105:, the non-resident Bishop of Susa. Papa refused to submit to the council's authority, "exalting himself above the bishops who were assembled to judge him." An angry exchange followed, as Miles demanded that Papa be judged, if not by man, then by the Gospel, and produced a copy of the Gospel from his own satchel and placed it on a cushion. Papa, furious, struck the book with his hand, exclaiming, "Then speak, Gospel, speak!" The sacrilege stunned the council's attendees, but then Papa fell senseless, struck with paralysis or apoplexy, or possibly a stroke. The Council accordingly accepted all accusations towards Papa as proven, and he was deposed. His
1000:
100:
His changes, especially his attempt to establish the bishopric at
Seleucia as the authority over the rest of the Persian Church had strong opposition. A council was called in Seleucia in 315 to investigate charges of personal misconduct. The two primary opponents were Aqib-Alaha, Bishop of Karka
120:, S'ada, and possibly also to James of Nisibis. As a result, the charges against Papa were annulled, though reports differ as to whether his accusers themselves were deposed. Papa continued as bishop for another 12 years, dying peacefully around 327 or 328. He was succeeded by
42:, or universal leader, and set about restructuring the previously disorganized Persian church. Some historians describe him as the founding figure of the Church of the East, though according to Syriac tradition, he was simply continuing a line of leaders, such as
72:
During his tenure Papa made a substantial and controversial reorganization of the
Persian church, setting himself up as head of a hierarchy of other bishops. For these efforts he was recognized as
149:
Stewart, p. 15. "The first to be designated
Catholicos was Papa, metropolitan of Seleucia from A. D. 280 to 328. The title was conceded to Papa by the Council held in A.D. 315."
388:
65:, appointed Papa so that the Persian capital might have its own bishop and diocese. This probably occurred around 280. He was considered a strong-willed and hot-tempered
381:
62:
57:
had no organized leadership or established episcopal succession. According to the scholar
Mschikha-Zca, two visiting bishops, Akha d'abuh' of
1028:
418:
374:
336:
1033:
340:
116:
Papa recovered from his illness, though without the use of one of his arms. Resolving to recover his title as well, he appealed to the
1043:
288:
206:
397:
23:
196:
260:
An introduction to the history of the
Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100–640 A.D
778:
267:
909:
783:
739:
734:
724:
863:
848:
701:
647:
843:
38:, who would later become the acknowledged head of the church. He was the first bishop to be given the title of
818:
627:
606:
562:
1038:
788:
744:
601:
582:
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686:
572:
567:
527:
278:
798:
591:
542:
102:
8:
1023:
1004:
986:
121:
30:, in the late 3rd and early 4th century. An important figure in the early history of the
662:
458:
401:
366:
312:
54:
47:
35:
31:
299:
749:
491:
356:
284:
263:
202:
117:
434:
110:
85:
27:
904:
501:
439:
413:
1017:
879:
828:
823:
768:
719:
642:
537:
613:
280:
The
Cambridge History of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods
894:
884:
853:
813:
808:
773:
763:
729:
696:
632:
92:), Papa was also in touch with the King and the King's ministers, as the
89:
949:
889:
858:
838:
833:
803:
671:
657:
652:
622:
611:
444:
106:
73:
69:, as well as a capable scholar in both the Persian and Syriac tongues.
66:
39:
981:
962:
923:
793:
276:
971:
936:
918:
691:
637:
547:
496:
477:
472:
321:
113:, was consecrated in his place, though he was reluctant to accept.
43:
999:
976:
899:
676:
557:
552:
511:
506:
463:
681:
34:, he was first in the generally recognized line of Bishops of
596:
453:
80:
58:
532:
194:
396:
201:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 39.
53:
Prior to Papa's consecration the
Christian community in
78:
Since he was the leader of the
Christian minority (
301:Nestorian Missionary Enterprise: A Church on Fire
1015:
277:Fisher, William Bayne; Yarshater, Ehsan (1983).
382:
297:
257:
222:
220:
218:
389:
375:
215:
1016:
370:
195:Butler, Alban; Cumming, John (1998).
1029:Patriarchs of the Church of the East
198:Butler's Lives of the Saints: August
22:(died c. 327/328) was the Chaldean
13:
14:
1055:
1034:Christians in the Sasanian Empire
998:
337:Catholicos-Patriarch of the East
987:Shemʿon VII Ishoʿyahb (1539–58)
238:
283:. Cambridge University Press.
229:
188:
179:
170:
161:
152:
143:
134:
1:
1044:Bishops of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
251:
96:, the leader of the minority.
492:Shemʿon Bar Sabbaʿe (329–41)
341:Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
24:Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
16:Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
7:
614:
10:
1060:
905:Yahballaha III (1281–1317)
995:
880:Yahballaha II (1190–1222)
872:
712:
520:
427:
408:
347:
334:
318:
313:Church of the East titles
311:
46:, that stretched back to
919:Denha II (1336/7–1381/2)
127:
1005:Christianity portal
854:ʿAbdishoʿ III (1139–48)
829:Sabrishoʿ III (1064–72)
839:Makkikha I (1092–1110)
834:ʿAbdishoʿ II (1074–90)
824:Yohannan VII (1049–57)
643:Ishoʿyahb III (649–59)
298:Stewart, John (1928).
258:Wigram, W. A. (2004).
76:of the Church in 315.
972:Shemʿon V (1497–1502)
895:Makkikha II (1257–65)
890:Sabrishoʿ V (1226–56)
885:Sabrishoʿ IV (1222–5)
859:Ishoʿyahb V (1149–75)
814:Ishoʿyahb IV (1020–5)
809:Yohannan VI (1012–20)
720:Ishoʿ bar Nun (823–8)
697:Hnanishoʿ II (773–80)
633:Ishoʿyahb II (628–45)
623:Sabrishoʿ I (596–604)
538:Yahballaha I (415–20)
88:(which was primarily
982:Shemʿon VI (1504–38)
804:Yohannan V (1000–11)
794:ʿAbdishoʿ I (963–86)
779:Abraham III (906–37)
774:Yohannan IV (900–05)
769:Yohannan III (893–9)
764:Yohannan II (884–91)
730:Sabrishoʿ II (831–5)
725:Giwargis II (828–31)
658:Hnanishoʿ I (686–98)
304:. T. & T. Clark.
1039:3rd-century bishops
963:Shemʿon IV Basidi (
873:13th–16th centuries
864:Eliya III (1176–90)
784:Emmanuel I (937–60)
735:Abraham II (837–50)
702:Timothy I (780–823)
672:Sliba-zkha (714–28)
648:Giwargis I (661–80)
502:Barbaʿshmin (343–6)
345:(c. 280–317)
122:Mar Simeon Barsabae
849:Bar Sawma (1134–6)
844:Eliya II (1111–32)
750:Israel of Kashkar
740:Theodosius (853–8)
713:9th–12th centuries
692:Yaʿqob II (753–73)
653:Yohannan I (680–3)
402:Church of the East
101:d'Baith Slok; and
55:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
48:Thomas the Apostle
36:Seleucia-Ctesiphon
32:Church of the East
1011:
1010:
910:Timothy II (1318–
900:Denha I (1265–81)
819:Eliya I (1028–49)
553:Dadishoʿ (421–56)
521:5th–8th centuries
473:Ahadabui (204–20)
428:1st–4th centuries
365:
364:
357:Shemon Bar Sabbae
348:Succeeded by
290:978-0-521-24693-4
262:. Gorgias Press.
208:978-0-86012-257-9
158:Wigram, p. 26, 44
140:Cambridge, p. 931
26:, the capital of
1051:
1003:
1002:
977:Eliya V (1503–4)
677:Pethion (731–40)
638:Maremmeh (646–9)
617:
607:Ezekiel (570–81)
578:Elishaʿ (524–37)
563:Acacius (485–96)
558:Babowai (457–84)
512:Qayyoma (377–99)
507:Tomarsa (363–71)
497:Shahdost (341–3)
478:Shahlufa (220–4)
459:Abraham (159–71)
391:
384:
377:
368:
367:
319:Preceded by
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244:Wigram, p. 55-56
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118:Bishop of Edessa
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1048:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
991:
868:
745:Sargis (860–72)
708:
682:Aba II (741–51)
663:Yohannan Garba
628:Gregory (605–9)
618:yahb I (582–95)
602:Joseph (552–67)
568:Babai (497–503)
528:Isaac (399–410)
516:
423:
404:
395:
361:
360:(329–341)
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354:(317–329)
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331:(224–280)
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86:Sassanid Empire
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28:Sassanid Persia
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12:
11:
5:
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414:schism of 1552
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185:Stewart, p. 11
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176:Wigram, p. 45.
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167:Wigram, p. 44.
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63:Bishop of Susa
20:Papa bar Aggai
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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799:Mari (987–99)
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566:
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541:
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533:Ahha (410–14)
531:
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526:
525:
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460:
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448:
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440:Aggai (66–87)
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411:
410:
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33:
29:
25:
21:
964:
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951:
942:
938:
929:
925:
924:Shemʿon II (
911:
789:Israel (961)
751:
664:
584:
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465:
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335:
327:
300:
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197:
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145:
136:
115:
99:
93:
79:
71:
52:
19:
18:
687:Surin (753)
543:Maʿna (420)
94:melet-bashi
90:Zoroastrian
1024:328 deaths
1018:Categories
967:1450–1497)
937:Eliya IV (
592:Paul (539)
464:Yaʿqob I (
412:Until the
398:Patriarchs
252:References
107:archdeacon
74:Catholicos
40:Catholicos
419:Full list
84:) in the
67:statesman
752:intrusus
665:intrusus
587:(524–37)
585:intrusus
487:280–317)
322:Shahlufa
61:and the
44:Mar Mari
667:(691–3)
583:Narsai
400:of the
483:Papa (
445:Mari (
351:Vacant
328:Vacant
287:
266:
205:
958:1450)
954:1425–
945:1425)
941:1405–
932:1405)
928:1385–
914:1332)
754:(877)
435:Addai
128:Notes
103:Miles
81:melet
59:Arbil
612:Isho
468:190)
449:104)
285:ISBN
264:ISBN
203:ISBN
447:ob.
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965:c.
956:c.
952:c.
943:c.
939:c.
930:c.
926:c.
912:c.
485:c.
466:c.
217:^
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109:,
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383:t
376:v
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211:.
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