Pan-Africanism - Knowledge

2841: 3113: 3548: 8469: 4642: 3896: 3786:, a political musical movement that was intensely Pan-African. Scholars who study the life of FRK and her son conclusively agree that she was the main political influence on the Pan-African and political dimension to his music. In 1949, FRK founded and led the Nigerian Women's Union which in 1953 changed its name to the Federation of Nigerian Women's Societies, rallying for inter-regional unity among women's movements in Nigeria. Subsequently, she was courted by international movements for women's rights such as the 4019: 4187: 3715:

wrote two articles in 1896, after moving to Britain in 1895, for the society named "The Recognition of the Brotherhood of Man", which was well received and earned her high praise from the editors. Her experiences and clear articulation of the South African political situation both through literature and speeches resonated with the British liberal intelligentsia. Kinloch frequently made efforts to engage in dialogue with activist groups in England. She spoke at Newcastle, York and Manchester for the

2779: 3129: 53: 3537: 10024: 8446: 8436: 3881:, the African Union proposed a free movement policy that would allow residents of countries in the union to move throughout the continent freely and participate in economic endeavors in other countries. The majority of countries have not formally signed off on the agreement and others are critical of the prospects of success but the African Union continues to view this policy as a major step toward its goal of continent wide solidarity and integration. 3794:, who credited her 'with being an inspiration to the Ghana Women's Association.' One of her most notable contributions was the formation of the Abeokuta Ladies Club - this was a collective of Nigerian market women, whose powerful economic position in Abeokuta sought to influence the colonial policy which destroyed their ability to make money and remain independent. By the 1940s, more than 20,000 women had a membership. She changed the name to the 486: 2833: 478: 8457: 4656: 3798:, marking the movement towards direct activism. For example, in November 1947, she was responsible for organising demonstrations that as many as 10,000 women participated. She continued to organise for women's rights all her life until in 1977, when a government raid conducted in response to her son Fela Kuti's activism, led to her being thrown from a second storey window. She died from her injuries in 1978. 3874:(AfCFTA). The establishment of this free trade zone connects nations throughout the continent that together have a GDP of upwards of US$ 2.5 trillion. The emergence of COVID-19 has delayed its implementation but in the long term, the African Union hopes that the agreement will spur industrialization, substantially boost trade, and contribute to increasing economic integration throughout the continent. 3531:

from African states and the African Diaspora, including the Black Panthers. It represented the application of the tenets of the Algerian revolution to the rest of Africa and symbolized the reshaping of the definition of pan-African identity under the common experience of colonialism. The Festival further strengthened the standing of Algeria's President Boumediene in Africa and the Third World.

3774:, where she began her extensive work in Nigerian and international activism. Her achievements were unprecedented: being the first woman with a top-ranking position in a leading political party (the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons), the first woman to drive a car in Nigeria, and the first African woman to travel to the Eastern Bloc, visiting China and Russia during the 4439:("seven principles"). In the words of its founder and chair, Karenga, "the essential task of our organization Us has been and remains to provide a philosophy, a set of principles and a program which inspires a personal and social practice that not only satisfies human need but transforms people in the process, making them self-conscious agents of their own life and liberation". 556: 3154:, pan-Africanism represents the aggregation of the historical, cultural, spiritual, artistic, scientific, and philosophical legacies of Africans from past times to the present. Pan-Africanism as an ethical system traces its origins from ancient times, and promotes values that are the product of the African civilisations and the struggles against 3885:

continued involvement from foreign economic superpowers amongst others. Influence from the United States, the United Kingdom and France continues to remain while new countries such as China are increasingly becoming involved politically and economically on the continent with many referring to this era as a "new scramble for Africa".

3510:". The Conference highlighted diverging ideologies within the movement, as Nkrumah's call for a political and economic union between the Independent African States gained little agreement. The disagreements following 1960 gave rise to two rival factions within the pan-African movement: the Casablanca Bloc and the Brazzaville Bloc. 4380:, the CAA was the first major U.S. organization whose focus was on providing pertinent and up-to-date information about pan-Africanism across the United States, particularly to African Americans. Perhaps the most successful campaign of the council was for South African famine relief in 1946. The CAA was hopeful that, following 3986:, and is today dedicated to "teaching students about the African World Experience", to "demonstrate to the campus and the community the richness, vibrance, diversity, and vitality of African, African American, and Caribbean cultures" and to "presenting students and the community with an Afrocentric analysis" of anti-Black 3683:

from those of African-American men. Both Moore and Abubakari were prominent members of the Universal Association of Ethiopian Women in Louisiana, which engaged in anti-colonial activities, welfare rights, and Pan-Africanist activism. In 1972, Moore was a featured speaker at the All-Africa Women's Conference in

3430:. This conference signified a monumental event in the pan-African movement, as it revealed a political and social union between those considered Arabic states and the black African regions. Further, the Conference espoused a common African Nationalist identity, among the States, of unity and anti-Imperialism. 4126:

Kwame Nkrumah was viewed with suspicion by many of his contemporaries, who regarded him as a "megalomaniac whose only real ambition is to rule the entire African continent". Most newly independent African countries opposed Nkrumah's desires for a politically unified Africa because they viewed it as a

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being among the most popular social networking sites. The ability to connect with people thousands of miles away has allowed these platforms to become places where people across the continent and diaspora have attempted to manufacture a collective African identity. Twitter has been one of the biggest

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was elected as the first Prime Minister and President of the State. Nkrumah emerged as a major advocate for the unity of Independent Africa. The Ghanaian President embodied a political activist approach to pan-Africanism as he championed the "quest for regional integration of the whole of the African

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The intersection between the digital media revolution and pan-Africanism has also had implications for the education sector. Pan-African organizations have used the internet and digital media to produce educational content for both children and adults in an effort to improve learning outcomes across

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and Dara Abubakari played a vital role in developing Pan-African thought. These women significantly shaped the ideological and organizational contours of Pan-Africanism, developing a gender-conscious strand of Pan-Africanism that was focused on the realities faced by African-American women, separate

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Charter took place at this Summit and defines a coordinated "effort to raise the standard of living of member States and defend their sovereignty" by supporting freedom fighters and decolonisation. Thus, was the formation of the African Liberation Committee (ALC), during the 1963 Summit. Championing

4176:, where independence leaders abandoned national unity after independence in favour of promoting the interests of their own ethnic groups over others), and it has been noted that the ideology relies on constructing a "common foe" such as colonialism in order to maintain its relevance and legitimacy. 3884:

Although in an era of globalization and increased connectivity, challenges continue to persist that undermine the African Union's goal of continent wide solidarity. Many of these challenges have persisted for decades with some including inconsistent treaty implementation, ineffective governance and

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Since the onset of the digital revolution, the internet and other similar media have facilitated the growth of many core pan-African principles by strengthening and increasing connections between people across the diaspora. Although internet penetration rates remain below the world average, roughly

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and in bringing African women's rights to the forefront of the colonial debate, for example influencing Guinea's protection of women's rights enshrined in its constitution. Central to Cissé's work was the idea that the UN could provide an international framework that would protect African girls and

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and Thomas J. Thompson, where they and 11 or 12 others gathered at the Charing-Cross Mansions hotel in London. Kinloch served as treasurer but in 1898 returned to South Africa with her husband. Two years later, the African Association led the Pan-African Conference, which was widely regarded as the

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Kinloch's detailed accounts of the nature of black oppression in Africa was unprecedented for these organisations who rarely had the opportunity to hear first-hand accounts of the African political situation. Now fully engrossed in the British anti-colonial dialogue, she wrote a 19-page pamphlet on

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who worked at the De Beers mining compound in Kimberley. She witnessed the degrading working conditions of the compound premised upon the exploitation of black South Africans, such as the practice of making hundreds of black miners attend work naked to ensure diamonds were not being stolen. Kinloch

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were specifically addressed. For the first time, the Congress was asked to reflect upon the role and needs of women. In order to organise which women's issues would be raised at the Congress, a pre-Congress Women's Meeting was held two days before, to provide a framework that ensured women's voices

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In 1969, Algiers hosted the Pan-African Cultural Festival, on July 21 and it continued for eight days. At this moment in history, Algeria stood as a "beacon of African and Third-World militancy," and would come to inspire fights against colonialism around the world. The festival attracted thousands

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and signed the Sanniquellie Declaration outlining the principles for the achievement of the unity of Independent African States whilst maintaining a national identity and autonomous constitutional structure. The Declaration called for a revised understanding of Pan-Africanism and the uniting of the

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The strength of African countries is dependent on economic stability. This in return draws from the ability to make use of and to manage available resources. Most and foremost African countries need more water security to ensure provision of clean water for households and sufficient water for food

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posed a question on her Twitter account that led to the creation of the hashtag #IfAfricaWasABar. After one week, more than 60,000 tweets with the hashtag were created, which allowed users on the platform to grapple with a vision of widespread African interaction throughout the continent. Nigerian

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Although Pan-Africanism called for unity between all those of African ancestry, it missed out almost half of these people by overlooking women's contribution. In the book Pan-Africanism History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787, it mentioned forty Pan-Africanists, of which

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The realization of the pan-African objective would lead to "power consolidation in Africa", which "would compel a reallocation of global resources, as well as unleashing a fiercer psychological energy and political assertion ... that would unsettle social and political (power) structures...in

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on March 4, 2016, Assistant Professor of African Studies Msia K. Clark spoke of the historical connection that has linked pan-Africanism and hip-hop since the genre's birth and how hip-hop culture has been at the forefront of various movements throughout the continent in the 21st century. One of

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Hip-hop unifies those of African descent globally in its movement towards greater economic, social and political power. Andreana Clay in her article "Keepin' it Real: Black Youth, Hip-Hop Culture, and Black Identity" states that hip-hop provides the world with "vivid illustrations of Black lived

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majority population. In an article written in 1979, on the family dynamic in Africa, Cissé makes unprecedented criticisms of the forced role of mothers in brainwashing their daughters to follow prescriptive gender roles. She was also instrumental in the 1968 legislation in Guinea which outlawed

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Nkrumah's pan-African principles intended for a union between the Independent African states upon a recognition of their commonality (i.e. suppression under imperialism). Pan-Africanism under Nkrumah evolved past the assumptions of a racially exclusive movement associated with black Africa, and

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Another criticism of Pan-Africanism is that it is irrelevant for contemporary issues affecting postcolonial Africa, and it is thus "stuck in the past". Pan-Africanism has been accused of placing too much focus on a superficial monolithic "African" or "black" identity while ignoring the complex

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and the protection of young domestic workers from rape and other abuse. Women participants of the Seventh Pan-African Congress moved towards building an agenda for the Pan African Women's Liberation Organisation and met daily during the Congress to discuss the logistics of such a movement. The

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assumed the Presidency. Ben Bella was a strong advocate for Pan-Africanism and African Unity. Following the FLN's armed struggle for liberation, Ben Bella spoke at the UN and espoused for Independent Africa's role in providing military and financial support to the African liberation movements

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Considering the armed struggle of the FLN against French colonial rule, the Conference attendees agreed to support the struggle of those States under colonial oppression. This encouraged the commitment of direct involvement in the "emancipation of the Continent; thus, a fight against colonial

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One major weakness of Pan-Africanism and Africa's regional arrangements has been the failure to protect Africans from their homemade tyrants. Pan-Africanism has not been seen as reinforcing and guaranteeing people's rights as citizens of their respective nations. Solidarity in the name of

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the diamond trade in South Africa was in 1897, her views were beginning to become distinctly Pan-African in their calls for an end to continental dehumanisation. Kinloch's main contribution to pan-Africanism however was in her co-founding of the African Association in 1897 with lawyers

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In 1960, the second All-African Peoples' Conference was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The membership of the All-African Peoples' Organisation (AAPO) had increased with the inclusion of the "Algerian Provisional Government (as they had not yet won independence), Cameroun, Guinea,

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experience", creating bonds of black identity across the globe. From a pan-African perspective, hip-hop culture can be a conduit to authenticate a black identity, and in doing so, creates a unifying and uplifting force among Africans that pan-Africanism sets out to achieve.

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also marked the establishment of a new foreign policy of non-alignment between the US and USSR, and the will to establish an "African Identity" in global affairs by advocating unity between the African States on international relations. "This would be based on the

3181:), the end of the 19th century birthed an intercontinental pro-African political movement that sought to unify disparate campaigns in the goal to end oppression. Another important political form of a religious pan-Africanist worldview appeared in the form of 4552:

An expansion in the popularity of hip-hop culture in the 21st century has also increased the role hip-hop is playing for pan-African solidarity across the diaspora although the opportunity for a greater Pan-African involvement remains. At a conference at

4392:. To the CAA's dismay, the proposals introduced by the U.S. government to the conference in April/May 1945 set no clear limits on the duration of colonialism and no motions towards allowing territorial possessions to move towards self-government. 7222: 4487:, and other forms of oppression. In this area of study, both the actual history and the legacy of that history are studied as a single discourse. The emphasis in the historical narrative is on African agents, as opposed to non-African agents. 4411:(1903–70), were subjected to harassment, indictments, and in the case of Hunton, imprisonment. Under the weight of internal disputes, government repression, and financial hardships, the Council on African Affairs disbanded in 1955. 3527:

the support of liberation movements, was Algeria's President Ben Bella, immediately "donated 100 million francs to its finances and was one of the first countries, of the Organisation to boycott Portuguese and South African goods".

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Christian, Mark (January 2019). "Charles Quist-Adade and Wendy Royal, eds., Re-engaging the African Diasporas: Pan-Africanism in the Age of Globalization . Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2016. Pp. 377. $ 74.00 (cloth)".

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that directly affect them. By creating more engagement between Africans and people of African ancestry to policymakers, TransAfrica seeks to create more sustainable, independent, and progressive development for these ethnic

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An important theme running through much pan-Africanist literature concerns the historical links between different countries on the continent and the benefits of cooperation as a way of resisting imperialism and colonialism.

3752:, believing it would effectively combat the widespread abandonment of families by fathers, thus relieving the physical burden mothers faced in Guinea. On the international level, Cissé was the first African president of the 3995: 4544:

describes hip-hop culture as the product of a pan-African state of mind. It is an "ethnic enclave/empowerment zone that has served as a foothold for the poorest among us to get a grip on the land of the prosperous".

3790:(WIDF) and the Wom'n's International League for Peace and Freedom. She also became embroiled in the politics of Ghana, where she became a friend of the leading African voice on Pan Africanism and president of Ghana, 3083:. Pan-Africanists believe that solidarity will enable the continent to fulfil its potential to independently provide for all its people. Crucially, an all-African alliance would empower African people globally. 3743:. In response to rapidly increasing birth rates, while in government, she stressed the importance of family planning and legislated sex education in Guinea's primary schools, despite strong opposition from the 6774:"NEGROES ADOPT BILL OF RIGHTS: Convention Approves Plan for African Republic and Sets to Work on Preparation of Constitution of the Colored Race Negro Complaints Aggression Condemned Recognition Demanded". 3687:

where she encouraged solidarity among women across the continent and demanded the inclusion of African American women into the conversation, emphasising that they too were committed to liberating Africa.

2904:, share not merely a common history, but a common destiny." Pan-Africanist intellectual, cultural, and political movements tend to view all Africans and descendants of Africans as belonging to a single " 3950:

Additionally, pan-Africanism is seen as an endeavour to return to what is deemed by its proponents as singular, traditional African concepts about culture, society, and values. Examples of this include

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Pan-Africanism has seen the contribution of numerous female African activists throughout its lifespan, despite the systemic lack of attention paid to them by scholars and male pan-Africanist alike.

3760:, and Apartheid in South Africa. She also drafted and helped pass the UN Convention on Consent and Minimum Age for Marriage in 1964, which provided a wide framework for legislation across Africa. 3518:

opposing apartheid and fighting Portuguese colonialism. In search of a united voice, in 1963 at an African Summit conference in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 32 African states met and established the

2586: 4528:. The philosophy encourages the reclamation of traditional African thought with the belief it will empower Afro-descendants to sustain their fight against racism and other fundamental issues. 8282: 4332: 4032: 3940: 3564:

assumed the mantle of leader of the Pan-Africanist movement and became the most outspoken advocate of African Unity, like Nkrumah before him – for the advent of a "United States of Africa".

3398:, Ghana. This Conference invited delegates of political movements and major political leaders. With the exception of South Africa, all independent states of the African continent attended: 2518: 3846:

to help Africa's youth improve literacy outcomes. The results have been widespread with Ubongo claiming that 24 million children have displayed enhanced learning outcomes and a study in

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trade unionist and anti-colonial activist, also attended this conference. This visit inspired him to increase the pace of political activity aimed at agitating for Kenya's independence.

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Aniche, Ernest (July 3, 2015). "Post-Neo-Functionalism, Pan-Africanism and Regional Integration in Africa: Prospects and Challenges of the Proposed Tripartite Free Trade Area (T-FTA)".

2596: 2581: 5253: 3834:'s guiding philosophy is Pan-Africanism, as he firmly believes in rebuilding bridges with the African Diaspora, viewing Africa as the Mother Continent and birthplace of humankind. 3098:

the experience of people of African ancestry. They also point to the difficulties of reconciling current divisions within countries on the continent and within communities in the

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production and animal husbandry. To this end practices, technologies and utilities for water management have to be implemented on residential, municipal and national levels.

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has set for the continent in the 21st century is improving long-term economic growth. Major steps have been taken to address this issue particularly with the creation of the

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of being a "committee of dictators" that doesn't protect the rights of Africans. African leaders who served as chairpersons of the Organization of African Unity and the

2591: 2543: 4502:. Another newer movement that has evolved from the early Afrocentric school is the Afrisecal movement or Afrisecaism of Francis Ohanyido, a Nigerian philosopher-poet. 2553: 2548: 2819: 2563: 2897:

of the 19th century. Based on the belief that unity is vital to economic, social, and political progress, it aims to "unify and uplift" people of African ancestry.

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and this struggle may be traced back to the first resistance on slave ships—rebellions and suicides—through the constant plantation and colonial uprisings and the

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Another flag that inspired pan-African groups is the horizontal tricolor of green, yellow and red. This colour combination was originally adopted from the 1897

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in a military uniform as the "Provisional President of Africa" during a parade on the opening day of the annual Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World on

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and concerns were listened to. More than 300 people, 74 percent of whom were women, attended the pre-Congress meeting. This meeting was primarily attended by

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is an aspect of pan-African studies. The term collectively refers to 500 years of suffering (including the present) of people of African heritage through

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Roy-Campbell, Zaline Makini. "Pan-African Women Organising for the Future: The Formation of the Pan-African Women's Liberation Organisation and Beyond".

2528: 2523: 4089:. Several pan-African organizations and movements have also often employed the emblematic red, black and green tri-color scheme in variety of contexts. 10060: 9847: 9770: 9688: 9604: 9599: 8861: 7595: 6756: 3466: 7226: 9806: 9755: 3710:. The racist and segregated environment shaped her activism on systemic oppression in South Africa. In June 1885 she married Edmund Ndosa Kinloch, a 3332:. Outside his writings, Azikiwe actively participated in pan-African politics, promulgating intellectually, in person around the Black Atlantic from 2558: 2438: 10508: 9481: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 4540:

has emerged as a powerful force that has partly shaped black identity worldwide. In his 2005 article "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?",

6005:"Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria" 5967:"Fela's Foundation: Examining the Revolutionary Songs of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti and the Abeokuta Market Women's Movement in 1940s Western Nigeria" 4453:

groups. The social justice group raises awareness of diasporan happenings through legal action and educating Afro-descendants on the domestic and

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The African Union has also sought to make changes on policies involving movement within the continent. Similar to the current agreement in the

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are successfully creating naturally re-generated areas that provide safe and clean water for rural populations while at the same time growing

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was the first international organization to draw attention to the negative impact of structural adjustment on the poor, particularly women.

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pre-existing Pan African Women's Organisation primarily consisted of the wives of heads of states, ministers, and other high-ranking women.

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Kawaida, a Swahili word meaning "usually", is a pan-Africanist nationalist and academic movement that was created during the height of the

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in the 1980s, which is an ideology that specifically focuses on black women's achievements and gains, similar to the ones mentioned below.

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have been accused of severe human rights violations while using Pan-Africanist rhetoric to legitimize their authority. Malawian economist

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Countless scientists, engineers and other experts work in the water sectors to provide for the local populations and the industry. A new

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Nelson, Sarah (March 1, 2014). "The New Type of Senegalese under construction: Fadel Barro and Aliou Sane on Yenamarrisme after Wade".

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elite which doesn't concern itself with the interests of ordinary Africans. Kenyan left-wing journalist Philip Ochieng wrote in 1971,

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Abrahamsen, Rita (January 2020). "Internationalists, sovereigntists, nativists: Contending visions of world order in Pan-Africanism".

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principles and tend to be opposed to external political and economic involvement on the continent. Critics accuse the ideology of

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Nor does it matter if the same masses know anything about the movement. Pan Africanism was a movement of a self-interested class.

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continent". This period represented a "golden age of high pan-African ambitions"; the continent had experienced revolution and

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Austin, David (Fall 2007). "All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, the Caribbean and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada".

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series of meetings followed 1900's First Pan-African Conference that was held in London. A meeting of the Congress in 1919 in

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that dealt with the oppression of Africans in South Africa under Apartheid rule. Other pan-Africanist organisations include:

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beginning of 20th-century Pan-Africanism. Dr Tshepo Mvulane Moloi calls Kinloch the "founding mother of Pan-Africanism".

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Pan-Africanism in Barbados: An Analysis of the Activities of the Major 20th-century Pan-African Formations in Barbados

4562:, which was a collection of mainly Senegalese rap artists that are attributed with helping to remove former President 3719:

which led to a resolution being passed that demanded the British government to end racial oppression in South Africa.

10775: 10686: 10333: 10046: 9152: 8841: 8265: 7585: 7573: 7017: 6942: 6911: 6877: 6649: 6162:"'For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria" 6124:"'For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria" 6086:"'For their freedoms': The anti-imperialist and international feminist activity of Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti of Nigeria" 5499: 5127: 4266: 3928: 3716: 3383:

from Western powers and the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the pan-African movement.

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Some universities went as far as creating "Departments of Pan-African Studies" in the late 1960s. This includes the

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Pan-Africanism has cast a pall of darkness on horrendous deeds by African dictators from corruption to genocide.

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was another pan-Africanist. In order to fight against racism towards black people in Britain, Jones set up the

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was a significant gathering, which brought together anti-colonial activists from the African continent and the

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The Pan-African Affairs Commission for Pan-African Affairs, a unit within the Office of the Prime Minister of

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Pan-Africanism stresses the need for "collective self-reliance". Pan-Africanism exists as a governmental and

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called Azikiwe (Zik) "the biggest danger of the lot." Zik drew his inspiration on the pan-African ideas of

11143: 11128: 10316: 10170: 10160: 9919: 9882: 9857: 9668: 9521: 9426: 8230: 8215: 7651: 6797: 5346: 4603: 4278: 4052: 3324:. In his publication "Renascent Africa", he offered a vague program for a "New Africa," modeled on the New 3247: 3117: 2860: 2418: 2310: 2295: 2280: 2247: 1546: 1225: 1136: 1051: 10148: 7526: 6726: 6161: 6123: 6085: 10452: 10219: 9895: 9632: 9531: 9402: 8973: 8669: 8499: 8360: 7894: 7075:"Pan African Women's Organization | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations" 4722: 4128: 3979: 2905: 2641: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2365: 1837: 1628: 1598: 1536: 1485: 1413: 1303: 410: 332: 262: 6935:

Kwame Nkrumah and Félix Houphouët-Boigny : divergent perspectives on African independence and unity

11148: 11133: 9942: 9747: 9454: 9132: 8983: 8707: 8664: 8649: 8169: 4369: 3952: 3795: 2656: 2636: 2139: 2074: 1847: 1749: 1716: 1503: 1388: 834: 169: 5299:

Blain, Keisha N.; Leeds, Asia; Taylor, Asia Y. (2016). "'Women, Gender Politics and Pan-Africanism'".

11123: 10936: 9900: 9231: 9037: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8692: 8621: 8542: 8225: 8190: 7194: 6527:

Phakathi, Mlungisi (August 13, 2019). "African Union Migration Policies: A Route to African Unity?".

4613: 4284: 4243: 3581: 2908:" or otherwise sharing cultural unity. Pan-Africanism posits a sense of a shared historical fate for 2611: 2355: 2315: 1604: 947: 515: 7179: 6329: 5728: 5709: 5140: 4868: 4062: 3850:

finding an association between improved mathematics skills and children consuming Ubongo's content.

11113: 11001: 10996: 10986: 10390: 9937: 9581: 9439: 9257: 9027: 8963: 8866: 8795: 8633: 8616: 8381: 8130: 8035: 7959: 7799: 7148: 5775:"Book Review -The Pan African Pantheon: Prophets, Poets and Philosophers Edited by Adekeye Adebajo" 3913: 3775: 3724: 3707: 3380: 3243: 3221: 3210: 2940: 2190: 1970: 1817: 1701: 1475: 1356: 1184: 651: 4624:, a weekly African financial newspaper. It claims to be the first pan-African financial newspaper. 3842:

which is Africa's largest manufacturer of educational content for children and uses shows such as

3695:

lobbied policymakers to highlight that Caribbean women were the poorest in the Caribbean and that

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sites where this production is taking place. In July 2015, Motswana satirical writer and speaker

3675:, were influenced by Jones as she incorporated Marxist- Leninist philosophy into Pan-Africanism. 3454:

was declared and the full support of the FLN struggle in Algeria, against French colonial rule".

3239: 2976: 2894: 2704: 2646: 2109: 2069: 1792: 1691: 1569: 1383: 927: 809: 774: 463: 5523: 3967: 10887: 10664: 10202: 10027: 9994: 9905: 9614: 9459: 9395: 9226: 9206: 9186: 9069: 8885: 8846: 8712: 8697: 8596: 8492: 8220: 7944: 7859: 7708: 6870:

We are an African people : independent education, black power, and the radical imagination

5704: 5061: 4515: 4345: 4320: 4227: 3763: 3020: 2948: 2909: 2900:

At its core, pan-Africanism is a belief that "African people, both on the continent and in the

2836:

The red, black and green flag, associated with Pan-Africanism and designed by the UNIA in 1920.

1403: 1393: 1373: 1010: 814: 769: 754: 734: 709: 585: 453: 227: 222: 6670: 4852: 3731: 2885:

Pan-Africanism can be said to have its origins in the struggles of the African people against

10882: 10745: 10728: 10708: 10693: 10654: 10380: 10328: 10138: 9760: 9732: 8856: 8461: 8125: 7468: 7089: 6832: 6825: 6779: 6621: 6552: 6363: 5666: 5642: 5598:

Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements

5166:"First-hand accounts from slavers - The abolitionist campaigns - National 5 History Revision" 5117: 4999: 4835: 4661: 3983: 3604: 2874:, the movement extends beyond continental Africans with a substantial support base among the 2845: 2027: 2017: 1949: 1912: 1696: 1686: 1586: 1267: 1101: 1017: 724: 719: 704: 489: 10637: 52: 10971: 10926: 10897: 10785: 10723: 10671: 10309: 9727: 8606: 8307: 8260: 7990: 7914: 7879: 6475: 6458: 5240:

No Easy Victories: African Liberation and American Activists over a Half Century, 1950–2000

5165: 4521: 3917: 3612: 3611:

only three were women. Due to the lack of representation paid to women in Pan- Africanism,

3507: 3317: 3305: 3254: 3000: 2972: 2871: 2783: 2235: 1480: 1272: 1205: 1124: 580: 539: 508: 443: 257: 237: 79: 5119:

African Philosophy and Thought Systems: A Search for a Culture and Philosophy of Belonging

3547: 2984: 8: 10966: 10961: 10862: 10842: 10805: 10605: 10558: 10321: 9042: 9032: 8958: 8831: 8826: 8726: 8628: 8611: 8554: 8350: 8324: 8045: 7688: 6290:"Pan-Africanism as a laughing matter: (Funny) expressions of African identity on Twitter" 4732: 4675: 4159: 4082: 4011: 3991: 3659: 3321: 3289: 2651: 2129: 2091: 1508: 1339: 844: 764: 759: 729: 570: 400: 377: 199: 117: 112: 107: 84: 7465: 7411:

Clay, Andreana. "Keepin' it Real: Black Youth, Hip-Hop Culture, and Black Identity". In

6387:"The relationship between educational television and mathematics capability in Tanzania" 5254:"A gilded cage? Nnamdi Azikiwe's Pan-Africanism as governor-general of Nigeria, 1960–63" 3766:(FRK) was born in 1900 and studied in England in 1922. She returned to her home town of 2134: 11016: 10956: 10872: 10847: 10820: 10780: 10698: 10518: 10402: 10343: 10304: 9978: 9931: 9216: 9109: 9089: 9047: 9012: 8968: 8895: 8576: 8376: 8355: 8080: 8030: 8005: 7995: 7980: 7934: 7919: 7299: 7291: 7047:

Onyebuchi Eze, Michael (September 2013). "Pan-Africanism and the Politics of History".

7027: 6952: 6887: 6587: 6544: 6480: 6408: 6311: 6216: 6054: 6016: 5978: 5937: 5865: 5748: 5670: 5662: 5281: 5092: 5068: 4917: 4793: 4737: 4428: 4399:

cracked down on its operations. In 1953, the CAA was charged with subversion under the

4051:. The UNIA formally adopted it on August 13, 1920, during its month-long convention at 3679: 3630: 3471: 3364: 3360: 3182: 3178: 3060: 3040: 2022: 1807: 1574: 1551: 1240: 1086: 1041: 967: 957: 937: 887: 575: 405: 122: 6540: 5205: 5114:

Pan-Africanism and Its Detractors: A Response to Harvard's Race Effacing Universalists

3367:

helped to organise the Congress meeting and played a crucial role in the conferences.

10815: 10755: 10739: 10617: 10612: 10585: 10580: 10251: 9765: 9464: 9355: 9172: 9057: 8978: 8921: 8601: 8569: 8527: 8313: 8000: 7772: 7713: 7693: 7581: 7569: 7521: 7461: 7398: 7303: 7095: 7013: 6938: 6873: 6836: 6702: 6666: 6645: 6603:"Sculpting a Pan-African Culture in the Art of Négritude: A Model for African Artist" 6571: 6548: 6484: 6412: 6358:"Ubongo Launches Words and Sounds with Akili to Promote Pan-African Early Literacy". 6315: 6220: 5869: 5752: 5674: 5543: 5285: 5273: 5123: 5013: 4921: 4797: 4700: 4680: 4554: 4503: 3826: 3616: 3600: 3597: 3572: 3329: 3301: 2988: 2921: 1827: 1668: 1175: 1081: 972: 897: 656: 626: 621: 137: 127: 36: 7844: 7829: 7010:

Nationalism and national projects in Southern Africa : new critical reflections

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to write a column called "Our Women and what they think", dedicated to black women.

3090:

Advocates of pan-Africanism—i.e. "pan-Africans" or "pan-Africanists"—often champion

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The Pan-African Movement. A history of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa

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ethno-religious differences and conflicts that exist among Africans (especially in

4131:

was a staunch opponent of Nkrumah, and the two came into conflict with each other.

4093: 4022: 4007: 3962: 3895: 3309: 3080: 3072: 2980: 2901: 2202: 2059: 1887: 1822: 1802: 1711: 991: 882: 714: 676: 666: 448: 372: 242: 89: 7337:

African Collective - African News, Black Owned Businesses, African Events Globally

6757:"25,000 NEGROES CONVENE.; International Gathering Will Prepare Own Bill of Rights" 5658: 5312: 5116:, Harvard University Press (1998), cited in Mawere, Munyaradzi; Tapuwa R. Mubaya, 4955: 11087: 10857: 10837: 10795: 10790: 10733: 10718: 10681: 10299: 10268: 10258: 10244: 10118: 10069: 9371: 9243: 9124: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9084: 8783: 8654: 8581: 8564: 8449: 8140: 8120: 8050: 7884: 7849: 7754: 7547: 7472: 7128: 6730: 6556: 6367: 5744: 4942: 4749: 4559: 4525: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4190: 4155: 3839: 3740: 3561: 3514: 3228: 3206: 3194: 3174: 3056: 3048: 3008: 2230: 2037: 1787: 1706: 1106: 932: 872: 839: 799: 671: 641: 495: 342: 337: 322: 287: 7869: 7272:"African American Folklore: Its Role in Reconstructing African American History" 6783: 4186: 11033: 11028: 10867: 10852: 10830: 10810: 10770: 10703: 10462: 10385: 10214: 10192: 10093: 9449: 9320: 9275: 9270: 9265: 8768: 8421: 8386: 8135: 8095: 8085: 7954: 7949: 7939: 7929: 7864: 7824: 7733: 7287: 7161: 6177: 6139: 6101: 5842: 4840:

Pan Africanism: Politics, Economy and Social Change in the Twenty-first Century

4586:

of experts who understand the water-soil-tree nexus or the building-water-tree

4563: 4389: 4349: 4139: 4074: 3944: 3932: 3878: 3812:

43 percent of the population of Africa uses the internet and social media with

3692: 3668: 3486: 3345: 3325: 3293: 3273: 3190: 3167: 3036: 3016: 3012: 3004: 2992: 2689: 2114: 2084: 1842: 1663: 907: 646: 357: 302: 277: 272: 247: 232: 7552:

Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787

7430: 5378:

Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora Since 1787

4913: 11102: 10991: 10981: 10892: 10800: 10750: 10713: 10676: 10432: 10407: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10355: 9418: 9376: 9137: 8821: 8473: 8319: 8195: 8115: 8110: 8090: 8070: 8055: 8010: 7924: 7909: 7889: 7874: 7854: 7557: 7431:"Pan-Africanism in the 21st Century, Challenges and Prospects - Part 1 of 10" 7199: 6990: 6973: 6382: 5277: 4690: 4647: 4537: 4231: 4222: 4151: 4143: 4078: 4056: 3936: 3867: 3863: 3791: 3684: 3672: 3654: 3589: 3580:

women, who set their own agenda, which was focused on women's issues such as

3567:

It was not until the Seventh Pan-African Congress in 1994, which was held in

3551: 3375: 3341: 3313: 3277: 3262: 3133: 3064: 3052: 3044: 3032: 3024: 2996: 2936: 2758: 2753: 922: 867: 481: 367: 347: 317: 307: 297: 292: 194: 27:

Movement to encourage and strengthen bonds between people of African ancestry

7377:"A Kawaida Rightful Reading of History: Culture, Consciousness and Struggle" 6306: 6289: 5960: 5958: 5348:

African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development

4114:

Pan-Africanism has been accused of being a movement of the African educated

3242:, later renamed the Pan-African Association, was established around 1897 by 11068: 10976: 10765: 10760: 10622: 10590: 10457: 10437: 10422: 10417: 10397: 10350: 10038: 9162: 8778: 8100: 8025: 7814: 7698: 6912:"Pan – Africanism and the rising ethnic distrust in Nigeria: An assessment" 5088: 5071:(1988). "Pan-Africanism: A Brief History of An Idea in the African World". 4995: 4620: 4495: 4381: 4377: 4288: 4018: 3593: 3490: 3451: 3431: 3269:(5th Pan-African Congress) advanced the issue of decolonisation in Africa. 3214: 3137: 3095: 2956: 2890: 2242: 2054: 1782: 1645: 1111: 1096: 892: 877: 862: 631: 458: 267: 252: 132: 7765: 6974:"Kwame Nkrumah and the Panafrican Vision: Between Acceptance and Rebuttal" 5861: 5600:, African American Life Series, Wayne State University Press, 1997, p. 68. 4789: 4706: 4065:

have been applied to create flags in various countries and territories in

3957: 148: 11021: 10951: 10941: 10914: 10877: 10553: 10525: 10488: 10467: 10412: 10294: 10133: 10083: 9157: 9074: 8788: 8773: 8287: 7975: 7899: 7759: 7591: 5955: 5223:

Geographies of Liberation: The Making of an Afro-Arab Political Imaginary

4712: 4484: 4480: 4442: 4424: 4385: 3635: 3333: 3297: 3163: 3121: 2944: 2925: 2920:, and on the continent, itself centered on the Atlantic trade in slaves, 2917: 2408: 2064: 1917: 1797: 1581: 912: 902: 661: 595: 547: 438: 67: 8809: 6058: 6042: 6020: 6004: 5982: 5966: 5941: 5925: 5096: 4979: 4073:

to represent Black Nationalist ideologies. Among these are the flags of

3982:, where that department was founded in 1969 as a direct reaction to the 3711: 11043: 11006: 10946: 10909: 10903: 10575: 10570: 10493: 9973: 8075: 7985: 7295: 7271: 7060: 6403: 6386: 5236:"From the Sixth Pan-African Congress to the Free South Africa Movement" 4373: 3771: 3435: 3266: 3224: 3202: 3151: 3128: 3028: 2968: 2856: 2855:

is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of

1513: 1252: 1071: 962: 952: 8283:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

7627: 4934: 4333:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

3941:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

3663:, which sought to cover topics such as the realities of South African 3238:

Modern pan-Africanism began around the start of the 20th century. The

10627: 10543: 10224: 10098: 8065: 8060: 7904: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7536: 7393: 7074: 5351:, Dakar: Codesria/London: Zed Books, p. 58. Retrieved March 23, 2017. 5009: 4685: 4541: 4115: 3924: 3831: 3779: 3703: 3664: 3540: 3455: 3337: 3232: 3091: 3068: 2738: 2079: 1812: 1591: 1418: 1091: 1061: 1036: 942: 917: 362: 327: 312: 164: 159: 154: 142: 5617:"Pan-Africanism, feminism, and finding missing Pan-Africanist women" 5208:, PADEAP (Pan African Development Education and Advocacy Programme). 5001:

Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity

3536: 11082: 11058: 11011: 10513: 8456: 7819: 6212: 4655: 4591: 4583: 4302: 4147: 4097: 4070: 3920:), pan-Africanism referred to the unity of all continental Africa. 3904: 3847: 3813: 3783: 3782:, became a world-renowned musician and founder of the genre called 3767: 3749: 3513:

In 1962, Algeria gained independence from French colonial rule and

3403: 3356: 3099: 2913: 2867: 2832: 2124: 2049: 2042: 1076: 1066: 352: 282: 8484: 7256: 5926:"Femmes, Pouvoir et Prise de Décision En Afrique Au Sud Du Sahara" 4031:

One of the earliest flags used to represent pan-Africanism is the

10175: 8401: 7636: 6744:"The Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World" 4813:"Pan Africanism, Myth and History in African and Caribbean Drama" 4498:

pan-Africanism is espoused by Kwabena Faheem Ashanti in his book

4476: 4432: 4173: 3821: 3817: 3503: 3499: 3443: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3155: 2952: 2886: 2212: 1518: 590: 9387: 10123: 8515: 7779: 7738: 7631: 6723: 6594: 6502:"Many more Africans are migrating within Africa than to Europe" 6043:"Igbo Women and Political Participation in Nigeria, 1800s-2005" 5225:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014, p. 71. 5005: 4449:

that strives to provide political and economic aid to those of

4356: 4066: 4035:(Universal Negro Improvement Association) flag, is a tri-color 3987: 3735: 3696: 3577: 3568: 3482: 3186: 3159: 3141: 2864: 2119: 428: 175: 6685:

Pan Africanism, regional integration and development in Africa

6642:

Pan Africanism, regional integration and development in Africa

4309:

African Society for Cultural Relations with Independent Africa

4039:

consisting of three equal horizontal bands of (from top-down)

11053: 9790: 6910:

Obi-Ani, Ngozika Anthonia; Obi-Ani, Paul (October 10, 2019).

5843:"Emotional Diplomacy and Human Rights at the United Nations'" 5695:

Harris, Bonita (1996). "Caribbean Women and Pan-Africanism".

5238:, in William Minter, Gail Hovey, and Charles Cobb Jr. (eds), 5199: 5058:, GlobalPost, October 21, 2009. Retrieved September 13, 2012. 4500:

The Psychotechnology of Brainwashing: Crucifying Willie Lynch

4472: 4198: 4048: 4044: 3900: 3756:

in 1972 and succeeded in passing two resolutions, condemning

3744: 3459: 3427: 3415: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3371: 3285: 3281: 3258: 1892: 7488:"'Les Afriques': le nouveau journal de la finance africaine" 5643:"Mothers of Pan-Africanism: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari" 4570:

through the mass electoral mobilization of Senegal's youth.

3288:

established him as the most prominent pan-Africanist in the

5103: 4608:

Further information on Pan-African film festivals see:

4036: 1922: 6746:, Wikisource, The Free Library. Retrieved October 6, 2007. 4506:

is sometimes associated with this form of Pan-Africanism.

7608:

Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond

4040: 3523: 2971:

objective. Pan-African advocates include leaders such as

8256:

Pan-African Freedom Movement for East and Central Africa

7600:, revised edition, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1965. 7564:

Habilitation, EVA, Frankfurt am Main, 1968, English as:

5327:"Biography of Ghana's first President, Dr Kwame Nkrumah" 4462: 4138:

have been accused by people such as Tanzanian president

4127:

threat to their national sovereignty. Ivorian president

3858:

Pan-African thought influenced the establishment of the

2931:

Pan-African thought influenced the establishment of the

7114: 6047:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

5888: 5886: 5388: 5386: 5359: 5357: 555: 6380: 5722: 5720: 4610:

Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou

4179: 4237: 3801: 3702:

Alice Victoria Alexander Kinloch was born in 1863 in

8271:

Popular and Social League of the Great Sahara Tribes

5883: 5383: 5354: 4637: 3622: 7562:

Panafrikanismus. Zur Geschichte der Dekolonisation.

7154: 7124: 7122: 5717: 4431:of kawaida, and is perhaps best known for creating 2715:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

6824: 6733:, African American Studies at Syracuse University. 5341: 5339: 5108: 5106: 9807:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 7094:. New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 99–102. 5482: 5480: 4990: 4988: 11100: 7617:, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (Fall 2016), pp. 139–145. 7613:Blain N. Keisha, Asia Leeds, and Ula Y. Taylor, 7396:, "Hip-hop Turns 30: Whatcha Celebratin' For?", 7119: 6626:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6616:(6). Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. 5733:South African Historical Journal: The ANC at 100 5567:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 368. 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5298: 4445:is a non-profit organization founded in 1977 by 3945:International People's Democratic Uhuru Movement 3806: 3442:party attended the conference as a delegate for 3387:adopted a political discourse of regional unity 9848:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 6288:Cheruiyot, David; Uppal, Charu (June 1, 2019). 5336: 4982:, The Pan-African Parliament – 2014 and beyond. 6909: 6644:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 2020. p. 18. 6287: 6084:Johnson-Odim, Cheryl (January–February 2009). 5477: 5367:, New York, etc.: Frederick A. Praeger, p. 41. 4985: 4810: 4755:List of topics related to the African diaspora 4395:Liberal supporters abandoned the CAA, and the 4100:is the continent's oldest independent nation. 3199:Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery 1442:Education of freed people during the Civil War 10054: 9403: 8500: 7652: 7046: 6687:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 2020. p. 20. 6259:Essoungou, André-Michel (December 15, 2010). 5772: 5509: 5506:| May 25. BBC News. Retrieved March 23, 2017. 5500:"African states unite against the white rule" 4490: 4110:List of active separatist movements in Africa 3916:(although some historians credit the idea to 3866:) in 1963. One of the biggest goals that the 2813: 1144: 516: 10068: 9843:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 7310: 6463:Brazilian Journal of International Relations 6159: 6121: 6083: 5892: 5836: 5834: 5806: 5307:(2). University of Illinois Press: 139–145. 4994: 4597: 4524:by Africana professor, author, and activist 4403:. Its principal leaders, including Robeson, 2870:. Based on a common goal dating back to the 1453:Historically black colleges and universities 7081: 6863: 6861: 6859: 5565:Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction 3788:Women's International Democratic Federation 3706:, South Africa, before her family moved to 3481:In 1959, Nkrumah, President Sékou Touré of 3320:and his allies in the National Congress of 2848:, sometimes associated with Pan-Maghrebism. 1437:Education during the slave period in the US 10061: 10047: 9651:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 9410: 9396: 8507: 8493: 7659: 7645: 7485: 7330: 7032:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6957:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6916:Ianna Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6892:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5726: 5333:, March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017. 5242:, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press. 4899: 4388:independence under the trusteeship of the 4212: 3633:, who founded the international newspaper 3560:After the death of Kwame Nkrumah in 1972, 2820: 2806: 1760:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 1151: 1137: 523: 509: 8241:Organisation of African Trade Union Unity 7615:Women, Gender Politics and Pan-Africanism 6989: 6474: 6402: 6391:British Journal of Educational Technology 6305: 6258: 6197: 5831: 5708: 5407:The Politics of The Independence of Kenya 4857:, p. 235, South Africa: New Africa Books. 4811:Oloruntoba-Oju, Omotayo (December 2012). 4134:Pan-Africanist organisations such as the 1216:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 73:Stolen African art in Western collections 8201:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 7331:Collective, African (October 31, 2023). 7269: 7003: 7001: 6932: 6867: 6856: 6600: 6526: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6002: 5964: 5802: 5800: 5614: 5577: 4866: 4257:All-African People's Revolutionary Party 4185: 4017: 3894: 3872:African Continental Free Trade Agreement 3734:was instrumental in the independence of 3671:. Notable male Pan-Africanists, such as 3546: 3535: 3390:In April 1958, Nkrumah hosted the first 3265:(4th Pan-African Congress), and 1945 in 3127: 3111: 2839: 2831: 10729:Ethiopian national identity nationalism 7960:I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson 7597:Pan-Africanism: A Short Political Guide 7374: 7087: 7007: 6971: 6330:"Burna Boy: The Afropolitan troubadour" 6201:The Journal of African American History 5610: 5608: 5606: 5365:Pan-Africanism: a short political guide 4573: 4363: 14: 11101: 10724:Eritrean national identity nationalism 7451: 7425: 7423: 6905: 6903: 6664: 6601:Campbell, Crystal Z. (December 2006). 6569: 6476:10.36311/2237-7743.2021.v10n2.p283-311 6457:Wapmuk, Sharkdam (November 30, 2021). 6456: 6428:"Africa for Africans: A Lost Promise?" 6261:"A social media boom begins in Africa" 6160:Johnson-Odim (January–February 2009). 6122:Johnson-Odim (January–February 2009). 5694: 5640: 5537: 5251: 5067: 4887:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 4773: 4327:Marcus Garvey People's Political Party 4001: 3996:master's degree in Pan African Studies 3592:, the term is closely associated with 3438:, freedom fighter and a member of the 11154:Regionalism (international relations) 10276:Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism 10042: 9800:Specialised agencies and institutions 9391: 8488: 7640: 7162:"Philosophy, Principles, and Program" 6998: 6822: 6816: 6496: 6494: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6425: 6353: 6351: 6283: 6281: 6072: 6040: 5923: 5840: 5797: 5562: 5522:Evans, M., & J. Phillips (2008). 5219:"The Contingencies of Pan-Africanism" 4463:Pan-African concepts and philosophies 4315:Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement 4063:Variations of the pan-African colours 3758:Israel's aggression against Palestine 1958:Athletic associations and conferences 1447:History of African-American education 780:League of Revolutionary Black Workers 10650:Federalisation of the European Union 9549:Permanent Representatives' Committee 8236:International African Service Bureau 7486:Gbadamassi, Falila (July 11, 2007). 7320:. African Resource. October 7, 2006. 5697:African Journal of Political Science 5647:Women, Gender, and Families of Color 5603: 5580:African Journal of Political Science 4096:, and was inspired by the fact that 3641:International African Service Bureau 3276:'s anti-colonial writings from the 1881:Association for the Study of African 9958:Single African Air Transport Market 9953:African Continental Free Trade Area 8514: 8277:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 7420: 7223:"What African Holocaust? - Opinion" 7192: 6972:Kam Kah, Henry (October 27, 2016). 6900: 6235:"Africa: internet penetration 2021" 6166:Women's Studies International Forum 6128:Women's Studies International Forum 6090:Women's Studies International Forum 5965:Shonekan, Stephanie (Spring 2009). 5528:, Yale University Press, pp. 97–98. 5376:Adi, H., & M. Sherwood (2003). 5301:Women, Gender and Families of Color 4777:Journal of African American History 4455:foreign policy of the United States 4295: 4250:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 4180:Political parties and organizations 3838:the continent. The most popular is 3316:, as well as West Africans such as 3193:was a political group addressed by 3173:Coinciding with numerous New World 2695:Race and ethnicity in the US census 2196:African-American Vernacular English 1765:National Conference of Black Mayors 1102:United States civil rights movement 785:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 24: 8206:All-African Trade Union Federation 7666: 7610:, Dover: The Majority Press, 1985. 7580:, New York: Africana Publ., 1974, 7375:Karenga, Maulana (July 18, 2019). 7255:. February 8, 2007. Archived from 6798:"What Are The Pan-African Colors?" 6610:The Journal of Pan African Studies 6588:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1997.tb03292.x 6491: 6445: 6348: 6278: 5525:Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed 4842:, New York University Press, 1996. 4273:All-African Trade Union Federation 4238:Political groups and organizations 3802:Pan-Africanism in the 21st century 1898:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 11165: 10687:Unification of Albania and Kosovo 9417: 9153:Confederation of African Football 8266:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania 7621: 7358:"Kawaida | Encyclopedia.com" 7220: 4516:African philosophy § Kawaida 4355:Pan-African Women's Association ( 4267:All Africa Conference of Churches 3623:Important women in pan-Africanism 3478:and on loyalty to UN decisions." 2602:Places by plurality of population 1268:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 1258:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 1211:Abolitionism in the United States 999:Black Power and the American Myth 825:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 10023: 10022: 9873:African Union–Ethiopia relations 9554:Specialized Technical Committees 8467: 8455: 8445: 8444: 8435: 8434: 7479: 7445: 7405: 7387: 7368: 7193:Cho, Nancy (December 18, 2009). 6529:Journal of African Union Studies 6426:Abdou, Ibrahim (March 1, 2022). 6294:Journal of African Media Studies 5615:Nangwaya, Ajamu (May 26, 2016). 4654: 4640: 4628:Pan African Writers' Association 4467: 4384:, there would be a move towards 4262:Pan-African Women's Organization 3853: 3205:. They wrote to figures such as 3197:in the 1791 edition of his book 3059:, grassroots organizers such as 2876:African diaspora in the Americas 2777: 1299:Black Belt in the American South 740:Black Revolutionary Assault Team 700:African People's Socialist Party 554: 484: 476: 51: 10220:Netherlands-Indonesian unionism 8392:All-African Peoples' Conference 7501: 7350: 7324: 7263: 7249:"The MAAFA (African Holocaust)" 7241: 7214: 7186: 7172: 7138: 7108: 7067: 7040: 6965: 6926: 6868:Rickford, Russell John (2016). 6790: 6767: 6749: 6736: 6724:The M.A. in Pan African Studies 6717: 6691: 6677: 6658: 6634: 6563: 6520: 6419: 6385:; Vignoles, Anna (March 2021). 6374: 6322: 6252: 6227: 6191: 6153: 6115: 6034: 5996: 5917: 5766: 5688: 5634: 5590: 5571: 5556: 5531: 5493: 5474:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 5464: 5451: 5438: 5425: 5412: 5399: 5370: 5319: 5292: 5270:10.14321/jwestafrihist.7.1.0001 5258:Journal of West African History 5245: 5228: 5211: 5190:"The History of Pan-Africanism" 5183: 5158: 5133: 5048: 5033: 4973: 4902:Review of International Studies 4728:List of ethnic groups of Africa 4427:. It is based on the synthetic 3754:United Nations Security Council 3643:. She also helped organise the 3392:All-African Peoples' Conference 1903:National Council of Negro Women 805:National Joint Action Committee 790:May 19th Communist Organization 10339:Union of Arab Republics (1972) 10210:League of East European States 7115:Pan African Women Association. 6570:Turner, Richard Brent (1997). 5773:Mvulane Moloi, Tshepo (2020). 5252:Reeves, Mark (March 1, 2021). 5122:, Langaa RPCIG (2016), p. 89. 4948: 4928: 4893: 4879: 4860: 4851:Frick, Janari, et al. (2006), 4845: 4829: 4818:Journal of Pan African Studies 4804: 4767: 4401:McCarran Internal Security Act 2700:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 11119:African and Black nationalism 10559:Anglo-American unificationism 10005:United States of Latin Africa 9699:Rural Economy and Agriculture 9476:Organisation of African Unity 8417:United States of Latin Africa 8246:Organisation of African Unity 8175:African Leadership University 7417:, Vol. 46.10 (2003): 1346–58. 7414:American Behavioral Scientist 6776:The Christian Science Monitor 6541:10.31920/2050-4306/2019/8n2a2 5893:Martin-Cisse, Jeanne (1980). 5807:Martin-Cisse, Jeanne (1980). 5667:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274 5659:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274 5313:10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0139 5206:The History of Pan Africanism 4761: 4219:Organisation of African Unity 4136:Organization of African Unity 3860:Organisation of African Unity 3807:Social media and the internet 3717:Aborigines Protection Society 3520:Organisation of African Unity 3465:In the years following 1958, 2933:Organisation of African Unity 1908:National Pan-Hellenic Council 820:Revolutionary Action Movement 745:Black Riders Liberation Party 205:Organisation of African Unity 10443:Polish-Czechoslovak unionism 10317:Federation of Arab Republics 10176:Israeli-Palestinian unionism 9862:United States military bases 9858:United States Africa Command 8231:First Pan-African Conference 7527:Resources in other libraries 7318:"Francis Okechukwu Ohanyido" 7145:"Council on African Affairs" 6009:Black Music Research Journal 5971:Black Music Research Journal 5745:10.1080/02582473.2012.675810 5596:See e.g. Ronald W. Walters, 5130:. Retrieved August 23, 2018. 5056:"Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah" 4604:World Festival of Black Arts 4594:and reversing soil-erosion. 4339: 4207: 4103: 3772:Ogun state region of Nigeria 3248:First Pan-African Conference 2710:School segregation in the US 2248:Black American Sign Language 2222:Languages and other dialects 1052:Black Power in the Caribbean 750:Black Women's Defense League 7: 10499:Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism 10334:Jordania-Palestine unionism 10161:Hungarian-Romanian unionism 10104:Bulgarian-Romanian unionism 9689:HR, Sciences and Technology 8881:International organisations 7195:"Transafrica Forum (1977-)" 7182:. African Activist Archive. 6937:. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. 6831:. Millbrook Press. p. 5895:"Family Problems in Africa" 5809:"Family Problems in Africa" 5486:Adi & Sherwood (2003), 5418:Adi & Sherwood (2003). 5409:, Palgrave MacMillan, 1999. 5380:, London: Routledge, p. 66. 5081:Editions Présence Africaine 4980:"The objectives of the PAP" 4723:List of conflicts in Africa 4633: 4195:Africa–South America Summit 3980:California State University 3912:As originally conceived by 3554:, an icon of pan-Africanism 3522:(OAU). The creation of the 2962: 1537:African-American businesses 10: 11170: 10281:Peruvian-Bolivian unionism 10230:Romanian-moldovan unionism 10156:Greek-Yugoslavian unionism 9943:African Economic Community 9748:Peace and Security Council 9455:African and Malagasy Union 9133:Africa Cricket Association 8939:Countries by GDP (nominal) 8170:African Leadership Academy 7554:, London: Routledge, 2003. 7541:Pan-Africanism: A History. 7288:10.1177/002193479702700401 7270:Ogunleye, Tolagbe (1997). 7253:The Afrocentric Experience 6701:. Csus.edu. Archived from 6178:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004 6140:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004 6102:10.1016/j.wsif.2009.01.004 5727:Killingray, David (2012). 5641:Farmer, Ashley D. (2016). 4607: 4601: 4531: 4513: 4509: 4491:Afrocentric pan-Africanism 4372:(CAA): founded in 1937 by 4370:Council on African Affairs 4146:such as Ugandan president 4107: 4005: 3888: 3739:women from issues such as 3645:Fifth Pan-African Congress 3353:Fifth Pan-African Congress 3292:. Then-Colonial Secretary 3105: 2895:"Back to Africa" movements 2075:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1750:Congressional Black Caucus 1717:African Diaspora Religions 1504:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 835:Symbionese Liberation Army 170:Third International Theory 11067: 10534: 10171:Indian-Pakistani Unionism 10139:Fertile Crescent unionism 10129:Estonian-Finnish unionism 10089:Afghan-Pakistani unionism 10076: 10018: 9987: 9966: 9918: 9881: 9868:United States ambassadors 9828: 9819: 9799: 9746: 9720: 9684:Social Affairs and Health 9679:Infrastructure and Energy 9659: 9641: 9613: 9580: 9562: 9539: 9530: 9497: 9425: 9349: 9256: 9185: 9148:Australian-rules football 9123: 9065: 9056: 9008: 9001: 8929: 8920: 8817: 8808: 8739:Countries and territories 8734: 8725: 8685: 8642: 8535: 8526: 8462:Pan-Africanism portal 8430: 8369: 8338: 8300: 8226:Economic Freedom Fighters 8216:Convention People's Party 8191:African Unification Front 8183: 8162: 8153: 7968: 7807: 7798: 7747: 7681: 7674: 7568:, London: Methuen, 1974, 7543:London: Bloomsbury, 2018. 7522:Resources in your library 7454:African Studies Quarterly 6933:Aboussou, Dadoua (2019). 6742:Wikisource contributors, 6729:October 25, 2014, at the 5540:African Political Thought 5472:African Political Thought 4941:January 29, 2011, at the 4914:10.1017/S0260210519000305 4867:Makalani, Minkah (2011). 4614:Pan African Film Festival 4598:Pan-African art and media 4558:these movements involved 4285:African National Congress 4279:Convention People's Party 4244:African Unification Front 3927:South Africa there was a 3370:With the independence of 3213:and other members of the 2582:US states and territories 1883:American Life and History 1605:Lift Every Voice and Sing 1314:Treatment of the enslaved 11002:Senegambia Confederation 10987:Polynesian confederation 10391:Pan-European nationalism 10070:Pan-nationalist concepts 9643:African Court of Justice 9440:Decolonisation of Africa 8382:African-American leftism 8131:Henry Sylvester Williams 7895:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 7566:The Pan-African Movement 7276:Journal of Black Studies 7149:African Activist Archive 7088:Worrell, Rodney (2005). 6991:10.22456/2238-6912.65783 6827:Flag Lore of All Nations 6003:Shonekan (Spring 2009). 5042:Anti-Imperial Metropolis 4998:; Essien, Kwame (2013). 4960:Encyclopaedia Britannica 3914:Henry Sylvester Williams 3725:Henry Sylvester Williams 3603:that emerged during the 3244:Henry Sylvester Williams 2941:African Union Commission 2935:(since succeeded by the 2784:United States portal 2191:African-American English 1702:African-American Muslims 1263:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 538:This article is part of 434:African and Black Topics 333:Ochola Ogaye Mak'Anyengo 10920:United States of Poland 10645:East African Federation 10566:Antillean Confederation 10504:Soviet reunificationism 10240:Union of African States 10010:East African Federation 10000:United States of Africa 9738:African Investment Bank 9195:Countries by population 8908:United States of Africa 8440:Pan-Africanism category 8412:United States of Africa 8407:Union of African States 8397:East African Federation 8346:Ethnic groups of Africa 8251:Pan African Association 7840:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 7786:United States of Africa 7008:Ndhlovu, Finex (2013). 6823:Smith, Whitney (2001). 6307:10.1386/jams.11.2.257_1 5924:Barry, Aminata (2007). 5345:Mkandawire, P. (2005). 4889:. The Gale Group. 2005. 4854:History: Learner's Book 4718:United States of Africa 4419:was founded in 1965 by 4213:Formal political bodies 4154:, and Libyan president 4150:, Zimbabwean president 3929:Pan Africanist Congress 3607:of the 1960s to 1970s. 3045:Dr. John Pombe Magufuli 2977:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 2705:Reparations for slavery 1793:Back-to-Africa movement 1692:Black Hebrew Israelites 1570:African-American beauty 1057:Black Power in Montreal 928:Martin Luther King, Jr. 810:New Black Panther Party 775:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 464:Reparations for slavery 396:Ethnic groups of Africa 10957:Misak-ı Millî (Turkey) 10665:West Indies Federation 10633:Danubian Confederation 10166:Gran Colombia unionism 9721:Financial institutions 9712:Cross-Cutting Programs 9615:Pan-African Parliament 8944:Countries by GDP (PPP) 8886:Pan-African Parliament 8677:Science and technology 8221:East African Community 7860:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 7709:Anti-Western sentiment 6041:Chuku, Gloria (2009). 5899:The Guild Practitioner 5850:Human Rights Quarterly 5841:Burke, Ronald (2017). 5813:The Guild Practitioner 5563:Young, Robert (2001). 5196:, 326, August 5, 2000. 5089:10.3917/presa.145.0026 4836:Abdul-Raheem, Tajudeen 4536:Since the late 1970s, 4346:Pan-African Federation 4321:Clement Payne Movement 4228:Pan-African Parliament 4202: 4169: 4129:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 4124: 4026: 3943:, TransAfrica and the 3907: 3796:Abeokuta Women's Union 3764:Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti 3678:In the United States, 3555: 3544: 3195:Quobna Ottobah Cugoano 3145: 3125: 3118:Pan-African Conference 3057:Yoweri Kaguta Museveni 2949:Pan-African Parliament 2849: 2837: 2175:Dialects and languages 1335:Second Great Migration 1011:The Diary of Malcolm X 815:Republic of New Afrika 770:George Jackson Brigade 755:British Black Panthers 735:Black Radical Congress 710:Black Guerrilla Family 586:Black Power Revolution 454:Anti-Western sentiment 263:Félix Houphouët-Boigny 228:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 10509:Switzerland expansion 10453:Saint Martin unionism 10329:Arab Islamic Republic 10144:Gaucho traditionalism 9761:African Standby Force 9733:African Monetary Fund 8597:European colonisation 8560:Pre-colonial kingdoms 8126:Frances Cress Welsing 5862:10.1353/hrq.2017.0018 5234:Hill, Sylvia (2007), 4790:10.1086/JAAHv92n4p516 4662:Pan-Africanism portal 4602:Further information: 4317:(Antigua and Barbuda) 4189: 4164: 4120: 4087:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4053:Madison Square Garden 4021: 3984:civil rights movement 3953:Léopold Sédar Senghor 3898: 3605:civil rights movement 3550: 3539: 3220:movement, as well as 3144:, New York City, 1922 3131: 3122:Westminster Town Hall 3115: 2846:Arab Islamic Republic 2843: 2835: 2587:US metropolitan areas 2414:List of neighborhoods 2028:Alabama Creole people 2018:African-American Jews 1950:Negro league baseball 1913:National Urban League 1865:Civic/economic groups 1697:African-American Jews 1587:African-American hair 1449:, after the Civil War 1278:Post–civil rights era 1018:Revolutionary Suicide 725:Black Panther Militia 720:Black Liberation Army 490:Pan-Africanism portal 11139:Political ideologies 10972:Padanian nationalism 10952:Megali Idea (Greece) 10927:North American Union 10672:Franco-British Union 10344:Iraq-Kuwait unionism 10310:United Arab Republic 9728:African Central Bank 9168:Stadiums by capacity 9115:World Heritage Sites 8592:European exploration 8308:Black Star of Africa 8261:Pan-African Congress 8211:Conseil de l'Entente 7991:Edward Wilmot Blyden 7915:Abdias do Nascimento 7880:Toussaint Louverture 7441:– via YouTube. 7381:Los Angeles Sentinel 7362:www.encyclopedia.com 7259:on February 8, 2007. 6705:on November 21, 2018 5194:New Internationalist 5145:exhibitions.nypl.org 4574:Economic development 4522:Black Power movement 4364:In the United States 3918:Edward Wilmot Blyden 3613:Clenora Hudson-Weems 3508:United Arab Republic 3494:independent states. 3306:Edward Wilmot Blyden 3255:Pan-African Congress 3246:, who organized the 3071:, academics such as 3001:Edward Wilmot Blyden 2973:Toussaint Louverture 2872:Atlantic slave trade 2744:Criminal stereotypes 2519:District of Columbia 2236:Afro-Seminole Creole 1678:Non-Christian groups 1273:Black power movement 1237:during the Civil War 1206:Atlantic slave trade 581:Black power movement 258:Edward Francis Small 238:Babacar Sedikh Diouf 80:Black Star of Africa 11144:Political movements 11129:Africana philosophy 10997:Sahel Confederation 10806:Greater Netherlands 10606:Imperial Federation 10322:Libyan-Syrian Union 10114:Central-americanism 10109:Canada-USA unionism 8852:Freedom of religion 8837:Heads of government 8629:Scramble for Africa 8361:Conflicts in Africa 8351:Languages of Africa 8325:Pan-African colours 8046:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 7689:African nationalism 7229:on October 18, 2007 7166:The Organization Us 7135:, 1989, pp. 296–97. 6778:. August 17, 1920. 5538:Martin, G. (2012). 5488:Pan-African History 5470:Martin, G. (2012). 5420:Pan-African History 5069:Clarke, John Henrik 4733:Languages of Africa 4676:African nationalism 4221:, succeeded by the 4160:Thandika Mkandawire 4012:Pan-African colours 4002:Pan-African colours 3992:Syracuse University 3732:Jeanne Martin Cissé 3660:West Indian Gazette 3472:Bandung Declaration 3322:British West Africa 3318:J.E. Casely Hayford 3290:British West Africa 3250:in London in 1900. 3240:African Association 3177:(hallmarked by the 3175:slave insurrections 3124:, London, July 1900 2140:Sierra Leone Creole 2101:Specific ancestries 1986:Southwestern (SWAC) 1509:Black History Month 1340:New Great Migration 1294:Agriculture history 845:Weather Underground 765:Five-Percent Nation 760:Conscious Community 730:Black Panther Party 571:Black Arts Movement 411:Conflicts in Africa 401:Languages of Africa 378:Yosef Ben-Jochannan 200:Conscious Community 118:African nationalism 113:African communalism 85:Pan-African colours 37:the Politics series 10898:Greater Yugoslavia 10873:Greater Tamil Nadu 10781:Greater Mauritania 10699:Greater Bangladesh 10660:Caribbean Antilles 10549:African federation 10519:Hungarian Turanism 10305:United Arab States 10300:Hashemite unionism 10198:Hispanoamericanism 9979:African Border Day 9694:Trade and Industry 9669:Peace and Security 9661:ECOSOCC Committees 9595:Deputy Chairperson 8577:Indian Ocean trade 8377:African philosophy 8356:Religion in Africa 8081:Zephania Mothopeng 8031:Amy Ashwood Garvey 8006:John Henrik Clarke 7996:Stokely Carmichael 7981:Molefi Kete Asante 7935:John Nyathi Pokela 7920:Gamal Abdel Nasser 7402:, January 4, 2005. 7061:10.1111/hic3.12089 6761:The New York Times 6508:. October 30, 2021 6404:10.1111/bjet.13047 5930:Présence Africaine 5363:Legum, C. (1965). 5325:Smith-Asante, E., 5073:Présence Africaine 5012:. pp. 71–72. 4937:, African Union] ( 4935:"AU in a Nutshell" 4738:Religion in Africa 4429:African philosophy 4397:federal government 4311:, defunct (Guyana) 4203: 4027: 3908: 3691:In the Caribbean, 3631:Amy Jacques Garvey 3582:genital mutilation 3556: 3545: 3489:of Liberia met at 3365:Amy Jacques Garvey 3361:Amy Ashwood Garvey 3179:Haitian Revolution 3146: 3126: 3079:and others in the 3061:Joseph Robert Love 2861:indigenous peoples 2850: 2838: 2149:Sexual orientation 2023:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1976:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 1611:Self-determination 1575:Black is beautiful 1241:Reconstruction era 1087:Red Power movement 1042:Black Lives Matter 968:Stokely Carmichael 958:Robert F. Williams 938:Malik Zulu Shabazz 888:Fay Bellamy Powell 705:Assata's Daughters 576:Black is beautiful 406:Religion in Africa 123:African philosophy 11149:Politics and race 11134:Identity politics 11096: 11095: 10816:Greater Palestine 10756:Greater Indonesia 10740:Galicia irredenta 10694:Greater Argentina 10618:Catalan Countries 10613:Cascadia movement 10586:Balkan Federation 10386:European unionism 10252:Sahel-Benin Union 10181:Latinoamericanism 10036: 10035: 9914: 9913: 9838:Foreign relations 9815: 9814: 9766:Panel of the Wise 9674:Political Affairs 9544:Executive Council 9487:Secretary General 9465:Sirte Declaration 9385: 9384: 9252: 9251: 9181: 9180: 8997: 8996: 8974:Natural resources 8916: 8915: 8862:Linguistic rights 8804: 8803: 8721: 8720: 8482: 8481: 8474:Africa portal 8314:Le Marron Inconnu 8296: 8295: 8149: 8148: 7945:Ahmed Sékou Touré 7794: 7793: 7714:Black nationalism 7694:African socialism 7508:Library resources 7399:The Village Voice 7101:978-0-9744934-6-6 6804:. August 23, 2018 6763:. August 2, 1920. 6362:. March 5, 2022. 5549:978-1-137-06205-5 4701:Black nationalism 4681:Africana womanism 4555:Howard University 4504:Black nationalism 3827:Siyanda Mohutsiwa 3617:Africana Womanism 3601:identity politics 3596:, an ideology of 3476:Charter of the UN 3302:African-Americans 3274:Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe 3021:Ahmed Sékou Touré 2985:François Duvalier 2863:and diasporas of 2830: 2829: 2767: 2766: 2665: 2664: 2439:Dallas-Fort Worth 2256: 2255: 2166: 2165: 2110:Americo-Liberians 1993: 1992: 1931: 1930: 1856: 1855: 1725: 1724: 1669:Womanist theology 1619: 1618: 1561:Symbols and ideas 1347: 1346: 1226:Antebellum period 1221:Revolutionary War 1176:African Americans 1161: 1160: 1082:Political hip hop 1005:Ten-Point Program 973:Wadsworth Jarrell 898:Gloria Richardson 657:Black nationalism 627:Africana womanism 622:African socialism 533: 532: 223:Ahmed Sékou Touré 138:Black nationalism 128:African socialism 108:African anarchism 16:(Redirected from 11161: 11124:African diaspora 11083:Hispanic peoples 11049:Whole Azerbaijan 11039:United Macedonia 10834: 10826:Greater Portugal 10709:Greater Bulgaria 10655:Greater Cambodia 10641: 10601:British unionism 10485: 10448:Reintegrationism 10428:Mediterraneanism 10361:Pan-Caucasianism 10289: 10272: 10206: 10189: 10152: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10040: 10039: 10026: 10025: 9938:Development Bank 9826: 9825: 9708:Women and Gender 9704:Economic Affairs 9633:Gallagher Estate 9537: 9536: 9445:Casablanca Group 9412: 9405: 9398: 9389: 9388: 9365: 9358: 9143:Afro-Asian Games 9063: 9062: 9006: 9005: 8984:Renewable energy 8949:Countries by HDI 8927: 8926: 8815: 8814: 8732: 8731: 8533: 8532: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8472: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8459: 8448: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8330:Pan-African flag 8160: 8159: 8106:Randall Robinson 8041:Leonard Jeffries 8021:W. E. B. Du Bois 8016:Cheikh Anta Diop 8011:Martin R. Delany 7835:David Comissiong 7805: 7804: 7704:Anti-imperialism 7679: 7678: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7637: 7546:Hakim Adi & 7496: 7495: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7433:. March 12, 2016 7427: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7391: 7385: 7384: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7333:"Pan-Africanism" 7328: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7225:. Archived from 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7158: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7129:Duberman, Martin 7126: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6956: 6948: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6891: 6883: 6872:. New York, NY. 6865: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6830: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6753: 6747: 6740: 6734: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6617: 6607: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6576:The Muslim World 6567: 6561: 6560: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6498: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6432:Egyptian Streets 6423: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6336:. March 29, 2021 6326: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6081: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5962: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5779:Academia Letters 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5612: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5535: 5529: 5520: 5507: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5390: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5352: 5343: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5249: 5243: 5232: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5141:"Pan-Africanism" 5137: 5131: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4992: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4956:"Pan-Africanism" 4952: 4946: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4869:"Pan-Africanism" 4864: 4858: 4849: 4843: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4771: 4671:African diaspora 4664: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4451:African diaspora 4447:Randall Robinson 4423:, following the 4405:W. E. B. Du Bois 4296:In the Caribbean 4094:flag of Ethiopia 4023:Flag of Ethiopia 4008:Pan-African flag 3963:Mobutu Sese Seko 3615:coined the term 3598:African-American 3467:Accra Conference 3359:. Women such as 3073:W. E. B. Du Bois 2981:Henri Christophe 2951:has its seat in 2943:has its seat in 2822: 2815: 2808: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2729:media depictions 2678: 2677: 2573:Population count 2269: 2268: 2203:Liberian English 2182:English dialects 2179: 2178: 2135:Samaná Americans 2060:Creoles of color 2006: 2005: 1944: 1943: 1888:Black conductors 1869: 1868: 1738: 1737: 1712:Louisiana Voodoo 1634: 1633: 1379:Family structure 1362: 1361: 1309:Military history 1304:Business history 1235:military history 1190: 1189: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1146: 1139: 1047:Black Power gang 992:A Taste of Power 883:Eldridge Cleaver 715:Black Liberators 677:Intercommunalism 667:Black separatism 637:Anti-Americanism 558: 535: 534: 525: 518: 511: 498: 488: 487: 480: 479: 449:Anti-imperialism 373:W. E. B. Du Bois 243:Cheikh Anta Diop 90:Pan-African flag 55: 32: 31: 21: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11114:Pan-nationalism 11099: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11088:Habesha peoples 11071: 11063: 10888:Greater Vietnam 10883:Greater Ukraine 10858:Greater Somalia 10838:Greater Romania 10828: 10796:Greater Morocco 10791:Greater Moldova 10746:Greater Hungary 10734:Greater Finland 10719:Greater Croatia 10682:Greater Albania 10635: 10536: 10530: 10475: 10438:Pan-Oceanianism 10381:Pan-Europeanism 10283: 10266: 10259:Pan-Americanism 10245:Mali Federation 10200: 10183: 10146: 10119:Czechoslovakism 10072: 10067: 10037: 10032: 10014: 9983: 9962: 9910: 9877: 9811: 9795: 9742: 9716: 9655: 9637: 9609: 9576: 9558: 9526: 9493: 9421: 9416: 9386: 9381: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9345: 9248: 9244:Youth in Africa 9222:Life expectancy 9177: 9119: 9095:Africanfuturism 9052: 8993: 8989:Stock exchanges 8912: 8800: 8759:Natural history 8717: 8681: 8638: 8587:Muslim conquest 8582:Bantu expansion 8522: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8454: 8450:Africa category 8426: 8365: 8334: 8292: 8179: 8145: 8141:Omali Yeshitela 8121:Issa Laye Thiaw 8051:Maulana Karenga 8036:John G. Jackson 7964: 7885:Patrice Lumumba 7850:Muammar Gaddafi 7790: 7755:African century 7743: 7670: 7665: 7624: 7548:Marika Sherwood 7533: 7532: 7531: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7499: 7484: 7480: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7421: 7410: 7406: 7392: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7329: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7268: 7264: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7191: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7143: 7139: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7086: 7082: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7049:History Compass 7045: 7041: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7006: 6999: 6970: 6966: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6931: 6927: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6866: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6741: 6737: 6731:Wayback Machine 6722: 6718: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6663: 6659: 6652: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6619: 6618: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6568: 6564: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6455: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6424: 6420: 6379: 6375: 6360:Ventures Africa 6357: 6356: 6349: 6339: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6323: 6286: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6082: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5963: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5906: 5891: 5884: 5874: 5872: 5845: 5839: 5832: 5822: 5820: 5805: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5725: 5718: 5710:10.1.1.626.5649 5693: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5639: 5635: 5625: 5623: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5591: 5576: 5572: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5536: 5532: 5521: 5510: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5478: 5469: 5465: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5355: 5344: 5337: 5324: 5320: 5297: 5293: 5250: 5246: 5233: 5229: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5111: 5104: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5038: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4993: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4943:Wayback Machine 4933: 4929: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4865: 4861: 4850: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4809: 4805: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4750:Pan-nationalism 4660: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4616: 4606: 4600: 4576: 4566:from office in 4534: 4526:Maulana Karenga 4518: 4512: 4493: 4470: 4465: 4421:Maulana Karenga 4417:US Organization 4409:Alphaeus Hunton 4366: 4342: 4298: 4240: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4191:Muammar Gaddafi 4182: 4156:Muammar Gaddafi 4112: 4106: 4029: 4028: 4014: 4006:Main articles: 4004: 3910: 3909: 3891: 3856: 3809: 3804: 3741:forced marriage 3625: 3562:Muammar Gaddafi 3558: 3557: 3543:(1964; aged 39) 3515:Ahmed Ben Bella 3374:in March 1957, 3328:articulated by 3229:Prince of Wales 3207:Granville Sharp 3148: 3147: 3108: 3087:the Americas". 3049:Muammar Gaddafi 3029:King Sobhuza II 3009:Patrice Lumumba 2965: 2939:) in 1963. The 2924:, and European 2922:African slavery 2918:the West Indies 2826: 2778: 2776: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2719: 2675: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2606: 2568: 2544:Omaha, Nebraska 2509:Historic places 2503: 2395: 2266: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2217: 2176: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2144: 2096: 2038:Black Seminoles 2003: 2002:Sub-communities 1995: 1994: 1981:Southern (SIAC) 1941: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1882: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1769: 1735: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1707:Nation of Islam 1673: 1650: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1556: 1523: 1490: 1462: 1423: 1399:Musical theater 1359: 1349: 1348: 1330:Great Migration 1187: 1157: 1117: 1116: 1032: 1024: 1023: 986: 978: 977: 933:Maulana Karenga 873:Donald DeFreeze 858: 850: 849: 840:US Organization 800:Nation of Islam 695: 687: 686: 672:Black supremacy 642:Black anarchism 617: 609: 608: 566: 529: 496:Politics portal 494: 485: 477: 469: 468: 424: 416: 415: 391: 383: 382: 343:Patrice Lumumba 338:Omali Yeshitela 323:Muammar Gaddafi 288:Issa Laye Thiaw 218: 210: 209: 190: 182: 181: 103: 95: 94: 63: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11167: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11109:Pan-Africanism 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11075: 11073: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11034:United Ireland 11031: 11029:United Armenia 11026: 11025: 11024: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10912: 10907: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10853:Greater Serbia 10850: 10845: 10843:Greater Russia 10840: 10835: 10823: 10821:Greater Poland 10818: 10813: 10811:Greater Norway 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10786:Greater Mexico 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771:Greater Israel 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10704:Greater Bosnia 10701: 10696: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10598: 10596:Basque Country 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10562: 10561: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10538: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10302: 10292: 10291: 10290: 10278: 10261: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10235:Pan-Africanism 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10215:Neo-Ottomanism 10212: 10207: 10195: 10193:Hellenoturkism 10190: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10094:Austro-Slavism 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10066: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10043: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10030: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9887: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9752: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9647: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9619: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9586: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9568: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9540: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9512:Extreme points 9509: 9503: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9450:Monrovia Group 9447: 9442: 9437: 9435:Pan-Africanism 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9400: 9392: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9367: 9366: 9359: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9262: 9260: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9234: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9191: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9173:Tour d'Afrique 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9028:Climate change 9025: 9020: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8999: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8964:Infrastructure 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8891:Pan-Africanism 8888: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8867:Women's rights 8864: 8859: 8854: 8844: 8842:Heads of state 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Impact craters 8746: 8744:Highest points 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8660:Historiography 8657: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8634:Decolonisation 8631: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8539: 8537: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8464: 8452: 8442: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8422:Year of Africa 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8387:Africanization 8384: 8379: 8373: 8371: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8166: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8136:Amos N. Wilson 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8096:Runoko Rashidi 8093: 8088: 8086:George Padmore 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7955:Robert Sobukwe 7952: 7950:Haile Selassie 7947: 7942: 7940:Thomas Sankara 7937: 7932: 7930:Julius Nyerere 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865:Kenneth Kaunda 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7845:Anténor Firmin 7842: 7837: 7832: 7830:Amílcar Cabral 7827: 7825:Nnamdi Azikiwe 7822: 7817: 7811: 7809: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7734:Uhuru Movement 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7683: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7668:Pan-Africanism 7664: 7663: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7623: 7622:External links 7620: 7619: 7618: 7611: 7601: 7589: 7555: 7544: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7513:Pan-Africanism 7506: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7478: 7444: 7419: 7404: 7386: 7367: 7349: 7323: 7309: 7282:(4): 435–455. 7262: 7240: 7221:Reitz, Glenn. 7213: 7185: 7171: 7153: 7137: 7118: 7107: 7100: 7080: 7066: 7055:(9): 675–686. 7039: 7018: 6997: 6964: 6943: 6925: 6899: 6878: 6855: 6841: 6815: 6789: 6766: 6748: 6735: 6716: 6690: 6676: 6657: 6650: 6633: 6593: 6582:(2): 169–182. 6562: 6519: 6490: 6469:(2): 283–311. 6444: 6418: 6397:(2): 638–658. 6383:Hennessy, Sara 6373: 6347: 6321: 6300:(2): 257–274. 6277: 6265:Africa Renewal 6251: 6226: 6213:10.1086/701092 6207:(1): 149–151. 6190: 6152: 6114: 6071: 6033: 5995: 5954: 5916: 5882: 5830: 5796: 5765: 5739:(3): 401–403. 5716: 5687: 5653:(2): 274–295. 5633: 5621:Pambazuka News 5602: 5589: 5570: 5555: 5548: 5530: 5508: 5492: 5476: 5463: 5459:Pan-Africanism 5457:Legum (1965), 5450: 5446:Pan-Africanism 5444:Legum (1965). 5437: 5433:Pan-Africanism 5431:Legum (1965), 5424: 5411: 5398: 5394:Pan-Africanism 5392:Legum (1965). 5382: 5369: 5353: 5335: 5331:Graphic Online 5318: 5291: 5244: 5227: 5210: 5198: 5182: 5157: 5132: 5102: 5060: 5047: 5045:, pp. 250–278. 5032: 5019:978-1135005191 5018: 4984: 4972: 4947: 4927: 4892: 4878: 4859: 4844: 4828: 4803: 4784:(4): 516–539. 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4696:Afro-pessimism 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4651: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4599: 4596: 4575: 4572: 4564:Abdoulaye Wade 4533: 4530: 4514:Main article: 4511: 4508: 4492: 4489: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4440: 4390:United Nations 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4350:United Kingdom 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4225: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4140:Julius Nyerere 4105: 4102: 4016: 4015: 4003: 4000: 3994:also offers a 3961:movement, and 3933:Robert Sobukwe 3893: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3879:European Union 3855: 3852: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3693:Peggy Antrobus 3669:decolonisation 3624: 3621: 3573:women's issues 3534: 3533: 3487:William Tubman 3485:and President 3381:decolonization 3346:western Europe 3326:Negro Movement 3310:W.E.B. Du Bois 3294:Oliver Stanley 3272:In the 1930s, 3191:Sons of Africa 3168:neocolonialism 3116:Invitation to 3110: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3077:Anténor Firmin 3037:Thomas Sankara 3017:Robert Sobukwe 3013:Julius Nyerere 3005:Nnamdi Azikiwe 2993:Haile Selassie 2964: 2961: 2853:Pan-Africanism 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690:Black genocide 2686: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2597:US communities 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2554:South Carolina 2551: 2549:North Carolina 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2371:South Carolina 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2351:North Carolina 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2210: 2208:Samaná English 2205: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2158:LGBT community 2154: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2115:Creek Freedmen 2112: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2085:Carmel Indians 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1966:Central (CIAA) 1960: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1833:Pan-Africanism 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1664:Black theology 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528:Economic class 1525: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1489: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467:Academic study 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1444: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1007: 1002: 995: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 948:Muhammad Ahmad 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Huey P. Newton 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 682:Pan-Africanism 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 647:Black feminism 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 551: 550: 544: 543: 531: 530: 528: 527: 520: 513: 505: 502: 501: 500: 499: 492: 471: 470: 467: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 408: 403: 398: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Thomas Sankara 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 303:Julius Nyerere 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 278:Haile Selassie 275: 273:George Padmore 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 248:C. L. R. James 245: 240: 235: 233:Amos N. Wilson 230: 225: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 87: 82: 77: 76: 75: 64: 61: 60: 57: 56: 48: 47: 45:Pan-Africanism 41: 40: 26: 18:Pan-Africanist 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11166: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11018: 11017:Triune Russia 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10992:Russian world 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982:Patria Grande 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10893:Greater Yemen 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10868:Greater Syria 10866: 10864: 10863:Greater Spain 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Greater Samoa 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10801:Greater Nepal 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10776:Greater Italy 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10751:Greater India 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10714:Greater China 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10677:Gran Colombia 10675: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10560: 10557: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10433:Pan-Mongolism 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10408:Pan-Indianism 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10376:Pan-Germanism 10374: 10372: 10371:Pan-Finnicism 10369: 10367: 10366:Pan-Celticism 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10356:Pan-Caribbean 10354: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10296: 10293: 10287: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10187: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10029: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9932:Gold standard 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9745: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9605:2025 election 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9517:Member states 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9419:African Union 9413: 9408: 9406: 9401: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9348: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9212:Ethnic groups 9210: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:African Games 9136: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9023:Caste systems 9021: 9019: 9018:Birth control 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8934:Central banks 8932: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8919: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8822:African Union 8820: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8797: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8623: 8622:Trans-Saharan 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8475: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8451: 8443: 8441: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8320:Lion of Judah 8318: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196:African Union 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Organizations 8152: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8116:Burning Spear 8114: 8112: 8111:Walter Rodney 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8091:Motsoko Pheko 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8071:Archie Mafeje 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8056:Alice Kinloch 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7925:Kwame Nkrumah 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7910:Robert Mugabe 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7890:Samora Machel 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Jomo Kenyatta 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7855:Marcus Garvey 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7770: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7633: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7586:0-8419-0161-9 7583: 7579: 7575: 7574:0-416-16710-1 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7558:Imanuel Geiss 7556: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7415: 7408: 7401: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7371: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7202: 7201: 7200:BlackPast.org 7196: 7189: 7181: 7180:"TransAfrica" 7175: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7084: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7035: 7029: 7021: 7019:9780798303958 7015: 7011: 7004: 7002: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6968: 6960: 6954: 6946: 6944:9781527539198 6940: 6936: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6881: 6879:9780199861477 6875: 6871: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6829: 6828: 6819: 6803: 6799: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6739: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6651:9783030342968 6647: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6623: 6615: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6506:The Economist 6503: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381:Watson, Joe; 6377: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6352: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6282: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5626:September 28, 5622: 5618: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5473: 5467: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5224: 5220: 5217:Lubin, Alex, 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5128:9789956763016 5125: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5112:Agyeman, O., 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5054:Maguire, K., 5051: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5025:September 26, 5021: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4996:Falola, Toyin 4991: 4989: 4981: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4691:Afro-futurism 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4648:Africa portal 4638: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468:Maafa studies 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4290: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4233: 4232:African Union 4229: 4226: 4224: 4223:African Union 4220: 4217: 4216: 4200: 4196: 4193:at the first 4192: 4188: 4177: 4175: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:Robert Mugabe 4149: 4145: 4144:African Union 4141: 4137: 4132: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3868:African Union 3865: 3864:African Union 3861: 3854:African Union 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3792:Kwame Nkrumah 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3712:diamond miner 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3685:Dar es Salaam 3681: 3676: 3674: 3673:Kwame Nkrumah 3670: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3655:Claudia Jones 3652: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:United States 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3553: 3552:Kwame Nkrumah 3549: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3450:pressures on 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3376:Kwame Nkrumah 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342:United States 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:Marcus Garvey 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3278:United States 3275: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263:New York City 3260: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3231:, the future 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134:Marcus Garvey 3130: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065:Marcus Garvey 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053:Walter Rodney 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033:Robert Mugabe 3030: 3026: 3025:Kwame Nkrumah 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:Jomo Kenyatta 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937:African Union 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2834: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2760: 2759:Minstrel show 2757: 2755: 2754:Magical Negro 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2671: 2670: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564:West Virginia 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2500: 2499:San Francisco 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479:New York City 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2171: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2130:Nova Scotians 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033:Black Indians 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1971:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1969: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1872:Organizations 1871: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1741:Organizations 1740: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1409:Neighborhoods 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 1000: 996: 994: 993: 989: 988: 982: 981: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 923:Marcus Garvey 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:Assata Shakur 866: 864: 861: 860: 854: 853: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694:Organizations 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:Black leftism 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 619: 613: 612: 605: 601: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 557: 553: 552: 549: 546: 545: 541: 537: 536: 526: 521: 519: 514: 512: 507: 506: 504: 503: 497: 493: 491: 483: 482:Africa portal 475: 474: 473: 472: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 420: 419: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 387: 386: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 368:Walter Rodney 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348:Robert Mugabe 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 318:Marcus Garvey 316: 314: 311: 309: 308:Kwame Nkrumah 306: 304: 301: 299: 298:Julius Malema 296: 294: 293:Jomo Kenyatta 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 214: 213: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 195:African Union 193: 192: 189:Organizations 186: 185: 178: 177: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 150: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 99: 98: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 74: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 59: 58: 54: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 10977:Pashtunistan 10932:Latin Africa 10902: 10766:Greater Iraq 10761:Greater Iran 10738: 10623:Celtic union 10591:Baltoscandia 10473:Pan-Tatarism 10458:Scandinavism 10423:Pan-Latinism 10418:Pan-Islamism 10398:Panhispanism 10351:Pan-Asianism 10264:Pan-Andinism 10234: 9474: 9460:Abuja Treaty 9434: 9227:Urbanization 9187:Demographics 9163:Rugby Africa 9070:Architecture 8954:Billionaires 8890: 8847:Human rights 8617:Indian Ocean 8548:North Africa 8312: 8275: 8101:Paul Robeson 8026:Frantz Fanon 8001:Aimé Césaire 7870:Modibo Keïta 7815:Dennis Akumu 7778: 7771: 7764: 7699:Afrocentrism 7667: 7614: 7607: 7596: 7577: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7540: 7512: 7502:Bibliography 7491: 7481: 7460:(3): 13–33. 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