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or Pit River people. They believe humanity to be the descendants of creatures neither human nor animal that lived during the earth's early days. A great flood triggered an event called the Great Change resulting in the extinctions of some kinds of life and the transformation of others. Following the
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exiled the Qwilla to the south. This story serves as an explanation for the absence of alligators and conspicuous dinosaur remains in northern
California. Stories explaining the absence of fossils are extremely unusual. The deserts of the southwestern US where the Qwilla were exiled to are home to
351:
and
Transverse Mountains were created by the same geologic forces responsible for raising the Sierra Nevada during the Mesozoic. Sea levels rose and fell over time, so the state was home to a variety of ancient environments including shallow seas, estuaries and dry land. More than 2,300 species of
902:. The skeleton was nearly complete, preserving 175 of the 200 bones a complete skeleton would have. The specimen was only the second of its kind in the entire world, and the first in North America. The discovery was considered one of the most significant finds in North American paleontology.
256:
began forming at this time. Mesozoic
California included areas of both marine and terrestrial environments. The local seas were home to a variety of marine invertebrates and marine reptiles. The terrestrial flora included plants such as conifers, cycads, and
208:
Precambrian fossils are present but rare in
California. During the early Paleozoic, California was covered by a warm shallow sea inhabited by marine invertebrates such as ammonites, brachiopods, and corals. At least two different
824:. When Himnimtsooke was killed its body was dismembered and scattered in the sea. The Qwilla were another kind of dragon from the world before the Great Change. After the change happened the Qwilla were transformed into modern
1736:
Rieboldt, Sarah, Judy
Scotchmoor, David Lindberg, Lindsay Groves, LouElla Saul, Sam MacLeod, Carol Tang, Peter Roopnarine, Jere Lipps, Diane Erwin, David Haasl, Ken Finger, Pat Holroyd, Mark Goodwin. August 14, 2008.
828:. Although the Qwilla were originally portrayed by Pit River storytellers as giant lizards, the depictions changed as the idea of dinosaurs entered popular culture and the Qwilla were made over as dinosaurs.
166:
to explain local fossils, many containing themes paralleling modern scientific discoveries. Local fossils came to the attention of formally trained scientists by the mid-19th century. Major finds include the
229:. Later, during the Carboniferous and Permian periods northern California had a variety of environments. Deep and shallow marine deposits as well as estuaries and swamps could be found in
1802:
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specimens from a tree with a trunk six feet in diameter and complete with its seeds and needles. Other
Pleistocene invertebrates of California included hardshell
868:. Between 1906 and 1916 hundreds of thousands of Pleistocene fossils were uncovered in central Los Angeles. In 1942 early Pleistocene fossils were discovered in
820:
The early creatures of Pit River mythology include dragons and sea monsters. One was called
Himnimtsooke, or Giant Water Dragon and was similar to a giant
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714:
745:, rodents, saber-teeth, and dire wolves. Pleistocene plant fossils are widespread in the Bay area. Twelve species of modern tree are known from near
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deposit preserving the remains of 18-inch oysters was discovered in the Kirker Pass of Contra Costa County. This find became known as the
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covered areas of the state no longer submerged by the sea. During the
Mesozoic, California continued to comprise both marine and
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invertebrates including many kinds of gastropods and pelecypods. Many of these fossils are very well preserved. Middle
Miocene
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Albert Prieto-Márquez, Jonathan R. Wagner, Phil R. Bell and Luis M. Chiappe, 2014, "The late-surviving ‘duck-billed’ dinosaur
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The
California Geotour--Online Geologic Field Trip Guides (with several field trips to fossil-bearing places of interest)
123:, sea levels rose and fell over time, so the state was home to a variety of ancient environments including shallow seas,
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area was home to marine invertebrates. During the Late Pliocene pelecypods and gastropods are known. At the same time,
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Great Change the Pit River people believe that the First People changed into modern forms of life including
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One version of the Qwilla myth depicts the king of the Qwillas as being killed somewhere south of the
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also inhabited California during the Late Miocene. California was home to aquatic mammals such as the
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from the upper Maastrichtian of western North America and crest evolution in Saurolophini",
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269:. Some of the best fossilized specimens come from the Stow Lake area and Strawberry Hill in
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lived in California. Both coiled and uncoiled ammonites were preserved in California's
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University of California Museum of Paleontology: Exploring California's Fossil History
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deposits of similar age provide evidence for at least three different kinds of camel,
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saw the appearance of many of California's modern animals, however there were also
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area was home to creatures such as camels, horses, mastodonts, and oreodonts. Near
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Hunting for Fossils: A Guide to Finding and Collecting Fossils in All 50 States
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749:. Other Pleistocene plants include the southernmost examples known of coast
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312:. On land, a variety of dinosaurs inhabited the state. Among them were the
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Into the Cenozoic era, California was still very geologically active. The
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https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/state-symbols/fossil-saber-toothed-tiger/
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Garcia and Miller (1998); "Appendix C: Major Fossil Clubs", page 199.
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times California was home to brachiopods and corals that would later
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709:. Pleistocene]invertebrates have been found in great abundance near
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Paleontological research occurring within or conducted by California
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and dry land. The state would come to be home to creatures such as
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Oceans of Kansas - A Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
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have precursors in the creation mythology of California's
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were preserved in a wide variety of places in California.
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research occurring within or conducted by people from the
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45:. California contains rocks of almost every age from the
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California was a region of geologic upheaval during the
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among the contemporary fauna. During the Pliocene, the
449:. At the boundary between the Miocene and the Pliocene
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1810:
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were left by oak trees from before the Great Change.
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freshwater gastropods and pelecypods were preserved.
1683:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 318 pp.
1573:
1560:
1238:
1681:
Dinosaurs and Other Mesozoic Reptiles of California
1595:Mayor (2005); "California Creation Stories: Exiled
1582:Mayor (2005); "California Creation Stories: Exiled
1566:Mayor (2005); "California Creation Stories: Exiled
1378:
1320:
Rieboldt et al. (2008); "Paleontology and geology".
888:. This specimen is the most complete known Miocene
705:. Local wildlife included camels, saber-teeth, and
1654:
1653:Garcia; Frank A. Garcia; Donald S. Miller (1998).
1384:Everhart (2005); "Enter the Mosasaurs", page 169.
1216:
892:. On October 2, 1964, excavations on the site of
237:Counties during this interval. Later, during the
2097:
1393:Hilton (2003); "Cretaceous Herbivores", page 39.
1086:Humboldt State University Natural History Museum
96:habitats. Local marine life included ammonites,
1201:University of California Museum of Paleontology
717:assemblages and is widely regarded as the best
375:. At least some of these corals were solitary.
296:California was home to evolutionarily advanced
1116:Morro Bay State Park Museum of Natural History
1796:
1080:George C. Page Museum at the La Brea Tar Pits
780:
713:. This collection of fossils is known as the
367:invertebrates of California included corals,
1125:Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
1223:Southern California Paleontological Society
1094:Humboldt State University Wildlife Museum,
835:Valley. After the king Qwilla's death, the
60:, California was covered by a warm shallow
2111:Paleontology in the United States by state
1803:
1789:
1414:
1028:
64:inhabited by marine invertebrates such as
265:were widespread in California during the
847:
684:
543:
333:
195:
18:
1194:Sierra College Natural History Museum,
1177:Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
1140:Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History
1100:Imperial Valley College Desert Museum,
840:abundant and obvious dinosaur remains.
2098:
1402:Hilton (2003); "Ankylosaurs", page 39.
843:
769:fossils are widespread in California.
1784:
1696:Fossil Legends of the First Americans
1411:Hilton (2003); "Hadrosaurs", page 54.
1159:Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology
1056:Buena Vista Museum of Natural History
2121:Science and technology in California
1698:. Princeton University Press. 2005.
1641:. Indiana University Press, 320 pp.
1186:Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History
1071:California Mining and Mineral Museum
592:, horses (with the three-toed horse
359:have been documented in the ancient
178:. The Pleistocene saber-toothed cat
1034:Children's Natural History Museum,
634:, and possible saber-toothed cats.
13:
1040:Berkeley Natural History Museums,
905:
882:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2132:
1812:Paleontology in the United States
1749:
1230:San Diego Mineral and Gem Society
1709:
1608:
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1499:
1487:
1464:
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1372:
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1168:San Diego Natural History Museum
919:was born in Eureka on July 28,
399:was home to a diverse fauna of
1745:. Accessed September 21, 2012.
1714:. Collier Books. p. 348.
1557:;"California", pages 102–103.
1502:; "California", pages 103–104.
1292:
1217:Notable clubs and associations
1065:California Academy of Sciences
737:, horses, relatives of modern
638:was home to creatures such as
415:18 inch long oysters lived in
1:
2116:Natural history of California
1631:
1545:; "California", pages 99–100.
1227:Fossils for Fun Society, Inc.
191:
1761:Geologic Units in California
1533:; "California", pages 98–99.
1286:
1131:Oakland Museum of California
884:collected a dugongid called
7:
1661:. Stackpole Books. p.
1234:
929:was born in Los Angeles in
642:, camels of various sizes,
10:
2137:
2106:Paleontology in California
781:Indigenous interpretations
775:
288:deposits. During the Late
31:Paleontology in California
2079:
1818:
1679:Hilton, Richard P. 2003.
1611:; "California", page 104.
1599:Monsters", pages 148–149.
1490:; "California", page 102.
1467:; "California", page 101.
1446:; "California", page 103.
1433:10.1017/S0016756814000284
1375:; "California", page 100.
965:
910:
654:, two different kinds of
23:Location of the state of
1521:; "California", page 99.
1354:; "California", page 98.
1335:; "California", page 97.
972:Annie Montague Alexander
598:being the most common),
363:deposits of California.
1771:Paleoportal: California
1743:The Paleontology Portal
1710:Murray, Marian (1974).
1271:Paleontology in Arizona
1029:Natural history museums
809:, insects, mammals and
606:, abundant mastodonts,
213:of trilobites lived in
1776:Fossils of Los Angeles
1637:Everhart, M. J. 2005.
1281:Paleontology in Oregon
1276:Paleontology in Nevada
1207:Western Science Center
857:
694:
560:plants are known from
553:
539:San Francisco Bay Area
379:plant fossils include
344:
280:such as ammonites and
205:
27:
851:
741:, an unusual kind of
688:
547:
337:
323:duck-billed dinosaurs
215:San Bernardino County
199:
181:Smilodon californicus
22:
1586:Monsters", page 148.
1570:Monsters", page 147.
927:Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.
537:all grew around the
1657:Discovering Fossils
1426:Geological Magazine
1249:Paleontology portal
1153:Corona Heights Park
1014:Ulysses S. Grant IV
986:Roy Chapman Andrews
894:Stanford University
844:Scientific research
417:Contra Costa County
252:and volcanism. The
1000:Charles Lewis Camp
951:Richard H. Tedford
858:
753:and a spectacular
743:pronghorn antelope
721:fauna west of the
695:
554:
409:Santa Clara County
407:were preserved in
397:Los Angeles County
345:
250:Mountain formation
206:
184:is the California
145:saber-toothed cats
28:
2093:
2092:
1694:Mayor, Adrienne.
1263:California portal
990:Carmel-by-the-Sea
917:Joseph T. Gregory
826:alligator lizards
794:faunal succession
788:concepts such as
719:early Pleistocene
646:, ground sloths,
630:-like animals, a
602:-like animals, a
495:mountain mahogany
483:Catalina ironwood
248:, including both
56:During the early
2128:
2087:Washington, D.C.
2081:Federal district
1805:
1798:
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1739:"California, US"
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1107:Maturango Museum
978:on December 10,
767:Late Pleistocene
715:Black Hawk Ranch
595:Hipparion forcei
556:An abundance of
487:California lilac
303:Plesiotylosaurus
271:Golden Gate Park
176:La Brea tar pits
160:Native Americans
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1067:, San Francisco
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968:
937:Malcolm McKenna
913:
908:
906:Paleontologists
846:
783:
778:
772:
765:, and oysters.
723:Rocky Mountains
668:giant tortoises
636:Middle Pliocene
632:ring-tailed cat
586:ground squirrel
459:Christmas berry
405:acorn barnacles
328:Augustynolophus
325:, most notably
286:Late Cretaceous
194:
174:fossils of the
98:marine reptiles
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854:Paleoparadoxia
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584:, a primitive
570:Berkeley Hills
566:early Pliocene
442:Paleoparadoxia
393:Middle Miocene
219:Early Cambrian
193:
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35:paleontologist
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1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Massachusetts
1924:
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1717:
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1704:0-691-11345-9
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1689:9780520233157
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1610:
1609:Murray (1974)
1605:
1598:
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1577:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1555:Murray (1974)
1551:
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1543:Murray (1974)
1539:
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1531:Murray (1974)
1527:
1520:
1519:Murray (1974)
1515:
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1500:Murray (1974)
1496:
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1488:Murray (1974)
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1465:Murray (1974)
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1373:Murray (1974)
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1197:
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1181:Santa Barbara
1178:
1175:
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1147:
1145:
1144:Pacific Grove
1141:
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1132:
1129:
1127:, Los Angeles
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1081:
1078:
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1048:
1047:Bowers Museum
1045:
1043:
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1037:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1020:on March 11,
1019:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:on 14 August
1005:
1001:
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995:
992:on March 11,
991:
987:
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981:
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878:Samuel Welles
875:
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862:upper Miocene
856:
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764:
763:spiny cockles
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687:
683:
681:
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669:
665:
664:late Pliocene
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:, oreodonts,
617:
613:
609:
608:mountain lion
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:. During the
563:
562:San Francisco
559:
552:
551:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:swamp cypress
512:
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430:
426:
422:
421:Sonoma County
418:
414:
411:. During the
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:. During the
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:Middle Eocene
362:
358:
355:
350:
342:
341:
336:
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329:
324:
320:
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315:
311:
310:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:Maastrichtian
291:
287:
283:
282:pearl oysters
279:
278:invertebrates
276:
273:. During the
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
254:Sierra Nevada
251:
247:
242:
240:
239:Pennsylvanian
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Mississippian
220:
216:
212:
204:
203:
198:
189:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
170:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
149:ground sloths
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:, three-toed
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
108:roamed among
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:Carboniferous
80:. During the
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
21:
2026:South Dakota
2016:Rhode Island
2011:Pennsylvania
1991:North Dakota
1845:
1711:
1695:
1680:
1656:
1638:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1567:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1495:
1439:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1294:
1018:Santa Monica
953:was born in
939:was born in
899:Neoparadoxia
897:
885:
859:
852:
830:
819:
784:
771:
696:
689:
658:, and small
593:
574:Mount Diablo
555:
548:
523:desert sweet
479:flannel bush
467:coffee berry
440:
431:
425:Sand dollars
413:Late Miocene
346:
340:Diegoaelurus
338:
326:
316:
307:
301:
243:
207:
200:
186:state fossil
179:
157:
118:
55:
30:
29:
1941:Mississippi
1856:Connecticut
1060:Bakersfield
876:. In 1963,
866:Pecten Beds
755:Douglas fir
445:during the
321:, and many
309:Plotosaurus
217:during the
202:Plotosaurus
169:Pleistocene
153:dire wolves
119:During the
104:. On land,
94:terrestrial
70:brachiopods
47:Precambrian
2100:Categories
2056:Washington
1976:New Mexico
1971:New Jersey
1846:California
1672:0811728005
1632:References
1203:, Berkeley
1190:Santa Cruz
1111:Ridgecrest
996:at age 76.
982:at age 82.
833:Fall River
822:salamander
786:Scientific
699:Quaternary
680:ark shells
656:rhinoceros
652:pronghorns
588:, a small
511:bush poppy
438:desmostyle
373:pelecypods
369:gastropods
318:Aletopelta
314:ankylosaur
300:including
275:Cretaceous
263:Radiolaria
192:Prehistory
137:mastodonts
78:trilobites
43:California
39:U.S. state
33:refers to
25:California
2066:Wisconsin
2031:Tennessee
1936:Minnesota
1911:Louisiana
1731:257878192
1287:Footnotes
1172:San Diego
1163:Claremont
1120:Morro Bay
1051:Santa Ana
886:Dusisiren
874:Irvington
790:deep time
739:musk oxen
648:mastodons
644:flamingos
640:bear dogs
620:peccaries
550:Hipparion
499:manzanita
433:Dusisiren
377:Oligocene
298:mosasaurs
290:Campanian
141:oreodonts
125:estuaries
106:dinosaurs
88:periods,
66:ammonites
58:Paleozoic
2051:Virginia
2001:Oklahoma
1981:New York
1956:Nebraska
1946:Missouri
1931:Michigan
1921:Maryland
1906:Kentucky
1886:Illinois
1861:Delaware
1851:Colorado
1841:Arkansas
1235:See also
1102:Ocotillo
1075:Mariposa
1042:Berkeley
1016:died in
1004:San Jose
1002:died in
988:died in
974:died in
890:sirenian
872:pits at
811:reptiles
798:Achomawi
751:redwoods
707:mammoths
703:glaciers
691:Smilodon
616:mustelid
558:Pliocene
527:sycamore
503:live oak
491:magnolia
436:and the
429:dugongid
354:Tertiary
343:mandible
267:Jurassic
259:ginkgoes
246:Mesozoic
227:silicify
162:devised
121:Cenozoic
114:conifers
2071:Wyoming
2046:Vermont
1951:Montana
1891:Indiana
1871:Georgia
1866:Florida
1836:Arizona
1826:Alabama
1196:Rocklin
1135:Oakland
1036:Fremont
976:Oakland
880:of the
837:Creator
776:History
759:cockles
747:Tomales
727:coyotes
711:Ventura
697:By the
660:rodents
628:raccoon
624:rabbits
471:dogwood
463:chumico
447:Miocene
357:insects
102:oysters
86:Permian
49:to the
2006:Oregon
1961:Nevada
1901:Kansas
1876:Hawaii
1831:Alaska
1819:States
1729:
1718:
1702:
1687:
1669:
1645:
1597:Qwilla
1584:Qwilla
1568:Qwilla
1096:Arcata
1090:Arcata
966:Deaths
955:Encino
941:Pomona
911:Births
870:gravel
815:acorns
676:Eureka
672:Scotia
662:. The
610:-like
604:lizard
590:beaver
578:cranes
568:, the
535:willow
533:, and
531:tupelo
507:poplar
455:cherry
401:marine
381:leaves
371:, and
235:Shasta
211:genera
172:mammal
158:Local
151:, and
133:horses
129:camels
110:cycads
100:, and
90:swamps
76:, and
74:corals
51:Recent
2036:Texas
1916:Maine
1881:Idaho
1211:Hemet
803:birds
600:hyena
519:sumac
451:alder
419:. In
385:fruit
349:Coast
231:Butte
221:. By
164:myths
2041:Utah
1996:Ohio
1896:Iowa
1727:OCLC
1716:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1022:1977
1008:1975
994:1960
980:1950
959:1929
945:1930
931:1965
921:1914
807:fish
792:and
731:deer
614:, a
612:cats
580:, a
389:wood
387:and
306:and
292:and
233:and
112:and
84:and
1663:212
1429:doi
943:in
735:elk
582:fox
475:elm
361:tar
331:,.
62:sea
41:of
2102::
1741:.
1665:.
1616:^
1575:^
1507:^
1472:^
1451:^
1359:^
1340:^
1325:^
1305:^
1209:,
1188:,
1179:,
1170:,
1161:,
1151:,
1142:,
1133:,
1118:,
1109:,
1088:,
1073:,
1058:,
1049:,
805:,
761:,
733:,
729:,
650:,
626:,
622:,
541:.
529:,
525:,
521:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
505:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
461:,
457:,
453:,
395:,
383:,
261:.
188:.
155:.
147:,
143:,
139:,
135:,
116:.
72:,
68:,
53:.
1804:e
1797:t
1790:v
1733:.
1724:.
1706:.
1691:.
1675:.
1649:.
1431::
1024:.
1010:.
961:.
947:.
933:.
923:.
674:–
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