Sea - Knowledge

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few feet. The potential energy of the displaced seawater is turned into kinetic energy, creating a shallow wave, a tsunami, radiating outwards at a velocity proportional to the square root of the depth of the water and which therefore travels much faster in the open ocean than on a continental shelf. In the deep open sea, tsunamis have wavelengths of around 80 to 300 miles (130 to 480 km), travel at speeds of over 600 miles per hour (970 km/h) and usually have a height of less than three feet, so they often pass unnoticed at this stage. In contrast, ocean surface waves caused by winds have wavelengths of a few hundred feet, travel at up to 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) and are up to 45 feet (14 metres) high.

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of the Earth, the lunar force is at its weakest and this causes another bulge to form. As the Moon rotates around the Earth, so do these ocean bulges move around the Earth. The gravitational attraction of the Sun is also working on the seas, but its effect on tides is less powerful than that of the Moon, and when the Sun, Moon and Earth are all aligned (full moon and new moon), the combined effect results in the high "spring tides". In contrast, when the Sun is at 90° from the Moon as viewed from Earth, the combined gravitational effect on tides is less causing the lower "neap tides".

1718:. Coastlines are influenced by several factors including the strength of the waves arriving on the shore, the gradient of the land margin, the composition and hardness of the coastal rock, the inclination of the off-shore slope and the changes of the level of the land due to local uplift or submergence. Normally, waves roll towards the shore at the rate of six to eight per minute and these are known as constructive waves as they tend to move material up the beach and have little erosive effect. Storm waves arrive on shore in rapid succession and are known as destructive waves as the 1260: 2355: 4097: 1663: 1390:

leaves subtidal areas close to the shore exposed which provides a useful warning for people on land. When the crest arrives, it does not usually break but rushes inland, flooding all in its path. Much of the destruction may be caused by the flood water draining back into the sea after the tsunami has struck, dragging debris and people with it. Often several tsunami are caused by a single geological event and arrive at intervals of between eight minutes and two hours. The first wave to arrive on shore may not be the biggest or most destructive.

4370: 389: 3534:, was estimated to be 154 million tonnes, of which most was for human consumption. The harvesting of wild fish accounted for 90.4 million tonnes, while annually increasing aquaculture contributes the rest. The north west Pacific is by far the most productive area with 20.9 million tonnes (27 percent of the global marine catch) in 2010. In addition, the number of fishing vessels in 2010 reached 4.36 million, whereas the number of people employed in the primary sector of fish production in the same year amounted to 54.8 million. 1458: 1471:

denser, and the water sinks. From the deep sea near Greenland, such water flows southwards between the continental landmasses on either side of the Atlantic. When it reaches the Antarctic, it is joined by further masses of cold, sinking water and flows eastwards. It then splits into two streams that move northwards into the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Here it is gradually warmed, becomes less dense, rises towards the surface and loops back on itself. It takes a thousand years for this circulation pattern to be completed.

3364: 4817: 2780: 13827: 3133: 41: 1405: 1561: 3987: 3919: 1510: 1967: 1648: 14715: 13466: 14736: 13454: 4775: 508: 3602: 4933:"As the waves leave the region where they were generated, the longer ones outpace the shorter because their velocity is greater. Gradually, they fall in with other waves travelling at similar speed – where different waves are in phase they reinforce each other, and where out of phase they are reduced. Eventually, a regular pattern of high and low waves (or swell) is developed that remains constant as it travels out across the ocean." 1370: 1495:. These strong currents can have a velocity of 3 ft (0.9 m) per second, can form at different places at different stages of the tide and can carry away unwary bathers. Temporary upwelling currents occur when the wind pushes water away from the land and deeper water rises to replace it. This cold water is often rich in nutrients and creates blooms of phytoplankton and a great increase in the productivity of the sea. 4789: 13816: 14725: 1434:. The surface currents flow in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The water moving away from the equator is warm, and that flowing in the reverse direction has lost most of its heat. These currents tend to moderate the Earth's climate, cooling the equatorial region and warming regions at higher latitudes. Global climate and 3754: 4803: 1247: 4637:. These become concentrated in the surface film and in marine sediment, especially estuarine mud. The result of all this contamination is largely unknown because of the large number of substances involved and the lack of information on their biological effects. The heavy metals of greatest concern are copper, lead, mercury, 7530:

Falkowski, P.; Scholes, R. J.; Boyle, E.; Canadell, J.; Canfield, D.; Elser, J.; Gruber, N.; Hibbard, K.; Högberg, P.; Linder, S.; MacKenzie, F. T.; Moore 3rd, B.; Pedersen, T.; Rosenthal, Y.; Seitzinger, S.; Smetacek, V.; Steffen, W. (2000). "The Global Carbon Cycle: A Test of Our Knowledge of Earth

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Fish and other fishery products are among the most widely consumed sources of protein and other essential nutrients. In 2009, 16.6% of the world's intake of animal protein and 6.5% of all protein consumed came from fish. In order to fulfill this need, coastal countries have exploited marine resources

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and Indians traded in luxury goods such as spices, gold, and precious stones. The Phoenicians were noted sea traders and under the Greeks and Romans, commerce continued to thrive. With the collapse of the Roman Empire, European trade dwindled but it continued to flourish among the kingdoms of Africa,

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or tide-raising force decreases rapidly with distance, so the moon has more than twice as great an effect on tides as the Sun. A bulge is formed in the ocean at the place where the Earth is closest to the Moon because it is also where the effect of the Moon's gravity is stronger. On the opposite side

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at the interface between air and sea. Not only does this cause waves to form, but it also makes the surface seawater move in the same direction as the wind. Although winds are variable, in any one place they predominantly blow from a single direction and thus a surface current can be formed. Westerly

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The top of a wave is known as the crest, the lowest point between waves is the trough and the distance between the crests is the wavelength. The wave is pushed across the surface of the sea by the wind, but this represents a transfer of energy and not a horizontal movement of water. As waves approach

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with the sea ice is about −2 °C (28 °F). There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks. The cold water moves back towards the equator as a deep sea current, driven by changes in

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placed out at sea; it has the advantage that wind speeds are higher than on land, though wind farms are more costly to construct offshore. The first offshore wind farm was installed in Denmark in 1991, and the installed capacity of worldwide offshore wind farms reached 34 GW in 2020, mainly situated

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has become a serious concern; it does not only cause the depletion of fish stocks, but also substantially reduce the size of predatory fish populations. It has been estimated that "industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation." In order to avoid

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Ongoing oceanographic research includes marine lifeforms, conservation, the marine environment, the chemistry of the ocean, the studying and modelling of climate dynamics, the air-sea boundary, weather patterns, ocean resources, renewable energy, waves and currents, and the design and development of

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its speed decreases, its wavelength shortens and its amplitude increases enormously, behaving in the same way as a wind-generated wave in shallow water but on a vastly greater scale. Either the trough or the crest of a tsunami can arrive at the coast first. In the former case, the sea draws back and

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of these plants produces oxygen, which dissolves in the seawater and is used by marine animals. At night, photosynthesis stops, and the amount of dissolved oxygen declines. In the deep sea, where insufficient light penetrates for plants to grow, there is very little dissolved oxygen. In its absence,

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Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.

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The large and highly variable energy of waves gives them enormous destructive capability, making affordable and reliable wave machines problematic to develop. A small 2 MW commercial wave power plant, "Osprey", was built in Northern Scotland in 1995 about 300 metres (980 feet) offshore. It was soon

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has the advantage that there is a readily available supply of planktonic food in the ocean, and waste is removed naturally. Various methods are employed. Mesh enclosures for finfish can be suspended in the open seas, cages can be used in more sheltered waters or ponds can be refreshed with water at

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The great liners were comfortable but expensive in fuel and staff. The age of the trans-Atlantic liners waned as cheap intercontinental flights became available. In 1958, a regular scheduled air service between New York and Paris taking seven hours doomed the Atlantic ferry service to oblivion. One

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of vessels suspected of infringing laws in four specific areas: customs, taxation, immigration and pollution. An "exclusive economic zone" extends for 200 nautical miles (370 kilometres; 230 miles) from the baseline. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural

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was first used by the ancient Greeks and Chinese to show where north lies and the direction in which the ship is heading. The latitude (an angle which ranges from 0° at the equator to 90° at the poles) was determined by measuring the angle between the Sun, Moon or a specific star and the horizon by

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and denitrification. Some of these processes take place in deep water so that where there is an upwelling of cold waters, and also near estuaries where land-sourced nutrients are present, plant growth is higher. This means that the most productive areas, rich in plankton and therefore also in fish,

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is created as water is pushed along parallel to the coastline. The water swirls up onto the beach at right angles to the approaching waves but drains away straight down the slope under the effect of gravity. The larger the breaking waves, the longer the beach and the more oblique the wave approach,

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or global conveyor belt. This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature. At high latitudes the water is chilled by the low atmospheric temperature and becomes saltier as sea ice crystallizes out. Both these factors make it

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A tsunami is an unusual form of wave caused by an infrequent powerful event such as an underwater earthquake or landslide, a meteorite impact, a volcanic eruption or a collapse of land into the sea. These events can temporarily lift or lower the surface of the sea in the affected area, usually by a

4141:, use large quantities of energy. Desalination is normally only undertaken where fresh water from other sources is in short supply or energy is plentiful, as in the excess heat generated by power stations. The brine produced as a by-product contains some toxic materials and is returned to the sea. 2924:

Scientific oceanography began with the voyages of Captain James Cook from 1768 to 1779, describing the Pacific with unprecedented precision from 71 degrees South to 71 degrees North. John Harrison's chronometers supported Cook's accurate navigation and charting on two of these voyages, permanently

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bacteria, and whose consumers include specialised bivalves, sea anemones, barnacles, crabs, worms and fish, often found nowhere else. A dead whale sinking to the bottom of the ocean provides food for an assembly of organisms which similarly rely largely on the actions of sulphur-reducing bacteria.

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Most places experience two high tides each day, occurring at intervals of about 12 hours and 25 minutes. This is half the 24 hours and 50 minute period that it takes for the Earth to make a complete revolution and return the Moon to its previous position relative to an observer. The Moon's mass is

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to form. A strong blow over the ocean causes larger waves as the moving air pushes against the raised ridges of water. The waves reach their maximum height when the rate at which they are travelling nearly matches the speed of the wind. In open water, when the wind blows continuously as happens in

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The oceans are home to a diverse collection of life forms that use it as a habitat. Since sunlight illuminates only the upper layers, the major part of the ocean exists in permanent darkness. As the different depth and temperature zones each provide habitat for a unique set of species, the marine

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is forced up creating underwater mountains, some of which may form chains of volcanic islands near to deep trenches. Near some of the boundaries between the land and sea, the slightly denser oceanic plates slide beneath the continental plates and more subduction trenches are formed. As they grate

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invertebrates are swamped when the oil sinks, fish are poisoned and the food chain is disrupted. In the short term, oil spills result in wildlife populations being decreased and unbalanced, leisure activities being affected and the livelihoods of people dependent on the sea being devastated. The

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of the water. Much light gets reflected at the surface, and red light gets absorbed in the top few metres. Yellow and green light reach greater depths, and blue and violet light may penetrate as deep as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). There is insufficient light for photosynthesis and plant growth

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to form in estuaries. All these materials move back and forth under the influence of waves, tides and currents. Dredging removes material and deepens channels but may have unexpected effects elsewhere on the coastline. Governments make efforts to prevent flooding of the land by the building of

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moves beach material seawards. Under their influence, the sand and shingle on the beach is ground together and abraded. Around high tide, the power of a storm wave impacting on the foot of a cliff has a shattering effect as air in cracks and crevices is compressed and then expands rapidly with

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influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation. During each tidal cycle, at any given place the water rises to a maximum height known as "high tide" before ebbing away again to the minimum "low tide" level. As the water recedes, it uncovers more and more of the

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and foreign vessels have no right of passage in these. "Territorial waters" extend to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the coastline and in these waters, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use and exploit any resource. A "contiguous zone" extending a further

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have a three-person crew and can descend to 20,000 feet (6,100 m). They have viewing ports, 5,000-watt lights, video equipment and manipulator arms for collecting samples, placing probes or pushing the vehicle across the sea bed when the thrusters would stir up excessive sediment.

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Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:

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It can also enter through rivers as dissolved organic carbon and is converted by photosynthetic organisms into organic carbon. This can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the deeper, more carbon-rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells and bones as

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Most oil pollution in the sea comes from cities and industry. Oil is dangerous for marine animals. It can clog the feathers of sea birds, reducing their insulating effect and the birds' buoyancy, and be ingested when they preen themselves in an attempt to remove the contaminant.

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About 79 million tonnes (78M long tons; 87M short tons) of food and non-food products were produced by aquaculture in 2010, an all-time high. About six hundred species of plants and animals were cultured, some for use in seeding wild populations. The animals raised included

2236:. Most marine life is found in coastal habitats, even though the shelf area occupies only 7 percent of the total ocean area. Open ocean habitats are found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf. Alternatively, marine habitats can be divided vertically into 4092:

are gathered from the seafloor using suction hoses to bring gravel ashore. In deeper waters, mobile seafloor crawlers are used and the deposits are pumped to a vessel above. In Namibia, more diamonds are now collected from marine sources than by conventional methods on land.

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and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data. This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines, for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries.

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are the routes on the open sea used by cargo vessels, traditionally making use of trade winds and currents. Over 60 percent of the world's container traffic is conveyed on the top twenty trade routes. Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the

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Achurra, L. E.; Lacassie, J. P.; Le Roux, J. P.; Marquardt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz-del-solar, J.; Ishman, S. E. (2009). "Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance".

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allows underwater breathing and hence a longer time can be spent beneath the surface. The depths that can be reached by divers and the length of time they can stay underwater is limited by the increase of pressure they experience as they descend and the need to prevent

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holds between one and three times as much water as all of the world's surface oceans combined. Experiments to recreate the conditions of the lower mantle suggest it may contain still more water as well, as much as five times the mass of water present in the world's

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Although the amount of salt in the ocean remains relatively constant within the scale of millions of years, various factors affect the salinity of a body of water. Evaporation and by-product of ice formation (known as "brine rejection") increase salinity, whereas

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new tools and technologies for investigating the deep. Whereas in the 1960s and 1970s, research could focus on taxonomy and basic biology, in the 2010s, attention has shifted to larger topics such as climate change. Researchers make use of satellite-based

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can be reared in shallow ponds connected to the open sea. Ropes can be hung in water to grow algae, oysters and mussels. Oysters can be reared on trays or in mesh tubes. Sea cucumbers can be ranched on the seabed. Captive breeding programmes have raised

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Surface currents only affect the top few hundred metres of the sea, but there are also large-scale flows in the ocean depths caused by the movement of deep water masses. A main deep ocean current flows through all the world's oceans and is known as the

2281: – plants and microscopic organisms in the plankton – are widespread and very essential for the ecosystem. It has been estimated that half of the world's oxygen is produced by phytoplankton. About 45 percent of the sea's 794:

or per mil), and the open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) solids per litre, a salinity of 35 ‰. The Mediterranean Sea is slightly higher at 38 ‰, while the salinity of the northern Red Sea can reach 41‰. In contrast, some landlocked

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Sea temperature depends on the amount of solar radiation falling on its surface. In the tropics, with the sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over 30 °C (86 °F) while near the poles the temperature in

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in vast numbers because the chance of any one embryo surviving to maturity is so minute. The zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and on each other and form a basic part of the complex food chain that extends through variously sized fish and other

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Over most of geologic time, the sea level has been higher than it is today. The main factor affecting sea level over time is the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term. At the

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are entirely marine. In fact, the oceans teem with life and provide many varying microhabitats. One of these is the surface film which, even though tossed about by the movement of waves, provides a rich environment and is home to bacteria,

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the Middle East, India, China and southeastern Asia. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, over a period of 400 years, about 12–13 million Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to be sold as slaves in the Americas as part of the

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The sea appears in human culture in contradictory ways, as both powerful but serene and as beautiful but dangerous. It has its place in literature, art, poetry, film, theatre, classical music, mythology and dream interpretation. The

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Nishri, A.; Stiller, M; Rimmer, A.; Geifman, Y.; Krom, M. (1999). "Lake Kinneret (The Sea of Galilee): the effects of diversion of external salinity sources and the probable chemical composition of the internal salinity sources".

2454:. Some marine creatures make large migrations, either to other regions of the ocean on a seasonal basis or vertical migrations daily, often ascending to feed at night and descending to safety by day. Ships can introduce or spread 7448: 4043:

the oil or gas and store it for transport to land. Offshore oil and gas production can be difficult due to the remote, harsh environment. Drilling for oil in the sea has environmental impacts. Animals may be disorientated by

4752: 12554: 1295:, the distance that the wind has blown over the water and the strength and duration of that wind. When waves meet others coming from different directions, interference between the two can produce broken, irregular seas. 2328:

Light is only able to penetrate the top 200 metres (660 ft) so this is the only part of the sea where plants can grow. The surface layers are often deficient in biologically active nitrogen compounds. The marine

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in the western United States are further examples of large, inland saline water-bodies without drainage. Some endorheic lakes are less salty, but all are sensitive to variations in the quality of the inflowing water.

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in the 1670s. These added passenger accommodation, but in cramped conditions. Later, scheduled services were offered but the time journeys took depended much on the weather. When steamships replaced sailing vessels,

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the temperature and density of the water, before eventually welling up again towards the surface. Deep seawater has a temperature between −2 °C (28 °F) and 5 °C (41 °F) in all parts of the globe.

8063: 3280:, which helped to bring the United States into the war. In World War II, almost 3,000 Allied ships were sunk by U-boats attempting to block the flow of supplies to Britain, but the Allies broke the blockade in the 3118:'s outer edge, or 200 nautical miles from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. Here the coastal nation has the exclusive right to harvest minerals and also living resources "attached" to the seabed. 834:. Despite variations in the levels of salinity in different seas, the relative composition of the dissolved salts is stable throughout the world's oceans. Seawater is too saline for humans to drink safely, as the 4200:

of Australia include the Great Barrier Reef among their possessions. They live a traditional life on the islands involving hunting, fishing, gardening and trading with neighbouring peoples in Papua and mainland

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and here convection currents within the mantle tend to drive the two plates apart. Parallel to these ridges and nearer the coasts, one oceanic plate may slide beneath another oceanic plate in a process known as

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roll across the ocean. If the wind dies down, the wave formation is reduced, but already-formed waves continue to travel in their original direction until they meet land. The size of the waves depends on the

9823:, p. 4. "It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic." (Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature", in 1727:

processes such as the action of frost follows, causing further destruction. Gradually, a wave-cut platform develops at the foot of the cliff and this has a protective effect, reducing further wave-erosion.

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winds are most frequent in the mid-latitudes while easterlies dominate the tropics. When water moves in this way, other water flows in to fill the gap and a circular movement of surface currents known as a

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Tsumune, Daisuke; Tsubono, Takaki; Aoyama, Michio; Hirose, Katsumi (2012). "Distribution of oceanic 137–Cs from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant simulated numerically by a regional ocean model".

3081:. Today, this concept is enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the third version of which came into force in 1994. Article 87(1) states: "The high seas are open to all 1421:

is formed. There are five main gyres in the world's oceans: two in the Pacific, two in the Atlantic and one in the Indian Ocean. Other smaller gyres are found in lesser seas and a single gyre flows around

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discovered about 4,700 new marine species, and made 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations. In the southern Atlantic in 1898/1899,

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and other hydroxides around a core. In the Pacific, these may cover up to 30 percent of the deep ocean floor. The minerals precipitate from seawater and grow very slowly. Their commercial extraction for

4366:, songs that were chanted by mariners to help them perform arduous tasks, have been woven into compositions and impressions in music have been created of calm waters, crashing waves and storms at sea. 3317:

took over the task of carrying people. By the beginning of the twentieth century, crossing the Atlantic took about five days and shipping companies competed to own the largest and fastest vessels. The

8931: 1234:, and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,600 ft) of water. Additional contributions, as much as one quarter of the total, come from water sources on land, such as 10879: 3612:

methods include rod and line, harpoons, skin diving, traps, throw nets and drag nets. Traditional fishing boats are powered by paddle, wind or outboard motors and operate in near-shore waters. The

2962:, who in 1868 discovered life in deep water by dredging. Wyville Thompson became chief scientist on the Challenger expedition of 1872–1876, which effectively created the science of oceanography. 3668:. At least 145 species of seaweed – red, green, and brown algae – are eaten worldwide, and some have long been farmed in Japan and other Asian countries; there is great potential for additional 2255:

Coral reefs, the so-called "rainforests of the sea", occupy less than 0.1 percent of the world's ocean surface, yet their ecosystems include 25 percent of all marine species. The best-known are

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in the early fifteenth century, sailing the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the late fifteenth century, Western European mariners started making longer voyages of exploration in search of trade.

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as currents flowing parallel to the coast scour out channels and transport sand and pebbles away from their place of origin. Sediment carried to the sea by rivers settles on the seabed causing

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The environmental issues that affect the sea can loosely be grouped into those that stem from marine pollution, from over exploitation and those that stem from climate change. They all impact

3097:. Its objectives include developing and maintaining a regulatory framework for shipping, maritime safety, environmental concerns, legal matters, technical co-operation and maritime security. 2925:

improving the standard attainable for subsequent work. Other expeditions followed in the nineteenth century, from Russia, France, the Netherlands and the United States as well as Britain. On

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Poetics of the Elements in the Human Condition: Part I – The Sea: From Elemental Stirrings to the Symbolic Inspiration, Language, and Life-Significance in Literary Interpretation and Theory

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are often located on the coast or beside an estuary so that the sea can be used as a heat sink. A colder heat sink enables more efficient power generation, which is important for expensive

6554:; Gregory, J.; Gulev, S.; Hanawa, K.; Le Quéré, C.; Levitus, S.; Nojiri, Y.; Shum, A.; Talley, L. D.; Unnikrishnan, A. S.; Josey, S. A.; Tamisiea, M.; Tsimplis, M.; Woodworth, P. (2007). 3930:

Tidal power uses generators to produce electricity from tidal flows, sometimes by using a dam to store and then release seawater. The Rance barrage, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long, near

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brought many new life forms to the surface from depths of over 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). The first observations of deep-sea animals in their natural environment were made in 1930 by

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and live in shallow waters where light penetrates. The extensive calcareous skeletons they extrude build up into coral reefs which are an important feature of the seabed. These provide a

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can be worn for deep sea operations, with a new world record being set in 2006 when a US Navy diver descended to 2,000 feet (610 m) in one of these articulated, pressurized suits.

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The seas have been an integral element for humans throughout history and culture. Humans harnessing and studying the seas have been recorded since ancient times and evidenced well into

12423: 7444: 2786:'s 1569 world map. The coastline of the old world is quite accurately depicted, unlike that of the Americas. Regions in high latitudes (Arctic, Antarctic) are greatly enlarged on this 4672:

may mistake debris for food, and accumulate indigestible plastic in their digestive systems. Turtles and whales have been found with plastic bags and fishing line in their stomachs.

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can occur when high winds pile water up against the coast in a shallow area and this, coupled with a low-pressure system, can raise the surface of the sea at high tide dramatically.

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The demersal zone supports many animals that feed on benthic organisms or seek protection from predators and the seabed provides a range of habitats on or under the surface of the

11605: 4652:, instead disintegrating over time and eventually breaking down to the molecular level. Rigid plastics may float for years. In the centre of the Pacific gyre there is a permanent 4613:

Many substances enter the sea as a result of human activities. Combustion products are transported in the air and deposited into the sea by precipitation. Industrial outflows and

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invertebrates. Exploration of the deep sea by submersibles revealed a new world of creatures living on the seabed that scientists had not previously known to exist. Some like the

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At great depths, no light penetrates through the water layers from above and the pressure is extreme. For deep sea exploration it is necessary to use specialist vehicles, either

10087: 7610:. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergouvernmental Panel on Climate Change / Houghton, J. T. 9698: 4405:. Sometimes it is there just as a gentle background but often it introduces such themes as storm, shipwreck, battle, hardship, disaster, the dashing of hopes and death. In his 3714:

Use of the sea for leisure developed in the nineteenth century, and became a significant industry in the twentieth century. Maritime leisure activities are varied, and include

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and is some five to ten kilometres (three to six miles) thick. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of

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Millero, F. J.; Feistel, R.; Wright, D. G.; McDougall, T. J. (2008). "The composition of Standard Seawater and the definition of the Reference-Composition Salinity Scale".

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The seabed contains large reserves of minerals which can be exploited by dredging. This has advantages over land-based mining in that equipment can be built at specialised

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Shaffer, Gary; Olsen, Steffen Malskær; Pedersen, Jens Olaf Pepke (2009). "Long-term ocean oxygen depletion in response to carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels".

3530:, although fishing vessels are increasingly venturing further afield to exploit stocks in international waters. In 2011, the total world production of fish, including 1952:. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or being returned to surface waters through thermohaline circulation. 11225: 9223: 7186: 1613:

are formed here and the process is accompanied by friction as the plates grind together. The movement proceeds in jerks which cause earthquakes, heat is produced and

11850: 9158: 8701: 8551: 8015: 4219: 10018: 12255: 12105:"Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some commercially important fishes from a tropical river estuary suggests higher potential health risk in children than adults" 10970: 3423:, a more expensive process mostly used for particularly valuable or perishable cargoes. Seaborne trade carries more than US$ 4 trillion worth of goods each year. 2214:

experiments suggested a dilute chemical "soup" in open water, but more recent suggestions include volcanic hot springs, fine-grained clay sediments, or deep-sea "

1723:

release of pressure. At the same time, sand and pebbles have an erosive effect as they are thrown against the rocks. This tends to undercut the cliff, and normal

5352: 3613: 10788: 10425: 6284:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

109:

and higher in the depths of the ocean; however, the relative proportions of dissolved salts vary little across the oceans. The most abundant solid dissolved in

11071: 9624:

Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, Volume 1

8791: 8236: 1230:

at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year. Most of this rise can be attributed to an increase in the temperature of the sea due to

11999:

Cheng, Lijing; Trenberth, Kevin E.; Gruber, Nicolas; Abraham, John P.; Fasullo, John T.; Li, Guancheng; Mann, Michael E.; Zhao, Xuanming; Zhu, Jiang (2020).

11186: 8923: 8358:

Sedberry, G. R.; Musick, J. A. (1978). "Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic Coast of the USA".

7808: 7785: 10870: 9966: 2773: 2744:

in 1492, attempting to reach the eastern lands of India and Japan by the novel means of travelling westwards. He made landfall instead on an island in the

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can occur when water piles up near the shore from advancing waves and is funnelled out to sea through a channel in the seabed. It may occur at a gap in a

11164: 9939: 5483: 10741:

Nickel, Christoph; Zernial, Oliver; Musahl, Volker; Hansen, Ute; Zantop, Thore; Petersen, Wolf (2004). "A prospective study of kitesurfing injuries".

8420: 8205: 8166: 3155:

of a port can be used to cut off food and supplies in time of war. Battles have been fought on the sea for more than 3,000 years. In about 1210 B.C.,

1303:

much higher than normal. Most waves are less than 3 m (10 ft) high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height;

1076:. In the process of freezing, salt water and air are trapped between the ice crystals. Nilas may have a salinity of 12–15 ‰, but by the time the 14455: 10911: 6867: 6275: 5403: 4021:

heated water is emitted from deep sea hydrothermal vents known as "black smokers". The ores are of high quality but prohibitively costly to extract.

7611: 3387:

Large quantities of goods are transported by sea, especially across the Atlantic and around the Pacific Rim. A major trade route passes through the

2716:

since the 13th century or before. Meanwhile, the seas along the eastern and southern Asian coast were used by Arab and Chinese traders. The Chinese

1813:

which have no outlet to the sea, separated from the ocean by mountains or other natural geologic features that prevent the water draining away. The

1187:

by 10%, and triple suboxic waters (oxygen concentrations 98% less than the mean surface concentrations), for each 1 °C of upper-ocean warming.

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and the African Coast around 2750 BC. In the first millennium BC, Phoenicians and Greeks established colonies throughout the Mediterranean and the

19:

This article focuses on human experience, history, and culture of the collective seas of Earth. For natural science aspects, see more at

12343: 9595: 1060:

Seawater with a typical salinity of 35 ‰ has a freezing point of about −1.8 °C (28.8 °F). When its temperature becomes low enough,

14445: 13504: 11805: 7574: 5375: 4118:, accumulated after being leached from the land, is economically recovered from the Dead Sea, where it occurs at 55,000 parts per million (ppm). 3676:

which is eaten both raw and cooked. A major difficulty for aquaculture is the tendency towards monoculture and the associated risk of widespread

3483:. Containerization greatly increased the efficiency and decreased the cost of moving goods by sea, and was a major factor leading to the rise of 464: 11520: 7471: 2232:

Marine habitats can be divided horizontally into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats extend from the shoreline to the edge of the

2218:" vents, all of which would have provided protection from damaging ultraviolet radiation which was not blocked by the early Earth's atmosphere. 1355:", toppling over in a mass of foaming water. This rushes in a sheet up the beach before retreating into the sea under the influence of gravity. 11497: 8336: 5969: 2153: 11133: 10992: 12431: 11348: 10456: 7219: 6973: 6592: 5382: 3545:

which are designed to stay at sea for weeks, processing and freezing great quantities of fish. The equipment used to capture the fish may be

9721: 9339:

The naval battle of Tsushima, the ultimate contest of the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, was one of the most decisive sea battles in history.

7838:

Lin, I.; Liu, W. Timothy; Wu, Chun-Chieh; Wong, George T. F.; Hu, Chuanmin; Chen, Zhiqiang; Wen-Der, Liang; Yang, Yih; Liu, Kon-Kee (2003).

6689: 6159: 3065:

for surface waters, with research ships, moored observatories and autonomous underwater vehicles to study and monitor all parts of the sea.

12400: 10509: 9910: 3979:

costs are lower. Disadvantages include problems caused by waves and tides, the tendency for excavations to silt up and the washing away of

2906:

surveying and nautical charting. A fourth edition draft was published in 1986 but so far several naming disputes (such as the one over the

9992: 5731: 2760:, after whom America was named, explored the South American coastline in voyages made between 1497 and 1502, discovering the mouth of the 2199:

as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing

11904: 11746: 9326: 8609: 6936: 6657: 5249: 5210: 5132: 4744:

nuclear fuel processing plant and nuclear accidents may also cause radioactive material to seep into the sea, as did the disaster at the

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Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change

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marine environment has self-cleansing properties and naturally occurring bacteria will act over time to remove oil from the sea. In the

4362:

Music too has been inspired by the ocean, sometimes by composers who lived or worked near the shore and saw its many different aspects.

11399: 10814: 3284:, which lasted the whole length of the war, sinking 783 U-boats. Since 1960, several nations have maintained fleets of nuclear-powered 10079: 9049: 8898: 9682: 7097: 2473:

which are used by creatures adapted to these conditions. The tidal zone with its periodic exposure to the dehydrating air is home to

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as they return to the surface. Recreational divers restrict themselves to depths of 100 feet (30 m) beyond which the danger of

11018: 7127: 7003: 6307: 5675: 5429:

Schmandt, B.; Jacobsen, S. D.; Becker, T. W.; Liu, Z.; Dueker, K. G. (2014). "Dehydration melting at the top of the lower mantle".

2369:

in the sea than on land, many marine species have yet to be discovered and the number known to science is expanding annually. Some

1374: 1277:

that are perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The friction between air and water caused by a gentle breeze on a pond causes

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who needed to be appeased, and symbolically, it has been perceived as a hostile environment populated by fantastic creatures; the

14361: 12081: 11931: 11671: 7307: 5781: 2899: 1474:

Besides gyres, there are temporary surface currents that occur under specific conditions. When waves meet a shore at an angle, a

11029: 9573: 6051: 4981: 2533:

where mineral-rich flows of water emerge from the seabed, supporting communities whose primary producers are sulphide-oxidising

560:

and covers approximately 71 percent of its surface. Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the

14773: 14728: 13776: 13544: 12613: 10353: 10294: 6772: 3205:

armed with long-range guns. In 1905, the Japanese fleet decisively defeated the Russian fleet, which had travelled over 18,000

2513:

habitat for reef-dwelling organisms. There is less sea life on the floor of deeper seas but marine life also flourishes around

11466: 3616:

is encouraging the development of local fisheries to provide food security to coastal communities and help alleviate poverty.

3183:

in a narrow channel and attacked vigorously, destroying 200 Persian ships for the loss of 40 Greek vessels. At the end of the

12057: 11964: 11883: 11844: 11780: 11708: 11630:

Westerdahl, Christer (1994). "Maritime cultures and ship types: brief comments on the significance of maritime archaeology".

11065: 10950: 10699: 10666: 10633: 10556: 10347: 10288: 10141: 10135: 10063: 9781: 9754: 9549: 9518: 9487: 9435: 9410: 9385: 9360: 9320: 9293: 9260: 9217: 8881: 8711: 8646: 8507: 8450: 8414: 8300: 8267: 8199: 8160: 8037: 7729: 7701: 7398: 7373: 7034: 6930: 6718: 6631: 6563: 6235: 6084: 5943: 5883: 5849: 5621: 5321: 5282: 5243: 5204: 5165: 5126: 5063: 4745: 1179:

is likely to reduce levels of oxygen in surface waters since the solubility of oxygen in water falls at higher temperatures.

9628: 7839: 6897: 6832: 6249: 14008: 11217: 9207: 7182: 6802: 4374: 3245:

showed that naval air power was sufficient to overcome the largest warships, foreshadowing the decisive sea-battles of the

3026: 11834: 9154: 8011: 2263:, but cold water reefs harbour a wide array of species including corals (only six of which contribute to reef formation). 13497: 10483: 10029: 9184: 8954: 8739: 7281: 7250: 4684:

are less seriously affected but may be chilled through the removal of their insulation, blinded, dehydrated or poisoned.

4539: 3094: 2167:

environment as a whole encompasses an immense diversity of life. Marine habitats range from surface water to the deepest

495:

sea or only a saline body of water and therefore solely a sea in the sense of the common use of the word, like all other

393: 13898: 12263: 10966: 4177:, able to descend to depths of 30 metres (98 ft), though many are adopting a more settled, land-based way of life. 3517: 1148:

The amount of oxygen found in seawater depends primarily on the plants growing in it. These are mainly algae, including

14603: 14030: 13918: 9846: 7650: 4751:

The dumping of waste (including oil, noxious liquids, sewage and garbage) at sea is governed by international law. The

2146: 11550:

Hovelsrud, G. K.; McKenna, M.; Huntington, H. P. (2008). "Marine Mammal Harvests and Other Interactions with Humans".

9075: 5349: 2954:

argued that no life could exist below around 600 metres (2,000 feet). This was proven wrong by the British biologists

1064:

form on the surface. These break into small pieces and coalesce into flat discs that form a thick suspension known as

14450: 13721: 12285:

Moore, Charles James (2008). "Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: a rapidly increasing, long-term threat".

10784: 10421: 10170: 9820: 4495: 3994: 3010:

in the Pacific, reaching a record depth of about 10,915 metres (35,810 ft), a feat not repeated until 2012 when

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in their own waters. However, recovery efforts often entail substantial costs to local economies or food provision.

3089:." Article 87(1) (a) to (f) gives a non-exhaustive list of freedoms including navigation, overflight, the laying of 2573: 91: 13908: 13868: 11318: 11055: 9659: 8228: 7952:

van der Heide, T.; van Nes, E. H.; van Katwijk, M. M.; Olff, H.; Smolders, A. J. P. (2011). Romanuk, Tamara (ed.).

4763:

is a convention to minimize pollution of the seas by ships. By May 2013, 152 maritime nations had ratified MARPOL.

4582:, increased contrasts in salinity (salty areas becoming saltier and fresher areas becoming less salty), changes to 1443: 436: 11247:

Milkov, A. V. (2004). "Global estimates of hydrate-bound gas in marine sediments: how much is really out there?".

11194: 10395: 9962: 7781: 4869:

amongst oceanographers. One definition is that a sea is a sub-division of an ocean, which means that it must have

487:. But what bodies of water other than the sea the law applies to is being crucially negotiated in the case of the 14638: 13624: 7816: 6828: 6286: 4334: 4114:

for table and industrial use has been harvested by solar evaporation from shallow ponds since prehistoric times.

3900: 3077:

dating from the seventeenth century. It stresses freedom to navigate the oceans and disapproves of war fought in

1526:, also known as the intertidal zone. The difference in height between the high tide and low tide is known as the 1323:) they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above 25 meters (82 ft). 491:

and its status as "sea", basically revolving around the issue of the Caspian Sea about either being factually an

3375:

had developed trade with India using the Red Sea ports, and in the first millennium BC, the Arabs, Phoenicians,

2831:, a clockmaker, designed such an instrument and James Cook used it in his voyages of exploration. Nowadays, the 2421:

and myriad zooplankton which drift with the currents. Most of the smallest organisms are the larvae of fish and

1860:

is about 15 percent higher than that of the surface layer and it remains there for much longer periods of time.

14718: 14311: 13490: 10715: 7497: 6673: 5492: 3090: 2517:

that rise from the depths, where fish and other animals congregate to spawn and feed. Close to the seabed live

1235: 12453:

Jefferies, D. F.; Preston, A.; Steele, A. K. (1973). "Distribution of caesium-137 in British coastal waters".

11156: 10602: 9127: 6490: 1223:, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was about 125 metres (410 ft) lower than in present times (2012). 6731:

Holliday, N. P.; Yelland, M. J.; Pascal, R.; Swail, V. R.; Taylor, P. K.; Griffiths, C. R.; Kent, E. (2006).

6181:

Zeebe, R. E.; Zachos, J. C.; Caldeira, K.; Tyrrell, T. (2008). "OCEANS: Carbon Emissions and Acidification".

4330: 3198:

With steam and the industrial production of steel plate came greatly increased firepower in the shape of the

3141: 2866:

on his voyages was to further map the ocean. Scientific study has continued with the depth recordings of the

2139: 773: 12582: 9935: 8099:"The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change" 5480: 4712:

can lower the oxygen level of the water and kill marine animals. Such events have created dead zones in the

1867:

Carbon enters the ocean as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the surface layers and is converted into

1195:

The amount of light that penetrates the sea depends on the angle of the sun, the weather conditions and the

13766: 12211:

Karl, David M. (199). "A sea of change: biogeochemical variability in the North Pacific subtropical gyre".

8402: 8189: 8150: 4661: 3258: 3093:, building artificial islands, fishing and scientific research. The safety of shipping is regulated by the 3053: 1633:

in the West Pacific. Its deepest point is 10.994 kilometres (nearly 7 miles) below the surface of the sea.

419:. However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the 10907: 6859: 6272: 5874:

Talley, Lynne D (2002). "Salinity Patterns in the Ocean". In MacCracken, Michael C; Perry, John S (eds.).

14778: 11413:

Hamed, Osman A. (2005). "Overview of hybrid desalination systems – current status and future prospects".

8524: 7607: 4653: 4470: 4355: 4224: 4088:

was investigated in the 1970s but abandoned in favour of more convenient sources. In suitable locations,

3677: 3285: 2907: 2854:. This map was used in 1492 when Christopher Columbus set out on his voyages of discovery. Subsequently, 1821:, there is no outflow and the evaporation of water makes it saline as dissolved minerals accumulate. The 1795: 1618:

together, the continental plates are deformed and buckle causing mountain building and seismic activity.

1479:

the stronger is the longshore current. These currents can shift great volumes of sand or pebbles, create

777:

Salinity map taken from the Aquarius Spacecraft. The rainbow colours represent salinity levels: red = 40

557: 13826: 11979: 10247: 9861: 9771: 6437:; Steinberger, B.; Heine, C. (2008). "Long-Term Sea-Level Fluctuations Driven by Ocean Basin Dynamics". 5697: 2946:, charted the seas and coasts and published his four-volume report of the ship's three voyages in 1839. 13963: 12832: 12606: 12339: 11797: 9599: 6919:

Ahrens, C. Donald; Jackson, Peter Lawrence; Jackson, Christine E. J.; Jackson, Christine E. O. (2012).

5635: 4881:

defines a sea as a "land-locked" body of water, adding that the term "sea" is only one of convenience.

3765: 3309: 2824: 2701: 1848:

Oceans contain the greatest quantity of actively cycled carbon in the world and are second only to the

1451: 652: 322:

regulating human interactions at sea. The seas provide substantial supplies of food for humans, mainly

11489: 8844: 790:

A characteristic of seawater is that it is salty. Salinity is usually measured in parts per thousand (

14498: 13903: 13863: 11528: 7475: 5710: 5587: 4894:

According to this definition, the Caspian would be excluded as it is legally an "international lake".

4708:. Nitrogen is often the limiting factor in marine systems, and with added nitrogen, algal blooms and 4318: 4290: 3923: 3731: 3727: 3709: 2832: 2272: 2210:

of animals are represented there. Scientists differ as to precisely where in the sea life arose: the

1600:. In mid-ocean, magma is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form 1517:

Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the

1296: 1127: 556:

may have oceans. Earth's 1,335,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000,000 cu mi) of sea contain

11435: 10576: 10381: 10322: 8463:

Hage, P.; Marck, J. (2003). "Matrilineality and the Melanesian Origin of Polynesian Y Chromosomes".

8328: 7921: 5961: 3321:

was an unofficial accolade given to the fastest liner crossing the Atlantic in regular service. The

2538:

Such places support unique biomes where many new microbes and other lifeforms have been discovered.

683:. The subfield dealing with the sea's motion, its forces, and the forces acting upon it is known as 14768: 14628: 14003: 13993: 13933: 13569: 13539: 12161: 11125: 10996: 6106:

Feely, R. A.; Sabine, C. L.; Lee, K; Berelson, W; Kleypas, J; Fabry, V. J.; Millero, F. J. (2004).

4830: 4626: 3595: 2938: 2889: 2564: 1991: 1861: 1853: 1756:

is designed to protect London from a storm surge, while the failure of the dykes and levees around

1682:

and the part between the lowest spring tides and the upper limit reached by splashing waves is the

1467: 740: 251:, carry cold water from near the poles to every ocean and significantly influence Earth's climate. 248: 32: 11356: 10448: 8552:"Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: MtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific" 8092: 7211: 6965: 6584: 5379: 14665: 14648: 14485: 13978: 13843: 13781: 13771: 13664: 12784: 12392: 11830: 10540: 10532: 6686: 6107: 5753:

Anati, David A. (March 1999). "The salinity of hypersaline brines: Concepts and misconceptions".

4693:, where oil-eating bacteria are already present, they take only a few days to consume spilt oil. 4618: 4543: 4197: 4154: 3527: 3250: 3145: 3019: 2795: 2614: 2049: 1328: 1184: 10505: 9863: 3048:

of the ocean floor. Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam

1731:

Material worn from the margins of the land eventually ends up in the sea. Here it is subject to

1259: 14660: 14598: 14025: 13711: 13105: 11430: 9988: 7916: 7642: 6623: 5723: 4912: 4614: 4571: 4446: 4202: 3888: 3833: 3281: 2812: 2556: 2058: 1857: 1741: 744: 351: 11954: 11900: 11740: 10942: 10837: 10691: 10658: 9746: 9740: 9541: 9537:

America: The Last Best Hope, Volume 2: From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914–1989

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Voss, Maren; Bange, Hermann W.; Dippner, Joachim W.; Middelburg, Jack J.; Montoya, Joseph P.;

6920: 6652: 5233: 5194: 5116: 3272:

Submarines became important in naval warfare in World War I, when German submarines, known as

1351:. When the ratio of the wave's height to the water depth increases above a certain limit, it " 814:) make up about 85 percent of the solids in solution, there are also other metal ions such as 14493: 14475: 13983: 13878: 13513: 12630: 12626: 12599: 11094: 10280:

Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation and food security

9285: 9252: 9246: 9015: 8873: 8867: 8636: 7745:

Spalding MD and Grenfell AM (1997). "New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas".

7568: 6893: 5311: 5272: 5155: 4700:

from agricultural land is a major source of pollution in some areas and the discharge of raw

4286: 4248: 3653: 3323: 2873: 2638: 2552: 1826: 1304: 704: 684: 597: 524: 383: 87: 24: 12487: 11700: 11694: 10934: 10810: 10683: 10650: 9277: 7634: 6615: 6328: 3938:

opened in 1967; it generates about 0.5 GW, but it has been followed by few similar schemes.

2252:: from polar seas with ice shelves, sea ice and icebergs, to temperate and tropical waters. 14680: 14513: 14216: 14073: 13938: 13649: 12952: 12462: 12294: 12116: 12012: 11639: 11559: 11422: 11387: 11292: 11256: 10204: 10014: 9878: 8367: 7965: 7908: 7851: 7540: 6776: 6744: 6516: 6446: 6373: 6338: 6127: 6043: 5912: 5819: 5651: 5515: 5438: 5089: 4759:

agreement to control ocean dumping which had been ratified by 89 countries by 8 June 2012.

4575: 4487:

and continuation of marine life forms. An overview of environmental issues is shown below:

4466: 4450: 3884: 3777: 3381: 3262: 3230: 3111: 3078: 2919: 2868: 2862:

straight. By the eighteenth century better maps had been made and part of the objective of

2737: 2622: 2578: 1839: 1625:

which extends for about 2,500 kilometres (1,600 mi) across the seabed. It is near the

1439: 1220: 1143: 1053: 440: 280: 28: 11378:

Al-Weshah, Radwan A. (2000). "The water balance of the Dead Sea: an integrated approach".

10195:

Myers, R. A.; Worm, B. (2003). "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities".

7093: 4885:

similarly states that the boundaries between seas and other bodies of water are arbitrary.

4423:

who struggles to return home across the sea's many hazards after the war described in the

1534:

some 27 million times smaller than the Sun, but it is 400 times closer to the Earth.

8: 14675: 14560: 14555: 14281: 13953: 13913: 13629: 13253: 13047: 12676: 10740: 7951: 7899:

Yool, A.; Tyrrell, T. (2003). "Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean's silicon cycle".

7152: 6665: 6080: 5415: 4579: 4555: 4134: 4018: 3945: 3862: 3719: 3701: 3488: 3388: 3192: 3180: 2991: 2685: 2642: 2610: 2470: 2422: 1765: 1732: 1584:

and the deeper mostly solid outer layer of the mantle. On land the crust is known as the

1435: 1339:). When the wave reaches a point where its deepest oscillations of the water contact the 1180: 1139: 1123: 1089: 452: 347: 12466: 12298: 12120: 12103:

Ahmed AS, Sultana S, Habib A, Ullah H, Musa N, Hossain MB, Rahman MM, Sarker MS (2019).

12016: 11643: 11563: 11426: 11391: 11296: 11281: 11260: 10208: 9882: 8985: 8371: 7969: 7912: 7855: 7544: 7414: 7119: 6748: 6520: 6450: 6377: 6342: 6303: 6131: 5916: 5823: 5655: 5639: 5519: 5442: 5093: 3815:. Human eyes are not adapted for use underwater but vision can be improved by wearing a 3341:

by one the vessels were laid up, some were scrapped, others became cruise ships for the

2354: 1035:, for example, has many rivers flowing into it, and thus the sea could be considered as 14618: 14331: 14321: 14286: 14186: 14171: 14068: 13248: 13145: 12789: 12651: 12318: 12236: 12228: 12188: 12163: 12139: 12104: 11665: 11651: 11575: 10766: 10369: 10310: 10228: 9902: 9248:

The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization

9097: 8822: 8480: 8401:

Committee on Biological Diversity in Marine Systems, National Research Council (1995).

8383: 8123: 8098: 7988: 7953: 7934: 7869: 7762: 7666: 7075: 6532: 6470: 6397: 6206: 6151: 5667: 5539: 5462: 4634: 4563: 4515: 4346: 4272: 4229: 3892: 3824: 3464: 3396: 3210: 3115: 3100:

UNCLOS defines various areas of water. "Internal waters" are on the landward side of a

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crossed the North Atlantic and even reached the northeastern fringes of North America.

2489:

has many organisms that need light to flourish. Here, among algal-encrusted rocks live

2359: 2321:. All of these habitats are able to sequester large quantities of carbon and support a 2282: 2260: 1308: 1263:

When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.

1166: 728: 12073: 11927: 7303: 5785: 5101: 4369: 3541:

with a small crew, stern trawlers, purse seiners, long-line factory vessels and large

2819:(a line on the globe joining the two poles) could only be calculated with an accurate 399:

The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the

14700: 14690: 14633: 14613: 14296: 14261: 14196: 14176: 14166: 14048: 13736: 13594: 13007: 12957: 12749: 12691: 12506: 12474: 12310: 12193: 12144: 12053: 11960: 11879: 11840: 11776: 11704: 11583: 11061: 11022: 10946: 10935: 10758: 10695: 10684: 10662: 10651: 10629: 10552: 10343: 10284: 10220: 10131: 10059: 9894: 9842: 9816: 9777: 9750: 9565: 9545: 9514: 9483: 9431: 9406: 9381: 9356: 9316: 9289: 9278: 9256: 9213: 8877: 8767:

A Comparison of Medieval Arab Methods of Navigation with Those of the Pacific Islands

8707: 8642: 8576: 8503: 8484: 8446: 8410: 8296: 8195: 8156: 8128: 7993: 7954:"Positive feedbacks in seagrass ecosystems: evidence from large-scale empirical data" 7725: 7697: 7646: 7635: 7556: 7394: 7369: 7079: 7067: 7030: 6926: 6714: 6669: 6627: 6616: 6559: 6536: 6462: 6389: 6241: 6231: 6210: 6198: 6143: 5879: 5617: 5531: 5466: 5454: 5317: 5278: 5239: 5200: 5161: 5122: 5059: 4973: 4908: 4547: 4522: 4096: 4064: 4053: 4040: 3962: 3837: 3409: 3372: 3289: 3242: 3218: 3172: 3074: 3034: 2855: 2783: 2729: 2709: 2673: 2665: 2657: 2568: 2530: 2463: 2334: 2278: 2233: 2107: 2035: 1949: 1852:

in the amount of carbon they store. The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of

1761: 1601: 1585: 1450:, land surfaces, aerosols and sea ice. Ocean models make use of a branch of physics, 1320: 1292: 1238:

and extraction of groundwater for irrigation and other agricultural and human needs.

1170: 736: 708: 576:

and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form

553: 480: 311: 134: 95: 12551:"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78)" 12322: 12240: 11268: 10337: 10278: 9906: 8743: 8387: 7938: 7873: 7766: 6474: 6401: 6155: 5543: 4736:. Nuclear facilities too can pollute. The Irish Sea was contaminated by radioactive 3664:

for release of juveniles into the wild resulting in an increased lobster harvest in

3331:, another award for the fastest commercial crossing of the Atlantic, was won by the 3151:

Control of the sea is important to the security of a maritime nation, and the naval

1126:. The extent of further ocean chemistry changes, including ocean pH, will depend on 388: 212:. The surface of water interacts with the atmosphere, exchanging properties such as 105:

of water bodies varies widely, being lower near the surface and the mouths of large

14655: 14623: 14593: 14402: 14387: 14256: 14191: 14083: 13998: 13928: 13853: 13634: 13604: 13534: 13529: 13268: 13120: 12671: 12591: 12498: 12470: 12302: 12220: 12183: 12175: 12134: 12124: 12045: 12020: 11647: 11567: 11458: 11440: 11395: 11300: 11264: 10750: 10544: 10232: 10212: 9886: 8566: 8472: 8400: 8375: 8259: 8118: 8110: 7983: 7973: 7926: 7859: 7754: 7548: 7059: 6752: 6524: 6454: 6381: 6346: 6190: 6135: 5920: 5827: 5762: 5659: 5523: 5446: 5097: 4953: 4808: 4642: 4608: 4591: 4534: 4491: 4476: 4454: 4338: 4326: 4310: 4298: 4110:

The sea holds large quantities of valuable dissolved minerals. The most important,

4072: 3590: 3558: 3476: 3412:

for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the

3342: 3333: 3266: 3254: 3238: 3138:

The explosion of the Spanish flagship during the Battle of Gibraltar, 25 April 1607

2894: 2851: 2808: 2757: 2560: 2529:

rely on organic material falling to the ocean floor. Others cluster round deep sea

2455: 1703: 1662: 1651: 1573: 1343:, they begin to slow down. This pulls the crests closer together and increases the 1319:

statistics from measurements in computing the wave forces (due to for instance the

796: 589: 545: 371: 221: 162: 118: 12502: 12162:

Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, Francois; Thompson, Richard C.; Barlaz, Morton (2009).

12001:"Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle" 10770: 10122: 9378:

A life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham: A Twentieth-century Naval Leader

7840:"New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone" 6999: 5940: 5845: 3327:

held the title with 26.06 knots (48.26 km/h) for twenty years from 1909. The

2858:

made a practical map of the world in 1538, his map projection conveniently making

14783: 14460: 14356: 14306: 14271: 14231: 14123: 14093: 13943: 13893: 13803: 13761: 13694: 13619: 13579: 13388: 13358: 13338: 13258: 12922: 12917: 12902: 12872: 12837: 12759: 12656: 12586: 12306: 12129: 11986: 11304: 9862:

Halpern, Benjamin S.; Walbridge, Shaun; Selkoe, Kimberly A.; et al. (2008).

9622: 7978: 7552: 6889: 6824: 6794: 6693: 6661: 6494: 6290: 6279: 6225: 5991: 5947: 5706: 5558:"Voyager: How much of the earth is truly undiscovered, above and/or below water?" 5487: 5410: 5386: 5356: 4960: 4551: 4499: 4480: 4314: 4280: 4264: 4244: 4138: 4100: 3966: 3685: 3609: 3538: 3512: 3480: 3400: 3367:

Shipping routes, showing relative density of commercial shipping around the world

3293: 3234: 3214: 3156: 3082: 2995: 2955: 2881: 2823:

to show the exact time difference between the ship and a fixed point such as the

2725: 2302: 2227: 2176: 2127: 2063: 2020: 2015: 2005: 1856:

that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere. The deep layer's concentration of

1843: 1810: 1626: 1597: 1581: 1480: 1475: 1431: 1283: 520: 460: 217: 114: 13032: 11444: 9155:"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)" 4816: 4438: 4379: 14570: 14565: 14470: 14465: 14301: 14241: 14236: 13968: 13858: 13679: 13614: 13589: 13328: 13308: 13273: 13263: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13062: 13052: 12942: 12927: 12809: 12661: 12638: 10479: 8292:

Marine Ecological Processes: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences

6697: 4756: 4705: 4690: 4681: 4649: 4583: 4559: 4214: 4181: 4130: 4068: 3976: 3743: 3689: 3673: 3472: 3468: 3188: 3101: 3062: 3007: 2943: 2933: 2877: 2847: 2787: 2697: 2594: 2534: 2330: 2322: 2168: 1984: 1799: 1798:, thereby sustaining life on land, and largely returns to the sea. Even in the 1753: 1622: 1610: 1569: 1513:

High tides (blue) at the nearest and furthest points of the Earth from the Moon

1278: 1231: 1227: 1213: 1176: 1161: 1153: 1107: 732: 720: 688: 569: 496: 476: 456: 412: 400: 359: 315: 284: 237: 209: 158: 44: 13815: 12049: 11873: 9180: 9045: 8962: 7273: 7242: 6528: 6497:. USGS. By Richard Z. Poore, Richard S. Williams, Jr., and Christopher Tracey. 5831: 5766: 4704:

has a similar effect. The extra nutrients provided by these sources can cause

240:

slow but stable circulations of water, as in the case of the ocean sustaining

40: 14763: 14757: 14740: 14588: 14508: 14397: 14316: 14291: 14226: 14156: 14063: 13958: 13835: 13756: 13716: 13689: 13599: 13549: 13470: 13458: 13278: 13170: 13140: 13125: 13115: 13095: 13022: 12992: 12947: 12937: 12912: 12892: 12862: 12842: 12754: 12729: 12393:"Gulf of Mexico Has Greater-Than-Believed Ability to Self-Cleanse Oil Spills" 12025: 12000: 10754: 9452: 6551: 6245: 4870: 4780: 4729: 4721: 4673: 4657: 4511: 4503: 4322: 4193: 4049: 3912: 3908: 3858: 3808: 3582: 3484: 3479:

in the 1960s, these goods were loaded, transported and unloaded piecemeal as

3404: 3277: 3206: 3127: 3011: 2979: 2947: 2828: 2745: 2733: 2650: 2602: 2518: 2426: 2338: 2241: 2117: 2000: 1868: 1715: 1691: 1589: 1457: 1399: 1386: 1352: 1348: 1287: 1149: 1119: 1028: 748: 636: 404: 355: 331: 319: 244: 178: 170: 59: 48: 9890: 8571: 7330:"Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world" 7063: 6458: 6385: 6364:

Deutsch; et al. (2011). "Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia".

6194: 6139: 6016:

US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

5527: 5450: 4060:

may be released. The infrastructure may cause damage, and oil may be spilt.

3672:. Few maritime flowering plants are widely used for food but one example is 3363: 1560: 1093: 14695: 14643: 14583: 14534: 14412: 14407: 14382: 14366: 14341: 14058: 13948: 13888: 13674: 13584: 13559: 13323: 13198: 13150: 13135: 13130: 13110: 13077: 13057: 13042: 13027: 13002: 12987: 12977: 12932: 12887: 12877: 12867: 12852: 12817: 12739: 12721: 12646: 12510: 12314: 12197: 12179: 12148: 11587: 10762: 10548: 10224: 9898: 9808: 9071: 8580: 8132: 8114: 7997: 7560: 7071: 6922:

Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment

6466: 6434: 6393: 6202: 6147: 5595: 5535: 5458: 5404:"Rare Diamond Confirms that Earth's Mantle Holds an Ocean's Worth of Water" 4920: 4916: 4836: 4822: 4794: 4760: 4630: 4530: 4507: 4484: 4158: 4126: 4103: 4048:

used to locate deposits, and there is debate as to whether this causes the

4045: 4037: 4033: 3949: 3793: 3781: 3747: 3735: 3640: 3542: 3508: 3432: 3413: 3328: 3176: 3132: 2885: 2838:

With regards to maps that are vital for navigation, in the second century,

2761: 2753: 2717: 2590: 2510: 2486: 2399: 2245: 2237: 2215: 2196: 2122: 2084: 2079: 2040: 1974: 1791: 1312: 1061: 644: 561: 549: 484: 448: 432: 416: 408: 367: 307: 205: 174: 63: 12224: 11400:

10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200001)14:1<145::AID-HYP916>3.0.CO;2-N

10166: 7758: 7027:

Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Physical and Numerical Aspects

3337:

in 1952 for a crossing that took three days, ten hours and forty minutes.

2835:(GPS) using over thirty satellites enables accurate navigation worldwide. 2779: 1461:

The global conveyor belt shown in blue with warmer surface currents in red

1331:, they change their behavior. If approaching at an angle, waves may bend ( 14685: 14417: 14346: 14211: 14151: 14118: 14108: 14103: 13988: 13923: 13883: 13873: 13848: 13731: 13704: 13684: 13644: 13609: 13401: 13373: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13298: 13293: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13178: 13090: 13085: 13037: 13012: 12827: 12779: 12774: 12744: 12734: 12711: 12681: 12164:"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments" 9813:

The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa

7930: 7864: 7024: 6757: 6732: 5078: 4904: 4874: 4737: 4717: 4526: 4406: 4350: 4174: 4170: 4029: 3896: 3841: 3816: 3789: 3761: 3681: 3680:. Aquaculture is also associated with environmental risks; for instance, 3669: 3648: 3625: 3546: 3531: 3463:. Other cargo, such as manufactured goods, is usually transported within 3428: 3420: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3246: 3226: 3202: 3199: 3184: 3106: 3049: 3030: 2987: 2983: 2903: 2859: 2661: 2526: 2502: 2462:

water or the transport of organisms that have accumulated as part of the

2211: 2192: 2172: 2025: 1961: 1876: 1849: 1818: 1814: 1787: 1783: 1777: 1757: 1736: 1706:. The indentation of a coastline, especially between two headlands, is a 1630: 1577: 1555: 1543: 1535: 1527: 1484: 1426:. These gyres have followed the same routes for millennia, guided by the 1344: 1336: 936: 593: 577: 492: 488: 339: 268: 225: 201: 190: 166: 138: 79: 13482: 12452: 11579: 11326: 11017: 10216: 9651: 8826: 5925: 5900: 3191:, broke the power of the combined French and Spanish fleets at the 1805 2414: 1966: 1647: 715:

within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the

14503: 14351: 14326: 14221: 14201: 14128: 14113: 14098: 14088: 14053: 13973: 13793: 13788: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13639: 13437: 13411: 13378: 13368: 13313: 13193: 13100: 13067: 12997: 12967: 12962: 12907: 12897: 12857: 12847: 12822: 12794: 12769: 12701: 12686: 12232: 10399: 8379: 6995: 5671: 4741: 4713: 4697: 4434: 4394: 4363: 4342: 4306: 4189: 3904: 3872: 3804: 3785: 3739: 3715: 3644: 3424: 3392: 3376: 3222: 3045: 3041: 2965:

On her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey round the globe,

2926: 2863: 2843: 2749: 2586: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2418: 2403: 2382: 2370: 2318: 2030: 1970: 1803: 1724: 1699: 1667: 1606: 1447: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1404: 1332: 1300: 1099: 1032: 756: 585: 565: 507: 455:. Seas are generally larger than lakes and contain salt water, but the 303: 182: 14735: 13453: 11989:

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research. Retrieved 22 October 2019.

11571: 9100:. The South African Association for Marine Biological Research. 2013. 7694:

Marine Biology: International Edition: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology

6283: 4774: 4133:

suitable for drinking or irrigation. The two main processing methods,

3918: 3308:

carried mail overseas, one of the earliest being the Dutch service to

643:

of water in motion. The more recent study of the sea in particular is

259:, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the 14575: 14437: 14422: 14336: 14181: 14020: 14015: 13798: 13726: 13654: 13574: 13564: 13521: 13333: 13303: 13228: 13208: 13203: 13188: 13160: 13017: 12982: 12972: 12882: 12799: 12706: 12666: 11871: 10053: 8094: 6733:"Were extreme waves in the Rockall Trough the largest ever recorded?" 4733: 4725: 4665: 4622: 4442: 4252: 4080: 4025: 3986: 3980: 3828: 3797: 3773: 3436: 3427:

in the form of liquids, powder or particles are carried loose in the

2999: 2971: 2816: 2804: 2713: 2677: 2621:" peoples displayed great feats of navigation, reaching out from the 2506: 2390: 2314: 2188: 2112: 1872: 1523: 1274: 1268: 1209: 1196: 1073: 975: 962: 923: 897: 827: 815: 752: 712: 632: 420: 327: 296: 292: 256: 233: 137:, amongst many other elements, some in minute concentrations. A wide 130: 122: 9405:. Three Rivers Press (Crown Forum). pp. 294–297, 322, 326–327. 9157:. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8924:"Jacques Piccard: Oceanographer and pioneer of deep-sea exploration" 7692:

Levinton, Jeffrey S. (2010). "18. Fisheries and Food from the Sea".

7669:. Department of Natural Environmental Studies: University of Tokyo. 6350: 5663: 4017:

and trace metals since their discovery in the 1960s. They form when

3772:

is a sport in which a wave is ridden by a surfer, with or without a

2990:. This was lowered by cable but by 1960 a self-powered submersible, 803:

has 300 grams (11 oz) dissolved solids per litre (300 ‰).

616:

spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea.

14670: 14392: 14251: 14143: 14133: 14078: 13554: 13406: 13396: 13363: 13318: 13288: 13283: 13183: 12764: 12696: 10598: 10276: 9123: 8742:(in Russian). Русское географическое общество. 2012. Archived from 8476: 8289:

Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K., eds. (2010).

6487: 5192: 4709: 4420: 4162: 4111: 4071:, of interest as a potential energy source. Also on the seabed are 3972: 3935: 3880: 3757:

Scuba diver with face mask, fins and underwater breathing apparatus

3723: 3578: 3550: 3354: 3164: 3160: 3152: 2986:

who descended to 434 metres (1,424 ft) in the spherical steel

2913: 2765: 2721: 2689: 2681: 2598: 2514: 2474: 2443: 2407: 2386: 2378: 2310: 2256: 2249: 2180: 2102: 1822: 1695: 1413: 1316: 1157: 1068:. In calm conditions, this freezes into a thin flat sheet known as 1036: 1001: 884: 858: 823: 811: 800: 768: 343: 241: 213: 142: 110: 102: 83: 11726:

Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (絵本百物語, "Picture Book of a Hundred Stories")

11459:"Environmental, social and cultural settings of the Surin Islands" 10535:. In Steele, John H.; Thorpe, Steve A.; Turekian, Karl K. (eds.). 10028:. Washington DC: Department of Defense. p. 73. Archived from 8899:"Spherical Descent: On the Bathysphere and Voyages Into the Abyss" 8191:

The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity

8152:

The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity

6306:. Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. 3 June 2010. 6293:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, pp. 33–144. 3296:

from under the sea. Some of these are kept permanently on patrol.

2195:, fungi, and bacteria. Marine life plays an important part in the 1454:, that describes the large-scale flow of fluids such as seawater. 14539: 14529: 13699: 13669: 13155: 12579: 10026:

Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms

5640:"The Seas: Our Knowledge of Life in the Sea and How It is Gained" 4788: 4685: 4638: 4595: 4502:. The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from 4411: 4268: 4115: 4089: 4057: 3931: 3820: 3769: 3705: 3658: 3636: 3632: 3570: 3562: 3554: 3504: 3500: 2839: 2799: 2705: 2693: 2522: 2478: 2459: 2447: 2374: 2342: 2290: 2286: 2200: 2184: 2010: 1802:, where little rain ever falls, dense clouds of fog known as the 1745: 1655: 1518: 1509: 1364: 1077: 1040: 949: 910: 831: 819: 640: 620: 573: 424: 363: 335: 288: 276: 197: 186: 146: 126: 11959:. Translated by Hull, R.F.C. Ark Paperbacks. pp. 122, 192. 11060:. Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. p. 19. 5154:

Karleskint, George; Turner, Richard L.; Small, James W. (2009).

4157:

live in boats and derive nearly all they need from the sea. The

3792:, where the power is provided by a fixed, manoeuvrable sail and 2333:

consists of complex microbial transformations which include the

14246: 13659: 10575:. International Council of Marine Industry Associations. 2013. 9312:

Military communications: from ancient times to the 21st century

6549: 6507:

Bruce C. Douglas (1997). "Global sea rise: a redetermination".

4701: 4669: 4494:: Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, 4398: 4276: 4260: 4085: 4006: 3998: 3983:. There is a risk of coastal erosion and environmental damage. 3868: 3812: 3601: 3586: 3460: 3273: 3168: 2646: 2618: 2490: 2431: 2394: 2306: 2207: 2093: 1593: 1492: 1369: 1340: 1065: 988: 871: 835: 807: 533: 451:

which has no coastline and lies within a circular current, the

189:. Many of the major groups of organisms evolved in the sea and 154: 8403:"Waiting for a whale: human hunting and deep-sea biodiversity" 7050:

Wunsch, Carl (2002). "What is the thermohaline circulation?".

6432: 5274:

Indian Ocean Region: Maritime Regimes for Regional Cooperation

431:, though generally seas are smaller, and are often partly (as 14608: 14427: 14206: 14161: 13427: 12622: 11092: 7529: 5992:"Sea Water | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 5809: 5594:, Vol. 48. Smith, Elder, & Co. (London), 1896. Hosted at 4430: 4425: 4416: 4402: 4295:

The Y at Amsterdam, seen from the Mosselsteiger (mussel pier)

4256: 4185: 4166: 4150: 3665: 3661: 3452: 3440: 3358: 3003: 2741: 2669: 2634: 2630: 2505:

and other invertebrates. Corals often contain photosynthetic

2451: 2439: 2435: 2366: 1749: 1719: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1642: 1614: 1488: 1122:

and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called

1106:

of about 8.2 over the past 300 million years. More recently,

1069: 791: 778: 624: 613: 601: 537: 529: 428: 229: 157:, and animals live in the seas, which offers a wide range of 150: 106: 20: 11463:

Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions and Small Islands

10533:"Mariculture, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of" 8634: 8357: 2902:(IHO) was set up, and it constitutes the world authority on 2842:

mapped the whole known world from the "Fortunatae Insulae",

2645:, and in the process they found many new islands, including 14040: 11998: 8840: 7744: 6918: 5901:"Density and Absolute Salinity of the Baltic Sea 2006–2009" 4877:

as a sea because it was once part of an ancient ocean. The

4846: 4483:

and may result in consequences as yet unrecognised for the

4076: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3876: 3574: 3456: 3444: 2639:

continued to travel thousands of miles between tiny islands

2626: 2606: 2298: 1711: 1504: 609: 605: 541: 512: 444: 323: 272: 260: 252: 11549: 10937:

Ocean Wave Energy – Current Status and Future Perspectives

10686:

Marine Ecotourism: Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea

6730: 6180: 4247:

personified it, believing it to be under the control of a

4129:

is the technique of removing salts from seawater to leave

2393:

have a completely aquatic lifestyle and many invertebrate

2191:

30 metres (98 feet) long to microscopic phytoplankton and

1790:

from the ocean, travels through the atmosphere as vapour,

12421: 12390: 10573:"The voice of the recreational marine industry worldwide" 10572: 10480:"Future foods: What will we be eating in 20 years' time?" 8550:

Kayser, M.; Brauer, S.; Cordaux, R.; et al. (2006).

7581: 7498:"Endorheic Lakes: Waterbodies That Don't Flow to the Sea" 6223: 5428: 4841: 4567: 4345:

at the peak of its military prowess. The Japanese artist

3566: 3448: 3276:, sank nearly 5,000 Allied merchant ships, including the 1817:

is the largest one of these. Its main inflow is from the

1707: 1698:

is a point of land jutting out into the sea and a larger

1483:

and make beaches disappear and water channels silt up. A

264: 12366:"How Does the BP Oil Spill Impact Wildlife and Habitat?" 10058:. Cambridge, Md: Cornell Maritime Press. pp. 1–16. 9598:. California Center for Military History. Archived from 8549: 4833: – Shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid 4393:

As a symbol, the sea has for centuries played a role in

4196:

hunt marine mammals including seals and whales, and the

3811:

can dive to 40 feet (12 m) with baskets to collect

2577:

Map showing the seaborne migration and expansion of the

2546: 1446:

as well as models of other major components such as the

98:), or certain large, nearly landlocked bodies of water. 9403:

Don't Tread on Me: A 400-Year History of America at War

8869:

Oceanography: an introduction to the marine environment

8764: 8443:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

5812:

Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

3753: 2313:

line the coast in tropical and subtropical regions and

1809:

In central Asia and other large land masses, there are

1273:

Wind blowing over the surface of a body of water forms

1114:

content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO

1103: 12102: 11218:"Effects of offshore drilling: energy vs. environment" 6105: 5506:

Murakami, M. (2002). "Water in Earth's Lower Mantle".

5350:

Most Earthlike Planet Yet Found May Have Liquid Oceans

4645:

by marine organisms and are passed up the food chain.

4453:, the depths of the sea symbolizing the depths of the 647:. This began as the study of the shape of the ocean's 8445:. Ch. 19: "Watercraft", pp. 347 ff. Wiley-Blackwell. 7601: 7599: 6015: 5153: 4309:

ranging from simple drawings on the walls of huts in

3844:

can be made with specialised equipment and training.

3764:

became the vogue in Europe in the 18th century after

2898:

in 1932, and others since. Furthermore, in 1921, the

94:, second-order sections of the oceanic sea (e.g. the 12621: 12284: 11629: 11377: 11325:. Ministry of Mines and Energy. 2006. Archived from 10013: 9620: 9205: 8813:

Jenkins, Simon (1992). "Four Cheers for Geography".

8288: 7779: 7691: 7525: 7523: 7502:

The Watershed: Water from the Mountains into the Sea

7415:"Thames Barrier engineer says second defence needed" 7126:. University of Delaware Sea Grant College Program. 7025:

Cushman-Roisin, Benoit; Beckers, Jean-Marie (2011).

6685:

National Meteorological Library and Archive (2010).

5118:

The Italian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 14

4770: 4676:

may sink, threatening filter feeders on the seabed.

1031:, sea ice melt, and runoff from land reduce it. The 173:

to the great depths and pressures of the cold, dark

12415: 12033: 9864:"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems" 9022:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 8456: 8226: 7306:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. 7218:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6972:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6591:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 6041: 4980:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4974:"What's the difference between an ocean and a sea?" 2776:which would be the first to sail around the world. 735:(geological oceanography) has provided evidence of 287:movements under the oceans can lead to destructive 12253: 11738: 11487: 10130:. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2012. 9719: 9533: 9400: 9275: 7809:"Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit" 7596: 7469: 6556:Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level 6217: 5869: 5867: 4441:(松尾芭蕉) (1644–1694). In the works of psychiatrist 3561:and the fish species most frequently targeted are 1200:beyond a depth of about 200 metres (660 ft). 14456:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 11952: 11723: 10477: 10124:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 10080:"Industry Globalization | World Shipping Council" 9212:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Company. p. 24. 8703:The Vinland sagas: the Norse discovery of America 8335:. Environmental Protection Agency. 6 March 2012. 8103:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 7608:"The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide" 7520: 7271: 7240: 4180:The indigenous peoples of the Arctic such as the 3594:overexploitation, many countries have introduced 3521:German factory ship, 92 metres (302 ft) long 3179:trapped the far larger fleet of the Persian king 2876:(1872–1876), the work of the Scandinavian seamen 2589:the seas since they first built sea-going craft. 2187:zone. The organisms living in the sea range from 427:. There is no sharp distinction between seas and 342:underwater. Other human uses of the seas include 232:blowing over the surface of the water, producing 14755: 11518: 11215: 10277:Béné, C.; Macfadyen, G.; Allison, E. H. (2007). 10117: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10105: 10054:Sauerbier, Charles L.; Meurn, Robert J. (2004). 9375: 8543: 8500:The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People 8144: 8142: 6558:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–428. 6506: 4966: 4873:crust on its floor. This definition accepts the 4664:in the Atlantic. Foraging sea birds such as the 4419:describes the ten-year voyage of the Greek hero 2914:History of oceanography and deep sea exploration 2349: 2206:Life may have originated in the sea and all the 1412:Wind blowing over the surface of the sea causes 1130:efforts taken by nations and their governments. 1043:is very salty due to its high evaporation rate. 224:are the water currents that are produced by the 14446:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 12580:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 12168:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 11412: 10995:. BTM Consult. 22 November 2010. Archived from 10969:. World Nuclear Association. 1 September 2013. 10446: 9776:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–104. 9450: 9276:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Hook, Christa (2005). 8983: 7587: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7147: 7145: 5864: 3807:is necessarily restricted to shallow descents. 2720:had a fleet of 317 ships with 37,000 men under 2183:, muddy, sandy and rocky seabeds, and the open 1438:are powerfully affected by the world ocean, so 731:charts the shape and shaping of the sea, while 465:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 12042:The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate 11992: 11872:Homer (translation by Rieu, D. C. H.) 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 629–630. 5846:"Drinking seawater can be deadly to humans" 5755:International Journal of Salt Lake Research 5115:Conforti, B.; Bravo, Luigi Ferrari (2005). 4588:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 3768:advocated the practice for health reasons. 2936:with ideas and materials for his 1859 book 1864:exchanges carbon between these two layers. 1080:is one year old, this falls to 4–6 ‰. 838:cannot excrete urine as salty as seawater. 392:Oceans and marginal seas as defined by the 247:. Deep-sea currents, known together as the 13505: 13491: 12614: 12600: 12424:"New Diseases, Toxins Harming Marine Life" 12391:American Chemical Society (9 April 2013). 12256:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic too" 10681: 10185: 10047: 8064:"Facts and figures on marine biodiversity" 7633:McSween, Harry Y.; McAfee, Steven (2003). 6640: 6413: 6411: 5805: 5803: 5608: 5606: 5604: 4498:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, 4467:Ocean § Threats from human activities 4445:, the sea symbolizes the personal and the 3265:, in all of which the dominant ships were 3110:resources. The "continental shelf" is the 2521:that feed largely on pelagic organisms or 2154: 2140: 1752:and other sea defences. For instance, the 1580:), which is composed of the Earth's rocky 842:Major solutes in seawater (3.5% salinity) 13512: 12187: 12138: 12128: 12024: 11925: 11766: 11764: 11434: 10194: 9627:. Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts. 9280:Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory 8897:Reader, The MIT Press (16 January 2023). 8841:"International Hydrographic Organization" 8570: 8491: 8462: 8435: 8257: 8122: 7987: 7977: 7920: 7863: 7715: 7713: 7363: 7201: 6756: 6174: 6071: 6069: 5941:Drinking Seawater Can Be Deadly to Humans 5924: 5366: 4144: 4121: 2325:range of larger and smaller animal life. 1286:, long, organised masses of water called 511:Composite images of the Earth created by 11865: 11488:Langenheim, Johnny (18 September 2010). 11093:Nurok, G. A.; Bubis, I. V. (1970–1979). 11019:Environmental and Energy Study Institute 10335: 9841:. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 191. 9836: 9649: 9350: 9308: 9142: 8773: 8612:. Mariners' Museum. 2012. Archived from 8497: 7605: 7504:. United Nations Environment Programme. 5505: 4633:, household cleaning products and other 4368: 4285: 4218: 4095: 3985: 3956: 3917: 3752: 3684:has caused the destruction of important 3647:, sea squirts and jellyfish. Integrated 3600: 3516: 3362: 3131: 3073:"Freedom of the seas" is a principle in 2778: 2572: 2353: 1965: 1714:and a large bay may be referred to as a 1661: 1646: 1559: 1508: 1456: 1430:of the land, the wind direction and the 1403: 1368: 1258: 1245: 772: 651:but has since expanded into a large and 506: 479:has at its center the definition of the 387: 39: 12553:. International Maritime Organization. 12527:. International Maritime Organization. 12422:Dell'Amore, Christine (12 April 2013). 12334: 12332: 10902: 10900: 10865: 10863: 10835: 10787:. World of Windsurfing. 15 April 2013. 10648: 9830: 9652:"The Blue Riband of the North Atlantic" 9074:. Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 8699: 8635:Greer, Thomas H.; Lewis, Gavin (2004). 8040:. Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. 8014:. Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden. 7685: 7393:. Penguin Books. pp. 29, 80, 246. 7388: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6408: 6363: 6099: 5898: 5800: 5616:. pp. 327–328. 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Tides may have a very high 13899:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 13869:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 13625:Luke's variational principle 12475:10.1016/0025-326X(73)90185-9 12340:"Marine problems: Pollution" 12307:10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025 12130:10.1371/journal.pone.0219336 12040:"Summary for Policymakers". 11490:"The last of the sea nomads" 11323:Geological Survey of Namibia 11305:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.016 9596:"Submarines of the Cold War" 8686:Warmington, Brian H. (1960) 8409:. National Academies Press. 8229:"Marine ecosystem: Plankton" 8194:. Island Press. p. 88. 7979:10.1371/journal.pone.0016504 7901:Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7844:Geophysical Research Letters 7720:Kindersley, Dorling (2011). 7553:10.1126/science.290.5490.291 6866:. University of Washington. 6737:Geophysical Research Letters 6042:Jeffries, Martin O. (2012). 5402:Oskin, Becky (12 Mar 2014). 4305:The sea and ships have been 4024:There are large deposits of 3419:Shipping is supplemented by 3286:ballistic missile submarines 3171:). In the decisive 480 B.C. 2605:and, a little later, masted 2244:(just above the seabed) and 1782:The sea plays a part in the 1203: 751:, and assisted the study of 696: 216:and temperature, as well as 196:The ocean moderates Earth's 7: 11899:Porter, John (8 May 2006). 11739:Pontoppidan, Erich (1839). 11445:10.1016/j.desal.2005.03.095 11349:"Chemistry: Mining the Sea" 10539:. Academic Press. pp. 9720:Norris, Gregory J. (1981). 9687:remains at King's Point as 9534:Bennett, William J (2007). 9503:Crocker III, H. W. (2006). 9401:Crocker III, H. W. (2006). 8610:"The Ancient World – Egypt" 8155:. Island Press. p. 2. 7807:Roach, John (7 June 2004). 7696:. Oxford University Press. 7472:"The Driest Place on Earth" 7470:Vesilind, Priit J. (2003). 6230:. Oxford University Press. 6108:"Impact of Anthropogenic CO 5479:Harder, Ben (7 Mar 2002). " 5313:The Politics of Caspian Oil 5058:. Oxford University Press. 4766: 4580:reductions in oxygen levels 4471:Human impact on marine life 4356:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 4341:celebrated the sea and the 4225:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 4067:exist on the seabed and in 4052:. Toxic substances such as 3922:Tidal power: the 1 km 3847: 3002:to the deepest part of the 2952:Distribution of Marine Life 2581:beginning at around 3000 BC 1784:water or hydrological cycle 1393: 1083: 785: 762: 747:, clarified the process of 692: 676: 672: 608:falling from them, and the 78:sea commonly refers to the 23:. For individual seas, see 10: 14800: 13964:Ocean dynamical thermostat 13812: 12833:American Mediterranean Sea 11953:Jung, Carl Gustav (1985). 11724:Shunsen, Takehara (1841). 10993:"Offshore Wind Power 2010" 10811:"Water skiing disciplines" 10624:Aas, Øystein, ed. (2008). 9991:. World Shipping Council. 9938:. World Shipping Council. 9825:Journal of African History 9770:Curtin, Philip D. (1984). 9540:. Nelson Current. p. 9355:. Lyons Press. p. 2. 8266:. New Zealand Government. 6799:Tsunamis & Earthquakes 6654:Essentials of Oceanography 6618:Wind Generated Ocean Waves 5711:Texas A & M University 5696:Stewart, Robert H. (2008) 5056:Encyclopedia of the Oceans 4606: 4464: 4212: 3960: 3887:which can be harnessed to 3856: 3699: 3695: 3623: 3498: 3467:, loaded on purpose-built 3352: 3125: 2917: 2774:Magellan-Elcano expedition 2712:had also been sailing the 2550: 2413:The pelagic zone contains 2270: 2225: 1959: 1858:dissolved inorganic carbon 1837: 1775: 1640: 1553: 1502: 1452:geophysical fluid dynamics 1397: 1387:moves into shallower water 1362: 1358: 1266: 1207: 1137: 1087: 766: 664: 660: 518: 381: 117:. The water also contains 18: 14709: 14548: 14522: 14499:Ocean acoustic tomography 14484: 14436: 14375: 14312:Mohorovičić discontinuity 14270: 14142: 14039: 13904:General circulation model 13834: 13540:Benjamin–Feir instability 13520: 13446: 13420: 13387: 13169: 13076: 12808: 12720: 12637: 12455:Marine Pollution Bulletin 12050:10.1017/9781009157964.001 11773:Dutch Painting, 1600–1800 11216:Horton, Jennifer (2011). 9837:Meredith, Martin (2014). 9380:. Routledge. p. 74. 9376:Simpson, Michael (2004). 9315:. ABC-CLIO. p. 459. 8784:"A History of Navigation" 8700:Pálsson, Hermann (1965). 8333:Water: Habitat Protection 8227:Kingsford, Michael John. 7389:Whittow, John B. (1984). 7364:Monkhouse, F. J. (1975). 7278:The Encyclopedia of Earth 7247:The Encyclopedia of Earth 6860:"The Physics of Tsunamis" 5946:21 September 2013 at the 5848:. NOAA. 11 January 2013. 5832:10.1016/j.dsr.2007.10.001 5782:"Why is the ocean salty?" 5380:Lesson 7: The Water Cycle 5355:21 September 2013 at the 5053: 4963:. Accessed 14 March 2021. 4319:Dutch Golden Age painting 4291:Dutch Golden Age painting 3997:are potential sources of 3924:Rance Tidal Power Station 3800:is used to pull a skier. 3710:Recreational boat fishing 3639:, crustaceans, molluscs, 3605:Fishing boat in Sri Lanka 3299: 3209:(33,000 km), at the 3144:, formerly attributed to 2833:Global Positioning System 2466:on the hulls of vessels. 2458:through the discharge of 2293:, are important locally; 2273:Marine primary production 2171:, including coral reefs, 1636: 1297:Constructive interference 1236:melting snow and glaciers 1228:sea level has been rising 1183:is projected to increase 1128:climate change mitigation 852: 849: 846: 580:or various stages of the 540:on its surface, although 295:, or the impact of large 291:, as can volcanoes, huge 16:Large body of salty water 14629:Ocean surface topography 14004:Thermohaline circulation 13994:Subsurface ocean current 13934:Hydrothermal circulation 13767:Wave–current interaction 13545:Boussinesq approximation 12639:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 12026:10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1 11878:. Penguin. pp. xi. 11831:Tymieniecka, Anna–Teresa 11521:"Sea Gypsies of Myanmar" 10755:10.1177/0363546503262162 10601:. YachtingMagazine.com. 10167:"Fisheries: Latest data" 9048:. Geoscience Australia. 8740:"Зацепились за Моржовец" 8498:Bellwood, Peter (1987). 7813:National Geographic News 7606:Prentice, I. C. (2001). 7447:. US Geological Survey. 7243:"Structure of the Earth" 7185:. University of Guelph. 7153:"Tides and Water Levels" 6864:Earth and Space Sciences 6801:. US Geological Survey. 5644:The Geographical Journal 5486:12 November 2013 at the 5277:. Springer. p. 57. 4852: 4831:Ocean surface topography 3348: 2939:On the Origin of Species 2890:German Meteor expedition 2888:expedition in 1910, the 2565:Ancient maritime history 1862:Thermohaline circulation 1854:dissolved organic carbon 1498: 1468:thermohaline circulation 1444:ocean circulation models 1440:global climate modelling 1241: 1190: 1094:Seawater § pH value 725:increasing acidification 33:The Sea (disambiguation) 14666:Sea surface temperature 14649:Outline of oceanography 13844:Atmospheric circulation 13782:shallow water equations 13772:Waves and shallow water 13665:Significant wave height 12785:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 12342:. World Wildlife Fund. 12044:. 2022. pp. 3–36. 11985:22 October 2019 at the 11771:Slive, Seymour (1995). 11552:Ecological Applications 10836:Catelle, W. R. (1907). 9965:. National Geographic. 9891:10.1126/science.1149345 9722:"Evolution of cruising" 9478:Preston, Diana (2003). 9351:Campbell, John (1998). 9245:Strauss, Barry (2004). 8866:Weyl, Peter K. (1970). 8673:Harden, Donald (1962). 8441:Carter, Robert (2012). 8233:Encyclopedia Britannica 7064:10.1126/science.1079329 6529:10.1023/A:1006544227856 6459:10.1126/science.1151540 6386:10.1126/science.1202422 6195:10.1126/science.1159124 6140:10.1126/science.1097329 6048:Encyclopedia Britannica 6018:"Can the ocean freeze?" 5968:. Columbia University. 5960:Gordon, Arnold (2004). 5767:10.1023/A:1009059827435 5638:; Yonge, C. M. (1929). 5612:Monkhouse, F.J. (1975) 5528:10.1126/science.1065998 5451:10.1126/science.1253358 4660:and there is a similar 4544:sea surface temperature 4198:Torres Strait Islanders 4155:Maritime Southeast Asia 3528:exclusive economic zone 3494: 3146:Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom 3033:. The battery-operated 3020:atmospheric diving suit 2796:navigational instrument 2615:maritime Southeast Asia 1329:move into shallow water 1162:photosynthetic activity 703:. Both are informed by 564:, the ice cap covering 14661:Sea surface microlayer 14026:Wind generated current 13106:Great Australian Bight 12287:Environmental Research 12180:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205 11696:The Gods of the Greeks 11380:Hydrological Processes 11023:"Offshore Wind Energy" 10967:"Cooling power plants" 10908:"What is Ocean Energy" 10549:10.1006/rwos.2001.0487 10396:"About shrimp farming" 10339:Integrated mariculture 10336:Soto, D., ed. (2009). 9839:The Fortunes of Africa 8992:. United States Navy. 8115:10.1098/rstb.2013.0121 7724:. Dorling Kindersley. 7157:NOAA Oceans and Coasts 6692:19 August 2013 at the 6651:Garrison, Tom (2012). 5310:Gokay, Bulent (2001). 4706:excessive plant growth 4641:and zinc which may be 4521:Over exploitation and 4447:collective unconscious 4433:poems of the Japanese 4390: 4302: 4239: 4203:Aboriginal Australians 4161:live on the coasts of 4145:Indigenous sea peoples 4122:Fresh water production 4107: 3991: 3927: 3915:plants in particular. 3895:marine energy include 3834:decompression sickness 3758: 3606: 3522: 3368: 3282:Battle of the Atlantic 3148: 3121: 3068: 3018:to similar depths. An 2942:, the ship's captain, 2794:As for the history of 2791: 2702:early Mediaeval period 2582: 2557:History of cartography 2362: 1978: 1977:habitats in the world. 1768:in the United States. 1675: 1670:in the archipelago of 1659: 1565: 1514: 1462: 1409: 1378: 1264: 1256: 782: 745:structure of the Earth 578:underground reservoirs 516: 396: 181:to the warm waters of 51: 27:. For other uses, see 14494:Deep scattering layer 14476:World Geodetic System 13984:Princeton Ocean Model 13864:Coriolis–Stokes force 13514:Physical oceanography 12585:24 April 2013 at the 12225:10.1007/s100219900068 11558:(2 Suppl): S135–147. 11249:Earth-Science Reviews 11155:Lamb, Robert (2011). 10531:Black, K. D. (2001). 10449:"Lobster mariculture" 10084:www.worldshipping.org 9572:. 22 September 2010. 9451:Helgason, Guðmundur. 9426:Thomas, Evan (2007). 9181:"Introduction to IMO" 8572:10.1093/molbev/msl093 7759:10.1007/s003380050078 7094:"Long-shore currents" 6894:Bureau of Meteorology 6825:"Physics of Tsunamis" 6614:Young, I. R. (1999). 6509:Surveys in Geophysics 6493:7 August 2021 at the 6488:Sea Level and Climate 6289:9 August 2021 at the 6116:System in the Oceans" 6077:"Ocean Acidification" 6022:oceanservice.noaa.gov 5939:NOAA (11 Jan 2013). " 5705:27 March 2009 at the 5409:13 March 2014 at the 5385:25 April 2013 at the 5271:Gupta, Manoj (2010). 5054:Stow, Dorrik (2004). 4654:floating accumulation 4556:reduction in pH value 4372: 4289: 4222: 4153:indigenous groups in 4099: 3989: 3957:Extractive industries 3921: 3803:Beneath the surface, 3756: 3604: 3520: 3475:. Before the rise of 3366: 3135: 3085:, whether coastal or 2782: 2680:. Around 500 BC, the 2576: 2553:History of navigation 2357: 2309:" in sandy shallows, 2301:form seabed forests. 1969: 1838:Further information: 1665: 1650: 1563: 1512: 1460: 1407: 1372: 1305:offshore construction 1262: 1254: 1138:Further information: 1098:Seawater is slightly 1088:Further information: 776: 705:chemical oceanography 685:physical oceanography 604:it slowly forms, the 525:Physical oceanography 519:Further information: 510: 435:or particularly as a 391: 384:List of seas on Earth 382:Further information: 281:Submarine earthquakes 236:, setting up through 226:atmosphere's currents 191:life may have started 43: 25:List of seas on Earth 14514:Underwater acoustics 14074:Perigean spring tide 13939:Langmuir circulation 13650:Rossby-gravity waves 12953:Gulf of St. Lawrence 11693:Kerenyi, C. (1974). 11124:Kohl, Keith (2013). 10941:. Springer. p. 10838:"Methods of Fishing" 10015:Joint Chief of Staff 9691:succumbs to the sea" 9681:Smith, Jack (1985). 9016:"The Marvelous Mirs" 8965:on 14 September 2013 8903:The MIT Press Reader 8465:Current Anthropology 8038:"Coastal Salt Marsh" 7931:10.1029/2002GB002018 7865:10.1029/2003GL017141 7784:. CoralScience.org. 6771:Laird, Anne (2006). 6758:10.1029/2005GL025238 6622:. Elsevier. p. 6278:21 July 2022 at the 5728:Science Learning Hub 4576:ocean stratification 4461:Environmental issues 4451:dream interpretation 4075:formed of layers of 4063:Large quantities of 3901:ocean thermal energy 3889:generate electricity 3382:Atlantic slave trade 3263:Battle of Leyte Gulf 3261:, and the climactic 3231:Imperial German Navy 3175:, the Greek general 3112:natural prolongation 3079:international waters 2920:Deep-sea exploration 2738:Christopher Columbus 2637:. Their descendants 2623:Bismarck Archipelago 2423:marine invertebrates 2346:are mainly coastal. 2337:, its assimilation, 2335:fixation of nitrogen 1840:Oceanic carbon cycle 1530:or tidal amplitude. 1221:last glacial maximum 1144:Ocean stratification 1134:Oxygen concentration 536:with seas of liquid 249:global conveyor belt 139:variety of organisms 82:, the wider body of 29:Sea (disambiguation) 14676:Science On a Sphere 14282:Convergent boundary 13954:Modular Ocean Model 13914:Geostrophic current 13630:Mild-slope equation 13254:Gulf of Carpentaria 13048:Sea of the Hebrides 12677:King Haakon VII Sea 12467:1973MarPB...4..118J 12299:2008ER....108..131M 12260:National Geographic 12174:(1526): 1985–1998. 12121:2019PLoSO..1419336A 12078:Ocean Briefing Book 12017:2020JCli...3310357C 12011:(23): 10357–10381. 11644:1994IJNAr..23..265W 11564:2008EcoAp..18S.135H 11525:National Geographic 11427:2005Desal.186..207H 11392:2000HyPr...14..145A 11359:on 19 November 2009 11297:2009SedG..217..128A 11285:Sedimentary Geology 11261:2004ESRv...66..183M 10933:Cruz, João (2008). 10653:Cruise Ship Tourism 10217:10.1038/nature01610 10209:2003Natur.423..280M 9883:2008Sci...319..948H 9827:30 (1989), p. 368.) 8930:. 5 November 2008. 8746:on 21 December 2012 8372:1978MarBi..44..357S 8068:Marine biodiversity 8012:"Mangal (Mangrove)" 7970:2011PLoSO...616504V 7913:2003GBioC..17.1103Y 7856:2003GeoRL..30.1718L 7545:2000Sci...290..291F 7058:(5596): 1179–1181. 6998:(2 February 2007). 6795:"Life of a Tsunami" 6749:2006GeoRL..33.5613H 6660:25 May 2020 at the 6521:1997SGeo...18..279D 6451:2008Sci...319.1357M 6445:(5868): 1357–1362. 6378:2011Sci...333..336D 6343:2009NatGe...2..105S 6304:"Oxygen in the Sea" 6227:Ocean Acidification 6132:2004Sci...305..362F 6081:National Geographic 5962:"Ocean Circulation" 5926:10.5194/os-6-3-2010 5917:2010OcSci...6....3F 5824:2008DSRI...55...50M 5656:1929GeogJ..73R.571B 5520:2002Sci...295.1885M 5514:(5561): 1885–1887. 5493:National Geographic 5443:2014Sci...344.1265S 5437:(6189): 1265–1268. 5416:Scientific American 5361:National Geographic 5094:1999ChGeo.158...37N 4959:, Merriam-Webster, 4635:synthetic chemicals 4169:and islands in the 4135:vacuum distillation 3946:Offshore wind power 3863:Offshore wind power 3702:Cruising (maritime) 3489:international trade 3473:dedicated terminals 3389:Pillars of Hercules 3193:Battle of Trafalgar 2998:, took Piccard and 2434:organisms to large 1973:are among the most 1766:humanitarian crisis 1181:Ocean deoxygenation 1169:bacteria producing 1160:. In daylight, the 1140:Ocean deoxygenation 1124:ocean acidification 1102:and had an average 1090:Ocean acidification 843: 554:other solar systems 453:North Atlantic Gyre 314:is governed by the 14779:Lists of landforms 14332:Seafloor spreading 14322:Outer trench swell 14287:Divergent boundary 14187:Continental margin 14172:Carbonate platform 14069:Lunitidal interval 13249:Gulf of California 13146:Mozambique Channel 12790:Queen Victoria Sea 12652:Bellingshausen Sea 12005:Journal of Climate 11531:on 2 November 2013 11329:on 20 October 2014 11095:"Mining, Undersea" 10508:. BBC: Good Food. 10402:on 1 February 2010 10017:(31 August 2005). 9739:Shaw, Ian (2003). 8380:10.1007/BF00390900 8329:"Invasive species" 8109:(1621): 20130121. 7782:"Cold-water reefs" 7421:. 5 January 2013. 7340:on 8 December 2011 7183:"Tidal amplitudes" 7029:. Academic Press. 5966:The Climate System 5780:Swenson, Herbert. 5586:Lee, Sidney, ed. " 5232:Vukas, B. (2004). 4911:suggests that the 4909:volcanic eruptions 4574:, increased upper 4548:ocean temperatures 4533:, introduction of 4516:nutrient pollution 4391: 4347:Katsushika Hokusai 4321:, artists such as 4303: 4273:Japanese mythology 4240: 4230:Katsushika Hokusai 4108: 4050:beaching of whales 4034:Offshore platforms 3992: 3928: 3759: 3607: 3523: 3397:Straits of Malacca 3369: 3315:ocean-going liners 3290:ballistic missiles 3259:the Philippine Sea 3211:Battle of Tsushima 3159:, the king of the 3149: 3116:continental margin 3016:Deepsea Challenger 2960:C. Wyville Thomson 2874:Challenger voyages 2850:, eastward to the 2825:Greenwich Meridian 2792: 2770:Ferdinand Magellan 2625:to as far away as 2583: 2542:Humans and the sea 2531:hydrothermal vents 2363: 2283:primary production 2261:Great Barrier Reef 2108:Hydrothermal vents 2059:Surface microlayer 1979: 1676: 1660: 1602:mid-oceanic ridges 1572:, a mostly liquid 1566: 1515: 1463: 1410: 1379: 1347:, which is called 1265: 1257: 850:Concentration (‰) 841: 783: 532:is the only known 517: 397: 348:mineral extraction 52: 14749: 14748: 14741:Oceans portal 14701:World Ocean Atlas 14691:Underwater glider 14634:Ocean temperature 14297:Hydrothermal vent 14262:Submarine volcano 14197:Continental shelf 14177:Coastal geography 14167:Bathymetric chart 14049:Amphidromic point 13737:Wave nonlinearity 13595:Infragravity wave 13480: 13479: 13459:Oceans portal 13008:Mediterranean Sea 12958:Gulf of Venezuela 12750:East Siberian Sea 12692:Riiser-Larsen Sea 12074:"Toxic Pollution" 12059:978-1-00-915796-4 11966:978-0-7448-0032-6 11885:978-0-14-044911-2 11846:978-90-277-1906-5 11782:978-0-300-07451-2 11710:978-0-500-27048-6 11572:10.1890/06-0843.1 11067:978-92-9260-342-7 10952:978-3-540-74894-6 10813:. ABC of Skiing. 10701:978-1-84593-260-2 10668:978-1-84593-049-3 10635:978-0-470-69814-3 10558:978-0-12-227430-5 10349:978-92-5-106387-3 10290:978-92-5-105664-6 10203:(6937): 280–283. 10137:978-92-5-107225-7 10065:978-0-87033-550-1 9877:(5865): 948–952. 9783:978-0-521-26931-5 9756:978-0-19-280458-7 9697:(November): 121. 9551:978-1-59555-057-6 9520:978-1-4000-5363-6 9506:Don't Tread on Me 9489:978-0-552-99886-4 9437:978-0-7432-5222-5 9412:978-1-4000-5364-3 9387:978-0-7146-5197-2 9362:978-1-55821-759-1 9322:978-1-85109-732-6 9295:978-1-84176-892-2 9262:978-0-7432-4450-3 9219:978-1-84908-195-5 9124:"Research at Sea" 9072:"Research topics" 8959:Deepsea Challenge 8883:978-0-471-93744-9 8843:. 15 March 2013. 8713:978-0-14-044154-3 8648:978-0-534-64236-5 8565:(11): 2234–2244. 8509:978-0-500-27450-7 8451:978-1-4051-8988-0 8416:978-0-309-17641-5 8302:978-0-12-375724-1 8201:978-1-59726-897-4 8162:978-1-59726-897-4 7731:978-1-4053-3308-5 7703:978-0-19-976661-1 7539:(5490): 291–296. 7400:978-0-14-051094-2 7375:978-0-340-04944-0 7274:"Plate tectonics" 7036:978-0-12-088759-0 6932:978-0-17-650039-9 6719:978-981-02-3256-6 6633:978-0-08-043317-2 6565:978-0-521-88009-1 6372:(6040): 336–339. 6331:Nature Geoscience 6273:Technical Summary 6237:978-0-19-959109-1 6126:(5682): 362–366. 6087:on 9 October 2018 5885:978-0-471-97796-4 5622:978-0-340-04944-0 5323:978-0-333-73973-0 5284:978-1-4419-5989-8 5245:978-90-04-13863-6 5206:978-0-7844-7570-6 5167:978-0-495-56197-2 5128:978-90-04-15027-0 5065:978-0-19-860687-1 4753:London Convention 4592:tropical cyclones 4560:rise in sea level 4542:: an increase in 4523:biodiversity loss 4508:plastic pollution 4477:marine ecosystems 4073:manganese nodules 4065:methane clathrate 3963:Offshore drilling 3883:differences, and 3838:nitrogen narcosis 3410:Northwest Passage 3373:Ptolemaic dynasty 3304:Sailing ships or 3267:aircraft carriers 3243:Battle of Taranto 3219:Battle of Jutland 3173:Battle of Salamis 3075:international law 2932:, which provided 2856:Gerardus Mercator 2784:Gerardus Mercator 2730:Cape of Good Hope 2674:Arabian Peninsula 2658:Ancient Egyptians 2609:. By c. 3000 BC, 2569:Ocean exploration 2464:fouling community 2360:thornback cowfish 2279:primary producers 2234:continental shelf 2203:for use as food. 2164: 2163: 2036:Continental shelf 1950:calcium carbonate 1786:, in which water 1762:Hurricane Katrina 1586:continental crust 1476:longshore current 1436:weather forecasts 1321:hundred-year wave 1252: 1171:hydrogen sulphide 1039:. Meanwhile, the 1024: 1023: 1014:All other solutes 853:% of total salts 797:hypersaline lakes 737:continental drift 701:marine ecosystems 653:multidisciplinary 584:, containing the 437:mediterranean sea 96:Mediterranean Sea 14791: 14739: 14738: 14727: 14726: 14717: 14716: 14656:Pelagic sediment 14594:Marine pollution 14388:Deep ocean water 14257:Submarine canyon 14192:Continental rise 14084:Rule of twelfths 13999:Sverdrup balance 13929:Humboldt Current 13854:Boundary current 13829: 13818: 13635:Radiation stress 13605:Iribarren number 13580:Equatorial waves 13535:Ballantine scale 13530:Airy wave theory 13507: 13500: 13493: 13484: 13483: 13468: 13467: 13457: 13456: 13389:Endorheic basins 13269:Gulf of Thailand 13121:Gulf of Khambhat 12616: 12609: 12602: 12593: 12592: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12521: 12515: 12514: 12485: 12479: 12478: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12434:on 22 April 2013 12419: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12388: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12336: 12327: 12326: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12262:. Archived from 12251: 12245: 12244: 12208: 12202: 12201: 12191: 12159: 12153: 12152: 12142: 12132: 12115:(10): e0219336. 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 11996: 11990: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11950: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11827: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11793: 11787: 11786: 11768: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11721: 11715: 11714: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11627: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11527:. Archived from 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11421:(1–3): 207–214. 11410: 11404: 11403: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11291:(1–4): 128–130. 11279: 11273: 11272: 11255:(3–4): 183–197. 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11197:on 22 March 2021 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11152: 11146: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11121: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11101:(3rd ed.). 11090: 11084: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11034: 11027: 11021:(October 2010). 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10963: 10957: 10956: 10940: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10919: 10904: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10867: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10833: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10712: 10706: 10705: 10690:. CABI. p. 10689: 10679: 10673: 10672: 10657:. CABI. p. 10656: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10502: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10392: 10386: 10385: 10379: 10375: 10373: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10333: 10327: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10314: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10243: 10237: 10236: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10146: 10129: 10119: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10095: 10076: 10070: 10069: 10051: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10034: 10023: 10011: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9915: 9868: 9859: 9853: 9852: 9834: 9828: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9685:SS United States 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9334: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9283: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9151: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8955:"The expedition" 8953:Cameron, James. 8950: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8894: 8888: 8887: 8863: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8780: 8771: 8770: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8697: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8589: 8574: 8556: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8460: 8454: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8146: 8137: 8136: 8126: 8090: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8070:. UNESCO. 2012. 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7991: 7981: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7924: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7867: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7815:. Archived from 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7793: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7663: 7657: 7656: 7640: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7564: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7361: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7208: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7149: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6966:"Ocean Currents" 6962: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6856: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6791: 6780: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6728: 6722: 6709:Goda, Y. (2000) 6707: 6701: 6683: 6677: 6649: 6638: 6637: 6621: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6581: 6570: 6569: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6515:(2/3): 279–292. 6504: 6498: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6415: 6406: 6405: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6300: 6294: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6073: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5957: 5951: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5871: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5788:on 18 April 2001 5777: 5771: 5770: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5724:"Ocean salinity" 5720: 5714: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5631: 5625: 5610: 5599: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5503: 5497: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5426: 5420: 5400: 5394: 5373: 5364: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5082:Chemical Geology 5076: 5070: 5069: 5051: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4970: 4964: 4951: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4863: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4811: 4809:Geography portal 4806: 4805: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4740:from the former 4609:Marine pollution 4603:Marine pollution 4552:marine heatwaves 4535:invasive species 4492:Marine pollution 4455:unconscious mind 4388: 4385: 4378:, a painting by 4339:Ludolf Bakhuizen 4327:Hendrick Dubbels 4313:to seascapes by 4299:Ludolf Bakhuizen 4238: 4235: 3853:Power generation 3728:powerboat racing 3686:mangrove forests 3652:each high tide. 3591:Overexploitation 3549:, other seines, 3539:fishing trawlers 3481:break-bulk cargo 3477:containerization 3343:leisure industry 3294:nuclear warheads 3239:Second World War 3091:submarine cables 3035:Mir submersibles 2852:Gulf of Thailand 2772:led the Spanish 2758:Amerigo Vespucci 2688:left a detailed 2643:outrigger canoes 2561:Maritime history 2535:chemoautotrophic 2456:invasive species 2303:Flowering plants 2267:Algae and plants 2177:seagrass meadows 2169:oceanic trenches 2156: 2149: 2142: 2021:Seagrass meadows 2016:Mangrove forests 1992:Coastal habitats 1981: 1980: 1811:endorheic basins 1750:dykes and levees 1694:on the shore. A 1652:Praia da Marinha 1253: 844: 840: 621:scientific study 590:terrestrial life 503:Physical science 471:Legal definition 439:) or wholly (as 372:marine pollution 352:power generation 222:Surface currents 187:tropical regions 14799: 14798: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14769:Bodies of water 14754: 14753: 14750: 14745: 14733: 14705: 14544: 14518: 14480: 14461:Sea-level curve 14432: 14371: 14357:Transform fault 14307:Mid-ocean ridge 14273: 14266: 14232:Oceanic plateau 14138: 14124:Tidal resonance 14094:Theory of tides 14035: 13944:Longshore drift 13894:Ekman transport 13830: 13824: 13823: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13819: 13810: 13762:Wave turbulence 13695:Trochoidal wave 13620:Longshore drift 13516: 13511: 13481: 13476: 13451: 13442: 13416: 13383: 13359:South China Sea 13339:Seto Inland Sea 13259:Gulf of Fonseca 13165: 13072: 12923:Gulf of Finland 12918:Gulf of Bothnia 12903:English Channel 12873:Bay of Campeche 12838:Archipelago Sea 12804: 12760:Gulf of Boothia 12716: 12657:Cooperation Sea 12633: 12620: 12587:Wayback Machine 12576: 12571: 12570: 12560: 12558: 12549: 12548: 12544: 12534: 12532: 12523: 12522: 12518: 12486: 12482: 12451: 12447: 12437: 12435: 12420: 12416: 12406: 12404: 12389: 12385: 12375: 12373: 12364: 12363: 12359: 12349: 12347: 12338: 12337: 12330: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12266:on 5 March 2010 12252: 12248: 12209: 12205: 12160: 12156: 12101: 12097: 12087: 12085: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12039: 12038: 12034: 11997: 11993: 11987:Wayback Machine 11978: 11974: 11967: 11951: 11947: 11937: 11935: 11926:Basho, Matsuo. 11924: 11920: 11910: 11908: 11897: 11893: 11886: 11870: 11866: 11856: 11854: 11847: 11828: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11794: 11790: 11783: 11769: 11762: 11752: 11750: 11737: 11733: 11722: 11718: 11711: 11691: 11687: 11677: 11675: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11628: 11621: 11611: 11609: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11548: 11544: 11534: 11532: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11486: 11482: 11472: 11470: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11436:10.1.1.514.4201 11411: 11407: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11347: 11346: 11342: 11332: 11330: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11280: 11276: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11214: 11210: 11200: 11198: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11153: 11149: 11139: 11137: 11122: 11118: 11108: 11106: 11091: 11087: 11077: 11075: 11068: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11016: 11012: 11002: 11000: 10999:on 30 June 2011 10991: 10990: 10986: 10976: 10974: 10965: 10964: 10960: 10953: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10906: 10905: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10861: 10851: 10849: 10834: 10830: 10820: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10723: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10702: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10582: 10580: 10571: 10570: 10566: 10559: 10529: 10525: 10515: 10513: 10504: 10503: 10499: 10489: 10487: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10377: 10376: 10367: 10366: 10359: 10357: 10350: 10334: 10330: 10318: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10300: 10298: 10291: 10275: 10271: 10261: 10259: 10252:The Earth Times 10244: 10240: 10193: 10186: 10176: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10144: 10138: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10103: 10093: 10091: 10078: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10052: 10048: 10038: 10036: 10032: 10021: 10012: 10008: 9998: 9996: 9987: 9986: 9982: 9972: 9970: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9934: 9933: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9913: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9849: 9835: 9831: 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9784: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9737: 9733: 9728:(December): 28. 9718: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9648: 9644: 9634: 9632: 9619: 9615: 9605: 9603: 9602:on 28 July 2012 9594: 9593: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9532: 9528: 9521: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9476: 9472: 9462: 9460: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9424: 9420: 9413: 9399: 9395: 9388: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9349: 9345: 9332: 9330: 9323: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9243: 9239: 9229: 9227: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9179: 9178: 9174: 9164: 9162: 9153: 9152: 9143: 9133: 9131: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9107: 9105: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9014: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8935: 8928:The Independent 8922: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8895: 8891: 8884: 8864: 8860: 8850: 8848: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8795: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8763: 8759: 8749: 8747: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8698: 8694: 8685: 8681: 8675:The Phoenicians 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8649: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8616:on 23 July 2010 8608: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8496: 8492: 8461: 8457: 8440: 8436: 8426: 8424: 8417: 8399: 8395: 8356: 8352: 8342: 8340: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8303: 8287: 8283: 8273: 8271: 8258:Walrond, Carl. 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8172: 8170: 8163: 8147: 8140: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7950: 7946: 7922:10.1.1.394.3912 7897: 7893: 7883: 7881: 7836: 7832: 7822: 7820: 7819:on 27 July 2018 7805: 7801: 7791: 7789: 7778: 7774: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7690: 7686: 7676: 7674: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7604: 7597: 7586: 7582: 7566: 7565: 7528: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7362: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7328: 7327: 7323: 7313: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6964: 6963: 6952: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6808: 6806: 6793: 6792: 6783: 6770: 6766: 6729: 6725: 6708: 6704: 6694:Wayback Machine 6684: 6680: 6662:Wayback Machine 6650: 6641: 6634: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6583: 6582: 6573: 6566: 6548: 6544: 6505: 6501: 6495:Wayback Machine 6486: 6482: 6431: 6427: 6416: 6409: 6362: 6358: 6351:10.1038/ngeo420 6327: 6323: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6291:Wayback Machine 6280:Wayback Machine 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6238: 6222: 6218: 6189:(5885): 51–52. 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6100: 6090: 6088: 6075: 6074: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6040: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5989: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5948:Wayback Machine 5938: 5934: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5872: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5808: 5801: 5791: 5789: 5778: 5774: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5707:Wayback Machine 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5664:10.2307/1785367 5632: 5628: 5611: 5602: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5504: 5500: 5488:Wayback Machine 5478: 5474: 5427: 5423: 5411:Wayback Machine 5401: 5397: 5387:Wayback Machine 5374: 5367: 5357:Wayback Machine 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5285: 5269: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5246: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5207: 5191: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5052: 4997: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4913:transition zone 4907:recovered from 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4769: 4643:bio-accumulated 4611: 4605: 4590:, and stronger 4570:sheet melting, 4500:deep sea mining 4473: 4465:Main articles: 4463: 4386: 4349:created colour 4307:depicted in art 4281:Norse mythology 4265:Greek mythology 4236: 4217: 4211: 4147: 4139:reverse osmosis 4124: 4101:Reverse osmosis 3969: 3967:Deep sea mining 3961:Main articles: 3959: 3948:is captured by 3865: 3857:Main articles: 3855: 3850: 3829:scuba equipment 3776:. Other marine 3712: 3700:Main articles: 3698: 3628: 3622: 3610:Artisan fishing 3515: 3513:Seaweed farming 3499:Main articles: 3497: 3469:container ships 3401:English Channel 3361: 3353:Main articles: 3351: 3302: 3235:High Seas Fleet 3215:First World War 3157:Suppiluliuma II 3136:Naval warfare: 3130: 3124: 3071: 3006:'s oceans, the 2996:Jacques Piccard 2956:W. B. Carpenter 2922: 2916: 2882:Fridtjof Nansen 2726:Bartolomeu Dias 2571: 2551:Main articles: 2549: 2544: 2425:which liberate 2352: 2275: 2269: 2230: 2228:Marine habitats 2224: 2222:Marine habitats 2160: 2128:Marine sediment 2064:Epipelagic zone 2006:Intertidal zone 1985:Marine habitats 1964: 1958: 1956:Life in the sea 1942: 1938: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1846: 1844:Biological pump 1836: 1780: 1774: 1645: 1639: 1627:Mariana Islands 1598:tectonic plates 1558: 1552: 1507: 1501: 1432:Coriolis effect 1402: 1396: 1367: 1361: 1284:Roaring Forties 1271: 1246: 1244: 1216: 1208:Main articles: 1206: 1193: 1154:vascular plants 1146: 1136: 1117: 1096: 1086: 1049: 788: 781:, purple = 30 ‰ 771: 765: 723:'s role in the 550:similar planets 527: 505: 497:saltwater lakes 473: 461:freshwater lake 386: 380: 210:nitrogen cycles 159:marine habitats 115:sodium chloride 88:Particular seas 68:particular seas 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14797: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14747: 14746: 14744: 14743: 14731: 14721: 14710: 14707: 14706: 14704: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14681:Stratification 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14651: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14573: 14571:Color of water 14568: 14566:Benthic lander 14563: 14558: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14490: 14488: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14471:Sea level rise 14468: 14466:Sea level drop 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14442: 14440: 14434: 14433: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14302:Marine geology 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14278: 14276: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14242:Passive margin 14239: 14237:Oceanic trench 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14045: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13969:Ocean dynamics 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13859:Coriolis force 13856: 13851: 13846: 13840: 13838: 13832: 13831: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13807: 13806: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13785: 13784: 13779: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13680:Stokes problem 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13615:Kinematic wave 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13526: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13510: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13487: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13474: 13462: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13393: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13329:Sea of Okhotsk 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13309:Philippine Sea 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13274:Gulf of Tonkin 13271: 13266: 13264:Gulf of Panama 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13244:Gulf of Anadyr 13241: 13239:Gulf of Alaska 13236: 13234:East China Sea 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13175: 13173: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13082: 13080: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13063:Tyrrhenian Sea 13060: 13055: 13053:Sea of Marmara 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12943:Gulf of Mexico 12940: 12935: 12930: 12928:Gulf of Guinea 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12868:Bay of Bothnia 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12814: 12812: 12810:Atlantic Ocean 12806: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12742: 12737: 12732: 12726: 12724: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12662:Cosmonauts Sea 12659: 12654: 12649: 12643: 12641: 12635: 12634: 12619: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12575: 12574:External links 12572: 12569: 12568: 12542: 12516: 12480: 12461:(8): 118–122. 12445: 12414: 12383: 12357: 12328: 12293:(2): 131–139. 12277: 12246: 12219:(3): 181–214. 12203: 12154: 12095: 12065: 12058: 12032: 11991: 11972: 11965: 11945: 11918: 11891: 11884: 11864: 11845: 11833:, ed. (1985). 11819: 11802:New York Times 11788: 11781: 11760: 11731: 11716: 11709: 11685: 11657: 11638:(4): 265–270. 11619: 11593: 11542: 11511: 11480: 11450: 11405: 11386:(1): 145–154. 11370: 11340: 11310: 11274: 11239: 11208: 11178: 11147: 11116: 11085: 11066: 11054:IRENA (2021). 11046: 11010: 10984: 10958: 10951: 10925: 10896: 10859: 10828: 10802: 10776: 10749:(4): 921–927. 10733: 10707: 10700: 10674: 10667: 10641: 10634: 10616: 10590: 10564: 10557: 10523: 10497: 10470: 10453:Marine Science 10439: 10413: 10387: 10348: 10328: 10289: 10269: 10238: 10184: 10169:. GreenFacts. 10158: 10136: 10101: 10071: 10064: 10046: 10035:on 4 June 2011 10006: 9989:"Global trade" 9980: 9953: 9936:"Trade routes" 9927: 9854: 9848:978-1610396356 9847: 9829: 9801: 9782: 9762: 9755: 9731: 9712: 9673: 9650:Newman, Jeff. 9642: 9613: 9587: 9557: 9550: 9526: 9519: 9495: 9488: 9470: 9443: 9436: 9428:Sea of Thunder 9418: 9411: 9393: 9386: 9368: 9361: 9343: 9321: 9301: 9294: 9268: 9261: 9237: 9218: 9198: 9172: 9141: 9115: 9089: 9063: 9037: 9020:Ocean Explorer 9007: 8990:America's Navy 8976: 8945: 8915: 8889: 8882: 8858: 8832: 8821:(3): 193–197. 8805: 8772: 8757: 8731: 8712: 8692: 8679: 8666: 8647: 8627: 8601: 8542: 8515: 8508: 8490: 8477:10.1086/379272 8455: 8434: 8415: 8393: 8366:(4): 357–375. 8360:Marine Biology 8350: 8320: 8301: 8281: 8260:"Oceanic Fish" 8250: 8219: 8200: 8180: 8161: 8138: 8085: 8055: 8029: 8003: 7944: 7891: 7830: 7799: 7772: 7753:(4): 225–230. 7737: 7730: 7709: 7702: 7684: 7658: 7652:978-0231124409 7651: 7625: 7595: 7580: 7531:as a System". 7519: 7489: 7478:on 6 July 2011 7462: 7436: 7406: 7399: 7381: 7374: 7351: 7321: 7295: 7264: 7233: 7216:Ocean Explorer 7200: 7174: 7141: 7111: 7085: 7042: 7035: 7017: 6987: 6970:Ocean Explorer 6950: 6931: 6911: 6881: 6846: 6816: 6781: 6764: 6723: 6702: 6696:. Met Office ( 6678: 6639: 6632: 6606: 6589:Ocean Explorer 6571: 6564: 6542: 6499: 6480: 6425: 6407: 6356: 6337:(2): 105–109. 6321: 6295: 6263: 6236: 6216: 6173: 6113: 6109: 6098: 6065: 6034: 6008: 5983: 5952: 5932: 5891: 5884: 5863: 5837: 5799: 5772: 5745: 5715: 5689: 5650:(6): 571–572. 5636:Russell, F. S. 5634:b., R. N. R.; 5626: 5600: 5588:Rennell, James 5579: 5549: 5498: 5472: 5421: 5395: 5391:Ocean Explorer 5365: 5341: 5322: 5302: 5283: 5263: 5244: 5224: 5205: 5185: 5166: 5146: 5127: 5107: 5088:(1–2): 37–52. 5071: 5064: 4995: 4965: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4926: 4896: 4887: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4826: 4812: 4798: 4784: 4768: 4765: 4757:United Nations 4720:are caused by 4691:Gulf of Mexico 4682:Marine mammals 4607:Main article: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4584:ocean currents 4537: 4519: 4496:ship pollution 4462: 4459: 4215:Sea in culture 4213:Main article: 4210: 4207: 4146: 4143: 4123: 4120: 4069:ocean sediment 3977:infrastructure 3958: 3955: 3909:power stations 3907:. Electricity 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3766:William Buchan 3744:whale watching 3697: 3694: 3690:southeast Asia 3682:shrimp farming 3674:marsh samphire 3624:Main article: 3621: 3618: 3496: 3493: 3405:Shipping lanes 3350: 3347: 3301: 3298: 3207:nautical miles 3189:Horatio Nelson 3126:Main article: 3123: 3120: 3070: 3067: 3063:remote sensing 3008:Mariana Trench 2967:HMS Challenger 2950:'s 1854 book, 2944:Robert FitzRoy 2934:Charles Darwin 2918:Main article: 2915: 2912: 2878:Roald Amundsen 2848:Canary Islands 2803:the use of an 2764:. In 1519 the 2756:. The Italian 2698:Mount Cameroon 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2351: 2348: 2331:nitrogen cycle 2268: 2265: 2240:(open water), 2226:Main article: 2223: 2220: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1960:Main article: 1957: 1954: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1835: 1832: 1800:Atacama Desert 1776:Main article: 1773: 1770: 1754:Thames Barrier 1702:is known as a 1641:Main article: 1638: 1635: 1623:Mariana Trench 1554:Main article: 1551: 1548: 1503:Main article: 1500: 1497: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1363:Main article: 1360: 1357: 1267:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1232:climate change 1214:Sea level rise 1205: 1202: 1192: 1189: 1177:Climate change 1135: 1132: 1115: 1112:carbon dioxide 1108:climate change 1085: 1082: 1048: 1045: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 998: 997: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 978: 972: 971: 968: 965: 959: 958: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 939: 933: 932: 929: 926: 920: 919: 916: 913: 907: 906: 903: 900: 894: 893: 890: 887: 881: 880: 877: 874: 868: 867: 864: 861: 855: 854: 851: 848: 787: 784: 767:Main article: 764: 761: 733:marine geology 721:carbon dioxide 689:Marine biology 679:; and studies 572:, and various 504: 501: 477:law of the sea 472: 469: 457:Sea of Galilee 443:) enclosed by 379: 376: 316:law of the sea 312:maritime space 285:tectonic plate 245:ocean currents 179:polar ice caps 167:sunlit surface 45:Atlantic Ocean 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14796: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14752: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14730: 14722: 14720: 14712: 14711: 14708: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14650: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14589:Marine energy 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14579: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14556:Acidification 14554: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14525: 14521: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14509:SOFAR channel 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14483: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14435: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14317:Oceanic crust 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14292:Fracture zone 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14279: 14277: 14275: 14269: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14227:Oceanic basin 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14157:Abyssal plain 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14064:Internal tide 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13959:Ocean current 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13817: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13757:Wave shoaling 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13717:Ursell number 13715: 13713: 13710: 13706: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13600:Internal wave 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13550:Breaking wave 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13508: 13503: 13501: 13496: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13473: 13472: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13448: 13445: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13279:Halmahera Sea 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13171:Pacific Ocean 13168: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13141:Laccadive Sea 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13126:Gulf of Kutch 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13116:Gulf of Aqaba 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13096:Bay of Bengal 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023:Norwegian Sea 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12993:Levantine Sea 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12948:Gulf of Sidra 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12938:Gulf of Maine 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12913:Greenland Sea 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12893:Caribbean Sea 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12863:Bay of Biscay 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12843:Argentine Sea 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12755:Greenland Sea 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12730:Amundsen Gulf 12728: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12672:D'Urville Sea 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12617: 12612: 12610: 12605: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12588: 12584: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12484: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12449: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12402: 12398: 12397:Science Daily 12394: 12387: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12333: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12281: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12242: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12158: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12099: 12083: 12079: 12075: 12069: 12061: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12036: 12027: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11995: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11976: 11968: 11962: 11958: 11957: 11949: 11933: 11930:. Greenleaf. 11929: 11922: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11887: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11868: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11792: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11767: 11765: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11735: 11727: 11720: 11712: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11689: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11633: 11626: 11624: 11607: 11603: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11553: 11546: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11515: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11484: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11409: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11374: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11222:HowStuffWorks 11219: 11212: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11161:HowStuffWorks 11158: 11151: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11089: 11073: 11069: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11050: 11031: 11024: 11020: 11014: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10929: 10913: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10881: 10874: 10873: 10866: 10864: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10832: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10737: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10678: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10655: 10654: 10645: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10620: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10560: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10527: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10427: 10424:. WorldFish. 10423: 10417: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10383: 10371: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10332: 10324: 10312: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10273: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10189: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10125: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10075: 10067: 10061: 10057: 10050: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10010: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9872: 9865: 9858: 9850: 9844: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9822: 9821:0-374-11396-3 9818: 9814: 9810: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9766: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9735: 9727: 9726:Cruise Travel 9723: 9716: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9646: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9617: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9458: 9455:. Uboat.net. 9454: 9447: 9439: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9383: 9379: 9372: 9364: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9305: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9272: 9264: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9249: 9241: 9225: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9103: 9099: 9093: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8870: 8862: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8768: 8761: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8696: 8689: 8683: 8676: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8530: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8471:: S121–S127. 8470: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8308: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8143: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7964:(1): e16504. 7963: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7638: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7600: 7591: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7524: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7339: 7335: 7334:The Telegraph 7331: 7325: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7205: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6924: 6923: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6759: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6743:(5): L05613. 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6635: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6585:"Ocean waves" 6580: 6578: 6576: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6414: 6412: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6267: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6023: 6019: 6012: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5927: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5905:Ocean Science 5902: 5895: 5887: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5804: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5345: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5189: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4871:oceanic basin 4868: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4781:Oceans portal 4776: 4771: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722:cyanobacteria 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4674:Microplastics 4671: 4667: 4663: 4662:garbage patch 4659: 4658:plastic waste 4655: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4631:disinfectants 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4564:ocean warming 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4512:microplastics 4509: 4505: 4504:marine debris 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4323:Jan Porcellis 4320: 4316: 4315:Joseph Turner 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046:seismic waves 4042: 4039: 4038:drilling rigs 4035: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3951: 3950:wind turbines 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3914: 3913:nuclear power 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859:Marine energy 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3641:sea cucumbers 3638: 3634: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3543:factory ships 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485:globalization 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3433:bulk carriers 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3334:United States 3330: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:RMS Lusitania 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3128:Naval warfare 3119: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012:James Cameron 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994:developed by 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:William Beebe 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948:Edward Forbes 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2829:John Harrison 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Jacob's staff 2806: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2746:Caribbean Sea 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734:Vasco da Gama 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696:and possibly 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672:reaching the 2671: 2667: 2666:Mediterranean 2664:explored the 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2651:Easter Island 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2611:Austronesians 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:Mesopotamians 2588: 2580: 2579:Austronesians 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:demersal fish 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339:nitrification 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315:salt-tolerant 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2118:Demersal zone 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2050:Ocean surface 2048: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 2001:Littoral zone 1999: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1934: 1919: 1898: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869:carbonic acid 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1629:, a volcanic 1628: 1624: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1590:oceanic crust 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1519:gravitational 1511: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:makes use of 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1406: 1401: 1400:Ocean current 1391: 1388: 1385:As a tsunami 1383: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1349:wave shoaling 1346: 1345:waves' height 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:oil platforms 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1261: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1198: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:phytoplankton 1145: 1141: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:carbonic acid 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029:precipitation 1019: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 990: 987: 986: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 875: 873: 870: 869: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 845: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 798: 793: 780: 775: 770: 760: 758: 754: 750: 749:sedimentation 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 675:and maps the 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 637:hydrodynamics 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:adjacent seas 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 522: 514: 509: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:marginal seas 482: 478: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433:marginal seas 430: 426: 422: 418: 417:Arctic Oceans 414: 410: 406: 402: 395: 390: 385: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320:admiralty law 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 283:arising from 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 99: 97: 93: 92:marginal seas 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 50: 49:Faroe Islands 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 14751: 14696:Water column 14644:Oceanography 14619:Observations 14614:Explorations 14584:Marginal sea 14577: 14535:OSTM/Jason-2 14367:Volcanic arc 14342:Slab suction 14059:Head of tide 13949:Loop Current 13889:Ekman spiral 13675:Stokes drift 13585:Gravity wave 13560:Cnoidal wave 13469: 13450: 13432: 13324:Sea of Japan 13199:Bismarck Sea 13151:Persian Gulf 13136:Gulf of Suez 13131:Gulf of Oman 13111:Gulf of Aden 13078:Indian Ocean 13058:Thracian Sea 13043:Sea of Crete 13033:Sea of Åland 13028:Sargasso Sea 13003:Ligurian Sea 12988:Labrador Sea 12978:Irminger Sea 12933:Gulf of Lion 12888:Bothnian Sea 12878:Bay of Fundy 12853:Balearic Sea 12818:Adriatic Sea 12740:Beaufort Sea 12722:Arctic Ocean 12647:Amundsen Sea 12561:15 September 12559:. Retrieved 12545: 12535:15 September 12533:. Retrieved 12519: 12494: 12490: 12483: 12458: 12454: 12448: 12436:. Retrieved 12432:the original 12427: 12417: 12405:. Retrieved 12396: 12386: 12374:. Retrieved 12360: 12348:. Retrieved 12290: 12286: 12280: 12268:. Retrieved 12264:the original 12259: 12249: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12171: 12167: 12157: 12112: 12108: 12098: 12086:. Retrieved 12077: 12068: 12041: 12035: 12008: 12004: 11994: 11975: 11955: 11948: 11936:. Retrieved 11921: 11911:10 September 11909:. Retrieved 11894: 11874: 11867: 11855:. Retrieved 11839:. Springer. 11835: 11812:19 September 11810:. Retrieved 11801: 11791: 11772: 11751:. Retrieved 11741: 11734: 11725: 11719: 11695: 11688: 11678:12 September 11676:. Retrieved 11666: 11660: 11635: 11631: 11612:16 September 11610:. Retrieved 11596: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11533:. Retrieved 11529:the original 11524: 11514: 11502:. Retrieved 11494:The Guardian 11493: 11483: 11471:. 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Retrieved 4977: 4968: 4956: 4949: 4929: 4921:upper mantle 4915:between the 4899: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4866: 4861: 4837:List of seas 4823:World portal 4795:Water portal 4761:MARPOL 73/78 4755:(1972) is a 4750: 4718:algal blooms 4695: 4678: 4647: 4619:heavy metals 4612: 4531:habitat loss 4510:, including 4485:biodiversity 4474: 4439:Matsuo Bashō 4424: 4410: 4392: 4380:Gustave Doré 4373: 4364:Sea shanties 4361: 4354: 4304: 4294: 4241: 4223: 4179: 4159:Moken people 4148: 4127:Desalination 4125: 4109: 4104:desalination 4062: 4023: 4019:geothermally 3993: 3970: 3944: 3940: 3929: 3866: 3842:Deeper dives 3809:Pearl divers 3802: 3794:water skiing 3782:kite surfing 3778:water sports 3760: 3748:birdwatching 3746:and coastal 3736:cruise ships 3713: 3629: 3608: 3585:, squid and 3547:purse seines 3536: 3524: 3509:Seal hunting 3435:and include 3418: 3414:Panama Canal 3386: 3370: 3339: 3332: 3329:Hales Trophy 3322: 3303: 3271: 3221:between the 3217:at the 1916 3197: 3177:Themistocles 3150: 3137: 3099: 3072: 3059: 3050:echosounders 3040: 3031:submersibles 3024: 3014:piloted the 2975: 2966: 2964: 2951: 2937: 2928: 2923: 2908:Sea of Japan 2904:hydrographic 2895:Discovery II 2893: 2886:Michael Sars 2867: 2837: 2793: 2762:Amazon River 2754:Newfoundland 2740:sailed from 2732:in 1487 and 2728:rounded the 2718:Ming Dynasty 2710:Novgorodians 2682:Carthaginian 2655: 2585:Humans have 2584: 2503:sea anemones 2487:neritic zone 2468: 2412: 2364: 2327: 2319:salt marshes 2294: 2276: 2254: 2231: 2216:black smoker 2208:major groups 2205: 2197:carbon cycle 2173:kelp forests 2165: 2123:Benthic zone 2085:Oceanic zone 2080:Pelagic zone 2041:Neritic zone 2026:Kelp forests 1946: 1866: 1847: 1834:Carbon cycle 1827:Pyramid Lake 1808: 1796:rain or snow 1781: 1730: 1677: 1620: 1567: 1550:Ocean basins 1541: 1532: 1516: 1473: 1464: 1411: 1384: 1380: 1375:2004 tsunami 1325: 1272: 1225: 1217: 1194: 1175: 1152:, with some 1147: 1097: 1062:ice crystals 1059: 1050: 1025: 805: 789: 717:carbon cycle 645:oceanography 639:studies the 627:and Earth's 618: 562:Arctic Ocean 528: 499:called sea. 474: 449:Sargasso Sea 398: 368:scuba diving 308:oceanography 301: 195: 175:abyssal zone 141:, including 100: 75: 71: 67: 66:. There are 55: 53: 37: 14686:Thermocline 14403:Mesopelagic 14376:Ocean zones 14347:Slab window 14212:Hydrography 14152:Abyssal fan 14119:Tidal range 14109:Tidal power 14104:Tidal force 13989:Rip current 13924:Gulf Stream 13884:Ekman layer 13874:Downwelling 13849:Baroclinity 13836:Circulation 13732:Wave height 13722:Wave action 13705:megatsunami 13685:Stokes wave 13645:Rossby wave 13610:Kelvin wave 13590:Green's law 13402:Caspian Sea 13374:Visayan Sea 13354:Solomon Sea 13349:Sibuyan Sea 13344:Shantar Sea 13299:Molucca Sea 13294:Mar de Grau 13224:Chilean Sea 13219:Celebes Sea 13214:Camotes Sea 13179:Arafura Sea 13091:Arabian Sea 13086:Andaman Sea 13038:Sea of Azov 13013:Myrtoan Sea 12828:Alboran Sea 12780:Pechora Sea 12775:Lincoln Sea 12745:Chukchi Sea 12735:Barents Sea 12712:Weddell Sea 12682:Lazarev Sea 12497:: 100–108. 11875:The Odyssey 11857:21 November 11535:7 September 11504:7 September 11473:7 September 10378:|work= 10319:|work= 9794:21 November 9705:21 November 9656:Great Ships 9230:21 November 8427:21 November 8313:21 November 8212:21 November 8173:21 November 7747:Coral Reefs 7010:8 September 6996:Pope, Vicky 6166:2 September 6112:on the CaCO 5911:(1): 3–24. 5709:. pp. 2–3. 4978:Ocean facts 4905:ringwoodite 4738:caesium-137 4730:filter feed 4698:fertilisers 4696:Run-off of 4617:contribute 4546:as well as 4527:overfishing 4387: 1860 4237: 1830 4175:free-divers 4171:Andaman Sea 4131:fresh water 4056:, lead and 4030:natural gas 3981:spoil heaps 3953:in Europe. 3897:tidal power 3893:sustainable 3891:. Forms of 3873:ocean waves 3871:carried by 3840:increases. 3817:diving mask 3790:windsurfing 3762:Sea bathing 3688:throughout 3670:algaculture 3649:mariculture 3645:sea urchins 3626:Aquaculture 3620:Aquaculture 3553:, dredges, 3532:aquaculture 3453:scrap metal 3421:air freight 3319:Blue Riband 3247:Pacific War 3227:Grand Fleet 3203:battleships 3200:dreadnought 3185:Age of Sail 3107:hot pursuit 3087:land-locked 2988:Bathysphere 2984:Otis Barton 2860:rhumb lines 2827:. In 1759, 2821:chronometer 2662:Phoenicians 2593:were using 2495:echinoderms 2483:crustaceans 2383:sea turtles 2371:vertebrates 2212:Miller-Urey 2193:zooplankton 2031:Coral reefs 1971:Coral reefs 1962:Marine life 1877:bicarbonate 1850:lithosphere 1819:River Volga 1815:Caspian Sea 1794:, falls as 1778:Water cycle 1772:Water cycle 1758:New Orleans 1742:breakwaters 1631:archipelago 1578:lithosphere 1556:Ocean basin 1544:storm surge 1536:Tidal force 1528:tidal range 1485:rip current 1377:in Thailand 1337:diffraction 1301:rogue waves 1054:equilibrium 1047:Temperature 937:Bicarbonate 757:earthquakes 741:composition 681:marine life 629:water cycle 582:water cycle 489:Caspian Sea 441:inland seas 326:, but also 183:coral reefs 90:are either 80:World Ocean 64:salty water 58:is a large 14758:Categories 14624:Reanalysis 14523:Satellites 14504:Sofar bomb 14352:Subduction 14327:Ridge push 14222:Ocean bank 14202:Contourite 14129:Tide gauge 14114:Tidal race 14099:Tidal bore 14089:Slack tide 14054:Earth tide 13974:Ocean gyre 13794:Wind setup 13789:Wind fetch 13752:Wave setup 13747:Wave radar 13742:Wave power 13640:Rogue wave 13570:Dispersion 13438:Superocean 13412:Salton Sea 13379:Yellow Sea 13369:Tasman Sea 13314:Salish Sea 13194:Bering Sea 13101:Flores Sea 13068:Wadden Sea 12998:Libyan Sea 12968:Ionian Sea 12963:Hudson Bay 12908:Foxe Basin 12898:Celtic Sea 12858:Baltic Sea 12848:Baffin Bay 12823:Aegean Sea 12795:Wandel Sea 12770:Laptev Sea 12702:Scotia Sea 12687:Mawson Sea 12213:Ecosystems 12080:. SeaWeb. 11465:. UNESCO. 11319:"Diamonds" 11201:19 October 10889:14 October 10599:"Yachting" 10506:"Samphire" 9689:Challenger 9333:22 January 9098:"Research" 8769:. Coimbra. 8659:22 January 8095:Ward, Bess 7907:(4): n/a. 6674:0321814053 5596:Wikisource 5334:22 January 5295:22 January 5256:22 January 5217:22 January 4941:References 4742:Sellafield 4734:sea otters 4724:that make 4714:Baltic Sea 4656:of mostly 4650:biodegrade 4623:pesticides 4435:Edo period 4395:literature 4343:Dutch navy 4275:, and the 4209:In culture 4190:Inuvialuit 3905:wave power 3805:freediving 3796:, where a 3786:power kite 3784:, where a 3740:ecotourism 3716:beachgoing 3635:, aquatic 3559:long-lines 3425:Bulk cargo 3393:Suez Canal 3377:Israelites 3324:Mauretania 3223:Royal Navy 3046:topography 3042:Bathymetry 2864:James Cook 2844:Cape Verde 2788:projection 2768:navigator 2766:Portuguese 2750:John Cabot 2684:navigator 2603:reed boats 2527:detrivores 2511:biodiverse 2499:polychaete 2419:microfauna 2404:microalgae 2391:sea snakes 2323:biodiverse 2271:See also: 2113:Cold seeps 2072:Open ocean 1975:biodiverse 1804:camanchaca 1788:evaporates 1764:created a 1725:weathering 1700:promontory 1668:Baltic Sea 1658:, Portugal 1607:subduction 1448:atmosphere 1428:topography 1424:Antarctica 1333:refraction 1309:wind farms 1158:seagrasses 1033:Baltic Sea 673:coastlines 659:; studies 586:freshwater 566:Antarctica 544:possesses 481:boundaries 378:Definition 346:, travel, 304:prehistory 297:meteorites 293:landslides 257:sea levels 234:wind waves 163:ecosystems 153:, plants, 14486:Acoustics 14438:Sea level 14337:Slab pull 14274:tectonics 14182:Cold seep 14144:Landforms 14021:Whirlpool 14016:Upwelling 13799:Wind wave 13727:Wave base 13655:Sea state 13575:Edge wave 13565:Cross sea 13334:Seram Sea 13304:Moro Gulf 13229:Coral Sea 13209:Bohol Sea 13204:Bohai Sea 13189:Banda Sea 13161:Timor Sea 13018:North Sea 12983:James Bay 12973:Irish Sea 12883:Black Sea 12800:White Sea 12707:Somov Sea 12667:Davis Sea 11753:27 August 11431:CiteSeerX 10541:1578–1584 10380:ignored ( 10370:cite book 10321:ignored ( 10311:cite book 10248:"Fishing" 9635:27 August 8815:Geography 8594:29 August 8485:224791767 7917:CiteSeerX 7884:27 August 7667:"Profile" 7080:129518576 6943:27 August 6904:3 October 6839:3 October 6537:128387917 6435:Gaina, C. 6246:730413873 6211:206513402 6091:9 October 6044:"Sea ice" 5761:: 55–70. 5590:" in the 5467:206556921 5178:27 August 5139:27 August 4748:in 2011. 4726:shellfish 4710:red tides 4666:albatross 4481:food webs 4443:Carl Jung 4407:epic poem 4253:Leviathan 4081:manganese 4026:petroleum 3973:shipyards 3798:powerboat 3774:surfboard 3526:in their 3437:crude oil 3251:Coral Sea 3237:. In the 3000:Don Walsh 2972:Carl Chun 2869:Tuscarora 2817:longitude 2805:astrolabe 2714:White Sea 2700:. In the 2678:Black Sea 2587:travelled 2515:seamounts 2507:symbionts 2475:barnacles 2471:substrate 2444:porpoises 2387:cetaceans 2311:mangroves 2295:Sargassum 2181:tidepools 2103:Seamounts 2094:Sea floor 2011:Estuaries 1873:carbonate 1792:condenses 1733:attrition 1674:, Finland 1524:foreshore 1327:land and 1269:Wind wave 1210:Sea level 1204:Sea level 1197:turbidity 1167:anaerobic 1020:<0.01 1017:<0.001 1009:<0.01 976:Strontium 963:Carbonate 924:Potassium 898:Magnesium 828:carbonate 816:magnesium 753:volcanism 729:geography 713:molecules 671:; charts 633:hydrology 421:North Sea 328:shellfish 277:estuaries 214:particles 171:shoreline 131:potassium 123:magnesium 47:near the 14719:Category 14671:Seawater 14398:Littoral 14393:Deep sea 14252:Seamount 14134:Tideline 14079:Rip tide 14009:shutdown 13979:Overflow 13712:Undertow 13555:Clapotis 13471:Category 13407:Dead Sea 13397:Aral Sea 13364:Sulu Sea 13319:Savu Sea 13289:Koro Sea 13284:Java Sea 13184:Bali Sea 12765:Kara Sea 12697:Ross Sea 12583:Archived 12555:Archived 12529:Archived 12511:22071362 12438:23 April 12407:22 April 12401:Archived 12376:22 April 12370:Archived 12350:21 April 12344:Archived 12323:26874262 12315:18949831 12241:46309501 12198:19528051 12149:31622361 12109:PLOS ONE 12088:23 April 12082:Archived 11983:Archived 11938:27 April 11932:Archived 11905:Archived 11851:Archived 11806:Archived 11747:Archived 11672:Archived 11606:Archived 11588:18494367 11580:40062161 11498:Archived 11467:Archived 11363:25 April 11226:Archived 11165:Archived 11134:Archived 11103:Archived 11072:Archived 11030:Archived 11003:25 April 10971:Archived 10912:Archived 10880:Archived 10846:Archived 10815:Archived 10789:Archived 10763:15150038 10720:Archived 10603:Archived 10583:25 April 10577:Archived 10516:24 April 10510:Archived 10490:24 April 10484:Archived 10463:25 April 10457:Archived 10432:25 April 10426:Archived 10406:25 April 10360:25 April 10354:Archived 10301:24 April 10295:Archived 10262:23 April 10256:Archived 10225:12748640 10177:23 April 10171:Archived 10151:23 April 10142:Archived 10088:Archived 10039:24 April 9999:25 April 9993:Archived 9967:Archived 9946:25 April 9940:Archived 9911:Archived 9907:26206024 9899:18276889 9788:Archived 9699:Archived 9695:Yachting 9660:Archived 9629:Archived 9574:Archived 9570:BBC News 9457:Archived 9453:"Finale" 9327:Archived 9224:Archived 9185:Archived 9159:Archived 9128:Archived 9102:Archived 9076:Archived 9050:Archived 9024:Archived 8994:Archived 8932:Archived 8908:28 April 8845:Archived 8827:40572190 8792:Archived 8724:15 April 8718:Archived 8688:Carthage 8653:Archived 8585:Archived 8581:16923821 8529:Archived 8527:. 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