and methodology of text interpretation 2645: – Rediscovery of a language or script's meaning 2633: – Interdisciplinary approach to study discourse 5482: 5312:

Spolsky, Bernard; Hult, Francis M. (February 2010).

3735:

Plungyan, V. A. (2011). Modern linguistic typology.

3035: 2701:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2626:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2579: 1939:

An early formal study of language was in India with

1762:

Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;

802:

For instance, some scholars also tried to establish

768:

The reason for this had been to describe well-known

5769: 5525: 5223: 4617: 4187: 2729: – Taking in the meaning of letters or symbols 1173:

frameworks that deal with the principles of grammar

5750: 4414: 3982: 3417: 1383:, which studies language processing in the brain; 712:, the study of ancient texts and oral traditions. 6279: 6135: 4677: 3911:""Stylistics" by Joybrato Mukherjee. Chapter 49. 3782:Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics 2320:Linguists are largely concerned with finding and 1975:phonemes (sounds as units of a linguistic system) 1969:), the first known author to distinguish between 1515:, these underpinning are understood as including 9331: 6256:– according to the Linguistic Society of America 6026:Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie, eds. (2000). 5185: 5183: 3281:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics 1551:which includes the study of linguistic units as 589:contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as 526:because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, 5702:Mariën, Peter; Manto, Mario (25 October 2017). 5485:Western linguistics: An historical introduction 5214: 5044: 4819: 4194:An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.) 3945: 2741: – Theory of language usage and production 2681: – Creation of language processing systems 2669: – Approach in the theory of communication 2359:use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide 1886:, however, this focus has shifted and the term 912:. Morphology also analyzes how words behave as 37:"Linguist" redirects here. For other uses, see 5753:Controversies in Applied Linguistics (pp. 288) 5194:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 19. 4794: 4678:Sinnemäki, Kaius; Di Garbo, Francesca (2018). 4394:. Chicago University Press. pp. 347–363. 3518: 3361:"Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science" 2925:https://www.britannica.com/summary/linguistics 2882: 2880: 2878: 1536:, and the impact of cognitive constraints and 1167:(the formation and composition of words), and 1163:(the organization of phonetic sound systems), 561:(rules governing the structure of sentences), 8454: 7759: 7180: 6325: 5180: 4856:Functionalism and Formalism in linguistics, 1 4495: 3737:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 81 496: 4890:(2015). "Functional Approaches to Grammar". 4460: 4078:. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. 3500:. Macmillan Reference, Ltd., Yale University 3208: 2526: 2259: 2085: 2071: 1960: 8468: 5845:Behr, Dorothée; Sha, Mandy (25 July 2018). 5835:. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York. 5701: 5663:Bailey, Charles-James N. (1 January 1981). 5547:Jensen, Kim Ebensgaard (19 December 2014). 5342:Concise Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics 5311: 5260: 4065: 2875: 2651: – Connections between language groups 2541: 2106:. Functional analysis was developed by the 1678:". This may have the aim of establishing a 1099:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 950: 8461: 8447: 7766: 7752: 7187: 7173: 7049:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 6339: 6332: 6318: 6034: 5889:The Sociolinguistics of Survey Translation 5534: 5519: 5507: 5470: 4825: 4741: 4540: 4351: 4191:; Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. (2004). 4099: 3867: 2972: 2970: 2793:Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts 2693: – Right to choose one's own language 2290:neurolinguistics is informed by models in 2036:In the 18th century, the first use of the 1426:because different languages are shaped in 1012: 573:(speech sounds and equivalent gestures in 503: 489: 8979:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 7194: 6286:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 6142:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5862: 5719: 5604: 5564: 5268:. Theory and Practice in Language Studies 4800: 4722: 4705: 4695: 4513: 4286: 4133: 4123: 4037: 3704: 3652: 2402: 2232:Learn how and when to remove this message 1785:as a viable site for linguistic inquiry. 1648:Learn how and when to remove this message 1119:Learn how and when to remove this message 1032:, acoustics, production, and perception. 693: 8847:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 6038:An Introduction to the Study of Language 5083: 4966: 4922: 4916: 4621:; Tamariz, Monica; Kirby, Simon (2009). 4496:Pleyer, Michael; Winters, James (2014). 3686: 3519:Aronoff, Mark; Fudeman, Kirsten (n.d.). 3491: 3423: 3297:. Malden, MA: Blackwell. pp. 21–23. 3182: 3128:Francis, Alexandre (27 September 2013). 2031: 1992:'s successors founded a university (see 997:Pragmatics focuses on phenomena such as 677: 8914: 6095: 6076: 6055: 5943:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 5886:Pan, Yuling; Sha, Mandy (9 July 2019). 5844: 5619: 5586: 5414: 5315:The Handbook of Educational Linguistics 5189: 5143: 4590:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 4329: 4148: 3784:. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3521:"Morphology and Morphological Analysis" 3307: 3217:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 32–62. 3185:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction 3158:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3127: 2967: 2886: 2560: 2504: 1555:. It is possible to study how language 673: 14: 9332: 6168: 6102:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 5885: 5662: 5628:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 234–248, 5546: 5219:. History of Linguistics. Vol. 4. 4850: 4543:Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction 4541:Evans, Vyvyan; Green, Melanie (2006). 4105: 3607:from the original on 24 September 2017 3530:. Blackwell Publishing. Archived from 3324: 3258:Kosur, Heather Marie (27 April 2013). 2309: 1468:are related to their meaning in other 642:Linguistics emerged from the field of 8913: 8835: 8709:High-context and low-context cultures 8480: 8442: 7747: 7168: 6313: 6280:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 6136:Isac, Daniela; Charles Reiss (2013). 5928: 5782: 5599:. Cambridge University Press: 74–92. 5338: 4886: 4747: 4659:from the original on 12 November 2020 4599:from the original on 25 February 2021 4565: 4382: 4357: 4235: 3950:. Oxford University Press (New York). 3804: 3625: 3564:from the original on 10 February 2023 3436:from the original on 10 February 2023 3355: 3292: 3257: 3164:from the original on 14 December 2022 3132:. SAGE Publishing. pp. 184–187. 3083:from the original on 10 February 2023 2796:. Taylor & Francis. p. 156. 2789: 2764:List of summer schools of linguistics 982:and uses formal tools from logic and 840:. Central concerns of syntax include 832:combine to form larger units such as 828:Syntax is the study of how words and 9252: 9058:Computer processing of body language 8836: 8397: 6116: 5833:Essentials of Language documentation 5593:Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 4728: 4009: 3877:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2ff. 3555: 3454: 3392: 2891:. Wien: Springer-Verlag. p. 3. 2863:from the original on 8 February 2022 2572:in the framework of criminal cases. 2170:adding citations to reliable sources 2141: 2137: 1924: 1630:adding citations to reliable sources 1601: 1097:adding citations to reliable sources 1064: 393:Conservative and innovative language 9073:List of facial expression databases 9063:Emotion recognition in conversation 7773: 5450:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2000. 5048:The Ashtadhyayi of Panini (2 Vols.) 4043:Prolegomena to a Theory of Language 3989:(6th ed.). Mouton de Gruyter. 3891:from the original on 27 August 2016 3586:. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001). 3576: 3405:from the original on 2 October 2022 3325:Quiles, Carlos (29 December 2019). 3103:"The Fields of Applied Linguistics" 2278: 2244: 1961: 1882:'s insistence on the importance of 1507:with a view towards uncovering the 24: 5487:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2–24. 5377:from the original on 17 April 2018 5232: 5115: 5065:from the original on 27 March 2014 5026:from the original on 15 April 2021 4900:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53009-8 4442:from the original on 27 April 2021 4311:from the original on 26 April 2021 4155:. Berlin: Language Science Press. 3669:from the original on 22 March 2023 3469:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4 3424:Fábregas, Antonio (January 2005). 3311:Language and the Study of Language 3239:from the original on 15 April 2021 2759:List of departments of linguistics 1872:Before the 20th century, the term 1266:, the analysis of language use in 1046:This paragraph is an excerpt from 757:proto-languages by using both the 25: 9366: 8957:Childhood disintegrative disorder 6259:Linguistics and language-related 6189: 5961:Forensic Linguistics Intelligence 5004:. Vol. 2. 1908. p. 263. 4998:"Chapter VI: Sanskrit Literature" 4948:from the original on 10 June 2022 4782:from the original on 26 June 2021 4522:from the original on 9 March 2021 4240:. John Benjamins. pp. 3–38. 4217:from the original on 3 March 2021 4169:from the original on 28 July 2017 4045:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3765:Syntax: A Generative Introduction 3498:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 3053:from the original on 8 March 2022 2935:from the original on 1 April 2022 2348:fits under Applied linguistics.) 1575:is a framework which applies the 782:Native American language families 9312: 9295: 9278: 9261: 8420: 8409: 8396: 8385: 8384: 7728: 7727: 7382: 6011:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 5966: 5949: 5922: 5879: 5838: 5566:10.7146/mediekultur.v30i57.15968 5399:Behme, Christina; Neef, Martin. 4642:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2009.00540.x 4335:The Minimalist Program (2nd ed.) 4108:"Theory of language: a taxonomy" 3337:from the original on 7 July 2022 3308:Whitney, William Dwight (1867). 3109:from the original on 21 May 2022 3023:from the original on 6 June 2022 2596: 2582: 2146: 1860:. Today, modern-day theories on 1660:Modern linguistics is primarily 1606: 1579:concept to the study of syntax. 1069: 473: 8339:List of social science journals 7247:Computer-mediated communication 5999: 5974:"what is forensic linguistics?" 5825: 5744: 5695: 5656: 5613: 5580: 5540: 5513: 5501: 5476: 5464: 5408: 5393: 5359: 5339:Berns, Margie (20 March 2010). 5332: 5305: 5280: 5254: 5208: 5077: 5038: 5008: 5002:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 4990: 4960: 4934: 4928:Elements of General Linguistics 4880: 4844: 4671: 4611: 4559: 4534: 4502:Theoria et Historia Scientiarum 4489: 4376: 4323: 4254: 4229: 4181: 4142: 4059: 4031: 4003: 3975: 3954: 3939: 3903: 3861: 3841: 3798: 3758: 3749: 3729: 3646: 3619: 3589: 3549: 3512: 3485: 3448: 3386: 3349: 3318: 3301: 3286: 3251: 3201: 3176: 3146: 3121: 3095: 2983:(6th ed.). The MIT Press. 2790:Trask, Robert Lawrence (2007). 2675: – Subfield of linguistics 2157:needs additional citations for 1867: 1832:The earliest activities in the 1783:computer-mediated communication 1617:needs additional citations for 1324:, and the new words are called 8481: 8296:Science and technology studies 6989:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 6173:. William Morrow and Company. 5851:Translation & Interpreting 5634:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/00944-5 5620:Hunston, S. (1 January 2006), 5217:Nineteenth-Century Linguistics 5084:Penn, Gerald; Kiparski, Paul. 4828:Handbook of Language Emergence 4436:10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.200210526 4392:Language and the Creative Mind 4360:Handbook of Language Emergence 3706:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 3065: 3009: 2917: 2845: 2817: 2783: 2769:List of schools of linguistics 2552:Evolutionary linguistics is a 2472: 2430:– the teaching of a second or 2363:to computers. Applications of 2102:who also developed methods of 2064:, of whom Bloomfield asserts: 1597: 1547:A closely related approach is 1511:underpinnings of language. In 1434:. Frameworks representing the 974:of sentences and how they are 686:is regarded as the creator of 13: 1: 6870:Principle of compositionality 6035:Bloomfield, Leonard (1983) . 5957:What is Forensic Linguistics? 5931:Annual Review of Anthropology 5483:Seuren, Pieter A. M. (1998). 5371:Linguistic Society of America 5192:Understanding Language Change 4578:Annual Review of Anthropology 4072:Course in General Linguistics 3687:Ferguson, Charles A. (1959). 3492:Anderson, Stephen R. (n.d.). 3459:. In Wright, James D. (ed.). 2777: 2754:Index of linguistics articles 2723: – Study of proper names 2717: – Branch of linguistics 2373:computer-assisted translation 1480: 1405: 1394: 1348:of description of particular 1060: 859: 7369:Text and conversation theory 7019:Philosophical Investigations 6231:Glossary of linguistic terms 6215:Resources in other libraries 5708:Cerebellum (London, England) 5402:Essays on Linguistic Realism 5367:"The Science of Linguistics" 5345:. Elsevier. pp. 23–25. 5215:Morpurgo Davies, A. (1998). 4267:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4238:Functionalism in Linguistics 4017:. Indiana University Press. 3847:Leckie-Tarry, Helen (1995). 3725:– via Tandfonline-com. 3457:"Syntax–Semantics Interface" 2739:Stratificational linguistics 2706:Metacommunicative competence 1836:have been attributed to the 1290: 1270:(spoken, written, or signed) 333:Functional discourse grammar 199:Ethnography of communication 32:Linguistics (disambiguation) 27:Scientific study of language 7: 8974:Nonverbal learning disorder 8552:Speech-independent gestures 8525:Facial Action Coding System 6860:Modality (natural language) 6062:. The New Press, New York. 6028:The handbook of linguistics 5864:10.12807/ti.110202.2018.a01 5755:. Oxford University Press. 5751:Barbara Seidlhofer (2003). 5681:10.1515/flin.1981.15.1-2.29 5665:"Developmental Linguistics" 5261:Shahhoseiny, Hajar (2013). 5240:Online Etymology Dictionary 5123:Online Etymology Dictionary 4976:. Oxford University Press. 4763:10.1007/978-3-642-36086-2_6 3983:Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002). 3913:Encyclopedia of Linguistics 3584:Pragmatics: An Introduction 3223:10.1007/978-94-009-3759-8_2 3209:Amsterdamska, Olga (1987). 3154:"Philosophy of Linguistics" 2829:On Language and Linguistics 2827:; Jonathan Webster (2006). 2631:Critical discourse analysis 2575: 2459:anthropological linguistics 2377:natural language processing 2342:natural language processing 2272:the acquisition of language 1855: 1791: 1360:, diction, stress, satire, 1040: 870:Morphology is the study of 602:many branches and subfields 518:is the scientific study of 453:Second-language acquisition 10: 9371: 8714:Interpersonal relationship 8515:Body-to-body communication 6999:Language, Truth, and Logic 6739:Theological noncognitivism 6624:Contrast theory of meaning 6619:Causal theory of reference 6350:Index of language articles 6117:Hall, Christopher (2005). 5292:Birmingham City University 5093:Proceedings of COLING 2012 4571:"Evolutionary linguistics" 4416:Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide 4362:. Wiley. pp. 81–109. 4279:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.008 4125:10.1007/s43545-021-00085-x 3981:Chapter 1, section 1.1 in 3948:The Philosophy of Rhetoric 2663: – Theory of language 2564: 2545: 2530: 2523:and swallowing disorders. 2508: 2476: 2313: 2282: 2263: 2248: 2060:to language in general by 1928: 1825: 1821: 1718:are more fundamental than 1705: 1484: 1398: 1303: 1153: 1045: 1016: 954: 863: 821: 697: 131:Syntax–semantics interface 36: 29: 9205: 9179: 9119: 9112: 9086: 9050: 9014: 8987: 8924: 8920: 8909: 8842: 8831: 8787: 8764: 8727: 8679: 8614: 8493: 8489: 8476: 8380: 8347: 8331: 8078: 7804: 7781: 7723: 7512: 7391: 7380: 7220: 7202: 7139: 7084:Philosophy of information 7071: 6920: 6772: 6684:Mediated reference theory 6609: 6356: 6347: 6210:Resources in your library 6096:Derrida, Jacques (1967). 5721:10.1007/s12311-017-0894-1 5624:, in Brown, Keith (ed.), 5606:10.1017/S0267190519000096 5318:. John Wiley & Sons. 5095:: 943–950. Archived from 4475:10.1515/cogl.1995.6.4.347 3960:Derrida, Jacques (1967). 3745:10.1134/S1019331611020158 3601:www.linguisticsociety.org 3374:(1): 5–27. Archived from 3314:. Scribener. p. 428. 3073:"Theoretical Linguistics" 3047:www.linguisticsociety.org 2857:www.linguisticsociety.org 2661:Integrational linguistics 2533:Computational linguistics 2527:Computational linguistics 2517:speech-language pathology 2490:computational linguistics 2420:Computational linguistics 2365:computational linguistics 2266:Developmental linguistics 2260:Developmental linguistics 2086:20th-century developments 1775:computational linguistics 1571:or the speech community. 1438:view of language include 817: 443:Philosophy of linguistics 343:Interactional linguistics 39:Linguist (disambiguation) 9129:Behavioral communication 7327:Nonviolent communication 7257:History of communication 7009:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 6236:10 February 2013 at the 5190:McMahon, A.M.S. (1994). 5045:S.C. Vasu (Tr.) (1996). 4830:. Wiley. pp. 1–31. 4697:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01141 4149:Schäfer, Roland (2016). 3946:Richards, I. A. (1965). 3819:10.1177/1461445608098496 2548:Evolutionary linguistics 2542:Evolutionary linguistics 2108:Prague linguistic circle 1935:Grammarian (Greco-Roman) 1549:evolutionary linguistics 1339: 951:Semantics and pragmatics 866:Morphology (linguistics) 789:uniformitarian principle 787:In historical work, the 600:Linguistics encompasses 8569:Interpersonal synchrony 8470:Nonverbal communication 7984:international relations 7322:Nonverbal communication 7312:Models of communication 6810:Use–mention distinction 6654:Direct reference theory 6169:Pinker, Steven (1994). 6077:Crystal, David (1990). 5978:CFL at Aston University 4801:Zehentner, Eva (2019). 4751:The Language Phenomenon 4684:Frontiers in Psychology 4106:Austin, Patrik (2021). 3393:Benj (11 August 2019). 3293:Labov, William (1994). 3183:Campbell, Lyle (1998). 2887:Crystal, David (1981). 2825:Halliday, Michael A. K. 2463:linguistic anthropology 2392:or in an international 2296:theoretical linguistics 2046:comparative linguistics 1834:description of language 1013:Phonetics and phonology 770:Indo-European languages 763:internal reconstruction 747:comparative linguistics 606:Theoretical linguistics 9166:Monastic sign lexicons 8857:Emotional intelligence 8311:Quantum social science 6744:Theory of descriptions 6679:Linguistic determinism 6341:Philosophy of language 6056:Chomsky, Noam (1998). 5587:McEnery, Tony (2019). 5288:"What is Linguistics?" 4067:de Saussure, Ferdinand 3963:Writing and Difference 3662:, Harvard University, 3582:Mey, Jacob L. (1993). 2649:Global language system 2613:Articulatory synthesis 2439:undocumented languages 2408:Language documentation 2403:Language documentation 2083: 2072: 1828:History of linguistics 1808:At another level, the 1684:Linguistic imperialism 1458:Functional linguistics 1440:structural linguistics 1185:generative linguistics 1181:functional linguistics 980:philosophy of language 922:grammatical categories 916:, and how they may be 793:William Dwight Whitney 778:Austronesian languages 700:Historical linguistics 694:Historical linguistics 690: 648:philosophy of language 569:(structure of words), 280:Theoretical frameworks 234:Philosophy of language 214:History of linguistics 9350:Communication studies 9156:Impression management 8348:Other categorizations 8201:International studies 8186:History of technology 8121:Communication studies 8004:public administration 7474:Mediated cross-border 7196:Communication studies 6855:Mental representation 6790:Linguistic relativity 6674:Inquisitive semantics 6274:"Linguistics" section 6254:Linguistic sub-fields 6171:The Language Instinct 5898:10.4324/9780429294914 5892:. London: Routledge. 5804:10.1093/applin/ami021 5783:Eades, Diana (2005). 4864:10.1075/slcs.41.21net 4805:. De Gruyter Mouton. 4515:10.12775/ths-2014-002 4463:Cognitive Linguistics 4015:Handbook of Semiotics 3653:Szczegielniak, Adam, 3628:"What is pragmatics?" 3283:Routledge p. 25. 2622:Axiom of categoricity 2066: 2032:Comparative philology 1929:Further information: 1880:Ferdinand de Saussure 1526:Cognitive linguistics 1497:cognitive linguistics 1485:Further information: 1144:knowledge engineering 986:. On the other hand, 908:to form the new word 846:grammatical relations 753:, and reconstructing 684:Ferdinand de Saussure 681: 174:Conversation analysis 9171:Verbal communication 9124:Animal communication 9042:Targeted advertising 8559:Haptic communication 8181:Historical sociology 7409:Communication theory 7404:Communication design 7039:Naming and Necessity 6949:De Arte Combinatoria 6748:Definite description 6709:Semantic externalism 6030:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5984:on 27 September 2010 5622:"Corpus Linguistics" 4390:. In Borkent (ed.). 4383:Tobin, Vera (2014). 3455:Luuk, Erkki (2015). 2889:Clinical linguistics 2679:Language engineering 2567:Forensic linguistics 2561:Forensic linguistics 2511:Clinical linguistics 2505:Clinical linguistics 2346:Constructed language 2166:improve this article 2116:audio-lingual method 2062:Wilhelm von Humboldt 2044:sparked the rise of 1957:Al-kitab fii an-naħw 1692:language instruction 1626:improve this article 1573:Construction grammar 1553:cultural replicators 1389:language acquisition 1093:improve this section 900:are both morphemes; 884:. Morphemes include 723:, which studies the 674:Major subdisciplines 418:Internet linguistics 328:Construction grammar 18:Verbal communication 9180:Non-verbal language 9068:Gesture recognition 8915:Further information 8805:Emotion recognition 8756:Silent service code 8361:Geisteswissenschaft 8355:Behavioral sciences 8281:Political sociology 8196:Information science 8141:Development studies 7089:Philosophical logic 7079:Analytic philosophy 6885:Sense and reference 6764:Verification theory 6719:Situation semantics 6244:(last updated 2004) 5792:Applied Linguistics 3869:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad 3537:on 27 February 2020 3528:What is Morphology? 2997:on 14 December 2012 2483:Translation studies 2369:machine translation 2326:Applied linguistics 2316:Applied linguistics 2310:Applied linguistics 2128:language technology 2124:linguistic typology 2120:language universals 1990:Alexander the Great 1967:The Book on Grammar 1906:is sometimes used. 1884:synchronic analysis 1680:linguistic standard 1495:Approaches such as 1250:, the study of how 1054:Linguistic typology 1048:Linguistic typology 1007:talk in interaction 988:cognitive semantics 936:. Concepts such as 618:Applied linguistics 353:Systemic functional 148:Applied linguistics 90:General linguistics 9206:Art and literature 9161:Meta-communication 9149:Passive-aggressive 9078:Sentiment analysis 8779:Non-verbal leakage 8416:Society portal 7903:auxiliary sciences 7439:Discourse analysis 7364:Telecommunications 7307:Meta-communication 6939:Port-Royal Grammar 6835:Family resemblance 6754:Theory of language 6729:Supposition theory 5020:panini.phil.hhu.de 4200:. London: Hodder. 4189:Halliday, M. A. K. 4112:SN Social Sciences 3556:Emmanuel, Ortese. 2685:Language geography 2590:Linguistics portal 2447:formal linguistics 2428:language education 2357:speech recognition 2330:language education 2104:discourse analysis 2092:Leonard Bloomfield 2054:Deutsche Grammatik 2038:comparative method 2026:John Amos Comenius 1911:multi-disciplinary 1904:linguistic science 1894:Although the term 1846:formal description 1840:Indian grammarian 1771:corpus linguistics 1731:phonological rules 1722:. This is because 1513:Generative Grammar 1501:generative grammar 1428:social interaction 1401:Theory of language 1263:Discourse analysis 1256:communicative acts 761:and the method of 759:comparative method 733:grammaticalization 721:generative grammar 691: 614:fundamental nature 458:Theory of language 428:Origin of language 383:Autonomy of syntax 338:Grammaticalization 184:Discourse analysis 179:Corpus linguistics 9345:Cognitive science 9243: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9230: 8937:Asperger syndrome 8905: 8904: 8887:Social competence 8827: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8629:Emotional prosody 8535:Subtle expression 8520:Facial expression 8436: 8435: 8276:Political economy 8271:Political ecology 8126:Community studies 8116:Cognitive science 8079:Interdisciplinary 7979:Political science 7741: 7740: 7162: 7161: 6664:Dynamic semantics 6293:978-0-19-953420-3 6242:SIL International 6225:The Linguist List 6196:Library resources 6180:978-0-14-017529-5 6149:978-0-19-966017-9 6128:978-0-8264-8734-6 6109:978-0-8018-5830-7 6088:978-0-14-013531-2 6081:. Penguin Books. 6069:978-1-56584-475-9 6048:978-90-272-8047-3 6018:978-0-262-51370-8 5907:978-0-429-29491-4 5762:978-0-19-437444-6 5669:Folia Linguistica 5643:978-0-08-044854-1 5494:978-0-631-20891-4 5457:978-0-395-82517-4 5429:978-0-14-013531-2 5422:. Penguin Books. 5352:978-0-08-096503-1 5325:978-1-4443-3104-2 5233:Harper, Douglas. 5201:978-0-521-44665-5 5116:Harper, Douglas. 5102:on 15 April 2021. 5058:978-81-208-0409-8 4983:978-0-19-966521-1 4909:978-0-08-097087-5 4873:978-1-55619-927-1 4837:978-1-118-34613-6 4812:978-3-11-063385-6 4772:978-3-642-36085-5 4630:Language Learning 4401:978-90-272-8643-7 4369:978-1-118-34613-6 4344:978-0-262-52734-7 4247:978-90-272-1524-6 4162:978-1-537504-95-7 4095:on 8 August 2019. 4085:978-0-231-15727-8 4024:978-0-253-20959-7 3996:978-3-11-017462-5 3927:on 4 October 2013 3884:978-1-4039-1723-2 3807:Discourse Studies 3791:978-0-262-53164-1 3478:978-0-08-097087-5 3232:978-94-009-3759-8 3194:978-0-7486-4601-2 3077:globelanguage.org 2990:978-0-262-51370-8 2949:cite encyclopedia 2898:978-3-7091-4001-7 2838:978-0-8264-8824-4 2803:978-0-415-41359-6 2733:Speech processing 2691:Linguistic rights 2338:language planning 2292:psycholinguistics 2242: 2241: 2234: 2216: 2138:Areas of research 2012:. Throughout the 2002:téchnē grammatikḗ 1925:Early grammarians 1909:Linguistics is a 1850:Sanskrit language 1658: 1657: 1650: 1503:study linguistic 1377:psycholinguistics 1129: 1128: 1121: 751:language families 595:psycholinguistics 513: 512: 301:Distributionalism 244:Psycholinguistics 16:(Redirected from 9362: 9325: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9308: 9300: 9299: 9298: 9291: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9254: 9117: 9116: 9094:Ray Birdwhistell 8922: 8921: 8911: 8910: 8837:Broader concepts 8833: 8832: 8810:First impression 8491: 8490: 8478: 8477: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8424: 8414: 8413: 8400: 8399: 8388: 8387: 8291:Regional science 8136:Cultural studies 8111:Business studies 7768: 7761: 7754: 7745: 7744: 7731: 7730: 7386: 7337:Public relations 7232:Biocommunication 7189: 7182: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7124:Formal semantics 7072:Related articles 7064: 7054: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6994: 6984: 6974: 6964: 6954: 6944: 6934: 6704:Relevance theory 6699:Phallogocentrism 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6297: 6184: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6152:. 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Archived from 3626:Shaozhong, Liu. 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3558:"In linguistics" 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3381:on 17 July 2022. 3380: 3365: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3331:Indo-European.eu 3322: 3316: 3315: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993:. Archived from 2974: 2965: 2964: 2958: 2957:|entry-url= 2954: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2884: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2787: 2744: 2715:Microlinguistics 2711: 2702: 2673:Interlinguistics 2627: 2618: 2606: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2494:Google Translate 2455:sociolinguistics 2441:. Starting with 2432:foreign language 2426:, as well as in 2361:voice interfaces 2353:Speech synthesis 2285:Neurolinguistics 2279:Neurolinguistics 2251:Sociolinguistics 2245:Sociolinguistics 2237: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2174: 2150: 2142: 2130:and digitalized 2075: 2007: 2006:Τέχνη Γραμματική 1964: 1963: 1858: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1610: 1602: 1442:, among others. 1432:speech community 1424:cultural studies 1381:neurolinguistics 1124: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1104: 1073: 1065: 992:prototype theory 984:computer science 968:formal semantics 774:Uralic languages 505: 498: 491: 477: 423:LGBT linguistics 413:Internationalism 388:Compositionality 249:Sociolinguistics 224:Neurolinguistics 219:Interlinguistics 204:Ethnomethodology 46: 45: 21: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9318: 9313: 9311: 9301: 9296: 9294: 9284: 9279: 9277: 9267: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9253:sister projects 9250:at Knowledge's 9244: 9227: 9218:Mimoplastic art 9201: 9192:Tactile signing 9175: 9108: 9082: 9046: 9010: 8983: 8916: 8901: 8877:Social behavior 8838: 8819: 8783: 8774:Microexpression 8760: 8744:One-bit message 8723: 8675: 8610: 8530:Microexpression 8485: 8472: 8467: 8437: 8432: 8408: 8376: 8343: 8327: 8301:Science studies 8085:Administration 8074: 7800: 7777: 7775:Social sciences 7772: 7742: 7737: 7719: 7508: 7387: 7378: 7225: 7223: 7216: 7198: 7193: 7163: 7158: 7135: 7114:School of Names 7067: 7062: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7029:Of Grammatology 7022: 7012: 7002: 6992: 6982: 6972: 6962: 6952: 6942: 6932: 6916: 6768: 6714:Semantic holism 6694:Non-cognitivism 6634:Conventionalism 6605: 6352: 6343: 6338: 6294: 6238:Wayback Machine 6221: 6220: 6219: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6129: 6110: 6099:Of Grammatology 6089: 6070: 6049: 6019: 6002: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5955:Olsson, John. " 5954: 5950: 5927: 5923: 5908: 5884: 5880: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5787: 5781: 5770: 5763: 5749: 5745: 5700: 5696: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5618: 5614: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5545: 5541: 5535:Bloomfield 1983 5533: 5526: 5520:Bloomfield 1983 5518: 5514: 5508:Bloomfield 1983 5506: 5502: 5495: 5481: 5477: 5471:Bloomfield 1983 5469: 5465: 5458: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5413: 5409: 5398: 5394: 5380: 5378: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5255: 5245: 5243: 5231: 5224: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5188: 5181: 5158:10.2307/2864468 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5059: 5051:. Vedic Books. 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4924:Martinet, André 4921: 4917: 4910: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4387: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4273:(12): 729–743. 4259: 4255: 4248: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4197: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4075: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3980: 3976: 3969:Of Grammatology 3959: 3955: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3885: 3866: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3778: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3634:on 7 March 2009 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3306: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3264:LinguisticsGirl 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3233: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2991: 2975: 2968: 2959:missing title ( 2956: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2899: 2885: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2742: 2709: 2700: 2697:Metalinguistics 2625: 2616: 2604:Language portal 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2578: 2569: 2563: 2554:sociobiological 2550: 2544: 2535: 2529: 2513: 2507: 2498:survey research 2485: 2477:Main articles: 2475: 2405: 2386:native language 2336:, translation, 2318: 2312: 2287: 2281: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2151: 2140: 2096:Louis Hjelmslev 2088: 2034: 2010:Dionysius Thrax 2005: 1962:الكتاب في النحو 1937: 1927: 1915:formal sciences 1870: 1830: 1824: 1794: 1708: 1654: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1623: 1611: 1600: 1520:domain-specific 1493: 1483: 1412:logical grammar 1408: 1403: 1397: 1369:Jacques Derrida 1342: 1310:bound morphemes 1306: 1293: 1156: 1136:linguistic sign 1125: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1090: 1074: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1051: 1043: 1025: 1017:Main articles: 1015: 963: 955:Main articles: 953: 945:morphophonology 914:parts of speech 896:and the suffix 868: 862: 826: 820: 729:language change 702: 696: 682:Swiss linguist 676: 509: 468: 467: 378: 370: 369: 281: 273: 272: 268:Writing systems 159:Anthropological 149: 141: 140: 91: 83: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9368: 9358: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9327: 9326: 9309: 9307:from Wikibooks 9292: 9290:from Wikiquote 9275: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9101: 9099:Charles Darwin 9096: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8928: 8926: 8918: 8917: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8795:Affect display 8791: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8770: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8683: 8681:Social context 8677: 8676: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8589:Pupil dilation 8586: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8512: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8487: 8486: 8474: 8473: 8466: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8244:social science 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8176:Global studies 8173: 8171:Gender studies 8168: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8154:social science 8150:Environmental 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8008: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849:macroeconomics 7846: 7844:microeconomics 7836: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7479:Organizational 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7429:Cross-cultural 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7388: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7277:Intrapersonal 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7177: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7055: 7045: 7035: 7025: 7015: 7005: 6995: 6985: 6975: 6965: 6955: 6945: 6935: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6865:Presupposition 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6644:Deconstruction 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6271: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6228: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190:External links 6188: 6186: 6185: 6179: 6166: 6156:on 6 July 2011 6148: 6133: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6074: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5965: 5948: 5921: 5906: 5878: 5837: 5824: 5768: 5761: 5743: 5694: 5675:(1–2): 29–38. 5655: 5642: 5612: 5579: 5539: 5537:, p. 311. 5524: 5522:, p. 310. 5512: 5510:, p. 308. 5500: 5493: 5475: 5473:, p. 307. 5463: 5456: 5435: 5428: 5416:Crystal, David 5407: 5392: 5358: 5351: 5331: 5324: 5304: 5279: 5253: 5222: 5207: 5200: 5179: 5136: 5105: 5076: 5057: 5037: 5007: 4989: 4982: 4959: 4933: 4915: 4908: 4888:Croft, William 4879: 4872: 4852:Nettle, Daniel 4843: 4836: 4818: 4811: 4793: 4771: 4740: 4721: 4670: 4619:Cornish, Hanna 4610: 4567:Croft, William 4558: 4551: 4533: 4488: 4469:(4): 347–378. 4453: 4407: 4400: 4375: 4368: 4350: 4343: 4322: 4253: 4246: 4228: 4206: 4180: 4161: 4141: 4098: 4084: 4058: 4051: 4030: 4023: 4011:Nöth, Winfried 4002: 3995: 3974: 3953: 3938: 3902: 3883: 3860: 3840: 3797: 3790: 3769: 3757: 3748: 3739:(2), 101-113. 3728: 3699:(2): 325–340. 3679: 3645: 3618: 3588: 3575: 3548: 3511: 3484: 3477: 3447: 3416: 3399:Essay Examples 3385: 3348: 3317: 3300: 3285: 3269: 3250: 3231: 3200: 3193: 3175: 3145: 3139:978-1412999632 3138: 3120: 3094: 3064: 3034: 3008: 2989: 2966: 2916: 2897: 2874: 2844: 2837: 2816: 2802: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2667:Integrationism 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2619: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2593: 2577: 2574: 2565:Main article: 2562: 2559: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2531:Main article: 2528: 2525: 2509:Main article: 2506: 2503: 2474: 2471: 2424:interpretation 2404: 2401: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2283:Main article: 2280: 2277: 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2249:Main article: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2154: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2112:André Martinet 2087: 2084: 2033: 2030: 2022:Wolfgang Ratke 1926: 1923: 1869: 1866: 1838:6th-century-BC 1826:Main article: 1823: 1820: 1793: 1790: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1742: 1727: 1707: 1704: 1702:the language. 1656: 1655: 1614: 1612: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1592:human sciences 1487:Biolinguistics 1482: 1479: 1470:human sciences 1407: 1404: 1396: 1393: 1385:biolinguistics 1367:In the 1960s, 1341: 1338: 1305: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1279: 1271: 1259: 1243: 1235: 1224: 1216: 1204: 1155: 1152: 1140:sign languages 1127: 1126: 1077: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1052: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1014: 1011: 952: 949: 864:Main article: 861: 858: 822:Main article: 819: 816: 804:super-families 706:Western trends 698:Main article: 695: 692: 675: 672: 629:diachronically 625:synchronically 591:biolinguistics 575:sign languages 548:paleographical 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 485: 482: 481: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 448:Prescriptivism 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 362: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 315: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 89: 88: 85: 84: 82: 81: 76: 71: 65: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9367: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9324:from Wikidata 9323: 9322: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9249: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9187:Sign language 9185: 9184: 9182: 9178: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9032:Freudian slip 9030: 9028: 9027:Lie detection 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9006:Mirror neuron 9004: 9002: 8998: 8997:Limbic system 8995: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8962:Rett syndrome 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Social skills 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8867:People skills 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8852:Communication 8850: 8848: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8834: 8830: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788:Multi-faceted 8786: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8699:Display rules 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8670: 8669:Voice quality 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506:Body language 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8464: 8459: 8457: 8452: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8405: 8404: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8367:Human science 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8323:Vegan studies 8321: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:Public health 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8220:Philosophies 8219: 8217: 8216:Media studies 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8191:Human ecology 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8101:Anthrozoology 8099: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026:developmental 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7999:public policy 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7950:legal systems 7948: 7946: 7945:legal history 7943: 7941: 7940:jurisprudence 7938: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7734: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469:Media studies 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7459:International 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7444:Environmental 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Developmental 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7414:Communicology 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302:Media ecology 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7272:Interpersonal 7270: 7268: 7267:Intercultural 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7242:Communication 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7185: 7183: 7178: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7141: 7138: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109:Scholasticism 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7061: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Structuralism 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Descriptivism 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6629:Contrastivism 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121:. Routledge. 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6004: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5834: 5828: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5798:(4): 503–26. 5797: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5714:(2): 101–03. 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5645: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5264: 5257: 5242: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5218: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5112: 5110: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5041: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4552:0-7486-1831-7 4548: 4545:. Routledge. 4544: 4537: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430:(1): 93–119. 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4337:. MIT Press. 4336: 4332: 4331:Chomsky, Noam 4326: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4249: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4213: 4209: 4207:0-340-76167-9 4203: 4196: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4054: 4052:0-299-02470-9 4048: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3942: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857:1-85567-272-3 3854: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3761: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3665: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3358: 3357:Baldi, Philip 3352: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2950: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637:Cryptanalysis 2635: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2558: 2557:communities. 2555: 2549: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2521:communication 2518: 2512: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395:lingua franca 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2304:brain imaging 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2257: 2252: 2236: 2233: 2225: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: – 2182: 2181:"Linguistics" 2178: 2177:Find sources: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2155:This section 2153: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2100:Zellig Harris 2097: 2093: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058:Indo-European 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:William Jones 2039: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1799: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1748:scripts like 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739:speech errors 1736: 1735:sound changes 1732: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1638:February 2024 1631: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1615:This section 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588:functionalism 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530:constructions 1527: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:functionalism 1463: 1462:structuralism 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1322:neologization 1319: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1151: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1123: 1120: 1112: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1078:This section 1076: 1072: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1049: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 962: 958: 948: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 878: 873: 867: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 825: 815: 811: 809: 805: 800: 796: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 701: 689: 685: 680: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 637:multilinguals 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 544:psychological 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 486: 484: 483: 480: 476: 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Descriptivism 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 374: 373: 366: 365:Structuralism 363: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348:Prague circle 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 277: 276: 269: 266: 264: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 194:Documentation 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Computational 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 87: 86: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9319: 9302: 9285: 9273:from Commons 9268: 9247: 9170: 9022:Cold reading 9015:Applications 8989:Neuroanatomy 8634:Paralanguage 8425: 8401: 8389: 8359: 8205: 8166:Food studies 8106:Area studies 7966: 7859:mathematical 7854:econometrics 7812:Anthropology 7252:Conversation 7237:Broadcasting 7093: 7057: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7017: 7007: 6997: 6987: 6967: 6957: 6947: 6937: 6927: 6909: 6850:Metalanguage 6845:Logical form 6800:Truth-bearer 6759:Unilalianism 6669:Expressivism 6496:Wittgenstein 6441:von Humboldt 6358:Philosophers 6282: 6265:Scholarpedia 6263:articles on 6200: 6170: 6158:. Retrieved 6154:the original 6138: 6118: 6098: 6078: 6058: 6037: 6027: 6008: 6000:Bibliography 5986:. Retrieved 5982:the original 5977: 5968: 5960: 5951: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5888: 5881: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5815:. Retrieved 5808:the original 5795: 5791: 5752: 5746: 5711: 5707: 5697: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5647:, retrieved 5625: 5615: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5556: 5552: 5542: 5515: 5503: 5484: 5478: 5466: 5447: 5438: 5419: 5410: 5400: 5395: 5386: 5379:. Retrieved 5370: 5361: 5341: 5334: 5314: 5307: 5295:. Retrieved 5291: 5282: 5270:. Retrieved 5256: 5244:. Retrieved 5238: 5216: 5210: 5191: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5127:. Retrieved 5121: 5097:the original 5092: 5079: 5069:17 September 5067:. Retrieved 5047: 5040: 5028:. Retrieved 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4972: 4962: 4950:. Retrieved 4936: 4927: 4918: 4891: 4882: 4855: 4846: 4827: 4821: 4802: 4796: 4784:. Retrieved 4750: 4743: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4661:. Retrieved 4633: 4629: 4613: 4601:. 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