Pangolin - Knowledge

1251: 803: 1599: 127: 907: 974: oz), and the average length is 150 mm (6 in). At the time of birth, the scales are soft and white. After several days, they harden and darken to resemble those of an adult pangolin. During the vulnerable stage, the mother stays with her offspring in the burrow, nursing it, and wraps her body around it if she senses danger. The young cling to the mother's tail as she moves about, although, in burrowing species, they remain in the burrow for the first 2–4 weeks of life. At one month, they first leave the burrow riding on the mother's back. 792: 1561: 147: 697: 681: 853:. Most of their diet consists of various species of ants and termites, and may be supplemented by other insects, especially larvae. They are somewhat particular and tend to consume only one or two species of insects, even when many species are available to them. A pangolin can consume 140 to 200 g (5 to 7 oz) of insects per day. Pangolins are an important regulator of termite populations in their natural habitats. 246: 868:, and they have other physical characteristics to help them eat ants and termites. Their skeletal structure is sturdy and they have strong front legs that are used for tearing into termite mounds. They use their powerful front claws to dig into trees, soil, and vegetation to find prey, then proceed to use their long tongues to probe inside the insect tunnels and to retrieve their prey. 2347: 1609:

Many attempts have been made to breed pangolins in captivity, but due to their reliance on wide-ranging habitats and very particular diets, these attempts are often unsuccessful. Pangolins have significantly decreased immune responses due to a genetic dysfunction, making them extremely fragile. They

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Aitken-Palmer, Copper; deMaar, Thomas W.; Johnson, James G.; Langan, Jennifer; Bergmann, Jonathan; Chinnadurai, Sathya; Guerra, Hector; Carboni, Deborah A.; Adkesson, Michael J. (September 2019). "Complications Associated with Pregnancy and Parturition in African White-bellied Pangolins (Phataginus

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Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wangyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui;

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The idea of farming pangolins to reduce the number being illegally trafficked is being explored with little success. The third Saturday in February is promoted as World Pangolin Day by the conservation NPO Annamiticus. World Pangolin Day has been noted for its effectiveness in generating awareness

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Pangolin parts are also used for medicinal purposes in other Asian countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. In some parts of India and Nepal, locals believe that wearing the scales of a pangolin can help prevent pneumonia. Pangolin scales have also been used for medicinal purposes in Malaysia,

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of the People's Republic of China included Chinese pangolin scales as an ingredient in TCM formulations. Pangolins were removed from the pharmacopoeia starting from the first half of 2020. Although pangolin scales have been removed from the list of raw ingredients, the scales are still listed as a

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Pangolins are solitary and meet only to mate, with mating typically taking place at night after the male and female pangolin meet near a watering hole. Males are larger than females, weighing up to 40% more. While the mating season is not defined, they typically mate once each year, usually during

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Gaubert, Philippe; Antunes, Agostinho; Meng, Hao; Miao, Lin; Peigné, Stéphane; Justy, Fabienne; Njiokou, Flobert; Dufour, Sylvain; Danquah, Emmanuel; Alahakoon, Jayanthi; Verheyen, Erik (11 May 2018). "The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most

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became important communities for protecting pangolins and their habitats and has greatly improved the survival of pangolins. These centers work with local aboriginal tribes and forest police in the National Police Agency to prevent poaching, trafficking, and smuggling of pangolins, especially to

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of the animal while educating communities on its importance. Another suggested approach to fighting pangolin (and general wildlife) trafficking consists in "following the money" rather than "the animal", which aims to disrupt smugglers' profits by interrupting money flows. Financial intelligence

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As a result of increasing threats to pangolins, mainly in the form of illegal, international trade in pangolin skin, scales, and meat, these species have received increasing conservation attention in recent years. As of January 2020, the IUCN considered all eight species of pangolin on its

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as threatened. The IUCN SSC Pangolin Specialist Group launched a global action plan to conserve pangolins, dubbed "Scaling up Pangolin Conservation", in July 2014. This action plan aims to improve all aspects of pangolin conservation with an added emphasis on combating poaching and

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gathering could thus become a key tool in protecting these animals, although this opportunity is often overlooked. In 2018, a Chinese NGO launched the Counting Pangolins movement, calling for joint efforts to save the mammals from trafficking. Wildlife conservation group

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the summer or autumn. Rather than the males seeking out the females, males mark their location with urine or feces and the females find them. If competition over a female occurs, the males use their tails as clubs to fight for the opportunity to mate with her.

1330:. In the past decade, numerous seizures of illegally trafficked pangolin and pangolin meat have taken place in Asia. In one such incident in April 2013, 10,000 kg (22,000 pounds) of pangolin meat were seized from a Chinese vessel that ran aground in the 1501:, a recipe for expelling evil spirits with a formulation of scales, herbs, and minerals appeared in 682, and in 752 CE the idea that pangolin scales could also stimulate milk secretion in lactating women, one of the main uses today, was recommended in the 945:

periods differ by species, ranging from roughly 70 to 140 days. African pangolin females usually give birth to a single offspring at a time, but the Asiatic species may give birth to from one to three. Weight at birth is 80 to 450 g

2066:"A Mystery Species Was Discovered in Trafficked Pangolin Scales - Researchers believed there were eight species of the strange mammals. But a ninth was identified genetically, although no one knew it was a separate species in the wild" 4834:

Zhang, Fang; Kong, Lin-lin; Zhang, Yi-ye; Li, Shu-Chuen (2012). "Evaluation of Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Cost Effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials".

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Challender, Daniel W. S.; Sas-Rolfes, Michael't; Ades, Gary W. J.; Chin, Jason S. C.; Ching-Min Sun, Nick; Chong, Ju lian; Connelly, Ellen; Hywood, Lisa; Luz, Sonja; Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; de Ornellas, Paul (1 October 2019).

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Sean P. Heighton, Rémi Allio, Jérôme Murienne, Jordi Salmona, Hao Meng, Céline Scornavacca, Armanda D. S. Bastos, Flobert Njiokou, Darren W. Pietersen, Marie-Ka Tilak, Shu-Jin Luo, Frédéric Delsuc, Philippe Gaubert (2023.)

487:, which they capture using their long tongues. They tend to be solitary animals, meeting only to mate and produce a litter of one to three offspring, which they raise for about two years. Pangolins superficially resemble 1311:

China had been the main destination country for pangolins until 2018, where it was surpassed by Vietnam. In 2019, Vietnam was reported to have seized the largest volumes of pangolin scales, surpassing Nigeria that year.

1497:("Variorum of Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica", 500 CE), which recommends pangolin scales for protection against ant bites; burning the scales as a cure for people crying hysterically during the night. During the 7185: 1405:

share only up to 92% of their RNA. Ecologists worried that the early speculation about pangolins being the source may have led to mass slaughters, endangering them further, which was similar to what happened to

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Ingram, Daniel J.; Coad, Lauren; Abernethy, Katharine A.; Maisels, Fiona; Stokes, Emma J.; Bobo, Kadiri S.; Breuer, Thomas; Gandiwa, Edson; Ghiurghi, Andrea; Greengrass, Elizabeth; Holmern, Tomas (March 2018).

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Kenneth E. Kinman (1994) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88

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black markets in China. These centers have also helped to reveal the causes of death and injury among Taiwan's pangolin population. Today, Taiwan has the highest population density of pangolins in the world.

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is one of the few conservation grounds for pangolins in the world after the country enacted the 1989 Wildlife Conservation Act. The introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers in places like Luanshan

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D'Cruze, Neil; Assou, Délagnon; Coulthard, Emma; Norrey, John; Megson, David; Macdonald, David W.; Harrington, Lauren A.; Ronfot, Delphine; Segniagbeto, Gabriel H.; Auliya, Mark (5 November 2020).

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for animal body parts, despite concerns about toxicity, transmission of diseases from animals to humans, and species extermination. The ongoing demand for parts as ingredients continues to fuel

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Though pangolins are protected by an international ban on their trade, populations have suffered from illegal trafficking due to beliefs in East Asia that their ground-up scales can stimulate

1278:. Their meat is also considered a delicacy. 100,000 are estimated to be trafficked a year to China and Vietnam, amounting to over one million over the past decade. This makes them the most 978:

takes place around three months of age, when the young begin to eat insects in addition to nursing. At two years of age, the offspring are sexually mature and are abandoned by the mother.

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The physical appearance of a pangolin is marked by large, hardened, overlapping, plate-like scales, which are soft on newborn pangolins, but harden as the animal matures. They are made of

1334:. In another case in August 2016, an Indonesian man was arrested after police raided his home and found over 650 pangolins in freezers on his property. The same threat is reported in 4057: 4889: 4172: 875:

is sticky, causing ants and termites to stick to their long tongues when they are hunting through insect tunnels. Without teeth, pangolins also lack the ability to chew; but while

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in captivity, complications that can lead to an early death. In addition, pangolins rescued from illegal trade often have a higher chance of being infected with parasites such as

1393:, China, hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 had originated in bats, and prior to infecting humans, was circulating among pangolins. The illicit Chinese trade of pangolins for use in 6504: 3229:

Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K.P.; Wayne, R.K.; Springer, M.S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".

4080: 1452:. To refer to both sampling site and hosts, they were named Dongyang pangolin virus (DYPV) and Lishui pangolin virus (LSPV). The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in 5450:

Archer, Lucy J.; Papworth, Sarah K.; Apale, Charity M.; Corona, Darlyn B.; Gacilos, Josefa T.; Amada, Ronald L.; Waterman, Carly; Turvey, Samuel T. (1 December 2020).

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Wang, Bin; Yang, Wen; Sherman, Vincent R.; Meyers, Marc A. (2016). "Pangolin armor: Overlapping, structure, and mechanical properties of the keratinous scales".

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Du Toit, Z.; Grobler, J. P.; Kotzé, A.; Jansen, R.; Brettschneider, H.; Dalton, D. L. (2014). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Temminck's ground pangolin (

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The vacuum created by China's failure to adequately support a disciplined scientific approach to traditional Chinese medicine has been filled by pseudoscience

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scales, similar in material to fingernails and toenails, covering their skin; they are the only known mammals with this feature. They live in hollow trees or

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Some pangolins walk with their front claws bent under the foot pad, although they use the entire foot pad on their rear limbs. Furthermore, some exhibit a

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are made, and are structurally and compositionally very different from the scales of reptiles. The pangolin's scaled body is comparable in appearance to a

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and its binding to receptors in pangolins had minimal effect from the virus, and therefore were not likely mechanisms for COVID-19 infections in humans.

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Coulson, Ian M; Heath, Martha E (December 1997). "Foraging behaviour and ecology of the Cape pangolin (Manis temminckii) in north-western Zimbabwe".

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include two species each, all found in sub-Saharan Africa. These species range in size from 30 to 100 cm (12 to 39 in). A number of

7101: 6835: 2407:"Combined proteomics and transcriptomics reveal the genetic basis underlying the differentiation of skin appendages and immunity in pangolin" 5452:"Scaling up local ecological knowledge to prioritise areas for protection: Determining Philippine pangolin distribution, status and threats" 4047: 1342:. The overexploitation comes from hunting pangolins for game meat and the reduction of their forest habitats due to deforestation caused by 6898: 6591: 6575: 5527:

Pei, Curtis Jai-Chyi; Chen, Chen-Chih; Chi, Meng-Jou; Lin, Wen-Chi; Lin, Jing-Shiun; Arora, Bharti; Sun, Nick Ching-Min (6 February 2019).

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Chua, Marcus A.H.; Tan, Audrey; Carrasco, Luis Roman (2021). "Species awareness days: Do people care or are we preaching to the choir?".

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Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, et al. (14 December 2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics".

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which prohibits international trade, except when the product is intended for non-commercial purposes and a permit has been granted.

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Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science

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outbreak. It was later proved that the testing which suggested that pangolins were a potential host for the virus was flawed, when

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Ma, Jing-E; Li, Lin-Miao; Jiang, Hai-Ying; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Juan; Li, Guan-Yu; Yuan, Li-Hong; Wu, Jun; Chen, Jin-Ping (2017).

2577: 7075: 5625: 3784: 1402: 887:, and it is also covered in keratinous spines. These spines further aid in the grinding up and digestion of the pangolin's prey. 7155: 5620: 5500:"Taiwan's Path to Pangolin Conservation : How a Mega Pangolin Leather Exporter Transformed into a Conservation Specialist" 4072: 3532: 7093: 5061: 5029: 4803: 3162: 3022: 2936: 2906: 2741: 2300: 1985: 1292:

have become commercially extinct in certain ranges as a result of overhunting. In November 2010, pangolins were added to the

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Boakye, Maxwell Kwame; Pietersen, Darren William; Kotzé, Antoinette; Dalton, Desiré-Lee; Jansen, Raymond (20 January 2015).

1296:'s list of evolutionarily distinct and endangered mammals. All eight species of pangolin are assessed as threatened by the 590: 773:. Large pangolins can extend their tongues as much as 40 cm (16 in), with a diameter of only about 0.5 cm ( 2227: 2099:"Snake oil and pangolin scales: insights into wild animal use at "Marché des Fétiches" traditional medicine market, Togo" 727:, while it protects its face by tucking it under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defense from predators. 3697: 3482:"Mitochondrial genomes of African pangolins and insights into evolutionary patterns and phylogeny of the family Manidae" 2761:"Transcriptomic analysis identifies genes and pathways related to myrmecophagy in the Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica)" 2189: 3381: 2836: 2650: 2269: 834:

pangolins live in hollow trees, whereas the ground-dwelling species dig tunnels to a depth of 3.5 m (11 ft).

2003:"The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis" 1842: 1643:

In December 2020, a study found that it is "not too late" to establish conservation efforts for Philippine pangolins (

1552:, Philippines, have held the belief that elders could avoid prostate illnesses by wearing belts made with the scales. 1513:("Formulas from Benevolent Sages Compiled During the Era of Peace and Tranquility"), compiled by Wang Huaiyin in 992. 5720: 4933: 4094: 1975: 5664:

The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis

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is also active by day, while other species of pangolins spend most of the daytime sleeping, curled up into a ball ("

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The structure of their tongue and stomach is key to aiding pangolins in obtaining and digesting insects. Their

571: 5687: 2222: 6183: 5590: 2332: 4756: 3817:"Assessing Africa-Wide Pangolin Exploitation by Scaling Local Data: Assessing African pangolin exploitation" 3605:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

1529: 1471: 1394: 1293: 1271: 1255: 4342:"Viral Metagenomics Revealed Sendai Virus and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica)" 1598: 126: 7088: 6984: 4881:"'If we don't buy, they don't die': Tackling the global demand that's driving the illegal wildlife trade" 4113: 883:), which accumulate in their stomachs to help to grind up ants. This part of their stomach is called the 3090:

Hua, Liushuai; Gong, Shiping; Wang, Fumin; Li, Weiye; Ge, Yan; Li, Xiaonan; Hou, Fanghui (8 June 2015).

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Gao, Wen-Hua; Lin, Xian-Dan; Chen, Yan-Mei; Xie, Chun-Gang; Tan, Zhi-Zhou; Zhou, Jia-Jun; Chen, Shuai;

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Challender, D.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Panjang, E.; Lim, N.; Nash, H.; Heinrich, S. & Chong, J. (2019).

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Vergara, Benito S.; Idowu, Panna Melizah H.; Sumangil, Julia H.; Gonzales, Juan Carlos; Dans, Andres.

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Proceedings of the Workshop on Trade and Conservation of Pangolins Native to South and Southeast Asia

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Challender, D.; Wu, S.; Kaspal, P.; Khatiwada, A.; Ghose, A.; Ching-Min Su, N.; Suwal, Laxmi (2019).

1709: 1419: 1370: 20: 5079:"Small NGOs and Agenda-Setting in Global Conservation Governance: The Case of Pangolin Conservation" 7170: 6176: 3278: 2546: 898:

tails to hang from tree branches and strip away bark from the trunk, exposing insect nests inside.

5678: 2954:"Loss of teeth and enamel in tetrapods: fossil record, genetic data and morphological adaptations" 1884: 1858: 4527: 4142: 2602: 2481: 2292: 1871: 1475: 841:

stance for some behaviour, and may walk a few steps bipedally. Pangolins are also good swimmers.

560: 4392: 3433:"Pangolin genomes offer key insights and resources for the world’s most trafficked wild mammals" 3154: 3147: 7132: 6924: 4761: 2573: 2392: 754: 226: 5642: 5150: 5045: 5013: 4921: 3432: 3008: 2922: 2737: 1780: 1595:

has identified 159 smuggling routes used by pangolin traffickers and aims to shut these down.

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Cyranoski, David (7 February 2020). "Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?".

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Bromley, Victoria (Director/Producer), Young, Nora (Narrator/Host), Diekmann, Maria (2018).

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du Toit, Z.; du Plessis, M.; Dalton, D. L.; Jansen, R.; Paul Grobler, J.; Kotzé, A. (2017).

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Chan, Lap-Ki (1995). "Extrinsic Lingual Musculature of Two Pangolins (Pholidota: Manidae)".

1213:. Within the latter, a split separates the large terrestrial African pangolins of the genus 7010: 6971: 5544: 5463: 5362: 5301: 4719: 4686: 4483: 4434: 4000: 3394: 3238: 3187: 3099: 2967: 2869: 2593: 2418: 2160: 1721: 1401:

for human transmission. However, whole-genome comparison found that the pangolin and human

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Asian and African pangolins are thought to have diverged about 41.37 Ma ago. Moreover, the

821: 646: 542: 503: 492: 5663: 2039: 1898: 8: 6962: 6113:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 6092:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 3390: 2881: 2103: 1479: 1454: 1346:. The pangolin are hunted as game meat for both medicinal purposes and food consumption. 911: 689: 548: 515: 5548: 5467: 5366: 5305: 5169: 4723: 4487: 4438: 4004: 3398: 3242: 3191: 3103: 2873: 2828: 2422: 2405:

Li, Hui-Ming; Liu, Ping; Zhang, Xiu-Juan; Li, Lin-Miao; et al. (3 September 2020).

2327:. Vol. II. Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis. p. 567 – via 2164: 2117: 2098: 1953: 1725: 7165: 6316: 5691: 5567: 5528: 5378: 5264: 5239: 5220: 5108: 4920:

Xing, S.; Bonebrake, T. C.; Cheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Ades, G.; Shaw, D.; Zhou, Y. (2019).

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Beck, Robin; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf; Cardillo, Marcel; Liu, Fu-Guo; Purvis, Andy (2006).

3228: 3211: 3122: 3091: 2984: 2958: 2953: 2928: 2842: 2793: 2760: 2683: 2614: 2561: 2489: 2447: 2406: 2194: 2130: 2070: 2031: 1980:(3rd ed.). Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 530. 1926: 1813: 1360: 770: 566: 530: 519: 511: 258: 141: 5290:"Evaluating the feasibility of pangolin farming and its potential conservation impact" 3989:"Knowledge and uses of African pangolins as a source of traditional medicine in Ghana" 3885: 3792: 3652: 3250: 1315:

Pangolins are also hunted and eaten in Ghana and are one of the more popular types of

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Spotlight: Pangolin conservationists call for ban on illegal trade of mammal products

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are even closer relatives to pangolins, being classified with pangolins in the clade

857: 665: 638: 524: 27: 3414: 3215: 2846: 1817: 1622:, further lessening their chance for rehabilitation and reintroduction to the wild. 723:. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting as 514:

mammals in the world. As of January 2020, there are eight species of pangolin whose

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Kondrashov, Peter; Agadjanian, Alexandre K. (2012). "A nearly complete skeleton of

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World Pangolin Day: Conservationists demand greater protection to stop extinction

4795: 4013: 3406: 2712: 2699:"Behavioural descriptions of Indian pangolins (Manis crassicaudata) in captivity" 2520: 1944: 1690: 1668: 1569: 1528:

secrete milk. The supposed health effects of pangolin meat and scales claimed by

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within Pholidota suggests the group originated in Eurasia, consistent with their

1166: 1124: 806: 795: 791: 603: 211: 134: 5476: 5451: 5314: 5289: 3968:"First ivory, now pangolin scales: Vietnam remains wildlife trafficking hotspot" 1914: 1149:), but recent genetic evidence indicates their closest living relatives are the 464:

pangolin species are also known. In September 2023, nine species were reported.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3940: 3650: 3353: 3287: 2430: 1672: 1664: 1487: 1279: 1245: 1233: 1065: 927: 750: 626: 610: 536: 499: 4495: 4472:"Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak" 4447: 4422: 4283: 4266: 3498: 3092:"Captive breeding of pangolins: current status, problems and future prospects" 2470:

Spearman, R.I.C. (2008). "On the nature of the horny scales of the pangolin".

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are based on their consumption of ants, long tongues, and protective scales.

1283: 1162: 1056: 891: 587: 507: 79: 3458: 3199: 1747: 1319:, while local healers use the pangolin as a source of traditional medicine. 6453: 6442: 6145:(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) 6049: 5979: 5880: 5835: 5576: 5273: 5216: 4864: 4656: 4570: 4513: 4456: 4377: 4318: 4163:"Chinese vessel on Philippine coral reef caught with illegal pangolin meat" 4118: 4032: 3517: 3466: 3361: 3315: 3296: 3258: 3207: 3131: 2993: 2802: 2528: 2456: 1922: 1615: 1565: 1506: 1498: 1483: 1202: 1130: 1016: 820:

animals which use their well-developed sense of smell to find insects. The

810: 738:. They have short legs, with sharp claws which they use for burrowing into 696: 5255: 4848: 4114:"'Noah's Ark' of 5,000 rare animals found floating off the coast of China" 3754: 3340:; Smuts, 1832) and phylogenetic position of the Pholidota (Weber, 1904)". 2952:

Davit-Béal, Tiphaine; Tucker, Abigail S.; Sire, Jean-Yves (1 April 2009).

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taken from pangolins was found to be a 99% match with SARS coronavirus 2 (

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Species endangered by human consumption for medicinal or magical purposes

7049: 6956: 6755: 6744: 6687: 6350: 6342: 6279: 6089: 6011: 5929: 5401: 5095: 5078: 4638: 4396: 4248: 3548:"The Use and Prescription of Pangolin in Traditional Vietnamese Medicine" 1630: 1587: 1509:, the notion of penetrating and clearing blockages was emphasized in the 1374: 1331: 1026: 880: 850: 709: 54: 5591:"Taiwanese Researchers Collaborate With Locals In Pangolin Conservation" 5425:"It's not too late – yet – to save the Philippine pangolin, study finds" 6375: 6118: 5971: 5814: 5771: 5755: 5698: 4988:"Did China really ban the pangolin trade? Not quite, investigators say" 4196:"Boat Filled With 22,000 Pounds Of Pangolin Hits Endangered Coral Reef" 3833: 3816: 2783: 2618: 1573: 1521: 1441: 1437: 1378: 1170: 1073: 1013: 895: 838: 438: 423: 99: 64: 5339: 5324: 5208: 4358: 3843: 1254:

Confiscated black market pangolin scales, which are in high demand in

7054: 7023: 6729: 6550: 6480: 6126: 6073: 5950: 5942: 5822: 5788: 5240:"Pangolin genomes and the evolution of mammalian scales and immunity" 4958:"Pangolins receive surprising lifeline with new protections in China" 4732: 4707: 3972: 3379:(Mammalia, Palaeanodonta) from Mongolia: morphofunctional analysis". 2821:

Xenarthra and Pholidota (Armadillos, Anteaters, Sloths and Pangolins)

2173: 2148: 1611: 1525: 1478:

exists for the efficacy of those practices, and they have no logical

1390: 1323: 1182: 1150: 1146: 1134: 1003: 942: 861: 825: 817: 720: 716: 680: 491:, though the two are not closely related; they have merely undergone 488: 476: 158: 104: 48: 6918: 5630: 4791:

Global Technological Change: From Hard Technology to Soft Technology

4423:"Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins" 3753:

Haenlein, Alexandria; Reid, Cathy; Keatinge, Tom (10 October 2018).

3546:

Sexton, Rebecca; Nguyen, Trang; Roberts, David L. (1 January 2021).

2610: 1761: 7041: 7028: 6941: 6292: 6218: 5921: 5749: 3624: 3533:"Change the List: The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 2512: 1809: 1647:), a species that is only found on the island province of Palawan. 1533: 1517: 1382: 1316: 1259: 1138: 1037: 876: 831: 749:

The tongues of pangolins are extremely long, and like those of the

713: 685: 484: 178: 94: 89: 74: 69: 59: 1602:

Pangolins (in rectangular cages) in an illegal wildlife market in

1270:

because their scales are believed to have medicinal properties in

6419: 6408: 6394: 6305: 6142: 6019: 5851: 5761: 4222:"Indonesian man arrested as 650 pangolins found dead in freezers" 3721:"Tiger Eyes, Crocodile Penis: It's What's For Dinner in Malaysia" 3563: 1977:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

1635: 1603: 1549: 1343: 1335: 1267: 1098: 1088: 1047: 975: 931: 923: 919: 884: 865: 766: 743: 705: 468: 461: 444: 427: 377: 109: 84: 5193: 4623:"Newly identified viral genomes in pangolins with fatal disease" 4393:"1st known case of coronavirus traced back to November in China" 4267:"Pangolins in south-west Nigeria – current status and prognosis" 1762:"Scientific names of mammal orders: from descriptive to uniform" 1304:. All pangolin species are currently listed under Appendix I of 6224: 6212: 6134: 6110: 5958: 5805: 5743: 5730: 5626:

Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation

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Schlitter, Duane A. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.).

1952: 1859:"The Zoologist: a monthly journal of natural history. (Vol. 1)" 1655: 1327: 872: 762: 472: 245: 188: 168: 116: 3177: 1548:

Indonesia and northern Myanmar. Indigenous people in southern

1470:

Pangolin scales and flesh are used as ingredients for various

7015: 6233: 6003: 4415: 4413: 3479: 3271: 2859: 2765: 2328: 1305: 1158: 1154: 1142: 758: 735: 731: 432: 198: 5286: 2901:. Pinetown, South Africa: 30° South Publishers. p. 36. 2898:

The South African Bushveld: A Field Guide from the Waterberg

3883: 2232: 1459: 1411: 1297: 926:

island group. It is threatened by illegal poaching for the

480: 414: 408: 5046:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 5014:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 4922:"Meat and medicine: historic and contemporary use in Asia" 4410: 3986: 3813: 2666:

Wilson, Amelia E. (January 1994). "Husbandry of pangolins

1516:

In the 21st century, the main uses of pangolin scales are

393: 6057: 5449: 4265:

Sodeinde, Olufemi A.; Adedipe, Segun R. (24 April 2009).

4076: 3923:"'Asian unicorn' and scaly anteater make endangered list" 3620:"Over a million pangolins slaughtered in the last decade" 3335: 739: 399: 3368: 2542: 2345: 1505:("Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library"). In the 1338:, where the animal is on the verge of extinction due to 4919: 4565:(7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: 1810. 4470:

Zhang, Tao; Wu, Qunfu; Zhang, Zhigang (19 March 2020).

3860:"The world's most-trafficked mammal – and the scaliest" 3690:"Crime Blotter: Pangolin Scales, Tiger Skins, and More" 2395:, translated A. F. Scholfield 1959 vol. 3, pp. 266-268. 1520:

practices based on unproven claims the scales dissolve

1217:

from the small arboreal African pangolins of the genus

3443: 934:, where it is regarded as a luxury medicinal delicacy. 5529:"Mortality and morbidity in wild Taiwanese pangolin ( 5151:

How China is combating wildlife trafficking in Africa

4837:

The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

3145:

Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). MacDonald, D. (ed.).

3040:"All hope is not lost for vanishing Palawan pangolin" 2502: 1796:

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390: 6198: 4924:. In Challender, D.; Nash, H.; Waterman, C. (eds.). 3920: 3752: 3374: 2951: 1874:, London, Day and Son, Ltd., XVI + 420 pp., 101 maps 1436:

In 2020, two novel RNA viruses distantly related to

730:

Pangolins can emit a noxious-smelling chemical from

411: 405: 396: 4949: 4048:"No Species Is Safe From Burgeoning Wildlife Trade" 3545: 3274:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals" 3068:. University of Wisconsin–La Crosse. Archived from 1266:Pangolins are in high demand in southern China and 402: 6084:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 4879: 4421:Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi (7 May 2020). 4073:"The Most Trafficked Mammal You've Never Heard Of" 3146: 2352:. Washington, D.C.: Island Publishing House, Inc. 1129:The order Pholidota was long considered to be the 4679:"Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost" 4296: 4294: 3755:"What's the secret to saving this rare creature?" 7147: 6403: 5237: 4833: 4676: 4419: 4260: 4258: 3748: 3746: 3524: 3222: 3010:The Princeton Field Guide to Prehistoric Mammals 1885:"A manual of the anatomy of vertebrated animals" 1638:: Jackie Chan & Pangolins (Kung Fu Pangolin) 757:, the root of the tongue is not attached to the 26:"Pholidota" redirects here. For the orchid, see 5779: 5352: 4928:(First ed.). Academic Press. p. 233. 4264: 3426: 3424: 3265: 2645:. New York City: Arch Cape Press. p. 252. 2217: 2215: 2213: 981: 4754: 4291: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 2915: 2888: 2758: 2697:Mohapatra, Rajesh K.; Panda, Sudarsen (2014). 2696: 1943: 1785:(in German). Vol. T.3. Berlin: G. Reimer. 1748:"A corrected classification of the edentates." 1493:The first record of pangolin scales occurs in 576:International Union for Conservation of Nature 502:(for their meat and scales, which are used in 6184: 5714: 5526: 5342:. Pangolins.org/Annamiticus. 26 October 2011. 5170:"Pangolins – Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 4612: 4255: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3743: 3089: 2268:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). 1568:from India, presented in 1875–76 to the then 1369:of a specific receptor-binding domain of the 1185:of extant Manidae separates Asian pangolins ( 860:. They also lack teeth. They rely heavily on 700:Schematic drawing of pangolin scale histology 5050:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 5018:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 4926:Pangolins: Science, Society and Conservation 4787: 4469: 3421: 3000: 2814: 2812: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2463: 2404: 2314: 2312: 2267: 2210: 2057: 1994: 1425: 510:of their natural habitats, and are the most 452:comprises four species found in Asia, while 4748: 4339: 3473: 3437: 3322: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3063: 2735: 1759: 594: 6191: 6177: 5721: 5707: 5389: 4608: 4606: 4160: 3772: 3066:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Reproduction" 2894: 2818: 1633:made a public service announcement called 1444:have been detected in the genomes of dead 475:, depending on the species. Pangolins are 244: 125: 5566: 5556: 5475: 5323: 5313: 5263: 5094: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4827: 4731: 4646: 4586: 4503: 4446: 4367: 4357: 4300: 4282: 4095:"23 tonnes of pangolins seized in a week" 4022: 4012: 3921:Agence France-Presse (19 November 2010). 3842: 3832: 3571: 3507: 3497: 3305: 3295: 3121: 3111: 2983: 2809: 2792: 2782: 2720: 2690: 2640: 2625: 2473:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2446: 2318: 2309: 2172: 2116: 2063: 1973: 734:near the anus, similar to the spray of a 6052:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 5728: 5076: 4045: 3857: 3644: 3076: 3038:Fabro, Keith Anthony S. (10 June 2019). 3006: 2496: 2469: 2286: 1887:, New York, d, Appleton and Co., 431 pp. 1872:"The geographic distribution of mammals" 1597: 1559: 1258:, set to be destroyed by authorities in 1249: 905: 801: 790: 695: 679: 7181:Species endangered by human consumption 4781: 4757:"What Is Traditional Chinese Medicine?" 4603: 4340:Liu, P.; Chen, W.; Chen, J.-P. (2019). 4193: 3602: 3144: 2559: 2339: 2291:(10th ed.). Oxfordshire, England: 2190:"A Struggle to Save the Scaly Pangolin" 2064:Incorvala, Darren (25 September 2023). 1778: 1750:Science, new ser., vol. 31, pp. 913-914 586:The name of order Pholidota comes from 7148: 5688:Coronavirus: Revenge of the Pangolins? 5680:Nature: The World's Most Wanted Animal 4904: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4548: 4542: 4390: 4150:from the original on 22 February 2015. 4101:from the original on 26 November 2014. 4070: 4060:from the original on 22 February 2015. 3718: 3687: 3530: 2748:from the original on 23 December 2014. 2665: 2580:from the original on 21 December 2014. 2549:from the original on 22 February 2015. 2325:A Malay-English dictionary (romanised) 2078:from the original on 25 September 2023 2000: 1840: 1782:Systematische Phylogenie: Wirbelthiere 1488:pangolin poaching, hunting and trading 6923: 6922: 6172: 5702: 4955: 4877: 4111: 4083:from the original on 2 February 2015. 3933: 3617: 3231:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3037: 3031: 2252: 2187: 1566:armour made of gilded pangolin scales 1544:key ingredient in various medicines. 1524:, promote blood circulation, or help 1354: 708:, the same material from which human 5197:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 4384: 4252:(Nigeria), Saturday 18 February 2017 4161:Carrington, Damian (15 April 2013). 4126:from the original on 3 October 2014. 3858:Fletcher, Martin (5 February 2015). 3632:from the original on 8 December 2014 3153:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 2882:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1997.101-89101.x 2590: 2280: 1896: 1847:. Duke University Press. p. 24. 1795: 1610:are susceptible to diseases such as 1482:, their popularity still drives the 540:) are critically endangered, three ( 479:, and their diet consists of mainly 4708:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 4663: 4528:"Civet Cat Slaughter To Fight SARS" 4046:Wassener, Bettina (12 March 2013). 3965: 3895:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3138: 2829:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001556.pub2 2819:Rose, K. D.; Gaudin, T. J. (2010). 2255:The Composition of Scientific Words 2246: 2228:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2149:"Chinese Medicine and the Pangolin" 2118:10.3897/natureconservation.39.47879 1118: 609:The name "pangolin" comes from the 13: 7176:Extant Paleocene first appearances 5397:"Jackie Chan fights for pangolins" 4812:from the original on 20 March 2017 4769:from the original on 15 April 2014 4755:Steven Novella (25 January 2012). 4677:Mariëtte Le Roux (25 March 2018). 4202:from the original on 18 April 2013 4175:from the original on 16 April 2013 3382:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2738:"Rollin' With the Pangolin – Diet" 2684:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1994.tb03578.x 2490:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb00508.x 2001:Gaudin, Timothy (28 August 2009). 1714:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14: 7197: 5614: 5543:(2). Pingtung, Taiwan: e0198230. 5238:Choo, S. W.; et al. 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(1988). 1465: 1300:, while three are classified as 1176: 617:meaning "one who rolls up" from 386: 145: 52: 5531:Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla 5456:Global Ecology and Conservation 5294:Global Ecology and Conservation 5125:Xinhua News (21 November 2018) 5038: 5006: 4980: 4871: 4700: 4520: 4463: 4333: 4240: 4214: 4194:Molland, Judy (16 April 2013). 4187: 4154: 4130: 4112:Watts, Jonathan (25 May 2007). 4105: 4087: 4064: 4039: 3980: 3959: 3914: 3877: 3851: 3807: 3712: 3681: 3611: 3596: 3539: 3171: 3057: 2945: 2853: 2752: 2729: 2659: 2584: 2553: 2535: 2398: 2378: 2261: 2188:Goode, Emilia (31 March 2015). 2181: 2141: 2090: 2020:Springer Science+Business Media 1967: 1937: 1890: 1877: 1555: 901: 664:In ancient India, according to 633:). However, the modern name is 625:"to roll"; it was used for the 5137:China Plus (18 February 2017) 4878:Boyle, Louise (30 June 2020). 4097:. Traffic.org. 17 March 2008. 3719:Cruise, Adam (18 April 2015). 3618:Hance, Jeremy (29 July 2014). 3531:Sutter, John D. 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Oxfordshire, England: 2333:National Library of Australia 2253:Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). 1696: 5558:10.1371/journal.pone.0198230 5375:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109002 5340:"World Pangolin Day – About" 4718:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 4559:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4014:10.1371/journal.pone.0117199 3407:10.1080/02724634.2012.694319 3007:Prothero, Donald R. (2016). 2773:. Corte Madera, California: 2521:10.1016/j.actbio.2016.05.028 2287:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (2002). 2159:(3558): 72. 1 January 1938. 1883:Huxley, Thomas Henry (1872) 1472:traditional Chinese medicine 1395:traditional Chinese medicine 1294:Zoological Society of London 1256:traditional Chinese medicine 1113: 982:Classification and phylogeny 879:, they ingest small stones ( 786: 581: 7: 5477:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01395 5429:Mongabay Environmental News 5315:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00714 4992:Mongabay Environmental News 3149:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 3064:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2736:Grosshuesch, Craig (2012). 2601:(2). Oxfordshire, England: 1915:10.1126/science.32.810.56.a 1746:Lane, Henry Higgins (1910) 1679: 1385:and is responsible for the 1349: 1181:The first dichotomy in the 986: 10: 7202: 6121:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 6076:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 5982:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 5621:ZSL Pangolin Conservation 5149:Xinhua News (8 June 2018) 4530:. CBSNews. 11 January 2004 4311:10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2 3354:10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.040 3015:Princeton University Press 2862:African Journal of Ecology 2672:International Zoo Yearbook 2431:10.1038/s41598-020-71513-w 2276:. Perseus Digital Library. 2018:(4). Heidelberg, Germany: 1462:from a diseased pangolin. 1381:), the virus which causes 1358: 1243: 1239: 1189:) from African pangolins ( 1122: 1060:Szalay & Schrenk 1998 1020:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 890:Some species, such as the 558:) are endangered and two ( 275:Szalay & Schrenk, 1994 25: 18: 6931: 6875: 6845: 6807: 6783: 6765: 6739: 6705: 6651: 6627: 6609: 6561: 6539: 6525: 6490: 6474: 6463: 6437: 6389: 6360: 6326: 6301: 6288: 6275: 6262: 6251: 6207: 6101: 6040: 6031: 5970: 5941: 5920: 5907:(Kangaroos and relatives) 5863: 5834: 5813: 5804: 5770: 5738: 5669:25 September 2015 at the 5631:Tree of Life of Pholidota 5077:Shibaike, Takumi (2021). 4496:10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022 4448:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x 4284:10.1017/S0030605300028283 3927:The Sydney Morning Herald 3499:10.1186/s12864-017-4140-5 3013:. Princeton, New Jersey: 2028:10.1007/s10914-009-9119-9 1766:Visnyk of Lviv University 1650: 1153:, with which they form a 856:Pangolins have very poor 809:defending itself against 746:mounds and for climbing. 661:(with the same meaning). 595: 264: 257: 253:Ranges of living species 252: 243: 239: 234: 142:Scientific classification 140: 133: 124: 40: 21:Pangolin (disambiguation) 6817:(paraphyletic subfamily) 6619:(paraphyletic subfamily) 5899:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 5156:30 November 2020 at the 3966:Sen (18 February 2020). 3573:10.1177/1940082920985755 3389:(5). Bethesda Maryland: 3279:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3113:10.3897/zookeys.507.6970 2895:Gutteridge, Lee (2008). 2740:. La Crosse, Wisconsin: 2511:. Oxfordshire, England: 1760:Zagorodniuk, I. (2008). 593:– "clad in scales" from 570:) are vulnerable on the 5791:(Platypus and echidnas) 5651:23 October 2018 at the 5355:Biological Conservation 4143:The Wall Street Journal 3200:10.1126/science.1067179 2603:Oxford University Press 2572:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: 2560:Andrews, James (2011). 2545:. Pangolins.org. 2015. 2482:Oxford University Press 2293:Oxford University Press 2274:A Greek-English Lexicon 2223:"Manidae Family search" 1960:Encyclopædia Britannica 1861:, London, J. Van Voorst 1779:Haeckel, Ernst (1895). 1614:and the development of 1474:preparations. While no 844: 561:Phataginus tetradactyla 7161:Myrmecophagous mammals 6022:(Dugongs and manatees) 5961:(Anteaters and sloths) 4762:Science-Based Medicine 4571:10.3201/eid2707.et2707 4549:Partin, Clyde (2021). 3941:"The CITES Appendices" 3603:van Uhm, D.P. (2016). 3297:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 3286:(1). London, England: 2574:University of Michigan 2393:Loeb Classical Library 1870:Murray, Andrew (1866) 1768:. Biology (48): 33–43. 1606: 1577: 1263: 1205:to a clade comprising 1197:). Within the former, 935: 914:pup and its mother, a 813: 799: 755:tube-lipped nectar bat 701: 693: 668:, it was known as the 500:threatened by poaching 7128:Paleobiology Database 6775:(paraphyletic family) 5891:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5683:. United States: PBS. 5636:29 April 2021 at the 5505:The Reporter (Taiwan) 5256:10.1101/gr.203521.115 4849:10.1089/acm.2011.0315 4788:Zhouying Jin (2005). 3607:. New York: Springer. 3459:10.1093/jhered/esx097 2968:John Wiley & Sons 2931:. 2015. p. 215. 2924:Wildlife of the World 1857:Edward Newman (1843) 1710:"Abstracts of Papers" 1686:Mammal classification 1601: 1563: 1511:Taiping sheng hui fan 1367:nucleic acid sequence 1302:critically endangered 1253: 1173:(million years) ago. 916:critically endangered 909: 805: 794: 699: 683: 372:, sometimes known as 5096:10.1162/glep_a_00623 4687:Agence France-Presse 3902:: e.T12764A123585318 3821:Conservation Letters 3669:: e.T12763A123584856 3566:: 1940082920985755. 3391:Taylor & Francis 3072:on 23 December 2014. 2966:(4). New York City: 2594:Journal of Mammalogy 2570:Animal Diversity Web 2543:"Meet the Pangolin!" 2045:on 25 September 2015 1897:Gill, Theo. (1910). 894:, use their strong, 822:long-tailed pangolin 798:in defensive posture 761:bone, but is in the 647:Philippine languages 543:Phataginus tricuspis 504:traditional medicine 493:convergent evolution 430:, has three genera: 19:For other uses, see 6851:Propalaeanodontinae 5646:video of a pangolin 5644:National Geographic 5599:. 25 September 2019 5549:2019PLoSO..1498230S 5468:2020GEcoC..2401395A 5367:2021BCons.25509002C 5306:2019GEcoC..2000714C 4962:National Geographic 4724:1938Natur.141R..72. 4488:2020CBio...30E1346Z 4482:(7): 1346–1351.e2. 4439:2020Natur.583..286X 4005:2015PLoSO..1017199B 3731:on 20 December 2015 3725:National Geographic 3700:on 22 December 2015 3694:National Geographic 3447:Journal of Heredity 3399:2012JVPal..32..983K 3243:2003MolPE..28..225A 3192:2001Sci...294.2348M 3186:(5550): 2348–2351. 3104:2015ZooK..507...99H 2927:. London, England: 2874:1997AfJEc..35..361R 2722:10.1155/2014/795062 2711:. London, England: 2423:2020NatSR..1014566L 2165:1938Natur.141R..72. 2104:Nature Conservation 1798:American Naturalist 1726:1994JVPal..14S...1. 1480:mechanism of action 1476:scientific evidence 1455:Amblyomma javanense 1397:was suggested as a 1276:Vietnamese medicine 1272:traditional Chinese 912:Philippine pangolin 816:Most pangolins are 690:Museum of Osteology 549:Manis crassicaudata 516:conservation status 5875:(Monito del monte) 5692:The New York Times 5052:(First ed.). 4639:10.1093/ve/veaa020 4621:(1 January 2020). 4138:"Asia in Pictures" 4053:The New York Times 3888:Manis pentadactyla 3834:10.1111/conl.12389 3789:www.pangolinsg.org 3560:University of Kent 3338:Smutsia temminckii 2959:Journal of Anatomy 2929:Dorling Kindersley 2884:– via EBSCO. 2784:10.7717/peerj.4140 2505:Acta Biomaterialia 2411:Scientific Reports 2195:The New York Times 2071:The New York Times 1607: 1578: 1532:practitioners and 1450:Manis pentadactyla 1361:Origin of COVID-19 1355:COVID-19 infection 1326:or cure cancer or 1289:Manis pentadactyla 1264: 1199:Manis pentadactyla 936: 814: 800: 702: 694: 567:Smutsia temminckii 7143: 7142: 7115:Open Tree of Life 6925:Taxon identifiers 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6871: 6870: 6818: 6776: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6620: 6554: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6385: 6384: 6314:See in template: 6199:Mammals of clade 6166: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6114: 6093: 6085: 6077: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5990:(Elephant shrews) 5983: 5962: 5954: 5935: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5892: 5884: 5883:(Marsupial moles) 5881:Notoryctemorphia 5876: 5855: 5847: 5844:Paucituberculata 5828: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5431:. 27 January 2021 5250:(10): 1312–1322. 5209:10.1638/2019-0019 5063:978-0-12-815506-6 5031:978-0-12-815506-6 4805:978-1-84150-124-6 4433:(7815): 286–289. 4359:10.3390/v11110979 4198:. London: Care2. 3164:978-0-87196-871-5 3024:978-1-4008-8445-2 2938:978-1-4654-4959-7 2908:978-1-920143-13-8 2302:978-0-19-860572-0 1987:978-0-8018-8221-0 1949:Lydekker, Richard 1645:Manis culionensis 1626:about pangolins. 1495:Ben Cao Jinji Zhu 1408:Asian palm civets 1389:. Researchers in 1387:COVID-19 pandemic 1344:timber harvesting 1280:trafficked animal 1103: 1094: 1079: 1061: 1052: 1043: 1032: 1021: 1009: 998: 525:Manis culionensis 518:is listed in the 367: 366: 293:Zagorodniuk, 2008 268:list of synonyms: 230: 7193: 7136: 7135: 7123: 7122: 7110: 7109: 7097: 7096: 7084: 7083: 7071: 7070: 7058: 7057: 7045: 7044: 7032: 7031: 7019: 7018: 7006: 7005: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6952: 6951: 6950: 6920: 6919: 6816: 6813:Metacheiromyinae 6781: 6780: 6774: 6771:Metacheiromyidae 6745:Escavadodontidae 6625: 6624: 6618: 6559: 6558: 6548: 6537: 6536: 6472: 6471: 6401: 6400: 6299: 6298: 6286: 6285: 6273: 6272: 6260: 6259: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6103:Euarchontoglires 6091: 6083: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5960: 5952: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5925: 5906: 5898: 5897:Peramelemorphia 5890: 5882: 5874: 5853: 5852:Didelphimorphia 5846:(Shrew opossums) 5845: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5811: 5810: 5790: 5781:Australosphenida 5777: 5776: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5684: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5560: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5405:. 23 August 2017 5393: 5387: 5386: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5317: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5166: 5160: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5098: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4964:. Archived from 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4917: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4831: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4733:10.1038/141072b0 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4683:The Jakarta Post 4674: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4619:Zhang, Yong-Zhen 4615:Holmes, Edward C 4610: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4507: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4371: 4361: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4228:. 26 August 2016 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4168:Associated Press 4158: 4152: 4151: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4026: 4016: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3836: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3791:. Archived from 3781: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3727:. Archived from 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3696:. Archived from 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3511: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3309: 3299: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3152: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3115: 3087: 3074: 3073: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2796: 2786: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2638: 2623: 2622: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2566:: tree pangolin" 2557: 2551: 2550: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2402: 2396: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2366:on 27 March 2020 2362:. Archived from 2343: 2337: 2336: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2295:. p. 1030. 2284: 2278: 2277: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2219: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174:10.1038/141072b0 2145: 2139: 2138: 2120: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2038:. Archived from 2007: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1963:(11th ed.). 1956: 1954:"Pangolin" 1945:Thomas, Oldfield 1941: 1935: 1934: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1804:(272): 657–664. 1793: 1787: 1786: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1757: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1706: 1661:Yanping Township 1620:intestinal worms 1418:showed that the 1416:genetic analysis 1340:overexploitation 1207:M. crassicaudata 1119:Among placentals 1101: 1092: 1077: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1030: 1019: 1007: 996: 973: 972: 968: 965: 959: 958: 954: 951: 782: 781: 777: 598: 597: 555:Smutsia gigantea 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 360: 354: 348: 342: 336: 330: 324: 321:Pholidotiformes 318: 312: 306: 300: 294: 288: 282: 276: 248: 225: 150: 149: 129: 114: 51: 44:Temporal range: 38: 37: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7171:Rolling animals 7146: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7131: 7126: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7066: 7061: 7053: 7048: 7040: 7035: 7027: 7022: 7014: 7009: 7001: 6996: 6988: 6983: 6975: 6970: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6927: 6917: 6904: 6882: 6867: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6777: 6773: 6768: 6761: 6747: 6742: 6735: 6713: 6708: 6693: 6663: 6661: 6647: 6621: 6617: 6615:Epoicotheriinae 6612: 6605: 6555: 6547: 6545:Epoicotheriidae 6542: 6533: 6528: 6513: 6505:Pholidota sp. ( 6497: 6486: 6468: 6467:representatives 6466: 6459: 6445: 6443:Eurotamanduidae 6440: 6425: 6411: 6406: 6397: 6392: 6381: 6367: 6356: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6308: 6304: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6254:Pholidotamorpha 6247: 6243:Pholidotamorpha 6203: 6201:Pholidotamorpha 6197: 6167: 6150: 6097: 6082:Perissodactyla 6027: 5966: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5912: 5889:Dasyuromorphia 5873:Microbiotheria 5865:Australidelphia 5859: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5796: 5766: 5734: 5727: 5695:, 6 March 2020. 5676: 5671:Wayback Machine 5653:Wayback Machine 5638:Wayback Machine 5617: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5408: 5406: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5285: 5281: 5244:Genome Research 5236: 5232: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5174:www.traffic.org 5168: 5167: 5163: 5158:Wayback Machine 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4968:on 10 June 2020 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4918: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4886:The Independent 4876: 4872: 4843:(12): 1108–20. 4832: 4828: 4815: 4813: 4806: 4796:Intellect Books 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4753: 4749: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4675: 4664: 4627:Virus Evolution 4611: 4604: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4476:Current Biology 4468: 4464: 4418: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4389: 4385: 4338: 4334: 4299: 4292: 4263: 4256: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4159: 4155: 4146:. 27 May 2012. 4136: 4135: 4131: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4069: 4065: 4044: 4040: 3999:(1): e0117199. 3985: 3981: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3856: 3852: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3795:on 10 July 2017 3783: 3782: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3751: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3612: 3601: 3597: 3544: 3540: 3529: 3525: 3478: 3474: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3422: 3373: 3369: 3334: 3323: 3270: 3266: 3227: 3223: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3143: 3139: 3098:(507): 99–114. 3088: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017:. p. 118. 3005: 3001: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2893: 2889: 2858: 2854: 2839: 2817: 2810: 2757: 2753: 2734: 2730: 2713:Wiley-Blackwell 2695: 2691: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2639: 2626: 2611:10.2307/1382356 2589: 2585: 2564:Manis tricuspis 2558: 2554: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2501: 2497: 2468: 2464: 2403: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2360: 2344: 2340: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2285: 2281: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2221: 2220: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2198:. New York City 2186: 2182: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1972: 1968: 1942: 1938: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1825: 1794: 1790: 1777: 1773: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691:Pholidotamorpha 1682: 1653: 1570:Prince of Wales 1558: 1526:lactating women 1468: 1434: 1363: 1357: 1352: 1248: 1242: 1234:laurasiatherian 1179: 1167:Pholidotamorpha 1127: 1125:Pholidotamorpha 1121: 1116: 1017:Eurotamanduidae 989: 984: 970: 966: 963: 961: 956: 952: 949: 947: 904: 847: 807:Indian pangolin 796:Ground pangolin 789: 779: 775: 774: 678: 584: 531:M. pentadactyla 389: 385: 374:scaly anteaters 363: 358: 352: 346: 340: 334: 328: 322: 316: 310: 304: 298: 292: 286: 280: 274: 270: 269: 224: 212:Pholidotamorpha 144: 135:Indian pangolin 120: 113: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 46: 45: 42: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7199: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7124: 7111: 7098: 7085: 7072: 7059: 7046: 7033: 7020: 7007: 6994: 6981: 6968: 6953: 6937: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6894: 6885: 6883: 6879:Incertae sedis 6876: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6862:Propalaeanodon 6856: 6854: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6822: 6820: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6784: 6778: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6750: 6748: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6725: 6716: 6714: 6711:Ernanodontidae 6706: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6683: 6675: 6666: 6664: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6637: 6628: 6622: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6595: 6587: 6579: 6571: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6534: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6500: 6498: 6494:Incertae sedis 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6414: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6379: 6370: 6368: 6364:Incertae sedis 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6283: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6236: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6181: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6124: 6116: 6107: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6079: 6071: 6063: 6055: 6046: 6044: 6042:Laurasiatheria 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5996:Tubulidentata 5993: 5988:Macroscelidea 5985: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5956: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905:Diprotodontia 5902: 5894: 5886: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5849: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5685: 5674: 5661: 5655: 5640: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5615:External links 5613: 5611: 5610: 5582: 5519: 5508:. 23 June 2019 5491: 5442: 5416: 5388: 5345: 5331: 5279: 5230: 5203:(3): 678–687. 5186: 5161: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5069: 5062: 5054:Academic Press 5037: 5030: 5022:Academic Press 5005: 4979: 4948: 4934: 4903: 4870: 4826: 4804: 4798:. p. 36. 4780: 4747: 4699: 4662: 4633:(1): veaa020. 4602: 4553:Sunda pangolin 4541: 4519: 4462: 4409: 4383: 4332: 4290: 4254: 4239: 4213: 4186: 4153: 4129: 4104: 4086: 4063: 4038: 3979: 3958: 3932: 3913: 3876: 3850: 3806: 3771: 3742: 3711: 3680: 3655:Manis javanica 3643: 3610: 3595: 3538: 3523: 3472: 3453:(4): 347–359. 3436: 3420: 3367: 3321: 3288:BioMed Central 3264: 3237:(2): 225–240. 3221: 3170: 3163: 3137: 3075: 3056: 3030: 3023: 2999: 2944: 2937: 2914: 2907: 2887: 2868:(4): 361–369. 2852: 2838:978-0470015902 2837: 2808: 2775:O'Reilly Media 2751: 2728: 2689: 2678:(1): 248–251. 2658: 2652:978-0517667910 2651: 2624: 2583: 2552: 2534: 2495: 2462: 2397: 2377: 2358: 2338: 2308: 2301: 2279: 2260: 2245: 2209: 2180: 2140: 2089: 2056: 1993: 1986: 1966: 1936: 1889: 1876: 1863: 1850: 1833: 1823: 1810:10.1086/274985 1788: 1771: 1752: 1739: 1720:: 1–58. 1994. 1700: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1681: 1678: 1652: 1649: 1557: 1554: 1503:Wai Tai Mi Yao 1467: 1464: 1446:Manis javanica 1433: 1424: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1246:Pangolin trade 1241: 1238: 1178: 1175: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1086:Superfamily: † 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1066:Incertae sedis 1062: 1053: 1022: 1010: 988: 985: 983: 980: 928:pangolin trade 903: 900: 849:Pangolins are 846: 843: 788: 785: 751:giant anteater 677: 674: 631:Manis javanica 627:Sunda pangolin 583: 580: 498:Pangolins are 365: 364: 362: 361: 355: 349: 343: 337: 331: 325: 319: 315:Pholidotheria 313: 307: 301: 295: 289: 283: 277: 267: 266: 265: 262: 261: 255: 254: 250: 249: 241: 240: 237: 236: 232: 231: 219: 215: 214: 209: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 138: 137: 131: 130: 122: 121: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7198: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6921: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6828:Metacheiromys 6824: 6823: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6772: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6704: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6672:Epoicotherium 6668: 6667: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6655:Epoicotherium 6650: 6644: 6643: 6642:Tetrapassalus 6638: 6636: 6635: 6634:Pentapassalus 6630: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6584:Auroratherium 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6568:Alocodontulum 6564: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6531:Palaeanodonta 6524: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6436: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6402: 6399: 6396: 6388: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6332:Patriomanidae 6325: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6194: 6189: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6117: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6090:Artiodactyla 6088: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050:Eulipotyphla 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6033:Boreoeutheria 6030: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5986: 5984: 5980:Afrosoricida 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5598: 5597: 5596:The News Lens 5592: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5523: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5335: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5195:Tricuspis)". 5190: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5009: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4937: 4935:9780128155073 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4823: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4551:"Etymologia: 4545: 4529: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3827:(2): e12389. 3826: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:"Action Plan" 3780: 3778: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3747: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3425: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 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1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1671:townships in 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1541:pharmacopoeia 1539:The official 1537: 1535: 1531: 1530:folk medicine 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1466:Folk medicine 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420:spike protein 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1403:coronaviruses 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:coronaviruses 1373:belonging to 1372: 1371:spike protein 1368: 1362: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284:deforestation 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177:Among Manidae 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:Palaeanodonts 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1137:(neotropical 1136: 1132: 1126: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1057:Patriomanidae 1054: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1035:Superfamily: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 995: 991: 990: 979: 977: 944: 940: 933: 930:to China and 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 899: 897: 893: 892:tree pangolin 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 851:insectivorous 842: 840: 835: 833: 829: 827: 823: 819: 812: 811:Asiatic lions 808: 804: 797: 793: 784: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 715: 711: 707: 698: 691: 687: 682: 673: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 645:; and in the 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 605: 601: 592: 589: 588:Ancient Greek 579: 577: 573: 569: 568: 563: 562: 557: 556: 551: 550: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 532: 527: 526: 522:tier. Three ( 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:deforestation 505: 501: 496: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446: 441: 440: 435: 434: 429: 425: 419: 383: 380:of the order 379: 375: 371: 359:Haeckel, 1895 356: 350: 344: 338: 332: 326: 320: 317:Haeckel, 1895 314: 308: 305:Haeckel, 1895 302: 299:Haeckel, 1895 296: 290: 287:Gervais, 1854 284: 278: 272: 271: 263: 260: 256: 251: 247: 242: 238: 233: 228: 223: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 139: 136: 132: 128: 123: 118: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 39: 36: 32: 30: 22: 6932: 6897: 6891:Arcticanodon 6889: 6877: 6860: 6834: 6826: 6796: 6790:Brachianodon 6788: 6754: 6728: 6722:Asiabradypus 6720: 6686: 6680:Molaetherium 6678: 6670: 6658: 6654: 6640: 6632: 6598: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6566: 6551:paraphyletic 6506: 6492: 6479: 6454:Eurotamandua 6452: 6418: 6391:Superfamily: 6374: 6362: 6349: 6341: 6315: 6290:Superfamily: 6266: 6238: 6229: 6129:(Treeshrews) 6065: 6012:Proboscidea 5953:(Armadillos) 5836:Ameridelphia 5789:Monotremata 5690: 5679: 5643: 5601:. 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Retrieved 3899: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3867:. Retrieved 3863: 3853: 3824: 3820: 3809: 3799:15 September 3797:. Retrieved 3793:the original 3788: 3762:. Retrieved 3758: 3733:. Retrieved 3729:the original 3724: 3714: 3702:. Retrieved 3698:the original 3693: 3683: 3671:. Retrieved 3666: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3623: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3526: 3489: 3486:BMC Genomics 3485: 3475: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3393:: 983–1001. 3386: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3348:(1): 49–54. 3345: 3341: 3337: 3283: 3277: 3267: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3148: 3140: 3095: 3070:the original 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3043: 3033: 3009: 3002: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2923: 2917: 2897: 2890: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2820: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2731: 2708: 2702: 2692: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2642: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2537: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2417:(1): 14566. 2414: 2410: 2400: 2388: 2380: 2368:. Retrieved 2364:the original 2348: 2341: 2324: 2321:"tĕnggiling" 2288: 2282: 2273: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2236:. Retrieved 2226: 2200:. Retrieved 2193: 2183: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2082:26 September 2080:. Retrieved 2069: 2059: 2047:. Retrieved 2040:the original 2015: 2009: 1996: 1976: 1969: 1958: 1939: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1879: 1866: 1853: 1843: 1836: 1826: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1765: 1755: 1742: 1717: 1713: 1704: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1608: 1579: 1572:, the later 1556:Conservation 1546: 1538: 1515: 1510: 1507:Song dynasty 1502: 1499:Tang dynasty 1494: 1492: 1484:black market 1469: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1442:coltiviruses 1438:pestiviruses 1435: 1430: 1426: 1364: 1321: 1314: 1310: 1287: 1265: 1229: 1228:position of 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203:sister group 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1131:sister taxon 1128: 1102:Storch, 2003 1087: 1078:Filhol, 1893 1072: 1064: 1036: 1025: 1002: 993: 941: 937: 902:Reproduction 889: 870: 855: 848: 836: 830: 815: 765:between the 748: 729: 703: 672:(φαττάγης). 669: 663: 658: 654: 650: 643:terenggiling 642: 634: 630: 622: 618: 614: 608: 599: 585: 565: 559: 553: 547: 541: 535: 529: 523: 506:) and heavy 497: 466: 457: 453: 449: 443: 437: 431: 426:family, the 381: 373: 369: 368: 347:Huxley, 1872 341:Murray, 1866 335:Newman, 1843 329:Pearse, 1936 327:Pholidotina 323:Kinman, 1994 273:Afredentata 221: 205: 47:47.8–0 35: 28: 7050:iNaturalist 6957:Wikispecies 6836:Palaeanodon 6756:Escavadodon 6688:Xenocranium 6659:Xenocranium 6351:Patriomanis 6343:Cryptomanis 6280:Eupholidota 6135:Dermoptera 6127:Scandentia 6119:Lagomorpha 6068:(Pangolins) 6058:Chiroptera 6014:(Elephants) 6004:Hyracoidea 5998:(Aardvarks) 5760:(unranked) 5402:China Daily 4816:18 February 4534:28 February 4397:LiveScience 4352:(11): 979. 4249:Daily Trust 3049:14 December 2970:: 477–501. 2605:: 472–480. 2484:: 267–273. 2370:14 December 2022:: 235–305. 1909:(810): 56. 1631:Jackie Chan 1588:trafficking 1522:blood clots 1410:during the 1332:Philippines 1236:phylogeny. 1211:M. javanica 1151:carnivorans 1027:Eupholidota 997:Weber, 1904 881:gastroliths 783: in). 710:fingernails 676:Description 537:M. javanica 422:). The one 351:Squamigera 297:Manitheria 291:Maniformes 7150:Categories 6899:Melaniella 6847:Subfamily: 6809:Subfamily: 6611:Subfamily: 6592:Dipassalus 6576:Amelotabes 6395:Eomanoidea 6376:Necromanis 6074:Carnivora 6066:Pholidota 5972:Afrotheria 5951:Cingulata 5932:inclusive) 5854:(Opossums) 5825:inclusive) 5815:Metatheria 5772:Yinotheria 5756:Vertebrata 5754:Subphylum 5603:8 February 5512:8 February 5462:: e01395. 5435:27 January 5361:: 109002. 5325:2263/75894 5300:: e00714. 5179:10 January 4171:. London. 4122:. 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