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on swimming than others, and the point system did not directly address functional ability. To address this, in 1990 point consideration was eliminated for disability types that did not impact performance. The IPC decided to reduce the number of classifications, and to try to fix classification so that competitors could have more certainty in which classification they would compete in before attending an event. This was a major change, as previously, athletes would be classified immediately before, and even during, an event. As a result, the number of swimming classifications dropped from 31 at Seoul in 1988 to 10 at the 1992 Summer
Paralympics in Barcelona.
274:
2106:
1710:
430:
473:, had single arm paralysis or had a fixed shoulder joint. There was an intellectual disability class called Class J, and a Class H for people with severe disabilities. BSNW classification events included swimming races from 50 to 1500 metres. The system was later expanded to include nine classes before it was discontinued. The BSNW system did not gain international support, and only was used inside Germany. It was discarded because of a need to have athletes classified for international competitions.
370:
354:
338:
322:
642:
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If swimmers do not agree with their classifications, they can appeal through the IPC Board of Appeal on
Classification, which is the body recognised by IPC Swimming. Formal processes exist for how to do this in both non-competition and competition periods. Classification assessment took roughly 30 to
536:
background handles classification at international competitions. Classifiers are required to be familiar with the type of disability they are classifying, whether physical, visual or intellectual. Classification by national sports bodies mirrors the international classification process, conducted by
254:
The general rules for
Paralympic swimming are based on those intended for able-bodied competitors. The rules regarding strokes, turns and the length of time that swimmers may remain under water are similar to those for the Olympic Games. Events take place in a standard 50m pool. Swimmers may dive in
493:
in the lead-up to the meeting looked at the results of recent international competitions. It proposed a series of classes, based on the competitive results, for use in
Barcelona. COOB insisted that such a system be implemented to ensure the sport at the Paralympic Games was serious and competitive,
480:
Classification for swimming relied on a points system to assess the severity of physical disability without considering athlete functionality specifically as it applied to the ability to swim a particular stroke. This caused problems because certain types of disability had a greater negative impact
476:
In 1983, classification for swimmers with cerebral palsy was governed by CP-ISRA. There were five cerebral palsy classifications. Class 1 competitors could compete in the 25 metre freestyle event with flotation devices with or without flotation devices. Class 2 competitors could compete in the same
556:
but athletes are allowed to have an interpreter present during the process. Swimmers are required to disclose any medications they regularly use, and provide detailed records of their medical history if a classifier deems them relevant. They are allowed to have someone familiar with their swimming
453:
During the 1960s and 1970s, ISMGF classification cheating occurred in both swimming and wheelchair basketball. Some of the medical classifications appeared arbitrary, with people of different functional levels being put into the same class. This made the results for many games and swimming races
518:
in
Atlanta opted not to compete in Sydney. Several former SB8 and SB9 swimmers moved down a class to compete, and made the finals in their classifications. The IPC's Olympian aspiration to become an premier elite international sporting competition still fell short. In Sydney, 561 gold medals were
142:
Para-swimming classification is based on a system in which functional criteria are assessed. Athletes who have different physical disabilities may compete in the same class so long as their functional impairments are similar. In swimming, amputations of the arms below the elbow have a significant
582:
classification taking place on the same dates at the
Piscines Bernat Picronell. The process became a contentious issue at the Paralympics because of on-the-spot reclassifications that resulted in changes to the competition schedule. On-the-spot classification or re-classification was viewed as a
613:
swimmers getting classified from
September 4 to 6 and all other swimmers being classified from September 3 to 5. For sportspeople with physical or intellectual disabilities going through classification or reclassification in Rio de Janeiro, their in-competition observation event is their first
449:
During the 1960s and 1970s, classification involved being examined in a supine position on an examination table, where multiple medical classifiers would often stand around the player, poke and prod their muscles with their hands and with pins. The system had no built-in privacy safeguards and
604:
needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, swimming
203:
events. This is because different strokes require the use of different muscle groups. In the case of the breaststroke, for example, the hand and the hip play a crucial role. Because of this, a swimmer may compete in one class for one stroke and a different class for another. It also means that
133:
took over the governance of classification. As of 2012, people with visual, physical and intellectual disabilities are eligible to compete in the sport. The classification system was originally based on medical criteria, but has since moved to one largely based on functional disability to make
505:
in Seoul. This was followed by a similar project at the 1992 Summer
Paralympics in Barcelona. These studies provided an increasingly detailed understanding of the factors involved in high performance swimming. Henceforth sports science became the driver of both performance and classification.
437:
The earliest classification system for para-swimming was created during the 1940s. At this time, swimmers were classified based on their medical conditions. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the classification system was set up as a series of "handicaps". In an effort to clearly describe
438:
disabilities and promote fairness, the number of classifications ballooned. This made organizing competitive events difficult as there were too few people in each classification; international events for people with disabilities were said to have as many winners as competitors. At the
494:
instead of recreational. The suggestions were implemented for sports such as swimming and athletics. The Games were the first ones where swimmers of different types of disabilities competed against each other, swimmers had a guaranteed right to appeal their classification.
484:
Going into the 1992 Summer
Paralympics, the International Coordinating Committee and the Technical Committee of the IPC push for a move towards a functional classification system. This came to a head at the November 1989 meeting of the Barcelona Olympics Organising Committee
583:
negative aspect of the 1996 Summer
Paralympics, and the Paralympic movement overall. At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 54 assessments were conducted, resulting in 13 class changes. There was one Paralympic New Status (PNS) protest and two Paralympic Permanent Status (PPS)
531:
During the classification process, classifiers evaluate factors including whether a swimmer's physical limitations require him or her to start in the water, and how the swimmer enters the water in competition. A two-person panel that includes at least one person with a
561:
do not require the functional and observational components of assessment. If a swimmer intentionally misrepresents his or her disability, he or she is barred from the classification process for a minimum of two years, and is unable to compete.
227:. They each have a "tapper" who uses a pole or "bonker" to warn the swimmer that they are approaching the end of the pool. The visual classifications are based on medical classification, and not on functional mobility. One more class,
587:
by a national Paralympic committee, with one classification upheld and two denied. Six classification appeals were lodged for swimming at the 2000 Summer Paralympics involving four athletes, resulting in two class changes. For the
458:
513:
in Sydney, changes were made in classification for the breaststroke, bringing the total number of functional classifications down from ten that had competed in Atlanta to nine. Swimmers who had been classified as SB10 at the
1090:
574:
All disability types were eligible to participate at the 1992 Summer Paralympics. The IPC oversaw classification based on functional disability. General and functional classification took place in the
557:
limitations present during the process. The process includes a physical assessment, observation assessment, and a functional assessment that may include performance in the pool. Swimmers with
549:
competitors: provisional, national and international. The first is for club-level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.
143:
impact on functional ability. As a result, swimming classifications differ from athletics classifications. Swimmers are divided into ten classes based on degree of functional disability:
477:
events, but only against class 2 competitors. That year, 80 to 85 per cent of all competitors with cerebral palsy competed in the same classification in international competitions.
1504:
Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming IX: Proceedings of the IXth World Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming, University of Saint-Etienne, France, 21-23 June, 2002
414:
2086:
421:. The IPC Classification Code and IPC Swimming govern the classification process. Classification of swimmers is performed by classifiers that are recognised by the IPC.
1822:
223:, for visually impaired swimmers. The lower number indicates a greater degree of impairment: class S11 swimmers are blind or nearly blind, and compete in blacked-out
1581:
EDMF handbook on the Disability Evaluation Method for Disabled Athletes for the Completion of the Examination Card and Subsequent Medical and Sports Classification
1690:
1328:
461:(BSNW) developed a swimming classification system that stayed in use until 1982. This system had seven classifications. There was a CP class for athletes with
305:
289:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2227:
1554:
New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
410:
406:
273:
204:
swimmers with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries and limb deficiencies may compete against each other. For the individual medley, the class assigned is the
1026:
1552:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
489:- COOB), when a discussion started about what events and classifications should be eligible for the Games. A study by the organising committee and the
183:. The most severely affected are in class S1; these swimmers normally use wheelchairs outside of the pool. Classes are prefixed with the letter "S" for
1403:
622:
Disability sport's major classification body, the IPC, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system, as opposed to a
2079:
600:
was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All
398:
126:
1815:
22:
is a function-based classification system designed to allow for fair competition in disability swimming. The classes are prefixed with "S" for
537:
nationally recognised IPC classifiers. For Australian competitors, for example, classification is managed by the national sport federation,
2072:
2043:
244:
114:, S18 for swimmers with Down Syndrome or class-S14 intellectual impairment combined with a physical impairment, and S19 for swimmers with
1683:
689:
1480:. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney.
1925:
1808:
772:
2012:
1855:
2543:
1910:
1676:
1579:
GĂłmez, Ricardo Hernández; Ferrer, Josep Oriol MartĂnez; Vales, Migual Angel Montesinos; GutiĂ©rrez, Olga Sánchez-GirĂłn (1990).
1915:
1605:
1511:
914:
851:
402:
369:
1971:
1920:
1239:. Barcelona: ComitĂ© Organizador de Barcelona'92 DivisiĂłn de ParalĂmpicos (COOB'92, Paralympics Division D.L.). p. 46.
353:
337:
321:
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who would also compete in the same class against competitors who were single arm above the elbow amputees, had double-arm
2116:
2095:
2038:
490:
401:(FINA). In 1992, the IPC formally became the governing body for disability swimming. Four different sporting bodies, the
42:
events. Swimmers with physical disabilities are divided into ten classes based on their degree of functional disability:
454:
appear to be completely arbitrary. Impacted sportspeople were starting to demand that changes be made to address this.
1466:
240:
130:
2416:
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2017:
1997:
1992:
1930:
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1332:
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2002:
1956:
1951:
1935:
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1976:
1831:
1244:
542:
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players being classified were not ensured privacy during medical classification nor with their medical records.
1890:
1845:
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1534:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1092:
Chapter 4. 4 - Position Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport
964:
208:
of the classes assigned for each individual stroke (rounded to the nearest whole number with .5 rounding up).
2221:
2033:
1966:
1875:
1165:
814:
566:
45 minutes at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. Classification for blind swimmers only lasted about 15 minutes.
2007:
1905:
1895:
1117:
714:
2341:
1885:
1870:
630:
athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class compared to competitors who train less.
446:, the number of eligible classes was so great that 60 gold medals were awarded in one swimming event.
121:
Swimming was one of the first organised sports for people with disabilities, and was contested at the
134:
para-swimming more competitive. The sport is moving towards an evidence-based classification system.
125:
in 1960. Both the rules for the sport and approval of classifications were the responsibility of the
1880:
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107:
1961:
589:
515:
510:
439:
418:
397:. Both the rules for the sport and for the approval of swimmers' classifications were set by the
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122:
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8:
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2352:
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1759:
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1739:
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1719:
1646:. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
312:
296:
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176:
172:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
575:
538:
501:. The first detailed international swimming sport science project was conducted at the
184:
23:
2064:
1523:
1331:. Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from
255:
or start in the water. Swimmers may not use any assistive technology while competing.
1657:
1647:
1630:
1620:
1601:
1584:
1567:
1557:
1540:
1530:
1507:
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999:
910:
847:
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83:
39:
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188:
27:
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738:
736:
904:
205:
200:
1189:
881:
1668:
1107:
1105:
733:
593:
498:
231:, is for intellectually disabled swimmers. This class was not contested at the
1583:. Barcelona: FederaciĂłn Española de Deportes de Minusválidos FĂsicos (FEDMF).
1354:
2537:
1661:
1634:
1588:
1494:
1254:
1003:
647:
389:
Swimming was one of the eight sports contested in the first Paralympics, the
1571:
1544:
1102:
1056:
930:
949:
196:
103:
35:
1177:
839:
623:
601:
1261:
82:. The lower number indicates a greater degree of impairment. Those with
1485:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association (1983).
470:
462:
433:
The original ISMGF classification system used at early Paralympic Games
192:
31:
790:
690:"More Opportunities For Swimmers With a Disability at National Events"
546:
1273:
1068:
1172:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
1160:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
1148:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
1136:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
1124:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
1044:
971:
Cerebral Palsy-International Sports and Recreation Association 1983
584:
466:
748:
876:
874:
872:
870:
840:
Richard Higgins; Peter Brukner; Bryan English (30 January 2006).
533:
497:
The move to functional classification coincided with the rise of
224:
597:
596:, the IPC had a zero classification at the Games policy. This
243:(IPC) dropped all intellectual disability events following the
115:
867:
415:
Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
2437:
2187:
1551:
1195:
1111:
1062:
936:
742:
627:
443:
1461:(First ed.). West Sussex, England: Wiley-Interscience.
1309:
1201:
998:. Barcelona, Spain: COOB '92, Divisio de Paralympics. 1992.
519:
awarded in 18 sports, compared with 300 in 28 sports at the
2457:
2452:
2447:
2207:
2202:
2197:
1381:
1369:
1234:
996:
The fifteen sports of the Barcelona '92 IX Paralympic Games
394:
1285:
976:
882:"Paralympic Swimming - overview, rules and classification"
2442:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2192:
1578:
1213:
1183:
818:
796:
417:(CP-ISRA), assisted the IPC in governing swimming at the
545:. There are three types of classification available for
245:
basketball ID controversy at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
2094:
1478:
Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
106:. Additional classes may be reserved for swimmers with
1642:
Vanlandewijck, Yves; Thompson, Walter R, eds. (2011).
1489:(Third ed.). Wolfheze, the Netherlands: CP-ISRA.
767:
765:
763:
459:
Disabled of the German State of North Rhine-Westphalia
411:
International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
1641:
1556:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport.
1297:
1279:
1267:
1050:
754:
16:
Function-based classification system in para-swimming
1357:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
1098:. International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
1027:"IPC Swimming Classification, Rules and Regulations"
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
637:
569:
1830:
1459:
Athlete First: A History of the Paralympic Movement
1435:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
1230:
1228:
760:
1522:
605:classification was scheduled to take place at the
552:Internationally, all classification is handled in
1614:
1074:
1010:
902:
833:
2535:
1698:
1225:
1615:Steadward, Robert D; Peterson, Cynthia (1997).
1598:The Paralympic Games: Empowerment Or Side Show?
407:International Sports Federation of the Disabled
195:events, while those prefixed with "SB" are for
1619:. Edmonton: One Shot Holdings Publ. Division.
1595:
1315:
1207:
1032:. International Paralympic Committee. May 2011
896:
2080:
1816:
1684:
1237:Guide to the Barcelona'92 IX Paralympic Games
988:
773:"Layman's Guide to Paralympic Classification"
1520:
1475:
1387:
1375:
1321:
982:
399:Fédération International de Natation Amateur
127:Fédération International de Natation Amateur
1425:
1196:Doll-Tepper, Kröner & Sonnenschein 2001
1112:Doll-Tepper, Kröner & Sonnenschein 2001
1063:Doll-Tepper, Kröner & Sonnenschein 2001
937:Doll-Tepper, Kröner & Sonnenschein 2001
743:Doll-Tepper, Kröner & Sonnenschein 2001
311:Visualisation of functional mobility for a
295:Visualisation of functional mobility for a
279:Visualisation of functional mobility for a
2087:
2073:
1823:
1809:
1691:
1677:
375:Visualisation of functional hearing for a
1596:Gilbert, Keith; Schantz, Otto J. (2009).
1521:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
1476:Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon (2008).
1347:
526:
359:Visualisation of functional vision for a
343:Visualisation of functional vision for a
327:Visualisation of functional vision for a
614:appearance in competition at the Games.
428:
1506:. France: Université de Saint-Etienne.
1501:
1291:
2536:
1456:
1303:
1219:
1085:
1083:
846:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109.
687:
2068:
1804:
1672:
1487:Classification and sport rules manual
1398:
1396:
903:Joseph P. Winnick (27 October 2010).
809:
807:
805:
487:Comite Organitzador Olimpic Barcelona
403:International Blind Sports Federation
262:, is for athletes with hearing loss.
1617:Paralympics : where heroes come
1235:Hores Extraordinaries, S.A. (1992).
952:. International Paralympic Committee
906:Adapted Physical Education and Sport
778:. International Paralympic Committee
211:There are three additional classes,
2096:Cerebral palsy sport classification
1080:
942:
626:-based system, so as not to punish
491:Polytechnic University of Catalonia
13:
1411:International Paralympic Committee
1393:
815:"A-Z of Paralympic classification"
802:
241:International Paralympic Committee
131:International Paralympic Committee
14:
2555:
1529:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
1280:Vanlandewijck & Thompson 2011
1268:Vanlandewijck & Thompson 2011
1051:Vanlandewijck & Thompson 2011
755:Vanlandewijck & Thompson 2011
715:"New Multi Class Classifications"
688:Leslie, Cameron (26 April 2023).
663:"CLASSIFICATION IN PARA SWIMMING"
570:Classification at the Paralympics
2104:
1708:
884:. British Paralympic Association
640:
368:
352:
336:
320:
304:
288:
272:
1832:Disability sport classification
1404:"Rio 2016 Classification Guide"
543:Australian Paralympic Committee
909:. Human Kinetics. p. 51.
721:. Swimming WA. 7 February 2022
707:
681:
655:
1:
2544:Para swimming classifications
1502:Chatard, Jean-Claude (2003).
1450:
1075:Steadward & Peterson 1997
384:
137:
1700:Para-swimming classification
1600:. Meyer & Meyer Verlag.
950:"Swimming - About the Sport"
129:(FINA) until 1992, when the
20:Para-swimming classification
7:
247:, but was restored for the
10:
2560:
1316:Gilbert & Schantz 2009
1208:Gilbert & Schantz 2009
424:
265:
199:, and those with "SM" for
2466:
2411:
2376:
2336:
2301:
2216:
2166:
2111:
2102:
2026:
1985:
1944:
1838:
1715:
1706:
1355:"What is Classification?"
843:Essential Sports Medicine
617:
1433:"Classification History"
1388:Cashman & Darcy 2008
1376:DePauw & Gavron 1995
983:DePauw & Gavron 1995
633:
607:Olympic Aquatics Stadium
541:, with support from the
123:first Summer Paralympics
2044:Intellectual disability
590:2016 Summer Paralympics
516:1996 Summer Paralympics
511:2000 Summer Paralympics
440:1988 Summer Paralympics
419:1992 Summer Paralympics
391:1960 Summer Paralympics
249:2012 Summer Paralympics
237:2008 Summer Paralympics
108:intellectual impairment
1644:The Paralympic Athlete
1457:Bailey, Steve (2008).
527:Classification process
434:
86:are placed in classes
1972:Wheelchair basketball
669:. World Para Swimming
432:
102:is for athletes with
1525:Disability and sport
694:Swimming New Zealand
521:2000 Summer Olympics
503:1988 Summer Olympics
1294:, pp. 277–280.
1270:, pp. 264–265.
1222:, pp. 103–104.
1198:, pp. 291–292.
1077:, pp. 159–164.
745:, pp. 379–392.
667:World Para Swimming
2018:Wheelchair curling
1998:Para-nordic skiing
1993:Para-alpine skiing
1931:Wheelchair fencing
578:, with functional
576:Paralympic Village
539:Swimming Australia
435:
84:visual impairments
2531:
2530:
2062:
2061:
2003:Para-snowboarding
1957:Football 7-a-side
1952:Football 5-a-side
1936:Wheelchair tennis
1839:Individual Sports
1798:
1797:
1607:978-1-84126-265-9
1513:978-2-86272-303-7
1335:on 15 August 2012
1186:, pp. 58–59.
1184:GĂłmez et al. 1990
1162:, pp. 16–18.
1150:, pp. 13–15.
1138:, pp. 13–38.
916:978-0-7360-8918-0
853:978-1-4051-1438-7
797:GĂłmez et al. 1990
611:visually impaired
559:visual impairment
413:(ISMWSF) and the
201:individual medley
40:individual medley
34:events, "SB" for
2551:
2108:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2054:Wheelchair sport
2027:Disability types
1977:Wheelchair rugby
1825:
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1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1232:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1008:
1007:
992:
986:
980:
974:
973:, pp. 9–11.
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
946:
940:
934:
928:
927:
925:
923:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
878:
865:
864:
862:
860:
837:
831:
830:
828:
826:
821:. 28 August 2008
811:
800:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
777:
769:
758:
752:
746:
740:
731:
730:
728:
726:
711:
705:
704:
702:
700:
685:
679:
678:
676:
674:
659:
650:
645:
644:
643:
372:
356:
340:
324:
308:
292:
276:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2462:
2407:
2372:
2332:
2297:
2212:
2162:
2109:
2098:
2093:
2063:
2058:
2022:
1981:
1940:
1891:Para-equestrian
1861:Disability golf
1846:Adaptive rowing
1834:
1829:
1799:
1794:
1713:
1702:
1697:
1654:
1627:
1608:
1564:
1537:
1514:
1469:
1453:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1329:"Summer Sports"
1327:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1247:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:, pp. 4–6.
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1011:
994:
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
955:
953:
948:
947:
943:
935:
931:
921:
919:
917:
901:
897:
887:
885:
880:
879:
868:
858:
856:
854:
838:
834:
824:
822:
813:
812:
803:
795:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
770:
761:
753:
749:
741:
734:
724:
722:
713:
712:
708:
698:
696:
686:
682:
672:
670:
661:
660:
656:
646:
641:
639:
636:
620:
572:
529:
427:
387:
380:
373:
364:
357:
348:
341:
332:
325:
316:
309:
300:
293:
284:
277:
268:
258:A final class,
140:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
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2420:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
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2395:
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2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
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2320:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2299:
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2295:
2290:
2285:
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2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2039:Cerebral palsy
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Sitting volley
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1876:Para-athletics
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1782:
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1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
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1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
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1707:
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1696:
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1688:
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1673:
1667:
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1652:
1639:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1576:
1562:
1549:
1535:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1482:
1473:
1468:978-0470058244
1467:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1424:
1392:
1390:, p. 152.
1380:
1378:, p. 128.
1368:
1346:
1320:
1318:, pp. 95.
1308:
1306:, p. 220.
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 277.
1272:
1260:
1245:
1224:
1212:
1210:, pp. 92.
1200:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 321.
1101:
1079:
1067:
1065:, p. 320.
1055:
1043:
1009:
987:
975:
963:
941:
939:, p. 289.
929:
915:
895:
866:
852:
832:
801:
789:
759:
747:
732:
706:
680:
653:
652:
651:
635:
632:
619:
616:
594:Rio de Janeiro
571:
568:
528:
525:
499:sports science
463:hemispasticity
426:
423:
386:
383:
382:
381:
374:
367:
365:
358:
351:
349:
342:
335:
333:
326:
319:
317:
310:
303:
301:
294:
287:
285:
278:
271:
267:
264:
139:
136:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
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2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2417:Nordic skiing
2414:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
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2369:
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2329:
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2300:
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2239:
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2226:
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2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2172:Alpine skiing
2169:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Sledge racing
2011:
2009:
2008:Sledge hockey
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:Winter Sports
1984:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Paratriathlon
1904:
1902:
1901:Para-swimming
1899:
1897:
1896:Para-shooting
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
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1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:9781444334043
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1053:, p. 20.
1052:
1047:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
985:, p. 43.
984:
979:
972:
967:
951:
945:
938:
933:
918:
912:
908:
907:
899:
883:
877:
875:
873:
871:
855:
849:
845:
844:
836:
820:
816:
810:
808:
806:
799:, p. 58.
798:
793:
774:
768:
766:
764:
757:, p. 21.
756:
751:
744:
739:
737:
720:
716:
710:
695:
691:
684:
668:
664:
658:
654:
649:
648:Sports portal
638:
631:
629:
625:
615:
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
567:
563:
560:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
524:
522:
517:
512:
509:Ahead of the
507:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:In 1974, the
455:
451:
447:
445:
441:
431:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
378:
371:
366:
362:
355:
350:
346:
339:
334:
330:
323:
318:
314:
307:
302:
298:
291:
286:
282:
275:
270:
269:
263:
261:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
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230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
202:
198:
194:
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186:
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178:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
135:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
38:and "SM" for
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2471:
2470:
2415:
2380:
2340:
2305:
2220:
2170:
2115:
1926:Table tennis
1911:Powerlifting
1900:
1886:Para-cycling
1871:Para-archery
1699:
1643:
1616:
1597:
1580:
1553:
1524:
1503:
1486:
1477:
1458:
1437:. Retrieved
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1413:. March 2016
1410:
1383:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1323:
1311:
1299:
1292:Chatard 2003
1287:
1275:
1263:
1236:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1126:, p. 1.
1119:
1091:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1036:18 September
1034:. Retrieved
995:
990:
978:
966:
954:. Retrieved
944:
932:
920:. Retrieved
905:
898:
886:. Retrieved
857:. Retrieved
842:
835:
823:. Retrieved
792:
780:. Retrieved
750:
723:. Retrieved
718:
709:
697:. Retrieved
693:
683:
671:. Retrieved
666:
657:
621:
573:
564:
551:
530:
508:
496:
486:
483:
479:
475:
456:
452:
448:
436:
388:
257:
253:
210:
206:mean average
197:breaststroke
141:
120:
104:hearing loss
36:breaststroke
19:
18:
2382:CP Football
2034:Amputations
1945:Team Sports
1916:Racquetball
1304:Bailey 2008
1246:847868233-3
1220:Bailey 2008
719:swimming wa
624:performance
602:competitors
2049:Les Autres
1626:0968209203
1563:1841260363
1536:0873228480
1451:References
547:Australian
471:ectromelia
385:Governance
379:competitor
363:competitor
347:competitor
331:competitor
315:competitor
299:competitor
283:competitor
239:after the
193:backstroke
138:Definition
32:backstroke
2222:Athletics
1881:Paracanoe
1662:642278479
1635:716890782
1589:802831213
1495:220878468
1339:19 August
1255:433443804
1004:221843378
956:21 August
922:21 August
888:21 August
859:21 August
825:21 August
782:21 August
725:29 August
699:29 August
673:29 August
189:butterfly
185:freestyle
98:. Class
28:butterfly
24:freestyle
2538:Category
2472:Swimming
1962:Goalball
1572:48404898
1545:31710003
1417:July 22,
585:protests
580:swimming
467:dysmelia
409:(ISOD),
405:(IBSA),
235:and the
2342:Cycling
2117:General
1921:Sailing
1439:30 July
1361:30 July
609:, with
554:English
534:medical
425:History
266:Gallery
225:goggles
2307:Boccia
1851:Boccia
1660:
1650:
1633:
1623:
1604:
1587:
1570:
1560:
1543:
1533:
1510:
1493:
1465:
1253:
1243:
1002:
913:
850:
618:Future
598:policy
116:autism
2438:LW6/8
2188:LW6/8
1856:Bowls
1407:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1030:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
634:Notes
628:elite
469:type
444:Seoul
2458:LW12
2453:LW11
2448:LW10
2208:LW12
2203:LW11
2198:LW10
1866:Judo
1658:OCLC
1648:ISBN
1631:OCLC
1621:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1585:OCLC
1568:OCLC
1558:ISBN
1541:OCLC
1531:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1491:OCLC
1463:ISBN
1441:2012
1419:2016
1363:2012
1341:2012
1251:OCLC
1241:ISBN
1038:2012
1000:OCLC
958:2012
924:2012
911:ISBN
890:2012
861:2012
848:ISBN
827:2012
784:2012
727:2024
701:2024
675:2024
395:Rome
233:2004
219:and
191:and
179:and
94:and
78:and
30:and
2523:S10
2443:LW9
2433:LW4
2428:LW3
2423:LW1
2403:FT8
2398:FT7
2393:FT6
2388:FT5
2328:BC4
2323:BC3
2318:BC2
2313:BC1
2293:F56
2288:F55
2283:F54
2278:F53
2273:F52
2268:F51
2263:T38
2258:T37
2253:T36
2248:T35
2243:T34
2238:T33
2233:T32
2228:T31
2193:LW9
2183:LW3
2178:LW1
2158:CP8
2153:CP7
2148:CP6
2143:CP5
2138:CP4
2133:CP3
2128:CP2
2123:CP1
1790:S15
1785:S14
1780:S13
1775:S12
1770:S11
1765:S10
819:BBC
592:in
442:in
393:in
377:S15
361:S13
345:S12
329:S11
260:S15
229:S14
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