57:
2238:
4221:
1997:
rapid development; that it doesn't include back written prophecies of the great
Buddhist ruler King Ashoka (which Mahayana texts often do) suggesting that it predates his time; that in its descriptions of the political geography it presents India at the time of Buddha, which changed soon after his death; that it has no mention of places in South India, which would have been well known to Indians not long after Buddha's death; and various other lines of evidence dating the material back to his time.
2162:
the 5th- or 6th-century AD, nearly a thousand years after the death of the Buddha. Further, this redacted Pali Canon of Sri Lanka itself mentions that it was previously redacted towards the end of 1st-century BC. According to Early
Buddhism scholar Lars Fogelin, the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka is a modified Canon and "there is no good reason to assume that Sri Lankan Buddhism resembles Early Buddhism in the mainland, and there are numerous reasons to argue that it does not."
339:
987:
20:
8144:
8155:
1812:
5553:
5540:
2410:, 1895-, in progress, 43 volumes so far, Pali Text Society, Bristol; for details of these and other translations of individual books see the separate articles. In 1994, the then President of the Pali Text Society stated that most of these translations were unsatisfactory. Another former President said in 2003 that most of the translations were done very badly. The style of many translations from the Canon has been criticized as
1568:
5530:
38:
2552:. The rules are preceded by stories telling how the Buddha came to lay them down, and followed by explanations and analysis. According to the stories, the rules were devised on an ad hoc basis as the Buddha encountered various behavioral problems or disputes among his followers. This pitaka can be divided into three parts:
1736:. Some of those were later translated into Chinese (earliest dating to the late 4th century AD). The surviving Sri Lankan version is the most complete, but was extensively redacted about 1,000 years after Buddha's death, in the 5th or 6th century CE. The earliest textual fragments of canonical Pali were found in the
2788:
These
Brahmanical motives are sometimes introduced in order to "establish a link with the deeds and beliefs of Brahmins", referencing "shared ideas" that were part of the culture of ancient India. In many other instances, they are introduced in order to establish unfavorable comparisons with Buddhist
2747:
refers to the absolute teaching, while the suttas are adapted to the hearer. Most scholars describe the abhidhamma as an attempt to systematize the teachings of the suttas: Cousins says that where the suttas think in terms of sequences or processes the abhidhamma thinks in terms of specific events or
2161:
Scholars generally agree that the early books include some later additions. Aspects of these late additions are or may be from a much earlier period. Aspects of the Pali Canon, such as what it says about society and South Asian history, are in doubt because the Pali Canon was extensively redacted in
1989:
argues that the Pali Canon represents the teachings of the Buddha essentially unchanged apart from minor modifications. He argues that it also incorporates teachings that precede the Buddha, and that the later teachings were memorized by the Buddha's followers while he was still alive. His thesis is
1956:
languages of western India, and found substantial incompatibilities with the few preserved examples of
Magadhi and other north-eastern prakrit languages. Linguistic research suggests that the teachings of the Buddha may have been recorded in an eastern Indian language originally, and transposed into
1708:
tradition existing until later periods, along with other sources, shows that oral tradition continued to exist side by side with written scriptures for many centuries to come. Thus, the so-called writing down of the scriptures was only the beginning of a new form of tradition, and the innovation was
3277:
The idea that
Buddhist texts were first written down in the first century bce has been widely current since the nineteenth century, but has never been much more than a guess. Its only basis is a short passage, two verses long, found in both the fourth or fifth-century DÄ«pavaį¹sa and later MahÄvaį¹sa,
2108:
Some scholars of later Indian
Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism say that little or nothing goes back to the Buddha. Ronald Davidson has little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha. Geoffrey Samuel says the Pali Canon largely derives
1996:
and
Bhikkhu Brahmali argue that it is likely that much of the Pali Canon dates back to the time period of the Buddha. They base this on many lines of evidence including the technology described in the canon (apart from the obviously later texts), which matches the technology of his day which was in
1902:
The relation of the scriptures to
Buddhism as it actually exists among ordinary monks and lay people is, as with other major religious traditions, problematic: the evidence suggests that only parts of the Canon ever enjoyed wide currency, and that non-canonical works were sometimes much more widely
2186:
The general consensus seems to be that what Asoka calls
Munigatha correspond to the Munisutta (Sn 207ā221), Moneyasute is probably the second half of the Nalakasutta (Sn 699ā723), and Upatisapasine may correspond to the Sariputtasutta (Sn 955ā975). The identification of most of the other titles is
2141:
Opinions differ on what the earliest books of the Canon are. The majority of
Western scholars consider the earliest identifiable stratum to be mainly prose works, the Vinaya (excluding the ParivÄra) and the first four nikÄyas of the Sutta Pitaka, and perhaps also some short verse works such as the
2892:
The Chinese and Tibetan canons are not translations of the Pali and differ from it to varying extents, but contain some recognizably similar early works. However, the Abhidharma books are fundamentally different works from the Pali Abhidhamma Pitaka. The Chinese and Tibetan canons also consist of
1924:
to collect and preserve his teachings. The Theravada tradition states that the Canon was recited orally from the 5th century to the first century BC, when it was written down. The memorization was reinforced by regular communal recitations. The tradition holds that only a few later additions were
2063:
said it would be "hypocritical" to assert that we can say nothing about the teachings of earliest Buddhism, arguing that "the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in
2170:
is that some combinations of characters are difficult to write in those scripts. Masefield says records in Thailand state that upon the third re-introduction of Theravada Buddhism into Sri Lanka (The Siyamese Sect), large number of texts were also taken. When monastic ordination died out in Sri
1972:
Theravada tradition generally treats the Canon as a whole as originating with the Buddha and his immediate disciples (with the exception of certain, generally Abhidhamma texts, that explicitly refer to events long after his death). Scholars differ in their views regarding the origin of the Pali
2067:
Alex Wynne said that some texts in the Pali Canon may go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words. He suggests the canon was composed soon after Buddha's paranirvana, but after a period of free
2050:
Other scholars are more cautious, and attribute part of the Pali canon to the Buddha's early followers. Peter Harvey states that "much" of the Pali Canon must derive from the Buddha's teaching, but also that "parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha."
2365:, (1957ā1993?), 58 volumes including parallel Sinhalese translations, searchable, free of charge (not yet fully proofread.) Available at Journal of Buddhist Ethics. The only accurate version of the Sri Lankan text available, in individual page images. Cannot be searched though.
2165:
Dr. Peter Masefield M.P.T.S. researched a form of Pali known as Indochinese Pali or "Kham Pali". It had been considered a degraded form of Pali, but Masefield states that further examination of texts will probably show it is an internally consistent Pali dialect. The reason for
3278:
that states that the Tipiį¹aka and commentaries were first written down at this time...however, it fairly clearly does not even intend to record the first time writing was ever used for Buddhist texts, but the first creation of a complete set of written scriptures in Sri Lanka.
1968:
texts to the Canon for some time, but they do not appear to have tampered with what they already had from an earlier period." A variety of factors suggest that the early Sri Lankan Buddhists regarded canonical literature as such and transmitted it conservatively.
1709:
probably opposed by the more conservative monks. As with many other innovations, it was only after some time that it was generally accepted. Therefore, it was much later that the records of this event were transformed into an account of a "council" (sangayana or
1990:
based on study of the processes of the first great council, and the methods for memorization used by the monks, which started during the Buddha's lifetime. It's also based on the capability of a few monks, to this day, to memorize the entire canon.
1915:
According to a late part of the Pali Canon, the Buddha taught the three pitakas. It is traditionally believed by Theravadins that most of the Pali Canon originated from the Buddha and his immediate disciples. According to the scriptures, a
2087:
Much of the Pali Canon is found also in the scriptures of other early schools of Buddhism, parts of whose versions are preserved, mainly in Chinese. Many scholars have argued that this shared material can be attributed to the period of
1887:. Even lay people usually know at least a few short texts by heart and recite them regularly; this is considered a form of meditation, at least if one understands the meaning. Monks are of course expected to know quite a bit more (see
3141:"If some of the material is so old, it might be possible to establish what texts go back to the very beginning of Buddhism, texts which perhaps include the substance of the Buddha's teaching, and in some cases, maybe even his words".
1973:
Canon, but generally believe that the Canon includes several strata of relatively early and late texts, but with little consensus regarding the relative dating of different sections of the Canon or which texts belong to which era.
3168:
Most notably, a version of the Atanatiya Sutta (from the Digha Nikaya) is included in the tantra (Mikkyo, rgyud) divisions of the Taisho and of the Cone, Derge, Lhasa, Lithang, Narthang and Peking (Qianlong) editions of the
2672:), is a collection of texts which give a scholastic explanation of Buddhist doctrines particularly about mind, and sometimes referred to as the "systematic philosophy" basket. There are seven books in the Abhidhamma Pitaka:
1882:
Although the Canon has existed in written form for two millennia, its earlier oral nature has not been forgotten in Buddhist practice: memorization and recitation remain common. Among frequently recited texts are the
2789:
teachings or practices- after identifying the fire sacrifice as the foremost of the Brahminist sacrifices, the Buddha goes on to explain how it is surpassed by the kindling of "inner light" that he practices as an
2104:
Some scholars see the Pali Canon as expanding and changing from an unknown nucleus. Arguments given for an agnostic attitude include that the evidence for the Buddha's teachings dates from long after his death.
3114:"I am saying that there was a person called the Buddha, that the preachings probably go back to him individually ... that we can learn more about what he meant, and that he was saying some very precise things."
4716:"In the fourth year of the Kaibao éåƶ reign (971), Emperor Taizu (r. 960-975) of the Song Dynasty å®å¤Ŗē„ ordered the first carving of a set of woodblocks for the Chinese Buddhist Canon." (aka the Kaibao Canon)
1960:
Much of the material in the Canon is not specifically TheravÄdin, but is instead the collection of teachings that this school preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to
2357:, and therefore reflect the results of the council more accurately than some existing Sixth Council editions. Available for viewing online (registration required) at Tipiį¹aka Quotation WebService.
2850:
but not found in Pali. The canon contains voluminous works of Abhidharma, especially from the SarvÄstivÄda school. The Indian works preserved in the Chinese Canon were translated mostly from
2617:
152 medium-length discourses. MannƩ argues that this book was particularly intended to give a solid grounding in the teaching to converts, with a high proportion of sermons and consultations.
2269:
The first complete printed edition of the Canon was published in Burma in 1900, in 38 volumes. The following editions of the Pali text of the Canon are readily available in the West:
2569:, a basic code of rules for monks and nuns that is not as such included in the Canon. The monks' rules are dealt with first, followed by those of the nuns' rules not already covered.
2257:
of TheravÄda countries is not conducive to the survival of manuscripts. Apart from brief quotations in inscriptions and a two-page fragment from the eighth or ninth century found in
3919:
3150:
Ronald Davidson states, "most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) that a relatively early community (disputed) maintained and transmitted."
2121:
Western scholarship suggests that the composition of the Abhidhamma Pitaka likely began around 300 BCE, but may have drawn on an earlier tradition of lists and rubrics known as "
2488:
A Chinese translation of the above-mentioned Japanese translation was undertaken between 1990ā1998 and thereafter printed under the patronage of Kaoshiung's Yuan Heng Temple.
2838:
schools. It also includes the four major Ägamas, which are analogous to the Nikayas of the Pali Canon. Namely, they are the Saį¹yukta Ägama, Madhyama Ägama, DÄ«rgha Ägama, and
2368:
Transcript in BudhgayaNews Pali Canon. In this version it is easy to search for individual words across all 16,000+ pages at once and view the contexts in which they appear.
2611:(dÄ«ghanikÄya) 34 long discourses. Joy MannĆ© argues that this book was particularly intended to make converts, with its high proportion of debates and devotional material.
1932:
The geographic setting of identifiable texts within the Canon generally corresponds to locations in the Ganges region of northeastern India, including the kingdoms of
1871:; the commentaries and subcommentaries sometimes include much speculative matter, but are faithful to its teachings and often give very illuminating illustrations. In
2113:
argues that it is not until the 5th to 6th centuries AD that we have any definite evidence about the contents of the Canon. This position was criticized by A. Wynne.
5411:
5444:(Based on 6th Council ā Burmese version) (this site also offers a downloadable program which installs the entire Pali Tipitaka on your desktop for offline viewing)
2349:
Another transcript of this edition, produced under the patronage of the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand, World Tipitaka Edition, 2005, 40 volumes, published by the
3799:
2328:
BUDSIR on Internet free with login; and electronic transcript by BUDSIR: Buddhist scriptures information retrieval, CD-ROM and online, both requiring payment.
2158:
some of the developments in teachings may only reflect changes in teaching that the Buddha himself adopted, during the 45 years that the Buddha was teaching.
1803:. The Abhidhamma Pitaka, however, is a strictly Theravada collection and has little in common with the Abhidhamma works recognized by other Buddhist schools.
2645:) Thousands of short discourses arranged numerically from ones to elevens. It contains more elementary teaching for ordinary people than the preceding three.
2346:
electronic transcript by VipÄssana Research Institute available online in searchable database free of charge, or on CD-ROM (p&p only) from the institute.
6294:
3077:
3401:, Quote: "As of the Pali Canon of Sri Lanka, it was extensively redacted in the fifth or sixth century A.D. (Bechert 1978; Collins 1990; Trainor 1997)".
7209:
5684:
1856:
were written afterward, commenting further on the Canon and its commentaries. The traditional TheravÄdin interpretation is summarized in Buddhaghosa's
4003:
2889:) and parts of some other books. Due to the later compilation, it contains comparatively fewer early Buddhist texts than the Pali and Chinese canons.
5429:
5363:
7213:
7437:
2882:
for free distribution); although printing of individual Buddhist sutras and related materials may have started as early as the 7th century AD.
1049:
2187:
less certain, but Schmithausen, following Oldenberg before him, identifies what Asoka calls the Laghulovada with part of a prose text in the
5654:
3847:"The Oral Transmission of Early Buddhist Literature ā Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies (Volume 27. No. 1 2004)"
2600:, following the former meaning) which consists primarily of accounts of the Buddha's teachings. The Sutta Pitaka has five subdivisions, or
2146:. However, some scholars, particularly in Japan, maintain that the SuttanipÄta is the earliest of all Buddhist scriptures, followed by the
953:
3923:
3761:
2418:
for translations from Sanskrit. He describes it as "deplorable", "comprehensible only to the initiate, written by and for Buddhologists".
2072:
writes that while nothing can be definitively attributed to Gautama as a historical figure, some sayings or phrases must derive from him.
2925:
5762:
2878:
by imperial order in China in AD 971; the earliest dated printed Buddhist sutra was the Diamond Sutra printed in AD 868 (printed by an
2846:, the UdÄna, the Itivuttaka, and Milindapanha. There are also additional texts, including early histories, that are preserved from the
5497:
2182:, the "Calcutta-Bairat edict", lists several works from the canon which Ashoka considered advantageous. According to Alexander Wynne:
2047:) are coherent and cogent, and must be the work of a single person: the Buddha himself, not a committee of followers after his death.
5519:
3521:
2059:
to suggest that the shared teaching of the early schools was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers.
3082:
3032:
3901:
2885:
The Tibetan Kangyur comprises about a hundred volumes and includes versions of the Vinaya Pitaka, the Dhammapada (under the title
8029:
7481:
4958:
3740:
7684:
5664:
2199:(304ā232 BC), which means that some of the texts carried by the Buddhist missionaries at this time might also have been fixed.
4276:
2261:, the oldest manuscripts known are from late in the fifteenth century, and there is not very much from before the eighteenth.
2175:
the Sri Lankan Pali Canon had been translated first into Indo-Chinese Pali, and then, at least in part, back again into Pali.
5333:
5218:
5189:
5066:
4948:
4233:
4154:
3975:
3538:
3394:
3364:
3310:
2306:
56:
5234:
5847:
5689:
2249:, (top) medium square, (centre) round and (bottom) outline round in red lacquer from the inside of one of the gilded covers
3606:
Bones, Stones, And Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, And Texts Of Monastic Buddhism in India
1907:
suggests that the whole of Buddhist history may be regarded as a working out of the implications of the early scriptures.
8024:
5236:
How old is the Suttapiį¹aka? The relative value of textual and epigraphical sources for the study of early Indian Buddhism
1964:, it contains material which is at odds with later TheravÄdin orthodoxy. He states that "the TheravÄdins, then, may have
303:
3159:"as the Buddha taught for 45 years, some signs of development in teachings may only reflect changes during this period."
7921:
7471:
5566:
1799:
The Vinaya Pitaka and the Sutta Pitaka are remarkably similar to the works of the early Buddhist schools, often termed
1598:
1044:
1001:
4448:
2987:
2031:
Several scholars of early Buddhism argue that the nucleus of the Buddhist teachings in the Pali Canon may derive from
1795:, treatises that elaborate Buddhist doctrines, particularly about mind; also called the "systematic philosophy" basket
428:
8195:
5767:
5303:
4818:
3991:
3699:
3619:
3132:"there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."
8014:
3123:"While parts of the Pali Canon clearly originated after the time of the Buddha, much must derive from his teaching."
7699:
7444:
5119:
4466:
3807:
946:
3105:
additions, it is likely that the canon was composed somewhere in north India before its introduction to Sri Lanka.
1819:) or bamboo. The leaves are kept together by thin sticks, and the scripture is covered in cloth and kept in a box.
476:
8091:
8081:
5910:
2283:), published 1877ā1927 (a few volumes subsequently replaced by new editions), in 57 volumes (including indexes).
2207:
5156:
2224:. Most scholars hold that little if anything was added to the Canon after this, though Schopen questions this.
1948:. While Theravada tradition has generally regarded Pali as being synonymous with the language of the kingdom of
1815:
In pre-modern times the Pali Canon was not published in book form, but written on thin slices of wood (called a
438:
8036:
7689:
7491:
7382:
7327:
5900:
2422:
5255:
4985:
4876:
4405:
8185:
8006:
7704:
7387:
5679:
5512:
5349:
5338:, Selangor, Malaysia: Burma Piį¹aka Association. Editorial Committee, archived from the original on 2008-07-24
2411:
1527:
1222:
750:
5415:
4322:
3413:
Tracing Thoughts Through Things: The Oldest Pali Texts and the Early Buddhist Archaeology of India and Burma
7589:
7461:
7432:
7134:
5325:
4793:
In Richard Gombrich and K. R. Norman (ed.): Dhammapala, Buddhist studies in honour of Hammalava Saddhatissa
3846:
2950:
1472:
1247:
1207:
662:
7280:
7189:
6659:
6304:
5817:
5712:
4430:
3047:
939:
556:
6824:
5380:
at Citizendium, mostly by Peter Jackson, has an extensive Bibliography and more detail about some things
2005:
The views of scholars concerning the authorship of the Pali Canon can be grouped into three categories:
363:
8129:
7609:
7085:
6571:
5694:
5527:
5368:
3642:"Moving Targets? Texts, Language, Archaeology and History in the Late Vedic and Early Buddhist Periods"
3072:
3057:
1853:
637:
561:
508:
7019:
2481:, was published in 65 volumes from 1935 to 1941 as The MahÄtripiį¹aka of the Southern Tradition (åä¼å¤§čµēµ
8019:
7832:
7822:
7694:
6677:
6257:
6018:
5993:
4712:
Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia ā The Formation and Transformation of The Chinese Buddhist Canon
2992:
1714:
1347:
6043:
3062:
2524:
Details are given below. For more complete information, see standard references on Pali literature.
1157:
463:
8190:
8124:
7476:
7290:
7268:
7261:
7164:
6697:
6317:
6133:
6078:
5699:
5505:
5493:
PÄli Dictionary (PÄli to Chinese, PÄli to English, PÄli to Japanese, PÄli-Vietnamese, PÄli-Burmese)
2851:
1789:(Sutra/Sayings Basket), discourses and sermons of Buddha, some religious poetry; the largest basket
1352:
1302:
820:
627:
398:
2195:
This seems to be evidence that some of these texts were already fixed by the time of the reign of
244:
206:
8061:
8041:
7372:
7352:
7109:
6839:
6083:
2764:
includes an analogy, quoted in several other places in the Canon, where the Buddha describes the
2221:
1961:
1694:
1512:
900:
825:
700:
296:
3325:
121:
8200:
8071:
7911:
7579:
7549:
7322:
7273:
7114:
7062:
7057:
6819:
6640:
6537:
6289:
6284:
6033:
4986:"The art of reading and teaching Dhammapadas: reform, texts, contexts in Thai Buddhist history"
3297:
2871:
2847:
2808:
2126:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2017:
1952:
as spoken by the Buddha, linguists have identified Pali as being more closely related to other
1917:
1896:
1642:
1591:
1327:
1312:
1292:
1217:
1212:
1127:
1034:
488:
483:
458:
353:
8180:
6401:
3611:
604:
116:
8076:
8046:
7627:
7559:
7392:
7307:
7302:
7226:
7221:
7139:
5669:
5056:
4938:
3037:
3012:
2295:
2237:
1833:), though this is not intended in a literal sense, since it includes teachings by disciples.
1792:
1677:
present accepted the recitations, and henceforth, the teachings were preserved orally by the
1532:
1522:
1477:
905:
551:
388:
236:
6692:
5287:
5179:
4802:
Pali oral literature. In Denwood and Piatigorski, eds.: Buddhist Studies, ancient and modern
3603:
2822:, with a hundred major divisions, totaling over 80,000 pages. This includes Vinayas for the
2715:(-paƱƱatti) Explanations of types of person, arranged numerically in lists from ones to tens
599:
8099:
8066:
8051:
7569:
7466:
7412:
7297:
7236:
7204:
7199:
7184:
7169:
7159:
7124:
7037:
6729:
6652:
5955:
5895:
5644:
5611:
5561:
3694:(1st Indian ed.). New Delhi: Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. pp. 4ā5.
3027:
2971:
1816:
1800:
1762:
1701:. The claim that the texts were "spoken by the Buddha" is meant in this non-literal sense.
1631:
1542:
1502:
1497:
1462:
1307:
1187:
1095:
1080:
1024:
996:
845:
755:
647:
403:
393:
358:
259:
7939:
6554:
6423:
6349:
6225:
5963:
3687:
136:
27:
school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other
8:
7906:
7785:
7619:
7594:
7584:
7544:
7521:
7404:
7377:
7337:
7256:
7246:
7174:
7101:
6532:
6389:
6170:
6148:
6100:
5920:
5720:
5576:
5556:
2955:
2350:
2035:
himself, but that part of it also was developed after the Buddha by his early followers.
1879:, "official" Buddhism has in large part adopted the interpretations of Western scholars.
1552:
1507:
1445:
1385:
1322:
1267:
1262:
1017:
1006:
378:
338:
5880:
5807:
5310:
2802:
1852:
4thā5th century AD) and later monks, mainly on the basis of earlier materials now lost.
274:
191:
7969:
7874:
7716:
7679:
7674:
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7554:
7501:
7496:
7367:
7362:
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7332:
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7251:
7231:
7194:
7119:
6924:
6625:
6549:
6427:
6369:
6210:
6110:
6038:
6013:
5659:
5589:
5372:
3905:
3669:
3661:
3067:
2982:
2867:
2855:
1868:
1537:
1517:
1457:
1452:
1340:
1242:
1235:
1162:
1152:
1059:
830:
765:
695:
618:
609:
546:
541:
320:
289:
7768:
4973:
4664:
2633:, in his translation, says this nikaya has the most detailed explanations of doctrine.
2075:
735:
176:
129:
111:
8147:
8109:
7805:
7790:
7753:
7738:
7511:
7427:
7342:
7179:
7144:
7129:
6856:
6846:
6527:
6374:
6359:
6230:
6153:
6073:
6008:
5940:
5827:
5584:
5343:
5299:
5295:
5214:
5185:
5062:
4944:
4877:"Buddhist Hybrid English: Some Notes on Philology and Hermeneutics for Buddhologists"
4814:
4285:, p. 12 (as noted there and elsewhere, the 1893 Siamese edition was incomplete).
4150:
3971:
3695:
3673:
3657:
3641:
3615:
3604:
3534:
3530:
3390:
3360:
3306:
3101:
If the language of the PÄli canon is north Indian in origin, and without substantial
3022:
3007:
2914:
2668:
2662:
2540:
2518:
2415:
2354:
2334:
2302:
2274:
2068:
improvisation, and then the core teachings were preserved nearly verbatim by memory.
1781:
1777:
1710:
1670:
1584:
1482:
1467:
1272:
1147:
1090:
1054:
1039:
970:
875:
850:
710:
667:
657:
523:
498:
383:
368:
211:
106:
74:
66:
7091:
5885:
5785:
4744:
Allon, Mark (1997), "An Assessment of the Dhammakaya CD-ROM: Palitext Version 1.0",
2839:
2727:
Applies to 10 topics a procedure involving converse questions (e.g. Is X Y? Is Y X?)
1724:
of other major Buddhist schools in India. They were however written down in various
1693:
was initially preserved orally and was later written down on palm leaves during the
7795:
7748:
7743:
7599:
7564:
7539:
7534:
7285:
7241:
7154:
6829:
6485:
6478:
6262:
6252:
6138:
5802:
5674:
5425:
4761:
3653:
3526:
3268:
3102:
2819:
2636:
2478:
2452:
2429:
2246:
2179:
2036:
1937:
1786:
1721:
1662:
1547:
1492:
1422:
1412:
1277:
870:
855:
840:
835:
453:
373:
216:
98:
6874:
8159:
8104:
8056:
7984:
7854:
7652:
7632:
7574:
7486:
7149:
7047:
6894:
6630:
6613:
6598:
6576:
6128:
5998:
5832:
5812:
5407:
5243:
5208:
4905:, Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, German Scholars on India, volume I
4710:
Jiang, Wu; Chia, Lucille; Chen, Zhichao (2016). Jiang, Wu; Chia, Lucille (eds.).
4144:
3965:
3384:
3354:
3017:
2930:
2894:
2712:
2648:
2620:
2614:
2448:
2437:
2188:
2110:
2069:
1986:
1737:
1572:
1487:
1287:
1197:
1142:
910:
810:
730:
715:
642:
416:
254:
186:
6904:
6058:
6048:
3767:
2783:
Sacrifices have the agnihotra as foremost; of meter the foremost is the SÄvitrÄ«.
2709:(dhÄtukathÄ) Deals with interrelations between ideas from the previous two books
2703:) Analysis of 18 topics by various methods, including those of the Dhammasangani
1137:
161:
8114:
7817:
7667:
7449:
7029:
7009:
6929:
6618:
6608:
6542:
6379:
5865:
5728:
5482:
5396:
2940:
2769:
2666:(literally "beyond the dhamma", "higher dhamma" or "special dhamma", Sanskrit:
2467:
2340:
2291:
2032:
2010:
1993:
1941:
1892:
1698:
1650:
1432:
1362:
1317:
1175:
800:
785:
23:
The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The
3272:
1705:
264:
8174:
7884:
7733:
7042:
6944:
6802:
6603:
6581:
6517:
6188:
5983:
5978:
5870:
5539:
5421:
5403:
4757:
3519:
Pandharipande, R. V. (2006). "South Asia: Religions". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
3293:
2935:
2823:
2676:
2630:
2556:
2534:
2500:
2471:
2444:
2433:
2040:
1904:
1857:
1257:
1252:
1192:
885:
880:
745:
594:
448:
221:
28:
6342:
6332:
5704:
2966:
2629:) Thousands of short discourses in fifty-odd groups by subject, person etc.
1397:
1202:
725:
7974:
7959:
7929:
7879:
7869:
7711:
7506:
6999:
6834:
6712:
6500:
6495:
6322:
6193:
6068:
5529:
4452:
3052:
2875:
2835:
2827:
2608:
2592:
2512:
2377:
2280:
2060:
2044:
1926:
1829:
1635:
1297:
1182:
1100:
986:
860:
795:
770:
672:
652:
503:
493:
443:
249:
196:
156:
6757:
6742:
6702:
6399:
6063:
5639:
2898:
2734:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2640:
2624:
2560:
2504:
2211:
1755:
619:
610:
7944:
7773:
6914:
6899:
6682:
6490:
6418:
6198:
6028:
5930:
5777:
5649:
5459:
5320:
2945:
2718:
2322:
2318:
2143:
2052:
1925:
made. The TheravÄdin pitakas were first written down in Sri Lanka in the
1921:
1845:
1646:
1367:
920:
890:
865:
720:
705:
7934:
6394:
5377:
5125:
4525:
4470:
3665:
3415:. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 25.
3352:
780:
84:
7889:
7847:
7723:
7529:
7454:
7068:
7014:
6994:
6889:
6864:
6772:
6707:
6687:
6433:
6364:
6235:
6118:
6088:
6023:
5973:
5631:
5621:
5594:
5076:
4491:
3042:
2960:
2919:
2843:
2831:
2706:
2566:
2395:
2385:
2300:
PALITEXT version 1.0: CD-ROM Database of the Entire Buddhist Pali Canon
2147:
2109:
from the work of Buddhaghosa and his colleagues in the 5th century AD.
1888:
1841:
1837:
1372:
1132:
1029:
915:
815:
805:
632:
579:
433:
171:
166:
151:
141:
19:
6909:
5905:
5450:
Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels (Multiple Languages)
4721:
2879:
2455:
were published by Wisdom Publications in 2003 and 2012, respectively.
181:
7864:
7837:
7004:
6879:
6591:
6507:
6384:
6274:
6247:
6240:
6203:
6160:
6123:
5890:
5855:
5822:
5797:
5752:
5470:
5164:
4766:
The world of buddhism: buddhist monks and nuns in society and culture
2807:
The other two main Buddhist canons in use in the present day are the
2765:
2572:
2217:
2203:
2130:
2080:
Most scholars agree there was a rough body of sacred literature that
1872:
1867:
states that the Canon contains everything needed to show the path to
1824:
1811:
1768:
1686:
1620:
1616:
1417:
1392:
790:
740:
518:
513:
328:
79:
24:
7637:
6473:
6327:
6093:
5875:
5744:
5736:
5032:, London: Pali Text Society: Distributed by Routledge and Kegan Paul
4795:, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka: University of Sri Jayawardenapura, p. 56
4171:
3002:
2459:
2286:
The Pali scriptures and some Pali commentaries were digitized as an
2026:
584:
8154:
7994:
7949:
7894:
7859:
7763:
7422:
6989:
6984:
6934:
6869:
6787:
6752:
6747:
6408:
6279:
6267:
6178:
5837:
5534:
4409:
3440:
2863:
2757:
2730:
2694:
2596:(literally "basket of threads", or of "the well spoken"; Sanskrit:
2578:
2076:
Views concerning authorship in the period of pre-sectarian Buddhism
1876:
1733:
1682:
1623:
1427:
1407:
1402:
1282:
978:
6979:
6969:
6954:
6777:
6647:
5915:
2151:
2129:
and attribute differences in form and style to its composition by
2125:". Traditional accounts include it among the texts recited at the
1957:
the west Indian precursor of Pali sometime before the Asokan era.
146:
7899:
7842:
7827:
6974:
6964:
6939:
6814:
6809:
6767:
6737:
6669:
6635:
6522:
6463:
6458:
6312:
6215:
6053:
6003:
5790:
5616:
5462:(Translated into Sinhala by a Government of Sri Lanka initiative)
5390:
4330:
2997:
2976:
2859:
2818:
The standard modern edition of the Chinese Buddhist Canon is the
2812:
2254:
2242:
2122:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1884:
1849:
1741:
1725:
1107:
925:
895:
760:
201:
6586:
6354:
2963:, one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures
1627:
7979:
7964:
7800:
7662:
7642:
7417:
7079:
6959:
6949:
6884:
6512:
6468:
6453:
6443:
6413:
6337:
6220:
5988:
5860:
5604:
5599:
5492:
4813:, New York: Indian Esoteric BuddhismColumbia University Press,
4197:
2901:
2724:
2601:
2287:
2196:
1933:
1780:("Discipline Basket"), dealing with rules or discipline of the
1749:
1678:
1658:
1654:
1567:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1075:
677:
269:
5213:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
4665:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts"
4434:
4083:
1761:, meaning "basket", referring to the receptacles in which the
1720:
Textual fragments of similar teachings have been found in the
8119:
7954:
7812:
7778:
7758:
7728:
7657:
7074:
6919:
6797:
6792:
6762:
6717:
6564:
6559:
6438:
6143:
5968:
5935:
5925:
5465:
4940:
Essential Buddhism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs and Practices
4607:
4605:
4384:
4035:
3814:
2790:
2581:(parivÄra) Analysis of the rules from various points of view.
2325:(1925ā35), 45 volumes, with fewer variant readings than PTS;
2258:
1864:
1690:
1674:
1666:
1357:
589:
5447:
5260:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4990:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4881:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4590:
2463:
2000:
37:
7989:
6782:
6448:
5945:
5441:
5139:
4903:
In: Cultural Department of the German Embassy in India, ed.
4363:
4262:
3990:
DÄ«.A. (sumaį¹
gala.1) Sumaį¹
galavilÄsinÄ« dÄ«ghanikÄyaį¹į¹hakathÄ
2545:
2353:, claims to include the full extent of changes made at the
1840:) interpretation of the Pali Canon is given in a series of
1747:
The PÄli Canon falls into three general categories, called
1729:
775:
5058:
Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism
4602:
4566:
4513:
History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia
4240:
3872:
3870:
3868:
2264:
1765:
were kept). Thus, the canon is traditionally known as the
7647:
6183:
5487:
5412:
Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition
4622:
4620:
3464:
2549:
5453:
5256:"The Oral Transmission of the Early Buddhist Literature"
4025:
4023:
3780:
3500:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
2796:
5364:
Sayadaw U Vicittasara Mingun Sayadaw: A Fabulous Memory
4839:
4288:
4102:
4100:
4098:
3865:
3583:
3488:
3446:
3404:
3348:
3346:
3259:
Drewes, David (2015). "Oral Texts in Indian Mahayana".
2691:) Enumeration, definition and classification of dhammas
2206:, the Pali Canon was written down in the reign of King
2136:
2039:
says that the main preachings of the Buddha (as in the
5202:, London: Published for the Pali Text Society by Luzac
4617:
4071:
4047:
4008:
3853:
3452:
3288:
3286:
2651:
A miscellaneous collection of works in prose or verse.
2458:
In 2018, new translations of the entirety of the five
2116:
1981:
4691:
4679:
4300:
4020:
3942:
3882:
3826:
3547:
3419:
3200:
3198:
3196:
2862:. The Chinese generally referred to these simply as "
2496:
As noted above, the Canon consists of three pitakas.
2343:; with fewer variant readings than the Thai edition;
1773:("three baskets"). The three pitakas are as follows:
1697:
in 29 BC, approximately 454 years after the death of
5021:
Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes
4827:
De Jong, J.W. (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",
4714:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 145.
4644:
4632:
4542:
4187:
4185:
4124:
4095:
3930:
3559:
3476:
3343:
3210:
3181:
2294:
compatible database through cooperation between the
2191:, the Ambalatthika-Rahulovada Sutta (M no. 61).
1899:(again according to the usual Theravada numbering).
5028:ĆÄį¹amoli, Bhikkhu; Warder, Anthony Kennedy (1982),
4408:. Dhammasociety.org. 29 August 2007. Archived from
4209:
4112:
3708:
3353:Robert E. Buswell Jr.; Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013).
3283:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3078:
Tipitakadhara Tipitakakovida Selection Examinations
2392:
The Complete Collection of Chinese Pattra Scripture
2096:separated in about the fourth or third century BC.
4578:
4059:
3720:
3193:
2241:Burmese-Pali manuscript copy of the Buddhist text
1744:dating only to the mid 5th to mid 6th century CE.
4669:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
4182:
3378:
3376:
2027:Views concerning authorship of the Buddha himself
8172:
4930:Councils, Buddhist. In: Encyclopedia of religion
4344:
3237:
4756:
4041:
3755:
3753:
3602:Schopen, Gregory; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (1997).
2721:(kathÄ-) Over 200 debates on points of doctrine
2477:A Japanese translation of the Canon, edited by
2470:, the translations were also released into the
2099:
1895:even learned the entire Canon by heart for the
5027:
4203:
4089:
3959:
3957:
3373:
3292:
2904:, which have few parallels in the Pali Canon.
2751:
2440:was published by Wisdom Publications in 1995.
1903:used; the details varied from place to place.
16:Buddhist scriptures of the Theravada tradition
5513:
4709:
3518:
2777:aggihuttamukhÄ yaĆ±Ć±Ä sÄvittÄ« chandaso mukham.
1863:A spokesman for the Buddha Sasana Council of
1844:covering nearly the whole Canon, compiled by
1806:
1592:
947:
297:
6295:Basic points unifying TheravÄda and MahÄyÄna
5005:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press
4840:EncyclopƦdia Britannica (2008), "Buddhism",
4257:
4255:
4142:
3963:
3750:
3601:
3525:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 564ā579.
3382:
3299:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts
2575:Other rules grouped by topic in 22 chapters.
2538:, is mostly concerned with the rules of the
1891:below for an example). A Burmese monk named
1823:The Canon is traditionally described by the
5177:
4894:Der buddhistische Kanon: eine Bibliographie
4852:, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press
4596:
4246:
3954:
3741:"The Pali Canon: What a Buddhist Must Know"
3686:
3359:. Princeton University Press. p. 924.
2760:terminology and concepts. For example, the
5520:
5506:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3522:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
2462:were made freely available on the website
1599:
1585:
954:
940:
304:
290:
5000:
4959:"Categories of sutta in the Pali Nikayas"
4874:
4572:
4317:
4315:
4252:
3506:
3410:
2001:Authorship according to academic scholars
1630:language. It is the most complete extant
5109:
5018:
4983:
4891:
4865:
4808:
4727:
4282:
4077:
3876:
3859:
3786:
3494:
3470:
3458:
3434:
3187:
3033:Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism)
2491:
2236:
1810:
1713:) which was held under the patronage of
36:
18:
7482:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5393:has many suttas translated into English
5384:
5184:, Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter,
5105:, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press
5100:
4936:
4826:
4799:
4790:
4772:
4650:
4118:
4029:
4002:Saį¹
gaį¹i.A. (aį¹į¹hasÄlinÄ«) Dhammasaį¹
giį¹Ä«
3948:
3888:
3832:
3628:
3216:
2265:Printed editions and digitized editions
41:Standard edition of the Thai Pali Canon
8173:
7685:List of Buddhist architecture in China
5331:
5206:
5197:
5112:Mahasutras, volume I, Parts I & II
5091:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5030:Introduction to Path of Discrimination
5009:
4923:, New York: Cambridge University Press
4918:
4909:
4856:
4847:
4697:
4685:
4662:
4656:
4638:
4611:
4584:
4548:
4312:
4306:
4215:
4130:
4106:
4065:
4053:
4014:
3970:. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
3936:
3904:. Fairfield University. Archived from
3820:
3714:
3639:
3610:. University of Hawaii Press. p.
3589:
3565:
3482:
3258:
3204:
5501:
5270:
5253:
5232:
4956:
4927:
4804:, London: Curzon Press, pp. 1ā11
4743:
4626:
4294:
4232:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHarvey (
4191:
4169:
3726:
3595:
3553:
3246:
3108:
2922:, Pali commentaries on the Pali Canon
2797:Comparison with other Buddhist canons
2298:and the Pali Text Society in 1996 as
5471:Theravada Buddhism Tipitaka Download
5435:
4900:
4781:
4515:, p. 77. University of Hawaii Press.
4350:
3992:sÄ«lakkhandhavaggavaį¹į¹anÄ nidÄnakathÄ
3759:
3356:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
3228:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3083:Tripiį¹aka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda
2655:
2137:The earliest books of the Pali Canon
5242:, St John's College, archived from
3738:
3326:"THE MAHAVAMSA c.33: The Ten Kings"
3095:
2739:) Analysis of 24 types of condition
2339:, Rangoon (1954ā56), 40 volumes in
2245:, showing three different types of
2117:Authorship of the Abhidhamma Pitaka
1982:Authorship according to Theravadins
13:
7472:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
5476:
5281:
5163:, VRI Publications, archived from
4227:
2768:as the foremost sacrifice and the
2363:Sinhalese (Buddha Jayanti) edition
2171:Lanka, many texts were lost also.
1634:canon. It derives mainly from the
1050:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
1045:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
8212:
5357:
5328:, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 3rd ed. 2008.
5273:The origin of Buddhist meditation
5103:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks
4870:(2nd ed.), London: Routledge
4387:. Vri.dhamma.org. 8 February 2009
4004:Abhidhamma-AtthakathÄ NidÄnakathÄ
3844:
2743:The traditional position is that
2408:Pali Canon in English Translation
1929:Temple no earlier than 29ā17 BC.
8153:
8143:
8142:
7700:Thai temple art and architecture
7445:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
5685:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
5551:
5538:
5528:
5324:, The Wheel Publication No 217,
5315:, volume I, Trubner, London 1931
4966:Journal of the Pali Text Society
4746:Buddhist Studies (BukkyŠKenkyū)
4561:Journal of the Pali Text Society
3658:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859
2527:
2321:, published during the reign of
2092:. This is the period before the
1566:
985:
337:
55:
5552:
5399:of Nibbana.com. Burma (Myanmar)
4703:
4554:
4526:"ćäøå½č“å¶ē»å
Øéćę°é»ååøä¼ęØåŗēåŗ§č°ä¼_åäŗŗä½ę_å¤å°ē½"
4518:
4505:
4484:
4459:
4441:
4423:
4398:
4377:
4356:
4323:"Welcome to BUDSIR on Internet"
4163:
4136:
3996:
3984:
3912:
3894:
3838:
3792:
3732:
3680:
3571:
3512:
3231:The Heart of Buddha's Teachings
2988:List of SÄsana Azani recipients
2585:
2402:
2013:himself and his early followers
1626:tradition, as preserved in the
7690:Japanese Buddhist architecture
7492:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
6572:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
5763:Places where the Buddha stayed
5483:Online Pali-English Dictionary
5157:"Vipassana Research Institute"
5041:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
5001:Mendelson, E. Michael (1975),
4932:, Detroit: Macmillan Reference
4896:, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz
4859:The Buddha's Path to Awakening
4451:. 15 June 2010. Archived from
4433:. 5 March 2009. Archived from
4385:"Vipassana Research Institute"
3531:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00767-7
3318:
3222:
2926:Aį¹į¹hakavagga and PÄrÄyanavagga
2423:List of Pali Canon anthologies
2380:. Edited and published by the
2232:
1615:is the standard collection of
1:
7705:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
5292:A Handbook of PÄli Literature
5181:A Handbook of PÄli Literature
5061:. Routledge. pp. 75ā76.
4730:, p. 84n, 553ff, 617ff..
4263:"Pali Text Society Home Page"
4146:Archaeology of Early Buddhism
3763:Interview by Kathleen Gregory
3692:A Handbook of Pali Literature
3386:Archaeology of Early Buddhism
3175:
2866:" (Ch. ę¢µčŖ, FĆ nyĒ). The first
2016:Attribution to the period of
1976:
7462:Buddhism and the Roman world
7438:Decline of Buddhism in India
7433:History of Buddhism in India
5533: Topics in
5442:Vipassana Research Institute
5424:of selected suttas from the
5326:Buddhist Publication Society
5114:. Oxford: Pali Text Society.
5094:Introducing Tibetan Buddhism
5050:, Bristol: Pali Text Society
5023:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
4984:McDaniel, Justin T. (2005),
4866:Gombrich, Richard F (2006),
4809:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003),
4492:"Pali Canon Online Database"
4449:"Journal of Buddhist Ethics"
4149:. AltaMira. pp. 37ā38.
3447:EncyclopƦdia Britannica 2008
3296:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015),
2951:Buddhist Publication Society
2202:According to the Sri Lankan
2100:Views concerning agnosticism
2084:maintained and transmitted.
1836:The traditional TheravÄdin (
1248:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
6660:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
6400:
5369:Beginnings: The Pali Suttas
5178:von HinĆ¼ber, Oskar (2000),
5048:Collected Papers, volume VI
5010:Morgan, Kenneth W. (1956),
4875:Griffiths, Paul J. (1981),
4786:, Oxford: Pali Text Society
4768:, London: Thames and Hudson
4042:Bechert & Gombrich 1984
3048:Rerukane Chandawimala Thero
2907:
2752:Use of Brahmanical language
2735:
2699:
2687:
2681:
2641:
2625:
2590:The second category is the
2561:
2505:
2212:
1827:as the Word of the Buddha (
1756:
620:
611:
557:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
10:
8217:
7610:The unanswerable questions
5410:are made available by the
5406:of selected suttas of the
5321:Analysis of the Pali Canon
5312:History of Pali Literature
5110:Skilling, P., ed. (1997).
5078:Pali Canon Online Database
4784:Dictionary of Pali, vol. I
4777:, USA: Macmillan Reference
4773:Buswell, Robert E (2004),
4736:
4663:Shults, Brett (May 2014).
4204:ĆÄį¹amoli & Warder 1982
4090:ĆÄį¹amoli & Warder 1982
3411:Stargardt, Janice (2000).
3073:Thomas William Rhys Davids
3058:Sanam Luang Dhamma Studies
2800:
1910:
1807:The Canon in the tradition
562:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
8138:
8090:
8005:
7920:
7695:Buddhist temples in Korea
7618:
7520:
7403:
7100:
7028:
6855:
6728:
6668:
6303:
6258:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
6169:
6161:Three planes of existence
6109:
5954:
5846:
5776:
5768:Buddha in world religions
5630:
5575:
5547:
5348:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5271:Wynne, Alexander (2007),
5254:Wynne, Alexander (2004).
5233:Wynne, Alexander (2003),
5101:Schopen, Gregory (1997),
5092:Samuel, Geoffrey (2012),
5019:Nakamura, Hajime (1999),
5003:Sangha and State in Burma
4892:Grƶnbold, GĆ¼nter (1984),
3273:10.1163/15728536-05800051
3229:Hahn, Thich Nhat (2015).
2979:, library in Thai Temples
2756:The Pali Canon uses many
2412:"Buddhist Hybrid English"
1689:during the reign of King
1645:, three months after the
8196:Theravada Buddhist texts
7477:Persecution of Buddhists
6698:Four stages of awakening
6079:Three marks of existence
5665:Physical characteristics
5420:English translations by
5402:English translations by
5014:, New York: Ronald Press
4921:Introduction to Buddhism
4811:Indian Esoteric Buddhism
4775:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4563:, Volume XXIX, page 102.
3967:A Dictionary of Buddhism
3902:"Dr. Ronald M. Davidson"
3640:Witzel, Michael (2009).
3389:. AltaMira. p. 13.
3089:
2852:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2842:. Also included are the
2820:TaishÅ Revised Tripiį¹aka
2660:The third category, the
2532:The first category, the
2227:
1685:that was transmitted to
6840:Ten principal disciples
5723:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4972:: 29ā88, archived from
4928:Jones, Lindsay (2005),
4857:Gethin, Rupert (1992),
4850:Foundations of Buddhism
4848:Gethin, Rupert (1998),
4842:EncyclopƦdia Britannica
4800:Cousins, L. S. (1982),
4791:Cousins, L. S. (1984),
4782:Cone, Margaret (2001),
4467:"Sri Lankan PÄįø·i Texts"
4406:"Society worldtipitaka"
3804:Buddhist Ethics Network
2772:as the foremost meter:
2222:Fourth Buddhist council
2216:) (1st century BCE) in
1920:was held shortly after
1695:Fourth Buddhist Council
1268:Philosophical reasoning
901:Varanggana Vanavichayen
638:Seven Aids to Awakening
7550:Buddhism and democracy
7063:Tibetan Buddhist canon
7058:Chinese Buddhist canon
6290:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
6285:Early Buddhist schools
5488:PÄli Dictionary Online
5198:Warder, A. K. (1963),
4943:, Simon and Schuster,
4937:Maguire, Jack (2001),
4919:Harvey, Peter (1990),
4914:, Surrey: Curzon Press
4910:Harvey, Peter (1995),
4511:Marston, John (2004).
3920:"Prof Geoffrey Samuel"
3823:, p. inside flap.
3578:Book of the Discipline
3233:. Harmony. p. 16.
2872:Chinese Buddhist Canon
2848:early Buddhist schools
2809:Chinese Buddhist Canon
2786:
2250:
2193:
2127:First Buddhist Council
2090:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2018:pre-sectarian Buddhism
1820:
1643:First Buddhist Council
1035:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
484:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
459:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
42:
32:
7560:Eight Consciousnesses
5670:Life of Buddha in art
5275:, New York: Routledge
5207:Warder, A.K. (2000),
5121:Sri Lankan PÄįø·i Texts
5096:, New York: Routledge
5055:Norman, K.R. (2005).
5046:Norman, K.R. (1996),
5037:Norman, K.R. (1983),
4861:, Leiden: E. J. Brill
4143:Lars Fogelin (2006).
3964:Damien Keown (2004).
3383:Lars Fogelin (2006).
3038:Pariyatti (bookstore)
3013:Nyanatiloka Mahathera
2774:
2492:Contents of the Canon
2414:, a term invented by
2296:Dhammakaya Foundation
2240:
2184:
1814:
1763:palm-leaf manuscripts
1704:The existence of the
1303:Aids to Enlightenment
1128:Dependent Origination
906:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
552:Thai Forest Tradition
40:
22:
8186:1st-century BC books
8037:East Asian religions
7467:Buddhism in the West
7038:Early Buddhist texts
6653:Four Right Exertions
6119:Ten spiritual realms
5612:Noble Eightfold Path
5385:English translations
5318:Russell Webb (ed.),
5200:Introduction to Pali
4829:The Eastern Buddhist
4762:Gombrich, Richard F.
4431:"Tipiį¹aka Quotation"
3646:Indo-Iranian Journal
3261:Indo-Iranian Journal
3028:Palm-leaf manuscript
2972:Early Buddhist Texts
2874:was done during the
2565:) Commentary on the
2394:as preserved by the
2057:there is no evidence
1922:the Buddha's passing
1817:palm-leaf manuscript
1801:Early Buddhist Texts
1273:Devotional practices
1096:Noble Eightfold Path
756:Anagarika Dharmapala
663:Enlightenment Stages
648:Noble Eightfold Path
237:3. Abhidhamma Piį¹aka
8160:Religion portal
7907:Temple of the Tooth
7786:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
6825:UpÄsaka and UpÄsikÄ
6318:BodhipakkhiyÄdhammÄ
6101:Two truths doctrine
5921:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5721:Mahapajapati Gotamī
5430:Wisdom Publications
5416:Wisdom Publications
5332:Ko Lay, U. (2003),
5140:"The Pali Tipitaka"
4957:MannƩ, Joy (1990),
4364:"The Pali Tipitaka"
4172:"Indo-Chinese Pali"
3760:Gombrich, Richard,
3305:, Chroniker Press,
2956:Dhamma Society Fund
2858:, or from regional
2382:Institut Bouddhique
2351:Dhamma Society Fund
2009:Attribution to the
1573:Buddhism portal
1446:Buddhism by country
1208:Sanskrit literature
464:YogÄvacara's manual
429:Paracanonical texts
122:4. Aį¹
guttara NikÄya
8082:Western philosophy
7680:Dzong architecture
7502:Vipassana movement
7497:Buddhist modernism
6925:Emperor Wen of Sui
6693:PratyekabuddhayÄna
6626:Threefold Training
6428:Vipassana movement
6144:Hungry Ghost realm
5964:AvidyÄ (Ignorance)
5911:Puį¹į¹a MantÄnÄ«putta
5660:Great Renunciation
5655:Eight Great Events
5537:
5373:Samanera Bodhesako
5288:HinĆ¼ber, Oskar von
5012:Path of the Buddha
4868:Theravada Buddhism
4327:BUDSIR on Internet
4297:, pp. 109ā29.
4170:Masefield, Peter.
3688:Von HinĆ¼ber, Oskar
3580:, vol. VI, p. 123.
3068:Theravada Buddhism
3063:į¹¬hÄnissaro Bhikkhu
2983:Karl Eugen Neumann
2868:woodblock printing
2856:Classical Sanskrit
2515:or Suttanta Pitaka
2466:by the Australian
2374:Cambodian Tipiį¹aka
2251:
2082:an early community
1821:
1060:Buddhist modernism
831:K. Sri Dhammananda
766:Vajirananavarorasa
696:Moggaliputta-Tissa
653:Four Divine Abodes
547:Vipassana movement
542:Buddhist modernism
330:TheravÄda Buddhism
260:4. PuggalapaƱƱatti
130:5. Khuddaka NikÄya
117:3. Saį¹yutta NikÄya
112:2. Majjhima NikÄya
43:
33:
8168:
8167:
7806:Om mani padme hum
7512:Women in Buddhism
7428:Buddhist councils
7298:Western countries
7086:MadhyamakÄlaį¹kÄra
6847:Shaolin Monastery
6424:Samatha-vipassanÄ
6034:PratÄ«tyasamutpÄda
5838:Metteyya/Maitreya
5756:
5748:
5740:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5585:Four Noble Truths
5436:Pali Canon online
5391:Access to Insight
5335:Guide to Tipiį¹aka
5296:Walter de Gruyter
5220:978-81-208-1741-8
5191:978-3-11-016738-2
5068:978-1-135-75154-8
4950:978-0-671-04188-5
4912:The Selfless Mind
4629:, pp. 29ā88.
4599:, pp. 24ā26.
4575:, pp. 17ā32.
4156:978-0-7591-0750-2
3977:978-0-19-157917-2
3592:, pp. 75ā76.
3540:978-0-08-044854-1
3396:978-0-7591-0750-2
3366:978-1-4008-4805-8
3312:978-1-312-91150-5
3023:Pali Text Society
3008:Nyanaponika Thera
2915:Access to Insight
2669:Abhidharma Pitaka
2663:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2656:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2519:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2428:A translation by
2307:978-974-8235-87-5
2275:Pali Text Society
2064:fixed formulas."
1793:Abhidhamma Piį¹aka
1609:
1608:
1091:Four Noble Truths
964:
963:
658:Four Noble Truths
524:Pali Text Society
499:Buddhist councils
314:
313:
207:Paį¹isambhidÄmagga
8208:
8158:
8157:
8146:
8145:
7985:Sacred languages
7833:Maya Devi Temple
7796:Mahabodhi Temple
7600:Secular Buddhism
7565:Engaged Buddhism
6405:
6253:Tibetan Buddhism
6204:Vietnamese Thiį»n
5803:MahÄsthÄmaprÄpta
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5555:
5554:
5542:
5532:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5499:
5498:
5460:Sinhala Tipitaka
5426:Anguttara Nikaya
5353:
5347:
5339:
5276:
5267:
5250:
5248:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5203:
5194:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5124:, archived from
5115:
5106:
5097:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5072:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4980:
4978:
4963:
4953:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4836:
4823:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4753:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4615:
4609:
4600:
4597:von HinĆ¼ber 2000
4594:
4588:
4582:
4576:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4469:. Archived from
4463:
4457:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4329:. Archived from
4319:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4250:
4247:von HinĆ¼ber 2000
4244:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4206:, p. xxxix.
4201:
4195:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4056:, pp. 42ff.
4051:
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3961:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3922:. Archived from
3916:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3806:. Archived from
3796:
3790:
3789:, pp. 20ff.
3784:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3766:, archived from
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3652:(2/3): 287ā310.
3637:
3626:
3625:
3609:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3473:, p. 153-4.
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:. 8 October 2011
3322:
3316:
3315:
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3281:
3280:
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3250:
3244:
3235:
3234:
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3220:
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3208:
3202:
3191:
3185:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3106:
3099:
2993:ĆÄį¹amoli Bhikkhu
2811:and the Tibetan
2803:Ägama (Buddhism)
2784:
2738:
2702:
2690:
2684:
2644:
2637:Anguttara Nikaya
2628:
2564:
2508:
2479:Takakusu Junjiro
2453:Anguttara Nikaya
2443:Translations by
2430:Bhikkhu Nanamoli
2421:Selections: see
2215:
2180:edicts of Ashoka
2174:
2169:
2157:
2058:
2037:Richard Gombrich
1759:
1715:King Vattagamani
1601:
1594:
1587:
1571:
1570:
1298:Sublime abidings
989:
966:
965:
956:
949:
942:
841:Asoka Weeraratna
836:Narada Mahathera
623:
614:
454:Abhidhammavatara
439:Sub-commentaries
341:
331:
316:
315:
306:
299:
292:
245:1. Dhammasaį¹
gaį¹Ä«
75:1. Suttavibhaį¹
ga
67:1. Vinaya Piį¹aka
59:
45:
44:
8216:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8191:Magahi language
8171:
8170:
8169:
8164:
8152:
8134:
8086:
8001:
7916:
7653:Ordination hall
7614:
7516:
7487:Buddhist crisis
7399:
7096:
7048:Mahayana sutras
7024:
7020:ThĆch Nhįŗ„t Hįŗ”nh
6851:
6724:
6664:
6614:Bodhisattva vow
6299:
6165:
6105:
6064:Taį¹hÄ (Craving)
5999:Five hindrances
5950:
5842:
5772:
5626:
5571:
5543:
5526:
5479:
5477:Pali dictionary
5466:Tipitaka Online
5438:
5408:Majjhima Nikaya
5397:Tipitaka Online
5387:
5360:
5341:
5340:
5284:
5282:Further reading
5279:
5246:
5239:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5210:Indian Buddhism
5192:
5170:
5168:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5118:
5084:
5082:
5081:, Bodhgaya News
5075:
5069:
5039:Pali Literature
4976:
4961:
4951:
4821:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4708:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4618:
4610:
4603:
4595:
4591:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4559:
4555:
4547:
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4510:
4506:
4497:
4495:
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4489:
4485:
4476:
4474:
4465:
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4447:
4446:
4442:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4415:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4390:
4388:
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4369:
4367:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4334:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4309:, pp. 382.
4305:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4249:, pp. 4ā5.
4245:
4241:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4096:
4092:, p. xxix.
4088:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4017:, p. viii.
4013:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3866:
3858:
3854:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3771:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3739:Payutto, P. A.
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3685:
3681:
3638:
3629:
3622:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:, p. 103f.
3552:
3548:
3541:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3420:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3351:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3302:
3291:
3284:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3238:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3018:Pali Literature
2931:Bhikkhu Analayo
2910:
2895:MahÄyÄna sÅ«tras
2805:
2799:
2785:
2782:
2762:Sundarika Sutta
2754:
2713:Puggalapannatti
2658:
2649:Khuddaka Nikaya
2621:Samyutta Nikaya
2615:Majjhima Nikaya
2588:
2530:
2494:
2483:Nanden daizÅkyÅ
2449:Samyutta Nikaya
2438:Majjhima Nikaya
2405:
2267:
2235:
2230:
2189:Majjhima Nikaya
2172:
2167:
2155:
2139:
2119:
2111:Gregory Schopen
2102:
2078:
2070:Hajime Nakamura
2056:
2029:
2003:
1987:Prayudh Payutto
1984:
1979:
1913:
1854:Subcommentaries
1809:
1738:Pyu city-states
1605:
1565:
1558:
1557:
1448:
1438:
1437:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1343:
1333:
1332:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1198:Mahayana Sutras
1178:
1168:
1167:
1108:Five Aggregates
1086:
1085:
1065:
1064:
1055:Later Buddhists
1020:
960:
931:
930:
911:Ayya Tathaaloka
811:Maha Ghosananda
751:Sumangala Thera
736:SÄriputta Thera
731:Parakramabahu I
691:
683:
682:
575:
567:
566:
537:
529:
528:
479:
469:
468:
419:
409:
408:
349:
329:
310:
281:
280:
279:
239:
229:
228:
227:
226:
133:
132:
107:1. DÄ«gha NikÄya
101:
99:2. Sutta Piį¹aka
91:
90:
89:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8214:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8166:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8150:
8139:
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7867:
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7766:
7761:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7717:Greco-Buddhist
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7668:Burmese pagoda
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7624:
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7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7450:Greco-Buddhism
7447:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7383:United Kingdom
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7328:Czech Republic
7325:
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7305:
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7127:
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7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
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7092:Abhidharmadīpa
7089:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7010:B. R. Ambedkar
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6930:Songtsen Gampo
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
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6887:
6882:
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6666:
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6656:
6655:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6609:Eight precepts
6606:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6557:
6552:
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6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6380:Five Strengths
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6320:
6315:
6309:
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6300:
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6277:
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6255:
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6208:
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6201:
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6173:
6167:
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6157:
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6136:
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6115:
6113:
6107:
6106:
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6103:
6098:
6097:
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6091:
6086:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:Mental factors
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5871:MahamoggallÄna
5868:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5786:AvalokiteÅvara
5782:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5750:
5742:
5734:
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5609:
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5602:
5597:
5587:
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5573:
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5570:
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5559:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5456:(Thai version)
5454:Thai Tripitaka
5451:
5445:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5418:
5400:
5394:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5375:
5366:
5359:
5358:External links
5356:
5355:
5354:
5329:
5316:
5307:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5251:
5230:
5219:
5204:
5195:
5190:
5175:
5161:Vri.dhamma.org
5153:
5136:
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5073:
5067:
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4981:
4954:
4949:
4934:
4925:
4916:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4872:
4863:
4854:
4845:
4837:
4824:
4819:
4806:
4797:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4758:Bechert, Heinz
4754:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4720:
4702:
4700:, p. 123.
4690:
4688:, p. 120.
4678:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4616:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4573:Griffiths 1981
4565:
4553:
4551:, pp. 80.
4541:
4517:
4504:
4494:. BodhgayaNews
4483:
4458:
4455:on 2010-06-15.
4440:
4437:on 2009-03-05.
4422:
4397:
4376:
4366:. Tipitaka.org
4355:
4343:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4265:. Palitext.com
4251:
4239:
4230:, p. 3, .
4220:
4208:
4196:
4181:
4162:
4155:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4094:
4082:
4070:
4058:
4046:
4034:
4019:
4007:
3995:
3983:
3976:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3926:on 2014-08-13.
3911:
3908:on 2013-07-19.
3893:
3881:
3879:, p. 147.
3864:
3852:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3810:on 2013-04-15.
3800:"Peter Harvey"
3791:
3779:
3749:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3700:
3679:
3627:
3620:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3539:
3511:
3509:, p. 266.
3507:Mendelson 1975
3499:
3497:, p. 302.
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3418:
3403:
3395:
3372:
3365:
3342:
3317:
3311:
3294:Sujato, Bhante
3282:
3251:
3236:
3221:
3209:
3192:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
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3107:
3093:
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3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2969:
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2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Bhikkhu Sujato
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2870:of the entire
2840:Ekottara Ägama
2798:
2795:
2780:
2770:Gayatri mantra
2753:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2692:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2646:
2634:
2618:
2612:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2493:
2490:
2468:Bhikkhu Sujato
2416:Paul Griffiths
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2347:
2341:Burmese script
2331:
2330:
2329:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2292:extended ASCII
2266:
2263:
2247:Burmese script
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2138:
2135:
2118:
2115:
2101:
2098:
2077:
2074:
2033:Gautama Buddha
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2002:
1999:
1994:Bhikkhu Sujato
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1912:
1909:
1808:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1699:Gautama Buddha
1651:Gautama Buddha
1632:early Buddhist
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1589:
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1576:
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1395:
1389:
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1383:
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1376:
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1370:
1365:
1363:Pratyekabuddha
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1318:Buddhist chant
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
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1270:
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1260:
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1226:
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1220:
1215:
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1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:Buddhist texts
1174:
1173:
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1169:
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1160:
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1145:
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1135:
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848:
846:Walpola Rahula
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
801:Mun Bhuridatta
798:
793:
788:
786:Mahasi Sayadaw
783:
778:
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763:
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265:5. KathÄvatthu
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7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7922:Miscellaneous
7919:
7913:
7912:Vegetarianism
7910:
7908:
7905:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7737:
7735:
7734:Buddha in art
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7388:United States
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7279:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6945:Padmasambhava
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6857:Major figures
6854:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6804:
6803:Western tulku
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6604:Five precepts
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:Dhamma vicaya
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:BuddhÄbhiį¹£eka
6348:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Enlightenment
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:Dhamma theory
5982:
5980:
5979:Buddha-nature
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5818:Samantabhadra
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5711:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5523:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5509:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5448:Sutta Central
5446:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5422:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5419:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5404:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5401:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5345:
5337:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5304:3-11-016738-7
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5249:on 2015-03-09
5245:
5238:
5237:
5231:
5222:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5176:
5167:on 2012-10-14
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5128:on 2012-11-24
5127:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4979:on 2014-09-01
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4941:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4901:Hamm (1973),
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4820:0-231-12618-2
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4728:Skilling 1997
4724:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4641:, p. 44.
4640:
4635:
4628:
4623:
4621:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4493:
4487:
4473:on 2012-11-24
4472:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4412:on 2007-03-17
4411:
4407:
4401:
4386:
4380:
4365:
4359:
4352:
4347:
4333:on 2012-12-08
4332:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4284:
4283:Grƶnbold 1984
4279:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4200:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4133:, p. 48.
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4109:, p. 83.
4108:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4091:
4086:
4080:, p. 27.
4079:
4078:Nakamura 1999
4074:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4050:
4044:, p. 78.
4043:
4038:
4032:, p. 56.
4031:
4026:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3958:
3951:, p. 24.
3950:
3945:
3939:, p. 48.
3938:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3891:, p. 10.
3890:
3885:
3878:
3877:Davidson 2003
3873:
3871:
3869:
3862:, p. 57.
3861:
3860:Nakamura 1999
3856:
3848:
3845:Wynne, Alex.
3841:
3835:, p. 25.
3834:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3787:Gombrich 2006
3783:
3770:on 2016-01-24
3769:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3754:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3703:
3701:81-215-0778-2
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3621:0-8248-1748-6
3617:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3568:, p. 43.
3567:
3562:
3555:
3550:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3495:McDaniel 2005
3491:
3485:, p. 71.
3484:
3479:
3472:
3471:Gombrich 2006
3467:
3461:, p. 20.
3460:
3459:Gombrich 2006
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3435:Gombrich 2006
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3331:
3330:mahavamsa.org
3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3219:, p. 69.
3218:
3213:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3188:Gombrich 2006
3184:
3180:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:Dharmaguptaka
2821:
2816:
2814:
2810:
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2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2678:
2677:Dhammasangani
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:Suttavibhanga
2555:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2535:Vinaya Pitaka
2528:Vinaya Pitaka
2525:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2501:Vinaya Pitaka
2499:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:Public domain
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2445:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2431:
2426:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
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2367:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2355:Sixth Council
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2335:Sixth Council
2332:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:Thai Tipitaka
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
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2262:
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2256:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2095:
2094:early schools
2091:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1905:Rupert Gethin
1900:
1898:
1897:Sixth Council
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:Visuddhimagga
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:Vinaya Piį¹aka
1776:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
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1727:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:Vinaya Pitaka
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1588:
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1471:
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1421:
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1416:
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1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
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1390:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1328:Vegetarianism
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Recollections
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Five precepts
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Chinese canon
1216:
1214:
1213:Tibetan canon
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
988:
984:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
968:
967:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:Ajahn Sumedho
884:
882:
881:Bhikkhu Bodhi
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
746:Ram Khamhaeng
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
622:
617:
615:
613:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:Five precepts
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
571:
570:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Early schools
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
473:
472:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
449:Visuddhimagga
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:PÄli Tipiį¹aka
422:
421:
418:
413:
412:
405:
404:Western world
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
345:
344:
340:
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:
322:
318:
317:
307:
302:
300:
295:
293:
288:
287:
285:
284:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
255:3. DhÄtukathÄ
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
238:
233:
232:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
212:Nettipakaraį¹a
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
137:KhuddakapÄį¹ha
135:
134:
131:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
100:
95:
94:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
21:
8100:Bodhisattvas
8020:Christianity
8015:BahĆ”Ź¼Ć Faith
7880:Dharmachakra
7870:Prayer wheel
7860:Prayer beads
7628:Architecture
7507:969 Movement
7291:Saudi Arabia
7269:Central Asia
7262:South Africa
7084:
7067:
7052:
7000:Panchen Lama
6905:BuddhapÄlita
6501:Satipatthana
6496:Mindful Yoga
6409:Recollection
6323:Brahmavihara
6194:Japanese Zen
6189:Chinese Chan
6149:Animal realm
5956:Key concepts
5778:Bodhisattvas
5590:Three Jewels
5334:
5319:
5311:
5291:
5272:
5266:(1): 97ā128.
5263:
5259:
5244:the original
5235:
5224:, retrieved
5209:
5199:
5180:
5169:, retrieved
5165:the original
5160:
5147:, retrieved
5144:Tipitaka.org
5143:
5130:, retrieved
5126:the original
5120:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5083:, retrieved
5077:
5057:
5047:
5038:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5002:
4996:(2): 299ā336
4993:
4989:
4974:the original
4969:
4965:
4939:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4880:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4841:
4832:
4828:
4810:
4801:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4749:
4745:
4723:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4693:
4681:
4672:
4668:
4658:
4653:, p. 7.
4651:Cousins 1982
4646:
4634:
4592:
4580:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4544:
4533:. Retrieved
4530:Fo.ifeng.com
4529:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4496:. Retrieved
4486:
4475:. Retrieved
4471:the original
4461:
4453:the original
4443:
4435:the original
4425:
4414:. Retrieved
4410:the original
4400:
4389:. Retrieved
4379:
4368:. Retrieved
4358:
4346:
4335:. Retrieved
4331:the original
4326:
4302:
4290:
4278:
4267:. Retrieved
4242:
4223:
4218:, p. 8.
4211:
4199:
4175:
4165:
4145:
4138:
4126:
4119:Cousins 1982
4114:
4085:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4030:Cousins 1984
4010:
3998:
3986:
3966:
3949:Schopen 1997
3944:
3932:
3924:the original
3914:
3906:the original
3896:
3889:Buswell 2004
3884:
3855:
3840:
3833:De Jong 1993
3828:
3816:
3808:the original
3803:
3794:
3782:
3772:, retrieved
3768:the original
3762:
3734:
3729:, p. 4.
3722:
3717:, p. 9.
3710:
3691:
3682:
3649:
3645:
3605:
3597:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3520:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3437:, p. 4.
3412:
3406:
3385:
3355:
3334:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3298:
3276:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3230:
3224:
3217:Maguire 2001
3212:
3207:, p. 3.
3190:, p. 3.
3183:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3097:
3053:Sacca-kiriya
2891:
2886:
2884:
2876:Song dynasty
2836:MahÄsaį¹ghika
2828:SarvÄstivÄda
2817:
2806:
2787:
2776:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2609:Digha Nikaya
2598:Sutra Pitaka
2597:
2593:Sutta Pitaka
2591:
2589:
2586:Sutta Pitaka
2539:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2513:Sutta Pitaka
2506:vinayapiį¹aka
2495:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2464:suttacentral
2457:
2442:
2427:
2420:
2407:
2406:
2403:Translations
2391:
2381:
2378:Khmer script
2373:
2362:
2333:
2314:
2299:
2281:Roman script
2273:
2268:
2252:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2140:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2086:
2079:
2066:
2061:J.W. de Jong
2055:stated that
2049:
2045:Sutta Pitaka
2030:
2004:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1962:Peter Harvey
1959:
1931:
1927:Alu Viharaya
1914:
1901:
1881:
1862:
1842:commentaries
1835:
1830:buddhavacana
1828:
1822:
1798:
1787:Sutta Piį¹aka
1767:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1719:
1703:
1669:recited the
1663:Sutta Pitaka
1661:recited the
1640:
1636:Tamrashatiya
1612:
1610:
1278:Merit making
1243:Three Jewels
1183:Buddhavacana
1113:Impermanence
1101:Dharma wheel
861:U Dhammaloka
796:S. N. Goenka
771:Ledi Sayadaw
673:Three Jewels
504:Vibhajjavada
444:Vimuttimagga
434:Commentaries
423:
222:MilindapaƱha
217:Peį¹akopadesa
192:CariyÄpiį¹aka
162:VimÄnavatthu
80:2. Khandhaka
48:
34:
7945:Dharma talk
7774:Asalha Puja
7570:Eschatology
7373:Switzerland
7353:New Zealand
7281:Middle East
7190:Philippines
7110:Afghanistan
6915:Bodhidharma
6900:Buddhaghosa
6820:Householder
6730:Monasticism
6683:Bodhisattva
6538:Prostration
6491:Mindfulness
6419:Anapanasati
6402:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
6199:Korean Seon
6139:Asura realm
6134:Human realm
6074:Ten Fetters
6029:Parinirvana
5931:Uppalavanna
5896:MahÄkaccana
5881:MahÄkassapa
5813:Kį¹£itigarbha
5808:ÄkÄÅagarbha
5705:SuddhodÄna
5650:Four sights
5577:Foundations
5309:B. C. Law,
4698:Shults 2014
4686:Shults 2014
4639:Gethin 1998
4614:, appendix.
4612:Harvey 1990
4585:Norman 1983
4549:Norman 1996
4307:Warder 1963
4216:Gethin 1992
4131:Gethin 1992
4107:Harvey 1990
4066:Gethin 1992
4054:Gethin 1992
4015:Warder 1963
3937:Samuel 2012
3821:Warder 2000
3715:Harvey 1995
3590:Norman 2005
3566:Gethin 1998
3483:Morgan 1956
3205:Harvey 1990
2946:Buddhaghosa
2758:Brahmanical
2748:occasions.
2719:Kathavatthu
2319:Thai script
2243:Mahaniddesa
2233:Manuscripts
2213:Vaį¹į¹agÄmiį¹i
2208:VattagÄmini
2178:One of the
2168:the changes
2144:Suttanipata
2053:A.K. Warder
2022:Agnosticism
1893:Vicittasara
1846:Buddhaghosa
1838:MahavihÄrin
1753:(from Pali
1732:as well as
1728:other than
1647:parinibbana
1641:During the
1513:New Zealand
1368:Bodhisattva
1353:Four Stages
1308:Monasticism
1288:Mindfulness
1258:Perfections
1188:Early Texts
921:Kee Nanayon
891:Ajahn Brahm
876:Nyanaponika
866:Nyanatiloka
851:Jayatilleke
826:Pragyananda
721:Buddhadatta
716:Buddhaghoį¹£a
706:Sanghamitta
690:Key figures
643:Mindfulness
605:Kammaį¹į¹hÄna
275:7. Paį¹į¹hÄna
250:2. Vibhaį¹
ga
187:Buddhavaį¹sa
157:SuttanipÄta
85:3. ParivÄra
8181:PÄli Canon
8175:Categories
8062:Psychology
8042:Gnosticism
8030:Comparison
8025:Influences
8007:Comparison
7890:Bhavacakra
7848:Kushinagar
7823:Pilgrimage
7769:MÄgha PÅ«jÄ
7724:Bodhi Tree
7540:Buddhology
7530:Abhidharma
7522:Philosophy
7455:Menander I
7323:Costa Rica
7274:Uzbekistan
7115:Bangladesh
7069:Dhammapada
7053:Pali Canon
7015:Ajahn Chah
6995:Dalai Lama
6895:KumÄrajÄ«va
6890:Vasubandhu
6865:The Buddha
6773:Zen master
6708:Sakadagami
6688:Buddhahood
6619:Pratimokį¹£a
6434:Shikantaza
6390:Meditation
6365:Deity yoga
6236:Madhyamaka
6129:Deva realm
6024:Mindstream
5974:Bodhicitta
5886:Aį¹
gulimÄla
5753:Devadatta
5729:YaÅodharÄ
5632:The Buddha
5622:Middle Way
5378:Pali Canon
5294:. Berlin:
5226:2021-05-29
5171:2012-10-14
5149:2012-10-14
5132:2013-01-15
5085:2012-10-14
4887:(2): 17ā32
4627:MannƩ 1990
4535:2012-10-14
4498:2012-10-14
4477:2013-01-15
4416:2012-10-14
4391:2012-10-14
4370:2012-10-14
4337:2012-10-14
4295:Allon 1997
4269:2012-10-14
4192:Wynne 2004
3774:2011-05-29
3727:Wynne 2007
3554:MannƩ 1990
3336:2020-12-24
3267:(2): 131.
3247:Wynne 2003
3176:References
3043:Pitakataik
2967:DhammapÄla
2961:Dhammapada
2920:Atthakatha
2887:Udanavarga
2844:Dhammapada
2832:MahÄ«ÅÄsaka
2801:See also:
2745:abhidhamma
2707:Dhatukatha
2642:aį¹
guttara-
2567:Patimokkha
2396:Dai people
2388:(1931ā69).
2386:Phnom Penh
2148:Itivuttaka
1977:Authorship
1889:Dhammapada
1617:scriptures
1613:PÄli Canon
1386:Traditions
1323:Pilgrimage
1263:Meditation
1223:Post-canon
1203:PÄli Canon
1133:Middle Way
1030:The Buddha
916:Ayya Khema
856:Kalupahana
821:Mahapragya
816:Kripasaran
806:Ajahn Chah
726:DhammapÄla
633:Middle Way
628:Meditation
580:Abhidhamma
509:MahÄvihÄra
354:Bangladesh
177:TherÄ«gÄthÄ
172:TheragÄthÄ
167:Petavatthu
152:Itivuttaka
142:Dhammapada
49:PÄli Canon
8201:Tripiį¹aka
8130:Festivals
8110:Buddhists
8072:Theosophy
7875:Symbolism
7865:Hama yumi
7838:Bodh Gaya
7605:Socialism
7580:Evolution
7555:Economics
7393:Venezuela
7308:Australia
7303:Argentina
7227:Sri Lanka
7222:Singapore
7140:Indonesia
7102:Countries
7043:Tripiį¹aka
7005:Ajahn Mun
6880:Nagarjuna
6875:AÅvaghoį¹£a
6758:AnagÄrika
6753:ÅrÄmaį¹erÄ«
6748:ÅrÄmaį¹era
6743:Bhikkhunī
6703:SotÄpanna
6592:Passaddhi
6533:Offerings
6508:Nekkhamma
6385:Iddhipada
6305:Practices
6275:Theravada
6248:Vajrayana
6241:Yogachara
6211:Pure Land
6124:Six Paths
6111:Cosmology
5891:Anuruddha
5866:SÄriputta
5856:Kaundinya
5848:Disciples
5823:VajrapÄį¹i
5675:Footprint
5640:TathÄgata
4351:Hamm 1973
3674:154283219
3103:Sinhalese
2899:VajrayÄna
2766:Agnihotra
2626:saį¹yutta-
2573:Khandhaka
2562:-vibhaį¹
ga
2220:, at the
2218:Sri Lanka
2204:Mahavamsa
2173:Therefore
2131:Sariputra
1873:Sri Lanka
1825:Theravada
1687:Sri Lanka
1621:Theravada
1533:Sri Lanka
1523:Singapore
1478:Indonesia
1418:VajrayÄna
1393:TheravÄda
1348:Awakening
1236:Practices
1193:Tripiį¹aka
1163:Cosmology
1138:Emptiness
1118:Suffering
791:U Ba Khin
741:Anawrahta
519:Mahavamsa
514:Dipavamsa
494:Sthaviras
389:Sri Lanka
348:Countries
270:6. Yamaka
31:versions.
29:Tripitaka
25:TheravÄda
8148:Category
8077:Violence
8047:Hinduism
7995:Sanskrit
7950:Hinayana
7935:AmitÄbha
7895:Swastika
7764:Uposatha
7754:Holidays
7739:Calendar
7585:Humanism
7423:Kanishka
7413:Timeline
7237:Thailand
7205:Kalmykia
7200:Buryatia
7185:Pakistan
7170:Mongolia
7165:Maldives
7160:Malaysia
7125:Cambodia
6990:Shamarpa
6985:Nichiren
6935:Xuanzang
6870:Nagasena
6788:Rinpoche
6518:PÄramitÄ
6360:Devotion
6280:Navayana
6268:Dzogchen
6231:Nichiren
6179:Mahayana
6171:Branches
6049:Saį¹
khÄra
5798:MaƱjuÅrÄ«
5755:(cousin)
5747:(cousin)
5715:(mother)
5707:(father)
5695:Miracles
5645:Birthday
5562:Glossary
5535:Buddhism
5344:citation
5290:(2000).
4764:(1984),
4752:: 109ā29
4176:Academia
3690:(1997).
3666:24664702
3169:Kangyur.
2908:See also
2864:Sanskrit
2860:Prakrits
2781:ā
2736:paį¹į¹hÄna
2731:Patthana
2700:vibhaį¹
ga
2695:Vibhanga
2688:-saį¹
gaį¹Ä«
2682:-saį¹
gaį¹i
2579:Parivara
2451:and the
2337:Tipiį¹aka
2323:Rama VII
2156:However,
1877:Thailand
1769:Tipiį¹aka
1734:Sanskrit
1726:Prakrits
1683:Tipitaka
1638:school.
1624:Buddhist
1543:Thailand
1503:Mongolia
1498:Malaysia
1463:Cambodia
1428:Navayana
1408:Hinayana
1403:MahÄyÄna
1313:Lay life
1143:Morality
1123:Not-self
1081:Concepts
1040:Councils
1025:Timeline
997:Glossary
979:Buddhism
971:a series
969:Part of
871:Nanamoli
781:U NÄrada
668:Precepts
574:Doctrine
394:Thailand
359:Cambodia
321:a series
319:Part of
8125:Temples
8105:Buddhas
8067:Science
8057:Judaism
8052:Jainism
7970:Lineage
7930:AbhijƱÄ
7900:Thangka
7843:Sarnath
7828:Lumbini
7749:Funeral
7744:Cuisine
7620:Culture
7595:Reality
7545:Creator
7535:Atomism
7405:History
7378:Ukraine
7338:Germany
7257:Senegal
7247:Vietnam
7175:Myanmar
6975:Shinran
6965:Karmapa
6940:Shandao
6910:DignÄga
6835:ÅrÄvaka
6815:Donchee
6810:Kappiya
6768:Sayadaw
6738:Bhikkhu
6713:AnÄgÄmi
6670:Nirvana
6636:Samadhi
6523:Paritta
6464:Tonglen
6459:Mandala
6414:Smarana
6395:Mantras
6343:Upekkha
6313:Bhavana
6263:Shingon
6216:Tiantai
6069:TathÄtÄ
6059:ÅÅ«nyatÄ
6054:Skandha
6044:Saį¹sÄra
6039:Rebirth
6014:Kleshas
6004:Indriya
5906:Subhūti
5791:Guanyin
5745:Änanda
5737:RÄhula
5617:Nirvana
5557:Outline
4835:(2): 25
4737:Sources
2998:Niddesa
2977:Ho trai
2902:tantras
2880:upÄsaka
2813:Kangyur
2602:nikayas
2544:, both
2460:Nikayas
2447:of the
2436:of the
2277:edition
2255:climate
2123:matrika
1954:prakrit
1950:Magadhi
1946:Magadha
1918:council
1911:Origins
1885:Paritta
1869:nirvÄna
1711:sangiti
1706:bhanaka
1619:in the
1553:Vietnam
1508:Myanmar
1423:Tibetan
1413:Chinese
1341:NirvÄį¹a
1158:Saį¹sÄra
1153:Rebirth
1018:History
1007:Outline
926:Dipa Ma
896:Analayo
761:Mongkut
701:Mahinda
621:NibbÄna
612:Saį¹sÄra
536:Schools
477:History
399:Vietnam
379:Myanmar
202:Niddesa
182:ApadÄna
8120:Sutras
8115:Suttas
7980:Siddhi
7965:Koliya
7940:BrahmÄ
7855:Poetry
7801:Mantra
7791:Kasaya
7663:Pagoda
7643:Kyaung
7638:VihÄra
7633:Temple
7575:Ethics
7418:Ashoka
7368:Sweden
7363:Poland
7358:Norway
7348:Mexico
7333:France
7318:Canada
7313:Brazil
7252:Africa
7232:Taiwan
7195:Russia
7120:Bhutan
7080:Vinaya
6960:Naropa
6950:Saraha
6885:Asanga
6641:PrajƱÄ
6550:Refuge
6513:Nianfo
6474:Tertƶn
6469:Tantra
6454:Ganana
6444:Tukdam
6370:DhyÄna
6338:Mudita
6333:Karuį¹Ä
6226:Risshū
6221:Huayan
6154:Naraka
6094:AnattÄ
6089:Dukkha
6084:Anicca
5989:Dharma
5941:Channa
5876:Änanda
5861:Assaji
5828:Skanda
5731:(wife)
5700:Family
5680:Relics
5605:Sangha
5600:Dharma
5595:Buddha
5302:
5217:
5188:
5065:
4947:
4817:
4675:: 119.
4228:Harvey
4153:
3974:
3698:
3672:
3664:
3618:
3537:
3393:
3363:
3309:
3003:NikÄya
2834:, and
2725:Yamaka
2541:sangha
2305:
2288:MS-DOS
2197:Ashoka
2041:Vinaya
2011:Buddha
1944:, and
1934:Kosala
1782:sangha
1757:piį¹aka
1750:pitaka
1681:. The
1679:Sangha
1675:Arhats
1673:. The
1665:, and
1659:Ananda
1655:Rajgir
1538:Taiwan
1518:Russia
1458:Brazil
1453:Bhutan
1373:Buddha
1293:Wisdom
1076:Dharma
678:Vinaya
585:AnattÄ
197:JÄtaka
8092:Lists
7960:Kalpa
7955:Iddhi
7818:Music
7813:Mudra
7779:Vassa
7759:Vesak
7729:Budai
7675:Candi
7658:Stupa
7590:Logic
7343:Italy
7242:Tibet
7180:Nepal
7150:Korea
7145:Japan
7135:India
7130:China
7075:Sutra
7030:Texts
6980:DÅgen
6970:HÅnen
6955:AtiÅa
6920:Zhiyi
6830:Achar
6798:Tulku
6793:Geshe
6778:RÅshi
6763:Ajahn
6718:Arhat
6678:Bodhi
6648:VÄ«rya
6565:Sacca
6560:Satya
6555:SÄdhu
6543:Music
6486:Merit
6479:Terma
6439:Zazen
6375:Faith
6328:MettÄ
6009:Karma
5969:Bardo
5936:Asita
5926:Khema
5916:UpÄli
5901:Nanda
5739:(son)
5713:MÄyÄ
5690:Films
5567:Index
5247:(PDF)
5240:(PDF)
4977:(PDF)
4962:(PDF)
3744:(PDF)
3670:S2CID
3662:JSTOR
3303:(PDF)
3090:Notes
2791:arhat
2546:monks
2259:Nepal
2228:Texts
2152:UdÄna
1966:added
1942:Vajji
1865:Burma
1742:Burma
1722:agama
1691:Asoka
1667:Upali
1548:Tibet
1488:Korea
1483:Japan
1473:India
1468:China
1433:Newar
1358:Arhat
1148:Karma
1002:Index
711:Tissa
600:Jhana
590:Arhat
417:Texts
384:Nepal
369:India
364:China
147:UdÄna
7990:PÄįø·i
7975:MÄra
7885:Flag
7286:Iran
7210:Tuva
7155:Laos
6783:Lama
6631:ÅÄ«la
6599:ÅÄ«la
6587:PÄ«ti
6577:Sati
6528:Puja
6449:Koan
6355:DÄna
5946:Yasa
5833:TÄrÄ
5350:link
5300:ISBN
5215:ISBN
5186:ISBN
5063:ISBN
4945:ISBN
4815:ISBN
4234:help
4151:ISBN
3972:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3616:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3307:ISBN
2897:and
2550:nuns
2548:and
2432:and
2303:ISBN
2279:(in
2253:The
2150:and
2043:and
1938:Kasi
1875:and
1730:Pali
1628:PÄli
1611:The
1493:Laos
1398:PÄli
776:U Nu
374:Laos
7712:Art
7648:Wat
6184:Zen
5428:at
5414:at
5371:by
3654:doi
3527:doi
3269:doi
2685:or
2485:).
2384:in
2376:in
2317:in
1850:fl.
1740:in
1653:in
1649:of
8177::
7214:ru
5346:}}
5342:{{
5298:.
5264:27
5262:.
5258:.
5159:,
5142:,
4994:28
4992:,
4988:,
4970:XV
4968:,
4964:,
4883:,
4879:,
4833:26
4831:,
4760:;
4750:26
4748:,
4671:.
4667:.
4619:^
4604:^
4528:.
4325:.
4314:^
4254:^
4184:^
4174:.
4097:^
4022:^
3956:^
3867:^
3802:.
3752:^
3668:.
3660:.
3650:52
3648:.
3644:.
3630:^
3614:.
3612:27
3533:.
3421:^
3375:^
3345:^
3328:.
3285:^
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3263:.
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3195:^
2854:,
2830:,
2826:,
2815:.
2793:.
2604::
2474:.
2425:.
2154:.
2133:.
1940:,
1936:,
1860:.
1717:.
1657:,
1528:US
973:on
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6426:(
5521:e
5514:t
5507:v
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5306:.
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4885:4
4673:6
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4538:.
4501:.
4480:.
4419:.
4394:.
4373:.
4353:.
4340:.
4272:.
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4121:.
4068:.
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3849:.
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3704:.
3676:.
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3624:.
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3529::
3449:.
3399:.
3369:.
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3271::
3249:.
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