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due to loess aggregation would have altered local wind patterns by causing eddies in the hill's wake reducing the wind's effective strength. Downwind of a forming paha, less sand would have been carried or mobilized, resulting in more loess. This pattern is seen in the linear relationship of multiple pahas downwind from a single topographic barrier. In Iowa, the rapid accumulation of loess and erosion of the landscape is thought to have been partly synchronous during the Late
Wisconsinan; after the climate warmed and outwash shut off when glaciers retreated from the basin, the landscape overall stabilized.
20:
106:
sand deflated loess on the uplands where not blocked upwind by a topographic barrier such as steep-walled stream valleys or vertical bedrock outcrops. As a consequence, paha are found where downwind of impediments that protected loess deposit from saltating sand. As paha grew, the rise in elevation
46:
that developed the Iowan surface, and they are considered erosional remnants since they often preserve buried soils. Paha generally rise above the surrounding landscape more than 6.1 metres (20 ft). The word
80:
765:
411:
Mason, Joseph A.; Nater, Edward A.; Zanner, C. William; Bell, James C. (1999). "A new model of topographic effects on the distribution of loess".
276:
90:, i.e. sources of eolian sediment. Landscapes that contain paha have a subdued, rolling topography that is thought to be caused due to
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Kok, Jasper F.; Parteli, Eric J. R.; Michaels, Timothy I.; Bou Karam, Diana (2012). "The physics of wind-blown sand and dust".
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formed on the surrounding landscape. Most paha are still covered with trees or grazed while the surrounding landscape is in
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369:"Evolution of the Driftless Area and Contiguous Regions of Midwestern USA Through Pleistocene Periglacial Processes"
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451:"Up in the refrigerator: geomorphic response to periglacial environments in the Upper Mississippi River basin, USA"
63:'s campus. These features are found in other regions of the United States and in Europe, where they are known as
1143:
886:
609:
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42:, paha are prominent hills that are oriented from northwest to southeast, formed during the period of mass
98:. The gentle topography served as a surface for eolian sediment to travel across the area, similar to the
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60:
489:
634:
Iannicelli, Michael (2003). "Devon Island's
Oriented Landforms as an Analog to Illinois-Type Paha".
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A map showing the distribution of paha with the major rivers on the boundary of the Iowan
Surface.
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Geomorphic
Development of a Late Quaternary Paired Eolian Sequence, Columbia Plateau, Washington
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79:. Pahas in Iowa contain thick deposits of Wisconsinan-aged Peoria Formation loess and the
8:
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Rousseau, D-D.; Derbyshire, E.; Antoine, P.; Hatté, C. (2018). "European Loess
Records".
521:
231:
166:
103:
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Leichty, Reid (2008). "Pre-Settlement
Vegetation at Casey's Paha State Preserve, Iowa".
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Ridges, similar to the pahas of Iowa, are found in Europe, where they are known as
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Ruhe, Robert; Dietz, W.P.; Fenton, Tom; Hall, Hall (1968). "Iowan Drift
Problem".
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52:
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Pahas were formed during the last glacial stage. In North
America this was the
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developed, Casey's Paha in Tama County, Iowa, and the
Kirkwood Paha, home of
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83:. and they are also predominately found downwind of river valleys carrying
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Kay, George F. (1917), Iowa
Geological Survey, Volume 26, pp. 150–152
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erosion. Some of this erosion could have been caused by snow melt
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to refer to features that are indistinguishable from paha ridges.
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234:, for example, they form NNW-ESE aligned ridges on a bank on the
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203:
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preserves the southeast end of a 2-mile (3.2 km) long paha.
129:
87:
43:
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328:
Kerr, Phillip; Tassier-Surine, Stephanie; Kohrt, Casey (2019).
192:
121:
689:
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Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
680:, Geological Society of America 2002 Annual Meeting, Denver.
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and have been dated to between 40,000 and 34,000 years old.
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722:
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by Jean C. Prior, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 1991
39:
202:
Similar ridge forms occur in the arid upwind parts of the
184:
Casey's Paha State Preserve in Hickory Hills County Park,
55:. Well known pahas include the hill on which the town of
330:"Trends in eolian features on the Iowan Erosion Surface"
327:
559:
Ruhe, Robert (1969). "Quaternary Landscapes in Iowa".
334:
Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs
279:, Iowa Geological Survey, 2006. Accessed 2008-08-12.
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410:
612:
2008-2012 Resource Enhancement and Protection Plan,
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683:
214:, several of the above-cited authors use the term
34:) are elongated landforms composed either of only
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308:Iowa Geological Survey Report of Investigations
725:Mineral Dust: A Key Player in the Earth System
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723:Knippertz, P.; Stuut, J-B. W., eds. (2014).
256:The Pleistocene history of northeastern Iowa
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356:– via Geological Society of America.
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153:A well-defined band of pahas runs between
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191:Paha ridges have also been identified in
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593:Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science
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277:Paha Ridge Landform Features of Iowa
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492:Reports on Progress in Physics
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1:
887:Solifluction lobes and sheets
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38:or till capped by loess. In
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367:Iannicelli, Michael (2010).
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7:
394:10.2174/1874262901004010035
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128:formed on the paha, while
61:Kirkwood Community College
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727:. Springer. p. 419.
346:10.1130/abs/2019SC-326991
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161:, Iowa and is crossed by
1023:Stratified slope deposit
373:The Open Geology Journal
775:Periglacial environment
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932:Fluvio-thermal erosion
572:Cite journal requires
449:Mason, Joseph (2015).
24:
1094:Massenerhebung effect
799:Cryoplanation terrace
258:. Gov't. Print. Off.
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977:Zero-curtain effect
648:2003PolGe..27..339I
614:July 31, 2007, p. 6
610:Black Hawk County,
514:2012RPPh...75j6901K
467:2015Geomo.248..363M
425:1999Geomo..28..223M
385:2010OGJ.....4...35I
254:McGee, W J (1891).
232:Heidelberg, Germany
986:Soils and deposits
676:David R. Gaylord,
210:. Outside of the
100:Nebraska Sandhills
57:Mount Vernon, Iowa
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16:Type of loess hill
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734:978-94-017-8977-6
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656:10.1080/789610227
294:Landforms of Iowa
186:Tama County, Iowa
111:Modern Expression
81:Farmdale Paleosol
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1090:Alpine tree line
1075:Antarctic tundra
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165:. Most are in
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922:Cryosuction
859:Thermokarst
854:Glaciokarst
461:: 363–381.
236:River Rhine
181:counties.
92:periglacial
77:Wisconsinan
1175:Permafrost
1164:Categories
1018:Permafrost
897:Stone ring
877:Frost boil
849:Strandflat
789:Blockfield
242:References
208:Washington
206:region of
132:soils and
124:soils and
85:Wisconsian
1003:Ice wedge
910:Processes
794:Bratschen
782:Landforms
664:129373821
546:206021236
530:875178143
505:1201.4353
354:195559537
264:884016785
134:mollisols
120:In Iowa,
104:Saltating
71:Formation
1131:Subpolar
1047:ecotones
998:Gelisols
962:Nivation
882:Polygons
814:Lithalsa
599:: 12–16.
538:22982806
197:Illinois
159:Martelle
126:alfisols
96:nivation
1114:Climate
644:Bibcode
510:Bibcode
463:Bibcode
421:Bibcode
381:Bibcode
314:: 40 p.
212:Midwest
204:Palouse
175:Johnson
130:prairie
88:outwash
44:erosion
1121:Alpine
1070:Golets
1043:Biomes
1033:Yedoma
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222:Europe
193:Kansas
167:Benton
122:forest
1180:Hills
1126:Polar
1100:Taiga
1028:Talik
1008:Loess
834:Pingo
824:Palsa
809:Kurum
660:S2CID
542:S2CID
500:arXiv
350:S2CID
230:. In
228:greda
216:greda
179:Jones
65:greda
36:loess
32:greda
1045:and
1013:Peat
819:Paha
729:ISBN
704:ISBN
578:help
534:PMID
526:OCLC
338:51–2
260:OCLC
177:and
171:Linn
157:and
116:Iowa
49:paha
40:Iowa
30:(or
28:Paha
696:doi
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597:115
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
