Parakramabahu I - Knowledge

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Narayan's rebellion was suppressed by another force, leaving Rakkha, who had successfully held the fords at the Mahaweli River, free to invade from the north. Manabharana, supported by some loyalist inhabitants, defeated Dakkhinadesan army and drove them back to Rajarata. Parākramabāhu found himself facing dissension within his own ranks and the defeat of his forces in Malaya; Manabharana even recaptured Polonnaruwa and advanced into Giritale. Despite this Parākramabāhu persevered with the offensive, withdrawing from his southern campaign and concentrating his forces in the north. Manabharana once again found himself besieged in Polonnaruwa. Both sides were exhausted by the incessant warfare of the preceding years, and Manabharana eventually fled the city for Ruhuna. His forces were overtaken at the Mahaweli River by Parākramabāhu's army and annihilated; the king returned to the south in time to pass away from a combination of disease and exhaustion.

1255:, which remained in Sri Lankan hands till the reign of Nissanka Malla. Here they built a fortress called Parakramapura. In this early phase of the war they fought Kulasekhara on several occasions, eventually laying siege to him in Madurai and seizing the city. Virapandya was restored to power and crowned as the Pandyan King, also the Lankapura's army remained in Madurai, and continued to engage the Chola across south India, eventually raiding the Chola territory and striking fear into its feaudatories. The Culavamsa dedicates much of chapter LXXVII to a description of the ensuing war between Lankapura and Kulasekhara, who apparently fought on with assistance from the Cheras. However the account ends abruptly. 654:

capture Gajabahu. By late 1153, after suffering a number of defeats, Gajabahu realized his capture was imminent, and appealed to the Sangha to intervene. They persuaded Parākramabāhu that the ailing king no longer posed a threat, and that he should be allowed to live out the rest of his days in peace. Manabharana tried to woo the king back to the battle against Parākramabāhu, but Gajabahu refused, having the words "I have made over Rajarata to Parākramabāhu" inscribed on a stone tablet (Sangamuwa Inscription) to confirm his abdication in favor of Parākramabāhu. Gajabahu moved to Gantale (Kantalai), where he died in the 22nd year after his coronation as king of Rajarata.

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by Parākramabāhu. "They caused many foes to whom severity was due, to be brought before them, and at villages and market-towns they had numbers of stakes set up on which they impaled many hundreds of the enemy. Many other foes they had hanged on the gallows and burnt and showed forth in every way the majesty of Parākramabāhu". It may well have been the case that the king was tired of the constant animosity directed at him by the kingdom. The brutal suppression of the rebellion ensured that, apart from a brief insurrection in 1160, Ruhuna remained quiet for the rest of his reign. The fate of Queen Sugala is not recorded.

981:, constructing an elaborate three-walled complex featuring turrets for archers and fourteen gates. None of which has survived till modern times. Beyond the city precinct it is believed he constructed or renovated three smaller townships, in addition to Parakramapura - Rajavesi Bhujanga, Raja Kulantaka (Sinhapura), and Vijitapura. Extensive gardens were also laid down around Polonnaruwa, featuring ponds and bathing-pools, one of which, the Twin Pools, survives till this date. One such garden, the 'Island Garden', extended into the middle of Thupa Wewa ('Wewa' meaning 'tank' or 'reservoir' in Sinhala) on a promontory. 51: 1212: 650:

town with Manabharana became "weakened birds in a cage". With the sporadic attacks from Dakkhinadesa forces slowly grinding down his power in the north, Manabharana left Polonnaruwa to attack a force commanded by Rakkha that had been wreaking havoc in western Rajarata. In his absence Parākramabāhu's forces seized Polonnaruwa, liberated Gajabahu II, and took into their possession the entirety of the treasure of Manabharana of Ruhuna. The king of Ruhuna returned to his capital with the sacred relics, the tooth relic and the alms bowls.

1352: 1009: 5003: 832: 663: 931: 290: 600: 1348:, that Parākramabāhu did not take any steps towards ensuring a smooth succession. One reason offered is the strength of Sri Lankan conventional law, which contained fairly fluid conventions for the replacement of rulers. Excluding Nissanka Malla, all the successors of him appears to have been weak. The chronic instability and the renewal of the civil war of the years following the end his reign undid many of his constructions. 3624: 434: 1282:

who was entrusted with these tasks, entertained Kulasekhara suitably during his stay in the Cola country, and having with his army, resources and zeal, brought about the reconquest of the Pandiyan kingdom, he carried out his master's orders to the letter by nailing the heads of Lankapuri-dandanayaka and others(other Soldiers) to the gates of Madura. The war thus ended in favour of the Cholas, sometime in the 1170s.

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on the expulsion and exclusion of the religious minority as it did on the rewarding and encouragement of the orthodox. Finally, the king summoned the leaders of the sangha on the island once a year, centering the visit on a ritual on the banks of the Mahaweli river—possibly a practical means of keeping up-to-date with their progress and their standards. After Parakramabahu's repression, Mahayana and

620:. In the meantime, Gajabahu's senior general Gokanna suffered several defeats in the vicinity of Kala Wewa and was forced to appeal to Gajabahu in order to receive reinforcements. Despite receiving these and meeting with some success in Malaya, Gokanna was again defeated by Parākramabāhu's general Mahinda, a rout so total that Gokanna fled the battle scene leaving behind his umbrella, an important 345: 1127: 505:. The new king's personality was illustrated when the architects commissioned to the project informed him that it was well-nigh impossible to carry out, to which Parākramabāhu replied that "What is there in the world that cannot be carried out by people of energy?". He ordered the construction of canals and dams, and cleared a large area of forest around them for new 1094:, the mother of Manabharana of Ruhuna who had fought Parākramabāhu bitterly for the throne, joined a revolt against Parākramabāhu. The situation turned dire when a group of mercenaries took the opportunity afforded by the absence of Parākramabāhu's army, and his most formidable general Rakkha, to revolt in 1157. The revolt was organized by the army of Ruhuna. 249:, ascended the throne of Dakkhinadesa. Over the next decade, improved both Dakkhinadesi infrastructure and military. Following a protracted civil war, he secured power over the entire island around 1153 and remained in this position until his death in 1186. During Parākramabāhu's reign, he launched a punitive campaign against the kings of Burma, aided the 910:, in 1157, Parākramabāhu recovered the Tooth relic and the alms bowls from Ruhuna and brought them to Polonnaruwa; afterwards placed the relics in a shrine known as the Temple of the Tooth Relic in Polonnaruwa. Such constructions became a hallmark of Parākramabāhu's reign; his buildings for the reformed sangha are described in great detail in the 962:. Parakramabahu, having abolished his office at Parakramapura of Dakkhinadesa, turned his attention on Polonnaruwa. Unsurprisingly, due to the near-yearly sieges, the city had suffered and had reached a state that nothing but its name remained. It is perhaps because of this that so little of pre-12th century Polonnaruwa remains until today. 1376:

military and naval resources had been greatly damaged.That under Rājādhirāja the Cõļa empire continued to retain the same proportions as under Rājarāja II may be inferred from the provenance of his inscriptions which are found in Nellore and Kāļahasti and Nandalūr. Sinhalese forces continued to have a presence in

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seventy kādams from north to south, killing some of the Singalese chieftains of the locality and taking others captive. The booty captured in the course of the expedition was then duly presented to the Cōla king by Annan Pallavarāyan who thus successfully counteracted all the machinations of the Ceylonese ruler.

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a Sri Lankan invasion that dethroned Narathu is known in Myanmar. Furthermore, a contemporary inscription at Devanagala mentions the awarding of land to the general Kitti Nagaragiri for his leadership in a campaign to 'Ramanna', naming the king of Bagan as 'Bhuvanaditta', a possible Sinhalization of 'Narathu'.

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and Burma, the situation changed dramatically. Initially he deprived the envoys of the King of Sri Lanka the maintenance they were previously granted. He also issued an order prohibiting the sale of elephants to foreign countries and did away with the age old custom of presenting an elephant to every

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Buddhism. Many monks moved abroad rather than face such severe religious bigotry, whilst some others simply abandoned the cloth and returned to lay life. In this they may well have been encouraged by Parākramabāhu, who seems to have felt that the "purification" of the priestly orders depended as much

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Despite this, some members of Dakkhinadesi army are known to have disregarded his commands by breaking open house doors in Rajarata, and plundering goods and stole raiment and ornaments from the people of the city. This pillaging was to have dire consequences for Parākramabāhu. Angered by the actions

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Around 1150, Parākramabāhu made his first move by seizing control of Malaya, strategically securing his eastern flank. He then moved his forces against various chieftains on the border of Rajarata. The final stage of this early campaign was the defeat of an army of Gajabahu himself, after which there

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Sankha, on the border between Rajarata and Dakkhinadesa. When Sankha tried to inform Kitti Sri Megha of the prince's journey, Parākramabāhu had him killed. Parākramabāhu then seized Buddhagama (modern Menikdena Nuwara) and all of Sankha's property. He continued his journey, having evaded a force sent

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The account of the campaign in Bagan is possibly exaggerated, particularly as Burmese chronicles do not contain any information on a massive invasion from Lanka. Nevertheless there is evidence to indicate that there was some form of campaign undertaken, and that it was a successful one. The story of

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Henceforth no vessel from the Sinhala country shall be sent to my kingdom. Give us now in writing the declaration that if from there are again sent to us, in case we should slay the envoys who have come here, no blame of any kind will attach to us. If yer give not the declaration yer shall not have

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Gajabahu then appealed to Parākramabāhu for assistance by secretly sending a message, and Parākramabāhu ordered his troops to cut off grain supplies by roaming around the towns of Manabharana of Ruhuna; the troops blockaded the roads between Ruhuna and Polonnaruwa. As a result, all the people in the

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of sorts on the part of Vikramabāhu, who wished to keep the throne until his death, after which it would be passed on to Parākramabāhu. Manabharana, however, rejected the offer, stating that "It is not (prudent) ... to send away such a jewel of a son". He also speculated that "...if the boy is taken

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The expedition that was sent with Srivallabha at its head captured and destroyed several places in Ceylon, including Pulaiccēri and Mātōţţam, where Parākramabāhu was gathering his forces; it seized many elephants and set fire to a considerable area extending over twenty kādams from east to west and

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Following rumours that Parakramabahu was preparing for another invasion, Rajadhiraja II sent a brigade commanded by Annan Pallavarayan to launch a pre-emptive strike. Annan sailed to Sri Lanka and destroyed Parakramabahu's preparations for the invasion. The Cholas also provided support to Sinhalese

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Whatever the reason, Parākramabāhu was incensed. After preparing a navy at Pallavavanka, he dispatched to Bagan a formidable naval force. The size of the army is not known, but it is recorded as containing a year's supply of grains, specially modified arrows, and Sri Lanka's fearsome war elephants.

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The tide finally turned when reinforcements arrived in Ruhuna, probably in early 1158, through Sabaragamuwa, and from the western coast. Mahagama was seized and Queen Sugala captured. The forces of Parākramabāhu then inflicted mass killings on the nobility and citizens of Ruhuna, seemingly accepted

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Parākramabāhu dispatched another general, Bhuta, to assist Rakkha, who had become bogged down in conflict in Ruhuna. Despite reinforcements, Rakkha still appear to have become stuck in a war of attrition not unlike Parākramabāhu's wars for the throne. Certainly it outlasted a simultaneous rebellion

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On this occasion Parākramabāhu decided to vanquish Manabharana once and for all; "Not even in Rohana will I permit King Manabharana who is here crushed in war, to find a hold". Rakkha was commanded to hold the fords at the Mahaweli while Parākramabāhu himself attacked from Dakkhinadesa into Ruhuna.

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Whilst he was still young, his eldest sister Mitta was forcibly married to their cousin, Manabharana, the son of Sri Vallabha of Ruhuna, against the wishes of Queen Ratnavali. Ratnavali was herself of the Kalinga clan of the royal family, and though she was the widow of a king of the Arya branch of

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Soon after the child's birth, Manabharana fell ill and died. His younger brother Kitti Sri Megha, who was joint king of Ruhuna, ascended the throne of Dakkhinadesa, while Sri Vallabha was declared sole king of Ruhuna. Parākramabāhu, his mother Ratnavali and his two sisters Mitta and Pabhavati, were

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Furthermore the sheer size and extent of the king's construction projects can still be seen in Polonnaruwa today, as well as in the various carvings dotted around the country vaunting the accomplishments of the "Great King". However such success came at a price. Relentless warfare took its toll on

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states that Rajadhiraja II ordered his commander Thirumala Perumanambi along with a strong army with specific instructions to kill Lankapura and Jagad Vijaya of the Polonnaruwa Army and hang their heads from the gates of the palace of Madurai. Pallavarayar alias Tirucirrambalamudaiyan perumanambi,

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Parākramabāhu was finally the unquestioned lord of the entire island of Sri Lanka, even though it had been at the cost of around five years of incessant warfare. In years to come the king himself was to regard this war as one of the most significant events of his reign, mentioning it in several of

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Deva to restore order to Polonnaruwa, but he found himself in battle with Manabharana of Ruhuna before he could reorganize his troops. The king of Ruhuna kept to his word and delivered Parākramabāhu's forces a crushing blow, driving them from Polonnaruwa. For the Kalinga clan however, the alliance

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Hostilities resumed soon afterwards. Gajabahu had resorted to securing support from abroad, and by the time hostilities resumed between him and Parākramabāhu, the army of Rajarata included nobles of heretical faith from abroad. Parākramabāhu himself did not participate in the invasion of Rajarata,

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Parākramabāhu's army had a diverse ethnic make-up. Some of his officers were from the two grand old clans of Sri Lanka, the Moriya and the Lambakanna, who had between them dominated Rajarata from Anuradhapura. Under a man styling himself the king of Malaya (modern Dumbara). By the time hostilities

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foreign vessel which brought him gifts. He later had the Sri Lankan envoys imprisoned and tortured, and had all their possessions, including their money, their elephants and their vessels confiscated. He perceived insults to the Sri Lankan ambassador to Burma and later summoned them and declared,

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Parākramabāhu established himself at Polonnaruwa (Pulatthinagara as mentioned in the Chulavamsa) from 1153 onwards and ruled over the entirety of Sri Lanka for the next 33 years. During this time he undertook much of the work he is best remembered for, most significantly in the areas of religious

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Dakkhinadesi troops advanced through the Amban river and advanced into Bogambara. Afterwards, defeated the heavily reinforced army and bodyguards of Gajabahu, and captured Rajarata. Gajabahu was locked in the palace. Parakramabahu ordered the troops of the Dakkhinadesa army to treat Gajabahu with

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prince, and that Pandyan prince would go on to become the father of Manabharana, who in turn was the father of Parakramabahu I. Vikramabāhu was however regarded as the greatest in dignity as he possessed Rajarata with its sites of religious and historical importance. However, Manabharana, king of

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Vijayabāhu was not keen on establishing such a close matrimonial alliance with the Cola family and, instead, preferred to give his sister in marriage to another Tamil, a Pāndya prince. This Tamil prince was to become the grandfather of Parākramabāhu I, traditionally hailed as the greatest of the

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Ancient Sinhalese sources say that Lankapura returned to Sri Lanka after his victory, and was welcomed by Parakramabahu I as a great war hero and was well rewarded.The Ceylon account is certainly one sided, and describes the war in true epic fashion. The victory is all in favour of the Ceylonese

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On the other hand, Parākramabāhu, impatient having only a minor state to rule, left Sri Vallabha's palace in Ruhuna and returned to Dakkhinadesa, where he took up residence with his uncle. Impatience is also to be attributed to Sri Vallabha's plans to place Manabharana of Ruhuna on the throne of

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thus the Parākramabāhu's designs had been totally frustrated and his candidates steadily kept out of the Madura kingdom. Repeated expeditions of his forces on the mainland had been successfully met and in spite of temporary victories, the ruler of Ceylon had lost heavily in the fighting and his

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Gajabahu, who had been set free by Parakramabahu, left Polonnaruwa before Parākramabāhu arrived and decided to leave the country by ship. However, an attack by some of Gajabahu's followers on Parākramabāhu's troops reignited hostilities between the two, and Parākramabāhu had to send his army to

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During his time in Gajabahu's court, the Parākramabāhu did two things of significance. The first was to enmesh the court of Gajabahu in a web of espionage and the other was to marry one of his sisters called Bhaddavati, to King Gajabahu. Through this marriage, Parākramabāhu managed matters that

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The reason provided for Kitti Sri Megha's efforts to bring the prince back to Dakkhinadesa are presented as nothing more than concern for the well being of his nephew as well as concerns that Parākramabāhu may reignite hostilities between the Arya and Kalinga factions. However, that the king of

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The chronicle states further as, Parākramabāhu's birth was predicted by a figure akin to a god seen in a dream by his father, King Manabharana of Dakkhinadesa. A son was duly born to Manabharana's wife Ratnavali, and was named Parakramabahu. Though the year of his birth cannot be known exactly

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Dakkhinadesa ("South Country"), and his brothers Sri Vallabha and Kitti Sri Megha, the joint kings of Ruhuna, were formidable rivals for the crown. Furthermore all three were the descendants of Vijayabahu's sister, and thus had a strong claim to the throne; they are referred to in the

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and Panda Wewa in North-Western Province. A column discovered at the bottom of the Padavi Wewa in the 19th century included the inscription "Made for the benefit of the whole world by the prosperous Sri Parakrama-Bahu, born at Sinhapura, minded of what was fit to be done". Though the

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by sending costly gifts such as jewels and gold to Kulasekhara convincing him to invade the Chola Kingdom. Kulasekhara invaded the Cholas but was defeated and driven out. Chola forces then successfully invaded the Pandya kingdom and reinstalled the Prince Vira Pandya on the throne.

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The forces of Dakkhinadesa struck at the fortress of Mallavalana near the mouth of the Kala Oya, seizing it and occupying the western coast of Sri Lanka. The army then sailed up to the north and landed at a place called Muttakara or Mutukara ('Pearl-mine') near modern

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Dakkhinadesa was "tenderly attached" to his nephew is regarded as "fiction", and it is pointed out that "the spirit in which the accounts of these conflicts are conceived is irreconcilable with the theory of untroubled relations between uncle and nephew."

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were also constructed in his reign. At the center of Polonnaruwa Parākramabāhu expanded and beatified the royal palace, with audience halls and bathing ponds. Little of it remains today, but its soaring walls hint at the grand scale of the king's vision.

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for himself. The second was secretly negotiating with Gajabahu's general, Gokanna. However, Gajabahu eventually grew suspicious of Parākramabāhu's activities, and aware, Parākramabāhu departed Rajarata in secrecy by night and returned to Dakkhinadesa.

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with Manabharana of the Arya clan, backfired and it was soon made clear to Gajabahu that Manabharana intended to keep the city for himself. He put to death many of Gajabahu's senior officials, and imprisoned Gajabahu, letting him starve to death.

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Shipwrecks were common on the area. Goods from ships were halved as long they didn't carry horses or elephants. Parākramabāhu's economic theory was largely based on the teachings of Kautilya, these could be an equivalent of what's known as

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In Dakkhinadesa, Parākramabāhu was reluctant to enter the capital Sankhatthali to see his uncle, King Kitti Sri Megha, until persuaded by his mother Ratnavali to do so. Kitti Sri Megha however died soon after Parākramabāhu's return and the

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from 1153 to 1186. He oversaw the expansion and beautification of his capital, constructed extensive irrigation systems, reorganised the country's army, reformed Buddhist practices, encouraged the arts and undertook military campaigns in

1183:) on the banks of the Bago river, and captured it. Thereafter, the armies are said to have captured several other cities, including Arimaddhanapura, assassinated Narathu, and restored relations between the two countries to normal. 261:

and maintained extensive trade relations with China, Angkor, and countries in the Middle East. Within the island, he consecrated religious monuments, built hospitals, social welfare units, canals and large reservoirs, such as the

1197:(son of Narathu) imprisoned Sinhalese envoys, tradesmen, and a princess on her way to the Khmer country; whatever the timeline is, the hostility from Narathu may have been largely caused by Narathu's hatred towards the Khmers. 1098:

in the north, which after three months of fighting ended after an engagement in the vicinity of Dik Wewa. The only major victory of this early phase of the rebellion in Ruhuna was the seizure of the Sacred Relics in late 1157.

977:-giving house for the clergy, containing "vessels of bronze, cushions and pillows, mats, carpets and bedsteads". He ordered the construction of hospitals, which he visited on several occasions. He also expanded Polonnaruwa's 624:

in medieval Sri Lanka. The remnants of his force constructed a fortress in a jungle and took no further part in the war. The retreating forces used horses with carriages to escape into the jungle, with supplies in carriages.

305:, who took advantage from an internal strife and conquered nearly half of the island. It was not until his successor the island was almost under Chola control. These regions remained under Chola control until the reign of 360:

On the other hand, his younger brother, Sri Vallabha and his wife Sugala, had two children, one of them being a son, challenged the party of Manabharana. As per this, he stepped down and passed his work to his ministers.

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The popularity of Parākramabāhu is attested by the fact that no less than seven monarchs adopted his name over the next four centuries, of whom only two or three could lay claim to even a fraction of his successes. The

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Rajarata, which made Parākramabāhu's position increasingly precarious in court. In Dakkhinadesa, on the other hand, he was well received by Kitti Sri Megha, who had no sons of his own, where he was essentially adopted.

823:. As such, all trade, including Alcohol, were carried by the government. This not just helped control the drunkness of the citizens but also helped to limit alcohol to those of good quality. There was also a taxation. 466:

notes that the prince "was not mastered by the agitation called forth by the grief at his father's (sic) death"—perhaps a sign of lingering ill feeling between the two. Parākramabāhu was now king of Dakkhinadesa.

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king Parakrama appealed to his namesake in Sri Lanka for assistance against an alliance of his rival Kulasekhara Pandya and the Cholas. Such an appeal was not unusual, as the Pandya had long found allies in the

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was a significant import and was used in the consecration of statues and shrines. Pearls and gems (of which the king took particular interest) constituted an important part of the island's exports, as did

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Some time after his coming of age, the young prince left Dakkhinadesa in secrecy and set out for Gajabahu II's realm in Rajarata. Having met his allies at Badalattha (modern Batalagoda), he visited the

1153:) for a long time. Bagan emerged as a power in the 9th century and by the 11th century its capital city, Arimaddhanapura, was a centre of Buddhist learning. Bagan was also a long-time opponent of the 1016:

Parākramabāhu also continued his program of hydraulic works begun in Dakkhinadesa, including the renovation and reconstruction of reservoirs and canals wrecked during the Chola invasion. He built the

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his edicts carved on stone, such as the one near Devangala. He celebrated by summoning Manabharana's son to Polonnaruwa and concluding a peace with him, followed by a lavish coronation ceremony.

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Kulasekhara Pandya subsequently obtained assistance from the Cholas and returned to fight Lankapura's army again. However, Lankapura defeated them again. He ordered the Sri Lankan currency of

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His other weakness was the lack of restraint in his spending, taking Sri Lanka to greater heights that it had reached in a long time, but exhausting the island's resources in the process.

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1140; his objective for Dakkhinadesa was to expand it so that it would surpass the greatness of other two kingdoms, in a short period of time. He formed an administration center called

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we from the pure race of the moon, ... yet we three have been defeated by Vikrama Bahu ... and yet, there seem not any likelyhood of coming to us a son who would wipe off this stain.

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At the time of Parakramabahu's birth, the governor of Dakkhinadesa, Manabharana, been the eldest of the Arya kings, had two daughters, Mitta and Phabavati (and no sons). He said:

946:. Much of the remnants of Polonnaruwa date from his reign, as well as sites in western and south-eastern Sri Lanka. One of Parākramabāhu's first projects was the restoration of 578:

places the number of soldiers at somewhere around 100,000 people but the real figure was probably lower. Parākramabāhu would have been able to field war elephants, cavalry, and

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in which work was owed to the king by commoners) contributed in large part to the projects. An interesting indicator of the burden of taxation is the disappearance of larger

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Parākramabāhu's reign is memorable for two major campaigns—in the south of India as part of a Pandyan war of succession, and a punitive strike against the kings of Ramañña (

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succeeded to the throne of Rajarata. Two monarchs of the Arya branch of the royal family, Sri Vallabha and Kitti Sri Megha, tried unsuccessfully to seize Rajarata by force.

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Upon being informed of the child's birth, Vikramabāhu I in Polonnaruwa ordered that the boy be brought up as the heir to his throne. This kind of adoption may have been an

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Trade was an important component of Dakkhinadesa's income since the island of Sri Lanka, given its geographical position, had always been at the junction of several major

309:(1070–1100); when Vijayabahu I successfully drove the Chola invaders out of the island, he continued the capital at Polonnaruwa rather than Anuradhapura. By the reign of 4713: 3902: 1337:. His place of burial is unknown. Vijayabahu II brought back the friendly relations between Polonnaruwa and Rāmmana, who Parākramabāhu fought against during his reign. 3518: 1380:

till the end of the reign of Nissanka Malla. There are also records of Sinhala presence in Rameswaram until well into the reign of King Nissanka Malla (1187–1196).

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and killed Parakrama's wife and children. His son Prince Virapandu however had managed to escape. Rather than head for Madurai, Lankapura landed in the vicinity of

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Parakramabahu decided to expand the region by entering the war, which spanned for over a decade. He first decided to reorganize the guards of Dakkhinadesa kingdom.

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the royal family, she preferred to see her daughters married to a king from the Kalinga clan. During his time at Sri Vallabha's court, Parākramabāhu met his future

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Prince Sri Vallabha, nephew of Parakramabahu and a rival claimant to the Polonnaruwa throne. Sri Vallabha decided to stay in the Chola camp, assisting the Cholas.

242:. The adage, "Not even a drop of water that comes from the rain must flow into the ocean without being made useful to man" is one of his most famous utterances." 1048:

Despite their magnificence, Parākramabāhu's works exacted a heavy toll on the populace and the treasury. For much of the work in Anuradhapura he utilized Tamil

4480: 1228:, specially wars against the Cholas, and their nobility had spent some time in exile at the court of Mahinda IV (956–972) after the invasion of their land by 4502: 3442: 513:, a giant reservoir from which a large swathe of territory derived its water supply. On islands in the middle of the reservoir he constructed a palace and a 164: 4456: 1919: 1274:

generals, and yet we find ultimately Vira Pandya does not find himself settled upon his throne firmly, ruling over the country subjugated to his authority

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the country and taxation was high under his reign and high-value coinage all but disappeared towards the end of his rule, a sign of increasing poverty.

4507: 1001: 1045:, Parākramabāhu is said to have restored or constructed over 165 large tanks, in addition he renovated 2376 minor tanks and 3910 canals and 163 dams. 3670: 1105:, escaped and went to Badulla, where he commanded forces against the armies of Parākramabāhu. During the war, Rakkha fell ill and died subsequently. 17: 430:

against him by Kitti Sri Megha, who feared complications with the court of Polonnaruwa, and traveled through the Malaya region to Gajabahu's court.

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Afterwards, he started a huge program of construction and renovation of shrines and other structures, the remnants of which can still be seen in

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The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic: An Architectural History of the Dalada Maligāwa, the Symbol of Buddhist Faith and Sovereignty in Sri Lanka

682:. In the meantime, Narayana, a chieftain based at Anuradhapura, rose in rebellion, and Parākramabāhu's hold in the north was again threatened. 2061: 1052:

seized during the Pandyan War, the POWs were revengefully sent to repair those destroyed during the Chola invasion. Nevertheless taxation and

633:

of the forces of Dakkhinadesa, Gajabahu appealed to Manabharana of Ruhuna, who was at Sorabara, in the center of the country, for assistance.

373:

thither, the party of Vikkamabahu... will gleam with mighty, up-shooting flames, but our misfortune, alas so great, will become still worse!"

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confirmed, it is generally thought to be around 1123. The location would almost certainly have been the capital of Dakkhinadesa, Punkhagama.

501:, today. It is mentioned of him as having restored an ancient causeway called the Kotabaddha, over the Deduru Oya (Deduru Lake) near modern 4468: 674:

Parākramabāhu was immediately crowned king of Rajarata, but the war was far from over. Manabharana struck again, sending his armies to the

3050:

The monarchy was divided between two monastic branches, the Kalinga, of the Kalingan descendants, and the Arya, of the Pandyan descendants

1179:

Despite setbacks en route, including the sinking of one ship and the loss of a few others, the army arrived at the city of Kusima (modern

859:

and Dakkhina vihara. One of Parākramabāhu's ambitions was the reunification of these groups into one order, as had existed at the time of

3019:

Lilavati would rule Sri Lanka on three separate occasions until her ousting in 1212, from 1197–1200, from 1209–1210 and from 1211-1212 -

3267:(1892). Report on the Kagella District in the Province of Sabaraganuwa (Report). Archeological Survey of Ceylon. Vol. XIX. Colombo. 894:". There was immense resistance to Parākramabāhu's efforts, in particular from the Abhayagiri sect who practiced advanced practices of 836: 988:

attributes the monument in its entirety to Parākramabāhu, though in truth his contribution may have been extensive refurbishment. The

1138: 996:

temples ("Circular Shrine"), was constructed around 1157, likely to store the tooth relic. The Lankatilaka Temple, Alahena Pirivena,

5054: 3504: 882:

council was called in Polonnaruwa to discuss the reform of the sangha. Parākramabāhu's chief agent in the enterprise was to be the

5059: 446:

Gajabahu II completely trusted him, as much as he did the royal family. Nevertheless, he retained the entirety of Bhaddavati's

246: 1329:

states only that Parākramabāhu "carried on rule for thirty-three years", and that he died in Polonnaruwa. He was succeeded by

1012:

Gal Vihare ('The Stone Shrine') features three statues of the Buddha in three different poses carved from the same large rock.

3372: 3001: 2784: 2742: 2692: 2342: 1462: 1020:

which is 2,400 hectares (5,928 acres) of water. Inscriptions detailing his work can be found at the Maha Wewa near Uruwela,

3420: 2639: 2077: 3411:

An extensive online resource on Sri Lankan history, containing the Mahavamsa, Culavamsa, and numerous historical works.

3124: 1076:) for various perceived insults to Sri Lanka. He also had to suppress wars against him in Ruhuna on several occasions. 1359:

Furthermore, Polonnaruwa was lost to jungle, only to be discovered by the Department of Archeology of Ceylon in 1903.

3425: 3342: 2284: 1674: 1553: 1424: 1206: 498: 235: 5029: 4668: 2968: 2903: 2161: 5064: 5084: 4442: 3559: 3241: 3179: 3105: 3086: 2504: 2203: 1112:

The only other rebellion of Parākramabāhu's reign occurred in the region of modern Mantota in from 1168–1169.

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The story of Lanka: outlines of the history of Ceylon from the earliest times to the coming of the Portuguese

1414: 1038: 2004: 5049: 1330: 612:

but was responsible for the overall strategy of the campaign, which was based on the writings of Kautilya.

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sent to live in Mahanagahula, the capital of Ruhuna, under the care of Manabharana's brother Sri Vallabha.

94: 41: 5074: 5007: 3542: 1334: 306: 868: 4780: 4053: 3488: 1278: 914:

and are often accompanied with inscriptions stating his intentions and accomplishments, such as at the

226: 4597: 4281: 4191: 2274: 1360: 56: 2609: 2581: 5034: 4874: 4035: 3554: 3471: 2638:

The Glass Palace Chronicle stated that King Narathu was assassinated by a Sinhalese Squad in 1171.

542:. Most trade was carried out through the main seaports of the principality, Kalpitiya, Halaavatha ( 2096: 4880: 3569: 3364:

Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources

1315: 1193:

states Parakramabahu I launched the retaliatory raid in 1180 (even after the Pandyan war), after

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On this occasion however the Sri Lankan help came too late. By the time Parākramabāhu's general

4673: 4275: 3895: 3847: 3835: 3302: 2084: 1085: 494:, solely for him. The capital of Parakramapura is identified with modern city Panduwas Nuwara. 230: 2774: 4983: 4977: 4953: 4527: 4167: 3853: 3727: 3660: 1277:

Archeological Chola inscriptions such as the Tiruvalangadu inscription of Rajadhiraja II and

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It is said that the city was initially divided into four districts, each marked with its own

571: 2732: 1660: 5069: 5044: 5039: 4965: 4935: 4892: 4185: 3871: 3604: 2305: 1419: 1236: 989: 943: 3252: 856: 8: 4971: 4959: 4848: 4840: 4017: 3877: 3865: 3653: 3632: 3478: 314: 50: 3415: 336:

as the Arya branch of the royal dynasty, whilst Vikramabāhu I is of the Kalinga branch.

4834: 4816: 4738: 4497: 4089: 4077: 3811: 3665: 3527: 3281: 3220: 3212: 2626:

Buddhist Connections in the Indian Ocean: Changes in Monastic Mobility, 1000-1500. p. 6

1229: 1225: 1149:), and Sri Lanka had enjoyed a cordial relationship based on trade and a common faith ( 202: 176: 4810: 4804: 4786: 4750: 4726: 4720: 3939: 3921: 3841: 3697: 3591: 3368: 3338: 3310: 3237: 3224: 3175: 3120: 3101: 3082: 2832: 2807: 2780: 2738: 2688: 2500: 2280: 2199: 1670: 1549: 1211: 1133:, the capital of the kingdom against which Parākramabāhu launched an invasion in 1164 1033:

of various tanks to him, it has been suggested that much of Parākramabāhu's work was

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Much else survives, such as the Gal Vihare, or "Stone Shrine", near Polonnaruwa. The

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Parākramabāhu's reign was remarkable for the flowering of art forms, as seen in the

4915: 4886: 4822: 4792: 4768: 4732: 4706: 4694: 4651: 4263: 4233: 4143: 3883: 3721: 3202: 1546:

The Evolution of an Ethnic Identity - The Tamils of Sri Lanka 300 B.C.E to 1200 C.E

1531: 820: 667: 214: 3496: 3332: 2680: 1333:, described as his "sister's son", who he had summoned from Sinhapura, capital of 1101:

One of former enemies of Parakramabahu, a general named Sukarabhatudev, who was a

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History of Sri Lanka: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century

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Despite his personal reputation and authority, it is noted by historians such as

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Parākramabāhu's constructions work made up a significant chunk of the material

675: 582:, and his force represented a serious threat to Gajabahu's power in the north. 562:

broke out between Dakkhinadesa and Rajarata, the former's forces also included

326: 403:, Sri Vallabha's daughter, who, went on to rule the country in her own right. 5023: 4700: 4657: 4609: 4567: 4549: 4311: 4239: 4227: 4179: 4173: 4065: 4005: 3957: 3763: 3642: 3584: 3264: 2836: 2811: 1194: 1190: 1154: 959: 887: 621: 396: 254: 239: 863:. Furthermore, much of the sangha had become corrupted over the years, with 603:

Sathmahal Prasada, a temple in Polonnaruwa bearing a striking similarity to

4947: 4774: 4744: 4537: 4347: 4305: 4269: 4203: 4137: 3999: 3745: 3685: 3611: 3598: 1372: 947: 579: 563: 539: 369: 3314: 4904: 4860: 4798: 4615: 4585: 4555: 4341: 4329: 4293: 4287: 4197: 4161: 4071: 3993: 3981: 3915: 3793: 3757: 3751: 1240: 1073: 1008: 951: 526: 506: 476: 407: 318: 120: 3285: 538:(which remained, until the 19th century, Sri Lanka's major export), and 325:. Vijayabahu I had given his sister Mitta's hand in marriage to a Tamil 4621: 4573: 4543: 4450: 4419: 4383: 4371: 4323: 4317: 4251: 4131: 4059: 4023: 3945: 3889: 3823: 3817: 3787: 3739: 3216: 1377: 1270:

and other buildings damaged by earlier Chola invasions of the country.

1252: 938:(Sea of Parakarama), the largest irrigation tank built by Parakramabahu 915: 860: 852: 831: 662: 502: 73: 2256: 2254: 1534:(ed), The Cambridge History of South East Asia, Vol. I, Cambridge 1994 607:

architecture, reflecting the ethnically varied populace of the country

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of the country had divided into three rival orders—the orders of the

844: 462: 332: 3207: 3190: 2924: 1037:, and indeed that some of the projects undertaken by his successor, 930: 289: 4627: 4401: 4395: 4107: 3709: 3691: 2649: 2590: 2251: 1826: 1776: 1751: 1021: 993: 919: 895: 867:

marrying and having children, and in many cases behaving much like

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Additional chapters to H.W. Codrington's A short history of Ceylon

2803:

Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280)

1266:

captured by Lankapura's army were sent to Sri Lanka to repair the

59:

in Polonnaruwa traditionally held to be of Parākramabāhu the Great

4941: 4413: 4365: 4359: 4155: 4119: 4113: 4095: 3933: 3909: 3799: 3733: 1927: 1683: 1478:

Materials & Techniques of Ancient Wall Paintings of Sri Lanka

1244: 1180: 1161: 864: 547: 433: 348:

Extent of the Chola Empire on the eve of Vijayabahu I's rebellion

171: 159: 3623: 1548:. M.V. Publications for the South Asian Studies Centre, Sydney. 4425: 4353: 3829: 3781: 3703: 1165: 1091: 965: 891: 543: 298: 1885:

Ceylon & Indian History from the Early Times to 1505 A. D.

1371:

During his reign, Sinhalese power failed to contribute to the

1146: 1142: 1130: 883: 514: 447: 258: 2373: 2013:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations, paragraph 5. 1939: 1814: 1164:(1167–1171), to the throne, and the hostilities between the 437:

Few Sri Lankan kings built as many dagobas as Parākramabāhu.

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a chart of notable individuals to the throne of Polonnaruwa

3427:

The Culavamsa: Being the More Recent Part of the Mahavamsa

2130: 1719: 1707: 1695: 3410: 2227: 1951: 1102: 245:

In 1140, Parakramabahu following the death of his uncle,

2948: 2877: 2687:. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 2438: 2332: 2330: 2239: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1608:

Greiger's translation for Culavamsa, Chapter LXII, 52–53

313:(1111–1132), the island was divided into three kingdoms— 2977: 2912: 2859: 2756: 2754: 2073: 2033: 2031: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1788: 1611: 657: 3079:

Culawamsa: Being The More Recent Part of the Mahawamsa

2989: 2799: 2737:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 3–10, 42, 105. 2142: 2043: 1590: 574:

not traditionally involved in martial activities. The

406:

In 1132, following the death of Vikramabāhu, his son,

266:, but also banned the advanced practices and books of 3059:

The Mahayana was influential in the Abhayagiri vijara

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to be used in the areas under his control. The Tamil

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Timeline of accession of Parākramabāhu to the throne

3526: 1963: 486:Parakramabahu was the sole king of Dakkhinadesa by 3272:Law, C. (1954). "KING PARĀKRAMABĀHU I OF CEYLON". 3098:An Archaeological History of Religious Indian Asia 2661: 2105:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations, 9. 1215:Parakramabahu I invaded and overran Pandya Kingdom 1509:, (7740-7752). 1992. Economist Newspaper Limited. 1475: 1373:destabilizing of the Chola dynasty of south India 5021: 2779:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 102–103. 2093:, Parakramabahu himself planned the operations. 2062:For more reference on the Sangamuwa Inscription 1450: 1243:, Kulasekhara had captured the capital city of 3147:. Sri Lanka: Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. 2831:. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 5. 1913: 1911: 992:, considered the peak construction out of all 922:is recorded during the time of Parakramabahu. 813: 678:and attempting to cross into Rajarata via two 481: 3512: 2824: 1921:Economic Policies Of Parakramabahu, The Great 1530:, "Economic History of Early South Asia", in 596:was a brief ceasefire between the two sides. 385: 3351: 2646:AncientBagan.com. Retrieved 7 December 2006. 2417: 1713: 1363:in 1903 noted that it was mostly destroyed. 798: 787: 777: 768: 759: 756: 753: 751: 713: 3337:. Colombo: University of California Press. 3081:(in German). Germany: Motilal Banarsidass. 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 1917: 1908: 886:Kassapa, an experienced monk who "knew the 795: 792: 789: 774: 771: 3519: 3505: 3000:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurphey1957 ( 2341:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMurphey1954 ( 2299: 1658: 1064:towards the end of Parākramabāhu's reign. 1041:, may have been attributed to him. In the 520: 49: 3206: 3160: 3142: 2954: 2880:The Second Pandyan Empire, A.D. 1190-1312 2828:The North and the South in Indian History 2583:University of Ceylon Review, Volume 16-18 2444: 2245: 2148: 1945: 1820: 1725: 1701: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1617: 1543: 1400:has two ships named after Parakramabahu. 454: 297:The island of Sri Lanka was disrupted by 3416:A site on the now-lost cities of Ruhuna. 3330: 2983: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2730: 2717: 2189: 2187: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1350: 1210: 1200: 1125: 1007: 964: 929: 830: 661: 598: 432: 343: 288: 3250: 3188: 3169: 3133: 3114: 3095: 2995: 2918: 2734:South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders 2685:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 2568: 2395:. Calcutta Oriental Press. p. 531. 2336: 2178: 2136: 2102: 2090: 2022: 2010: 1969: 1476:Agrawal, O. P.; Wickramasinghe, Nanda. 890:and was exceedingly well versed in the 636: 585: 470: 14: 5022: 3360: 3292: 3231: 3151: 3073: 2942: 2936: 2865: 2760: 2679: 2673: 2556: 2527: 2483: 2456: 2432: 2405: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2233: 2049: 1957: 1933: 1902: 1856: 1844: 1794: 1689: 1596: 1584: 1572: 553: 247:Kitti Sri Megha, Prince of Dakkinadesa 3500: 3117:South India Heritage: An Introduction 2843: 2772: 2393:Indian Historical Quarterly: Volume I 2272: 2193: 2184: 1882:Perera, L; Ratnasabapathy, M (1954). 1623: 1067: 954:(which had been lost to the jungle), 629:respect and not to pillage Rajarata. 27:King of Polonnaruwa from 1153 to 1186 3309:. Colombo: Ceylon University Press. 3263: 2667: 2499:. Lonely Planet. 1998. p. 168. 2273:Silva, Rajendra Henapala De (2005). 2218: 1731: 1461:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDatta ( 1366: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 658:Coronation and defeat of Manabharana 590: 3271: 2713:. Mudgala press. 1979. p. 255. 2198:. Times Editions. pp. 37–228. 1918:Wijewardene, A (20 November 2012), 1446:. Ceylon: Purāvidyā Depārtamēntuva. 1305: 826: 790:Sri Vallabha & Kitti Sri Megha 509:. Most notably, he constructed the 24: 3383: 3321: 2966: 2901: 2886: 2878:Alice Justina Thinakaran (2008) . 2871: 2731:Aiyangar, Krishnaswami S. (1991). 2610:"The first Navy the nation raised" 2541: 2519: 2318: 1975: 1773:, Introduction, & LXV, 149–150 871:in their pursuit of worldly gain. 839:of where he stored the Tooth Relic 186:Prince Manabharana of Dakkhinadesa 25: 5096: 3404: 3033: 3021:Paranavitana & Nicholas (1961 2038:Paranavitana & Nicholas (1961 1456: 1425:Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka 1355:The Vatadage which was discovered 1115: 499:North Central Province, Sri Lanka 5002: 5001: 4679:House of Senasammata Vikramabahu 3622: 3163:Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture 2960: 2931:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2895: 2656:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2597:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2544:The Accelerated Mahaweli Project 2497:Sri Lanka: A Travel Survival Kit 2468: 2261:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 2080:from the original on 2009-10-20. 1999:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1982:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1833:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1783:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 1758:Paranavitana & Nicholas 1961 969:The royal palace of Polonnaruwa. 5055:12th-century Sinhalese monarchs 4520:House of Vijayabahu (1211–1212) 4516:House of Vijayabahu (1209–1210) 4512:House of Vijayabahu (1197–1200) 3421:A site about the Bagan Kingdom. 3305:; Nicholas, Cyril Wace (1961). 3053: 3026: 3013: 2818: 2800:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1979). 2793: 2766: 2701: 2683:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 2629: 2620: 2602: 2574: 2535: 2513: 2489: 2462: 2411: 2385: 2312: 2293: 2266: 2212: 2154: 2121: 2108: 2066: 2055: 1875: 1862: 1800: 1763: 1602: 950:, including the restoration of 925: 810:reform, construction, and war. 782: 763: 746: 701: 3658:House of Vijaya (89 BCE–66 CE) 3367:. Asian Educational Services. 3324:Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon 3236:. Asian Educational Services. 3044: 2806:. Mudgala Trust. p. 255. 2522:Ancient Inscriptions in Ceylon 2302:Epigraphia Zeylanica, Volume 2 1669:. Asian Educational Services. 1537: 1521: 1512: 1499: 1484: 1469: 1436: 1160:However with the accession of 903:in Sri Lanka never recovered. 417: 13: 1: 5060:Military history of Sri Lanka 3651:House of Vijaya (161–103 BCE) 3647:House of Vijaya (215–205 BCE) 3066: 2586:. University of Ceylon. 1958. 2300:Wickramasinghe, Don Martino, 1936:, pp. 64–65, 71–77, LXX. 1808:The Tooth Relic and The Crown 1415:List of monarchs of Sri Lanka 1320: 1207:Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177) 1039:Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa 875: 487: 273: 218: 4514:House of Kalinga (1200–1209) 3195:The Journal of Asian Studies 3119:. East West Books (Madras). 2773:Blaze, Louis Edmund (1995). 1331:Vijayabahu II of Polonnaruwa 907: 18:Parākramabāhu I of Sri Lanka 7: 4921:House of Vimaladharmasuriya 3649:Chola dynasty (205–161 BCE) 3352:Richard de Silva, Chandra. 3307:A Concise History of Ceylon 3170:Chandra, S (October 1987). 3156:. Asian Education Services. 3154:The Early History of Ceylon 2892:Ancient Jaffna. pp. 269-270 1491:Daniel George Edward Hall. 1444:Ancient City of Polonnaruva 1403: 814:Economic policies and trade 482:Government and construction 301:, following an invasion by 10: 5101: 2418:Gottberg, R; Anthonis, R. 2321:Cultural Heritage of Burma 2279:. Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha. 2221:Buddhism in World Cultures 2116:Report on Kegalle District 2074:"Place names in Sri Lanka" 1493:History of South East Asia 1309: 1204: 1174:permission to return home. 1119: 1083: 1079: 906:Following the crushing of 847:(104 BCE, 88–76 BCE), the 707: 695: 474: 386:In Ruhuna and Dakkhinadesa 282: 4993: 4914: 4667: 4496: 4441: 3631: 3620: 3568: 3538: 3485: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3436: 3400:, Macmillan, London 1952. 3391:The Lost Cities of Ceylon 1361:Harry Charles Purvis Bell 1251:and captured the city of 843:During the reign of king 702: 198: 190: 182: 170: 158: 149: 144: 140: 126: 110: 100: 90: 82: 72: 64: 48: 39: 32: 4443:Anuradhapura from Rohana 3331:de Silva, K. M. (1981). 3326:. Trubner & Company. 3191:"Ruin of Ancient Ceylon" 3189:Murhpey, Rhoads (1957). 2382:, pp. 41–43, LXXIV. 1659:Codrington, H.W (1926). 1430: 804: 380: 339: 278: 106:Punkhagama, Dakkhinadesa 5030:Monarchs of Polonnaruwa 4881:Senasammata Vikramabahu 3570:Pre-Anuradhapura period 3393:, J.Murray, London 1916 3361:Wright, Arnold (1999). 2194:Simon, Richard (1989). 1390: 1316:Lilavati of Polonnaruwa 641:Parākramabāhu sent his 521:Trade from Dakkhinadesa 319:Kingdom of Dakkhinadesa 285:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 223:Parakramabahu the Great 34:Parākramabāhu the Great 5065:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 4674:House of Siri Sanga Bo 4276:Unhanagara Hatthadatha 3676:House of Lambakanna II 3334:A History of Sri Lanka 3251:Edirisuriya, Chandra. 3232:Parker, Henry (1981). 3152:Mendis, G. C. (1996). 3143:Siriweera, I. (2002). 3096:Finegan, Jack (1989). 2825:Siba Pada Sen (1976). 1544:Indrapala, K. (2005). 1356: 1297:, Parakramabahu did a 1295:K. A. Sastri Nilakanta 1216: 1176: 1134: 1092:Queen Sugala of Ruhuna 1086:Queen Sugala rebellion 1013: 970: 939: 840: 671: 608: 570:, and people from the 455:Return to Dakkhinadesa 438: 358: 349: 294: 5085:Monarchs of Maya Rata 4984:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha 4978:Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha 4954:Vimaladharmasuriya II 4528:Eastern Ganga dynasty 4518:Lokissara (1210–1211) 4168:Silakala Ambosamanera 3661:House of Lambakanna I 3303:Paranavitana, Senarat 3295:Heritage of Sri Lanka 3174:. SAGE Publications. 3161:Basnayake, H (1986). 2571:, Conquest of Ruhuna. 1960:, pp. 78–9, LXX. 1354: 1310:Further information: 1279:Arapakkam inscription 1214: 1201:Pandya War, 1169–1177 1171: 1129: 1122:Polonnaruwa-Pagan War 1011: 968: 933: 918:. A large revival of 834: 665: 602: 436: 354: 347: 292: 86:Manabharana of Ruhuna 5080:Sri Lankan Buddhists 4966:Sri Vijaya Rajasinha 4936:Vimaladharmasuriya I 4893:Karalliyadde Bandara 4186:Kittisiri Meghavanna 3872:Mahadathika Mahanaga 3115:Kasturi, P. (2007). 2882:. India. p. 24. 2422:. pp. 198, 202. 2306:Epigraphia Zeylanica 2127:Culavamsa, LXXI, 310 1420:History of Sri Lanka 1237:Lankapura Dandanatha 990:Polonnaruwa Vatedage 944:history of Sri Lanka 908:rebellions in Ruhuna 637:War with Manabharana 586:Conquest of Rajarata 471:King of Dakkhinadesa 217:: මහා පරාක්‍රමබාහු, 5050:House of Vijayabahu 4972:Kirti Sri Rajasinha 4960:Vira Narendra Sinha 4669:Transitional period 4503:House of Vijayabahu 4018:Siri Sangha Bodhi I 3878:Amandagamani Abhaya 3866:Bhatikabhaya Abhaya 3654:The Five Dravidians 3633:Anuradhapura period 3479:King of Polonnaruwa 3443:House of Vijayabahu 3356:. Vikas Publishing. 2973:. pp. 103–107. 2967:Sastry, Nilakanda. 2908:. pp. 103–104. 2902:Sastry, Nilakanda. 2710:Later Chola Temples 2276:Essays of Antiquity 2139:, pp. 322–324. 1948:, pp. 142–144. 1823:, pp. 60, 121. 1518:Hall (2010), p. 224 845:Vatta Gamini Abhaya 554:Preparation for war 315:Kingdom of Rajarata 165:House of Vijayabahu 42:King of Polonnaruwa 5075:Sinhalese monarchy 4835:Bhuvanaikabahu VII 4817:Parakramabahu VIII 4739:Bhuvanaikabahu III 4498:Polonnaruwa period 4078:Chattagahaka Jantu 3812:Mahakuli Mahatissa 3666:The Six Dravidians 2642:2007-05-18 at the 2166:globalsecurity.org 2118:, (1892), p. 72–73 1692:, LXII, pp. 62–67. 1357: 1230:Parantaka Chola II 1226:Sinhalese monarchs 1217: 1151:Theravada Buddhism 1135: 1068:Military campaigns 1014: 1002:Demala Maha Cetiya 971: 940: 841: 672: 609: 439: 350: 295: 203:Theravada Buddhism 194:Princess Ratnavali 150:Maha Parakramabahu 5017: 5016: 4998:indicate regent. 4929: 4811:Parakramabahu VII 4805:Bhuvanaikabahu VI 4787:Parakramabahu Epa 4751:Bhuvanaikabahu IV 4727:Bhuvanaikabahu II 4721:Parakramabahu III 4682: 4531: 3940:Vankanasika Tissa 3922:Yassalalaka Tissa 3842:Darubhatika Tissa 3698:Devanampiya Tissa 3679: 3615:(454 BCE–437 BCE) 3607:(474 BCE–454 BCE) 3601:(504 BCE–474 BCE) 3595:(505 BCE–504 BCE) 3587:(543 BCE–505 BCE) 3578: 3495: 3494: 3486:Succeeded by 3374:978-81-206-1335-5 3253:"Parakramabahu I" 3100:. Paragon House. 2868:, pp. 65–66. 2786:978-81-206-1074-3 2744:978-81-206-0536-7 2694:978-0-8248-0368-1 1728:, pp. 53–54. 1704:, pp. 55–56. 1367:Legacy and issues 1018:Parakrama Samudra 936:Parakrama Samudra 857:Abhayagiri vihāra 802: 801: 618:Mannar, Sri Lanka 591:War with Gajabahu 511:Parakrama Samudra 323:Kingdom of Ruhuna 303:Raja Raja Chola I 208: 207: 154: 153: 118:(aged 62–63) 16:(Redirected from 5092: 5005: 5004: 4919: 4887:Jayavira Bandara 4823:Parakramabahu IX 4793:Parakramabahu VI 4769:Bhuvanaikabahu V 4733:Parakramabahu IV 4707:Bhuvanaikabahu I 4695:Parakramabahu II 4672: 4652:Parakrama Pandya 4508:House of Kalinga 4501: 4264:Dathopa Tissa II 4234:Jettha Tissa III 4144:Kumara Dhatusena 3884:Kanirajanu Tissa 3722:Sena and Guttika 3636: 3626: 3573: 3543:List of monarchs 3521: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3469:Preceded by 3459: 3452: 3438:Parakramabahu I 3434: 3433: 3396:Perera, L.H.H., 3378: 3357: 3348: 3327: 3318: 3298: 3289: 3268: 3260: 3257:lankalibrary.com 3247: 3228: 3210: 3185: 3172:The Indian Ocean 3166: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3134:Seniviratne, A. 3130: 3111: 3092: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3006: 3005: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2841: 2840: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2728: 2715: 2714: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2334: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2219:Berkwitz, S. C. 2216: 2210: 2209: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1889: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1714:Richard de Silva 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1664: 1656: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1600: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1541: 1535: 1532:Nicholas Tarling 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1306:Death and legacy 1264:prisoners of war 1050:prisoners of war 877: 835:Parākramabāhu's 827:Religious reform 821:state capitalism 778:Parākramabāhu I 775:Kitti Sri Megha 693: 692: 668:sandakada pahana 489: 264:Sea of Parakrama 220: 142: 141: 134:Queen Rupawathi 117: 53: 30: 29: 21: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5035:Sinhalese kings 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 4989: 4926:Nayaks of Kandy 4924: 4918: 4910: 4899:Kusumasana Devi 4763:Vikramabahu III 4757:Parakramabahu V 4677: 4671: 4663: 4562:Parakramabahu I 4526: 4523:Pandyan dynasty 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4475:Parakrama Pandu 4437: 4246:Dathopa Tissa I 4210:Sangha Tissa II 4048:Jettha Tissa II 3860:Kutakanna Tissa 3674: 3671:House of Moriya 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3638:House of Vijaya 3635: 3627: 3618: 3575:House of Vijaya 3572: 3564: 3534: 3532:Sinhala kingdom 3525: 3491: 3482: 3474: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3407: 3386: 3384:Further reading 3381: 3375: 3345: 3293:Wijesekara, G. 3274:B.O.R Institute 3244: 3208:10.2307/2941377 3182: 3127: 3108: 3089: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3009: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970:The Colas Vol 2 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905:The Colas Vol 2 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2844: 2823: 2819: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2729: 2718: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2644:Wayback Machine 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2540: 2536: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2252: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2228: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2056: 2052:, p. 36-7. 2048: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1909: 1901: 1892: 1880: 1876: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1752: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1677: 1667:A Short History 1657: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599:, p. 34-5. 1595: 1591: 1583: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1561:Sinhalese kings 1556: 1542: 1538: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1505:The Economist: 1504: 1500: 1489: 1485: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1406: 1398:Sri Lankan Navy 1393: 1369: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1209: 1203: 1124: 1118: 1088: 1082: 1070: 1029:attributes the 979:defensive walls 928: 829: 816: 807: 670:of Polonnaruwa. 660: 639: 593: 588: 556: 523: 484: 479: 473: 457: 420: 388: 383: 342: 287: 281: 276: 251:Pandyan dynasty 221:1123–1186), or 211:Parākramabāhu I 119: 115: 105: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5098: 5088: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4930: 4916:Kandyan period 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4829:Vijayabahu VII 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4777:(1391/92–1397) 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4689:Vijayabahu III 4685: 4683: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4592:Vikramabahu II 4589: 4583: 4580:Nissanka Malla 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4457:Mahalana–Kitti 4454: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4336:Aggabodhi VIII 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4222:Silameghavanna 4219: 4216:Moggallana III 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4102:Khudda Parinda 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4042:Sirimeghavanna 4039: 4033: 4030:Jettha Tissa I 4027: 4021: 4015: 4012:Sangha Tissa I 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3988:Voharika Tissa 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3964:Kanittha Tissa 3961: 3955: 3952:Mahallaka Naga 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3579: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3524: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3464:Regnal titles 3461: 3460: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3405:External links 3403: 3402: 3401: 3394: 3389:Mitton, G.E., 3385: 3382: 3380: 3379: 3373: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3328: 3319: 3299: 3290: 3269: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3234:Ancient Ceylon 3229: 3201:(2): 181–200. 3186: 3180: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3131: 3126:978-8188661640 3125: 3112: 3106: 3093: 3087: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3052: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3023:, p. 345) 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 2988: 2976: 2959: 2955:Basnayake 1986 2947: 2945:, Introduction 2935: 2933:, p. 238. 2923: 2921:, p. 103. 2911: 2894: 2885: 2870: 2858: 2842: 2817: 2792: 2785: 2765: 2750: 2743: 2716: 2700: 2693: 2681:Coedès, George 2672: 2660: 2658:, p. 213. 2648: 2628: 2619: 2601: 2599:, p. 226. 2589: 2573: 2561: 2559:, p. 281. 2549: 2534: 2531:Ancient Ceylon 2512: 2505: 2488: 2486:, p. 249. 2476: 2461: 2449: 2447:, p. 249. 2445:Siriweera 2002 2437: 2435:, p. 217. 2425: 2410: 2408:, p. 237. 2398: 2384: 2372: 2370:, p. 269. 2360: 2358:, p. 268. 2348: 2326: 2311: 2292: 2285: 2265: 2263:, p. 215. 2250: 2248:, p. 251. 2246:Siriweera 2002 2238: 2226: 2211: 2204: 2183: 2171: 2153: 2149:Basnayake 1986 2141: 2129: 2120: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2065: 2054: 2042: 2040:, p. 211) 2027: 2015: 2003: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1946:Siriweera 2002 1938: 1926: 1907: 1890: 1874: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1835:, p. 205. 1825: 1821:Siriweera 2002 1813: 1799: 1787: 1785:, p. 204. 1775: 1762: 1760:, p. 202. 1750: 1730: 1726:Siriweera 2002 1718: 1706: 1702:Siriweera 2002 1694: 1682: 1675: 1622: 1618:Siriweera 2002 1610: 1601: 1589: 1577: 1565: 1554: 1536: 1520: 1511: 1498: 1483: 1468: 1459:, p. 220. 1449: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1402: 1392: 1389: 1368: 1365: 1346:Wilhelm Geiger 1342:H.W Corrington 1322: 1319: 1312:Nissanka Malla 1307: 1304: 1268:Ruwanweli Seya 1249:Ramanathapuram 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1120:Main article: 1117: 1116:War with Bagan 1114: 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1069: 1066: 998:Jetavanaramaya 927: 924: 828: 825: 815: 812: 806: 803: 800: 799: 797: 794: 791: 788: 786: 780: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 761: 760: 758: 755: 754:Vikramabāhu I 752: 750: 744: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 712: 711: 706: 700: 699: 676:Mahaweli River 659: 656: 638: 635: 592: 589: 587: 584: 555: 552: 522: 519: 483: 480: 472: 469: 456: 453: 419: 416: 387: 384: 382: 379: 341: 338: 283:Main article: 280: 277: 275: 272: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 174: 168: 167: 162: 156: 155: 152: 151: 147: 146: 138: 137: 136:Queen Subhadra 131:Queen Lilavati 128: 124: 123: 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 70: 69: 66: 62: 61: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5097: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5010: 5009: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4849:Sitawaka Line 4847: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781:Vijayabahu VI 4779: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4701:Vijayabahu IV 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4658:Kalinga Magha 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4610:Sahassa Malla 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568:Vijayabahu II 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4550:Vikramabahu I 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4463:Vikrama Pandu 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4312:Aggabodhi VII 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4240:Aggabodhi III 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228:Aggabodhi III 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180:Moggallana II 4178: 4175: 4174:Dathappabhuti 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4006:Vijaya Kumara 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3958:Bhatika Tissa 3956: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3868:(20 BCE–9 CE) 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3778:(103–100 BCE) 3777: 3774: 3772:(104–103 BCE) 3771: 3768: 3766:(109–104 BCE) 3765: 3764:Khallata Naga 3762: 3760:(119–109 BCE) 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748:(137–119 BCE) 3747: 3744: 3742:(161–137 BCE) 3741: 3738: 3736:(205–161 BCE) 3735: 3732: 3730:(215–205 BCE) 3729: 3726: 3724:(237–215 BCE) 3723: 3720: 3718:(247–237 BCE) 3717: 3714: 3712:(257–247 BCE) 3711: 3708: 3706:(267–257 BCE) 3705: 3702: 3700:(307–267 BCE) 3699: 3696: 3694:(367–307 BCE) 3693: 3690: 3688:(437–367 BCE) 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3645:(237–215 BCE) 3644: 3643:Chola dynasty 3640:(543–237 BCE) 3639: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3585:Prince Vijaya 3583: 3582: 3580: 3577:(543–237 BCE) 3576: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3499: 3490: 3489:Vijayabahu II 3481: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3344:0-520-04320-0 3340: 3336: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3322:Muller, E.B. 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3056: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3034:#Construction 3029: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2998:, p. 16. 2997: 2992: 2986:, p. 63. 2985: 2984:de Silva 1981 2980: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2957:, p. 44. 2956: 2951: 2944: 2939: 2932: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2889: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2796: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2763:, p. 37. 2762: 2757: 2755: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2676: 2670:, p. 72. 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2636:King Narathu. 2632: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2545: 2542:Tileke, N.S. 2538: 2532: 2529: 2528:Parker (1981) 2524:. p. 19. 2523: 2516: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2459:, p. 60. 2458: 2453: 2446: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2339:, p. 16. 2338: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2308:, p. 256 2307: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2286:9789555993999 2282: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2223:. p. 25. 2222: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2188: 2181:, p. 80. 2180: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2162:"Polonnaruva" 2157: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2124: 2117: 2111: 2104: 2099: 2092: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2025:, p. 44. 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2001:, p. 209 2000: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1984:, p. 208 1983: 1978: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1859:, p. 23. 1858: 1853: 1847:, p. 73. 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1810:. p. 61. 1809: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1754: 1740: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1716:, p. 78. 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1691: 1686: 1678: 1676:9788120609464 1672: 1668: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1620:, p. 55. 1619: 1614: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1587:, p. 34. 1586: 1581: 1575:, p. 55. 1574: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1555:0-646-42546-3 1551: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1494: 1487: 1479: 1472: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1445: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1317: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1293:According to 1291: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1213: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1195:Narapatisithu 1192: 1191:George Coedes 1188: 1184: 1182: 1175: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1155:Chola dynasty 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1058:feudal system 1055: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 967: 963: 961: 960:Ruwanwelisaya 957: 953: 949: 945: 937: 932: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 902: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 838: 833: 824: 822: 811: 793:Sri Vallabha 785: 781: 769:Vijayabāhu I 766: 762: 749: 745: 710: 705: 698: 694: 691: 687: 683: 681: 677: 669: 664: 655: 651: 647: 644: 634: 630: 626: 623: 622:status symbol 619: 613: 606: 601: 597: 583: 581: 580:siege engines 577: 573: 569: 565: 559: 551: 549: 545: 541: 540:war elephants 537: 532: 528: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 492:Parakramapura 478: 468: 465: 464: 452: 449: 443: 435: 431: 428: 427: 415: 411: 409: 404: 402: 398: 397:queen consort 394: 378: 374: 371: 366: 362: 357: 353: 346: 337: 335: 334: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 311:Vikramabāhu I 308: 304: 300: 291: 286: 271: 269: 265: 260: 256: 255:Chola dynasty 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 232: 228: 224: 216: 212: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 178: 175: 173: 169: 166: 163: 161: 157: 148: 143: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 122: 113: 109: 103: 99: 96: 95:Vijayabâhu II 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 75: 71: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 31: 19: 5006: 4995: 4948:Rajasinha II 4883:(1469– 1511) 4875:Kandyan Line 4775:Vira Bahu II 4745:Vijayabahu V 4712: 4561: 4538:Vijayabahu I 4348:Aggabodhi IX 4306:Aggabodhi VI 4270:Aggabodhi IV 4204:Aggabodhi II 4138:Moggallana I 4000:Siri Naga II 3901: 3784:(100–98 BCE) 3746:Saddha Tissa 3686:Pandukabhaya 3656:(103–89 BCE) 3610: 3599:Panduvasdeva 3590: 3477: 3458: ? 1186 3455: 3451: ? 1123 3448: 3441: 3426: 3397: 3390: 3363: 3353: 3333: 3323: 3306: 3294: 3280:(1/4): 1–9. 3277: 3273: 3265:Bell, H.C.P. 3256: 3233: 3198: 3194: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3116: 3097: 3078: 3055: 3046: 3028: 3015: 2996:Murphey 1957 2991: 2979: 2969: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2919:Kasturi 2007 2914: 2904: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2861: 2856:Sastri. 1935 2827: 2820: 2802: 2795: 2775: 2768: 2733: 2709: 2703: 2684: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2592: 2582: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2543: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2515: 2496: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2452: 2440: 2428: 2419: 2413: 2401: 2392: 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2337:Murphey 1954 2320: 2314: 2301: 2295: 2275: 2268: 2241: 2229: 2220: 2214: 2195: 2179:Chandra 1987 2174: 2165: 2156: 2151:, p. 4. 2144: 2137:Finegan 1989 2132: 2123: 2115: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2068: 2057: 2045: 2018: 2006: 1977: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1920: 1884: 1877: 1872:, LXIX, 6–23 1864: 1852: 1840: 1828: 1816: 1807: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1770: 1765: 1753: 1742:. Retrieved 1739:"Pali Names" 1733: 1721: 1709: 1697: 1685: 1666: 1613: 1604: 1592: 1580: 1568: 1559: 1545: 1539: 1528:Kenneth Hall 1527: 1523: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1477: 1471: 1452: 1443: 1438: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1370: 1358: 1339: 1326: 1324: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1276: 1272: 1259: 1257: 1234: 1219:In 1167 the 1218: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1172: 1159: 1136: 1111: 1107: 1100: 1096: 1089: 1071: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1034: 1031:construction 1030: 1026: 1015: 985: 983: 972: 948:Anuradhapura 941: 926:Construction 911: 905: 873: 842: 817: 808: 796:Manabharana 783: 772:Manabharana 765:Dakkhinadesa 764: 757:Gajabāhu II 747: 708: 703: 696: 688: 684: 673: 652: 648: 642: 640: 631: 627: 614: 610: 594: 575: 572:lower castes 560: 557: 527:trade routes 524: 496: 491: 485: 461: 458: 444: 440: 424: 421: 412: 405: 392: 389: 375: 370:olive branch 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 331: 307:Vijayabahu I 296: 257:in southern 253:against the 244: 222: 210: 209: 133: 116:(1186-00-00) 40: 33: 5070:Polonnaruwa 5045:1186 deaths 5040:1123 births 4986:(1798–1815) 4980:(1782–1798) 4974:(1747–1782) 4968:(1739–1747) 4962:(1707–1739) 4956:(1687–1707) 4950:(1635–1687) 4944:(1604–1635) 4938:(1592–1604) 4928:(1739–1815) 4923:(1592–1739) 4907:(1582–1592) 4905:Rajasinha I 4901:(1582–1582) 4895:(1551–1581) 4889:(1511–1551) 4869:(1593–1594) 4863:(1581–1593) 4861:Rajasinha I 4857:(1521–1581) 4843:(1551–1597) 4837:(1521–1551) 4831:(1513–1521) 4825:(1489–1513) 4819:(1477–1489) 4807:(1469–1477) 4801:(1467–1472) 4799:Jayabahu II 4795:(1410–1467) 4789:(1409–1412) 4783:(1397–1409) 4771:(1371–1408) 4765:(1357–1374) 4759:(1344–1359) 4753:(1341–1351) 4747:(1335–1341) 4741:(1326–1335) 4735:(1302–1326) 4729:(1293–1302) 4723:(1287–1293) 4717:(1285–1286) 4714:Interregnum 4709:(1272–1284) 4703:(1270–1272) 4697:(1234–1270) 4691:(1220–1234) 4681:(1469–1592) 4676:(1220–1597) 4660:(1215–1236) 4654:(1212–1215) 4648:(1211–1212) 4642:(1210–1211) 4636:(1209–1210) 4624:(1208–1209) 4618:(1202–1208) 4616:Kalyanavati 4612:(1200–1202) 4606:(1197–1200) 4600:(1196–1197) 4586:Vira Bahu I 4582:(1187–1196) 4570:(1186–1187) 4564:(1153–1186) 4558:(1132–1153) 4556:Gajabahu II 4552:(1111–1132) 4546:(1110–1111) 4540:(1055–1110) 4530:(1215–1236) 4525:(1212–1215) 4510:(1187–1197) 4505:(1055–1187) 4489:(1054–1055) 4487:Kassapa VII 4483:(1048–1054) 4477:(1046–1048) 4471:(1043–1046) 4465:(1042–1043) 4459:(1040–1042) 4453:(1029–1040) 4434:(1001–1029) 4342:Dappula III 4330:Mahinda III 4294:Kassapa III 4288:Aggabodhi V 4198:Aggabodhi I 4162:Upatissa II 4072:Soththisena 3994:Abhaya Naga 3982:Siri Naga I 3916:Chandamukha 3903:Interregnum 3862:(42–20 BCE) 3826:(50–47 BCE) 3820:(62–50 BCE) 3814:(76–62 BCE) 3808:(89–76 BCE) 3802:(90–88 BCE) 3796:(91–90 BCE) 3794:Pilaya Mara 3790:(98–91 BCE) 3758:Lanja Tissa 3752:Thulatthana 3560:Family tree 3472:Gajabahu II 3429:, W. Geiger 2943:Geiger 1996 2866:Mendis 1996 2761:Wright 1999 2569:Edirisuriya 2557:Parker 1981 2484:Parker 1981 2457:Mendis 1996 2433:Parker 1981 2406:Parker 1981 2380:Geiger 1996 2368:Parker 1981 2356:Parker 1981 2319:Murari, K. 2234:Geiger 1996 2103:Edirisuriya 2091:Edirisuriya 2050:Wright 1999 2023:Seniviratne 2011:Edirisuriya 1970:Edirisuriya 1958:Geiger 1996 1934:Geiger 1996 1903:Geiger 1996 1857:Parker 1981 1845:Mendis 1996 1795:Geiger 1996 1690:Geiger 1996 1597:Wright 1999 1585:Wright 1999 1241:Pandya Nadu 1239:arrived in 1074:Lower Burma 1022:Padavi Wewa 952:Thuparamaya 477:Malaya rata 418:In Rajarata 408:Gajabahu II 236:South India 231:Polonnaruwa 121:Polonnaruwa 83:Predecessor 5024:Categories 4867:Rajasuriya 4841:Dharmapala 4622:Dharmasoka 4598:Chodaganga 4574:Mahinda VI 4544:Jayabahu I 4469:Jagatipala 4451:Kassapa VI 4428:(991–1001) 4420:Mahinda IV 4384:Dappula IV 4372:Kassapa IV 4324:Dappula II 4318:Mahinda II 4252:Kassapa II 4132:Kashyapa I 4060:Upatissa I 4054:Buddhadasa 4024:Gothabhaya 3946:Gajabahu I 3890:Chulabhaya 3824:Kuda Tissa 3818:Chora Naga 3788:Panya Mara 3740:Dutugamunu 3678:(691–1017) 3483:1153–1186 3243:8120602080 3181:0803995342 3107:0913729434 3088:8120813006 3075:Geiger, W. 3067:References 2526:quoted in 2506:0864421699 2236:, LXXVIII. 2205:9812040609 1744:2006-10-30 1573:Wijesekara 1378:Rameswaram 1321:Succession 1299:volte-face 1253:Rameswaram 1139:city-state 1062:gold coins 1054:rajakariya 1035:renovation 916:Gal Vihara 861:Dutugamunu 853:Mahavihara 529:. Chinese 503:Kurunegala 475:See also: 274:Background 270:Buddhism. 225:, was the 74:Coronation 4855:Mayadunne 4640:Lokissara 4432:Mahinda V 4422:(975–991) 4416:(972–975) 4410:(964–972) 4408:Udaya III 4404:(955–964) 4398:(952–955) 4392:(940–952) 4390:Dappula V 4386:(939–940) 4380:(929–939) 4378:Kassapa V 4374:(912–929) 4368:(901–912) 4362:(866–901) 4356:(846–866) 4350:(843–846) 4344:(827–843) 4338:(816–827) 4332:(812–816) 4326:(807–812) 4320:(787–807) 4314:(781–787) 4308:(741–781) 4302:(738–741) 4300:Mahinda I 4296:(732–738) 4290:(726–732) 4284:(691–726) 4282:Manavanna 4272:(673–689) 4266:(664–673) 4260:(661–664) 4258:Dappula I 4254:(652–661) 4248:(640–652) 4242:(624–640) 4236:(623–624) 4224:(614–623) 4218:(608–614) 4206:(598–608) 4200:(564–598) 4194:(561–564) 4192:Maha Naga 4188:(560–561) 4182:(540–560) 4176:(539–540) 4170:(526–539) 4164:(525–526) 4158:(524–525) 4150:Kittisena 4146:(515–524) 4140:(497–515) 4134:(479–497) 4128:(463–479) 4126:Dhatusena 4122:(450–452) 4116:(447–450) 4104:(441–447) 4092:(436–441) 4086:(435–436) 4084:Mittasena 4080:(434–435) 4068:(412–434) 4062:(370–412) 4056:(341–370) 4050:(332–341) 4044:(304–332) 4038:(277–304) 4032:(267–277) 4026:(254–267) 4020:(252–254) 4014:(248–252) 4008:(247–248) 4002:(245–247) 3996:(237–245) 3990:(215–237) 3984:(196–215) 3978:(195–196) 3976:Kuda Naga 3972:(193–195) 3970:Cula Naga 3966:(165–193) 3960:(141–165) 3954:(135–141) 3948:(113–135) 3942:(110–113) 3928:Subharaja 3806:Valagamba 3776:Pulahatta 3770:Valagamba 3754:(119 BCE) 3716:Suratissa 3673:(463–691) 3668:(436–463) 3354:Sri Lanka 3225:162729027 3032:cited in 2837:557834681 2812:847060842 2668:Bell 1892 2473:. Ingram. 2471:Sri Lanka 2469:Yapa, V. 2420:Sri Lanka 2196:Sri Lanka 1870:Culavamsa 1771:Culavamsa 1410:Mahavamsa 1327:Culavamsa 1090:In 1156, 1043:Culawamsa 1027:Culavamsa 986:Culavamsa 956:Mihintale 912:Culavamsa 901:Vajrayana 884:Mahathera 880:Theravada 643:senapathi 605:Cambodian 576:Culavamsa 463:Culavamsa 333:Culavamsa 91:Successor 68:1153–1186 5008:Category 4646:Lilavati 4634:Lilavati 4628:Anikanga 4604:Lilavati 4402:Sena III 4396:Udaya II 4108:Tiritara 4066:Mahanama 4036:Mahasena 3936:(66–110) 3856:(47 BCE) 3850:(47 BCE) 3844:(47 BCE) 3838:(47 BCE) 3832:(47 BCE) 3710:Mahasiva 3692:Mutasiva 3663:(66–436) 3592:Upatissa 3548:by reign 3528:Monarchs 3286:41784912 3077:(1996). 2640:Archived 2520:Muller. 2078:Archived 1797:, LXVII. 1769:Geiger, 1404:See also 1260:Kahapana 1145:(modern 1000:and the 994:Vatadage 920:Hinayana 896:Mahayana 888:Tipiṭaka 878:1165, a 869:upāsakas 865:bhikkhus 748:Rajarata 568:Vellalar 536:cinnamon 426:senapati 401:Lilavati 268:Mahayana 199:Religion 4996:Italics 4942:Senarat 4414:Sena IV 4366:Udaya I 4360:Sena II 4156:Siva II 4120:Pithiya 4114:Dathiya 4096:Parindu 3934:Vasabha 3930:(60–66) 3924:(52–60) 3918:(44–52) 3912:(38–44) 3910:Ilanaga 3906:(35–38) 3898:(35–35) 3892:(33–35) 3886:(30–33) 3880:(21–30) 3800:Dathika 3530:of the 3217:2941377 1335:Kalinga 1245:Madurai 1221:Pandyan 1181:Pathein 1162:Narathu 1080:Revolts 709:Monarch 704:Kingdom 548:Colombo 327:Pandyan 215:Sinhala 172:Dynasty 4813:(1477) 4630:(1209) 4594:(1196) 4588:(1196) 4576:(1187) 4426:Sena V 4354:Sena I 3896:Sivali 3874:(9–21) 3848:Niliya 3836:Vatuka 3830:Siva I 3782:Bahiya 3704:Uttiya 3605:Abhaya 3555:Queens 3454: 3371: 3341: 3315:465385 3313: 3284: 3240: 3223: 3215: 3178: 3123: 3104: 3085: 2835: 2810: 2783: 2741: 2691: 2503: 2283: 2202: 2114:Bell, 1905:, LXX. 1673: 1552: 1166:Angkor 958:, and 892:Vinaya 849:sangha 837:Temple 784:Ruhuna 564:Veddas 546:) and 544:Chilaw 507:fields 393:mahesi 321:, and 299:Cholas 191:Mother 183:Father 127:Spouse 57:statue 4278:(691) 4230:(623) 4212:(608) 4152:(524) 4110:(447) 4098:(441) 4090:Pandu 4074:(434) 3854:Anula 3734:Elara 3728:Asela 3612:Tissa 3456:Died: 3449:Born: 3282:JSTOR 3221:S2CID 3213:JSTOR 2614:ft.lk 1457:Datta 1431:Notes 1147:Burma 1143:Bagan 1131:Bagan 805:Reign 742:1180 739:1170 736:1160 733:1150 730:1140 727:1130 724:1120 721:1110 718:1100 715:1090 680:fords 515:stupa 448:dowry 381:Youth 340:Birth 279:Early 259:India 240:Burma 160:House 145:Names 65:Reign 4481:Loka 3369:ISBN 3339:ISBN 3311:OCLC 3238:ISBN 3176:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3102:ISBN 3083:ISBN 3002:help 2833:OCLC 2808:OCLC 2781:ISBN 2739:ISBN 2689:ISBN 2501:ISBN 2343:help 2281:ISBN 2200:ISBN 1868:see 1671:ISBN 1662:"IV" 1550:ISBN 1463:help 1391:Name 1344:and 1325:The 1314:and 1137:The 975:alms 934:The 531:silk 238:and 227:king 177:Arya 114:1186 111:Died 104:1123 101:Born 78:1153 55:The 3203:doi 1507:322 1141:of 1103:POW 1056:(a 874:In 399:", 229:of 5026:: 3278:35 3276:. 3255:. 3219:. 3211:. 3199:15 3197:. 3193:. 2845:^ 2753:^ 2719:^ 2612:. 2329:^ 2304:, 2253:^ 2186:^ 2164:. 2076:. 2030:^ 1989:^ 1910:^ 1893:^ 1665:. 1625:^ 1558:. 1232:. 1157:. 876:c. 855:, 566:, 550:. 517:. 488:c. 317:, 219:c. 4877:: 4851:: 3520:e 3513:t 3506:v 3377:. 3347:. 3317:. 3297:. 3288:. 3259:. 3246:. 3227:. 3205:: 3184:. 3165:. 3138:. 3129:. 3110:. 3091:. 3004:) 2839:. 2814:. 2789:. 2747:. 2697:. 2616:. 2546:. 2509:. 2345:) 2323:. 2289:. 2208:. 2168:. 1972:. 1747:. 1679:. 1495:. 1480:. 1465:) 395:" 213:( 20:)

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