1573:) which have been linked to PD and develop safer alternatives as per WHO guidance" and "accelerate action to reduce levels of and exposure to air pollution, an important risk factor for PD". A 2011 study showed a link between paraquat use and Parkinson's disease in farm workers. A co-author of the paper said that paraquat increases production of certain oxygen derivatives that may harm cellular structures, and that people who used paraquat, or other pesticides with a similar mechanism of action, were more likely to develop Parkinson's. A 2013 meta-analysis published in
299:
202:
553:
558:
548:
954:
34:
1045:
1106:
43:
3865:
3082:
1370:(EPA) determined that particles used in agricultural practices (400–800 μm) are not in the respirable range. Paraquat also causes moderate to severe irritation of the eye and skin. Diluted paraquat used for spraying is less toxic; thus, the greatest risk of accidental poisoning is during mixing and loading paraquat for use.
1314:
by farmers as a resistance management strategy. Nevertheless, herbicide resistance has been seen for both herbicides in a vineyard in
Western Australia – though this singular report gives no indication of what regimen was being followed, particularly if the two herbicides were being used in a "double knock" tandem.
3090:
1585:
In the UK, the use of paraquat was banned in 2007, but the manufacture and export of the herbicide is still permitted. In April of 2022, the BBC reported that some UK farmers had called for a ban on
British production of paraquat, and stated that "There is no scientific consensus and many conflicting
1033:
The
European Union approved the use of paraquat in 2004 but Sweden, supported by Denmark, Austria, and Finland, appealed this decision. In 2007, the court annulled the directive authorizing paraquat as an active plant protection substance stating that the 2004 decision was wrong in finding that there
1657:
Some pesticides, like rotenone, can directly block the function of mitochondria, the structures that create energy to run the cell. NIEHS researchers showed in mice that disrupting mitochondria through exposure to rotenone early in development changed the epigenome—the chemical tags that turn genes
1381:
may also improve outcomes depending on the timing. Haemodialysis, haemofiltration, haemoperfusion, or antioxidant therapy may also be suggested. Immunosuppressive therapy to reduce the inflammation is an approach suggested by some, however only low certainty evidence supports using medications such
1313:
One example is the "double knock" system used in
Australia. Before planting a crop, weeds are sprayed with glyphosate first, then followed seven to ten days later by a paraquat herbicide. Although twice as expensive as using a single glyphosate spray, the "Double Knock" system is widely relied upon
1527:
committed suicide using paraquat in 2007. Paraquat is widely used as a suicide agent in developing countries because it is widely available at low cost. Further, the toxic dose is low (10 mL or 2 teaspoons is enough to kill). Campaigns exist to control or even ban paraquat, and there are
1063:
recommended to the
Conference of the Parties (COP) paraquat dichloride formulations for inclusion in Annex III to the Convention in 2011. A small group of countries, including India and Guatemala and supported by manufacturers, have since blocked the listing of paraquat as a hazardous chemical for
1401:
Lung injury is a main feature of poisoning. Liver, heart, lung, and kidney failure can occur within several days to weeks that can lead to death up to 30 days after ingestion. Those who suffer large exposures are unlikely to survive. Chronic exposure can lead to lung damage, kidney failure, heart
1577:
found that "exposure to paraquat ... was associated with about a 2-fold increase in risk" of
Parkinson's disease. A review in 2021 concluded that the available evidence does not support a causal conclusion. In 2022 and 2023, two reviews from India "decisively demonstrated that paraquat is a
1445:
Accidental deaths and suicides from paraquat ingestion are relatively common. For example, there are more than 5,000 deaths in China from paraquat poisoning every year in part leading to China's ban in 2017. Long-term exposures to paraquat would most likely cause lung and eye damage, but
1056:, which means that it can be used by licensed applicators only. According to an October 2021 estimate, the use of paraquat in US agriculture as mapped by the US Geological Survey showed a doubling from 2013 to 2018, reaching 10,000,000 pounds (4,500,000 kg) annually.
1528:
moves to restrict its availability by requiring user education and the locking up of paraquat stores. When a 2011 South Korean law completely banned paraquat in the country, death by pesticide plummeted 46%, contributing to the decrease of the overall suicide rate.
768:
1390:
in addition to the standard care to reduce mortality. It is also unknown if adding glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide to the standard care has unwanted side effects such as increasing the risk of infection. Oxygen should not be administered unless
1458:
fields in Mexico. Following
Mexican efforts to eradicate marijuana and poppy fields in 1975, the United States government helped by sending helicopters and other technological assistance. Helicopters were used to spray the herbicides paraquat and
1327:) after 30 years, compared to nearly 90% of fields sprayed only with glyphosate. A "Double Knock" regime with paraquat cleaning-up after glyphosate was predicted to keep all fields free of glyphosate resistant ryegrass for at least 30 years.
1640:
People with
Parkinson's disease who are exposed to a high level of ten different active ingredients in agricultural pesticides may see their motor and non-motor symptoms progress faster compared with those who are not, a 2022 study
2712:
Eubank, T. W.; Poston, D. H.; Nandula, V. K.; Koger, C. H.; Shaw, D. R.; Reynolds, D. B. (2008). "Glyphosate-resistant
Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Control Using Glyphosate-, Paraquat-, and Glufosinate-Based Herbicide Programs".
1294:(IWM) systems. Paraquat, with its distinctive mode of action, is one of few chemical options that can be used to prevent and mitigate problems with weeds that have become resistant to the very widely used non-selective herbicide
1466:
Whether any injury came about due to the inhalation of paraquat-contaminated marijuana is uncertain. A 1995 study found that "no lung or other injury in cannabis users has ever been attributed to paraquat contamination". Also a
1518:
from 1979 to 2001, 70 percent of suicides were by paraquat poisoning. Trinidad and Tobago is particularly well known for its incidence of suicides involving the use of
Gramoxone (commercial name of paraquat). In southern
1437:
of the lung selectively concentrate paraquat. It has been reported that a small dose, even if removed from the stomach or spat out, can still cause death from fibrous tissue developing in the lungs, leading to
1601:
In August 2024, the B.C. (British Columbia) Supreme Court certified a class-action lawsuit against Syngenta on behalf of at least two plaintiffs who were diagnosed with Parkinson's after exposure to paraquat.
1243:(ROS) are produced. In forming these reactive oxygen species, the oxidized form of paraquat is regenerated, and is again available to shunt electrons from photosystem I to restart the cycle. This induces
1059:
There is an ongoing international campaign for a global ban, but the cheap and popular paraquat continues to be unrestricted in most developing countries. The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) of the
1676:
Using data from a NIEHS-conducted agricultural health study, researchers found that Parkinson's risk from paraquat use was particularly high in people with a particular variant of a gene known as
2859:
Neve, P.; Diggle, A. J.; Smith, F. P.; Powles, S. B. (2003). "Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: Past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping".
528:
2395:
1299:
1699:, could help reduce the incidence of the disease. For example, using protective gloves and other hygiene practices reduced the risk of Parkinson's disease among farmers using paraquat,
1594:
is ongoing; the company rejects the claims but has paid £187.5 million into a settlement fund. As of August 2024, more than 5,700 cases against Syngenta (manufacturer of Gramoxone) and
2512:
Bockman, T. M.; Kochi, J. K. (1990). "Isolation and Oxidation-Reduction of Methylviologen Cation Radicals. Novel Disproportionation in Charge-Transfer Salts by X-Ray Crystallography".
2012:
2539:
Bockman T. M.; Kochi J. K. (1990). "Isolation and oxidation-reduction of methylviologen cation radicals. Novel disproportionation in charge-transfer salts by X-ray crystallography".
1523:, particularly in Penal, Debe from 1996 to 1997, 76 percent of suicides were by paraquat, 96 percent of which involved the over-consumption of alcohol such as rum. Fashion celebrity
1226:
1169:
1831:
Michaelis, L. (1932). "Ein Reduktions-Indikator im Potentialbereich der Wasserstoffüberspannung" [A reduction indicator in the voltage range of hydrogen overpotential].
1535:, which occurred in Japan in 1985, were carried out using paraquat as a poison. Paraquat was used in the UK in 1981 by a woman who poisoned her husband. American serial killer
5313:
3765:
2415:
Wesseling, C., Corriols, M., Bravo, V., (2005), Acute pesticide poisoning and pesticide registration in Central America, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 207, 697-705.
73:; Crisquat; Dexuron; Esgram; Gramuron; Ortho Paraquat CL; Para-col; Pillarxone; Tota-col; Toxer Total; PP148; Cyclone; Gramixel; Gramoxone; Pathclear; AH 501; Bai Cao Ku.
5015:
634:
1654:
Pesticides may directly or indirectly disrupt the biological pathways that normally protect dopaminergic neurons, the brain cells selectively attacked by the disease.
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1696:
1001:
Paraquat is classified as a non-selective contact herbicide. The key characteristics that distinguish it from other agents used in plant protection products are:
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4996:
2125:
1692:
1321:
showed that with alternating annual use between glyphosate and paraquat, only one field in five would be expected to have glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass (
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2458:
1810:
1739:
713:
2230:
Coats, G. E.; Funderburk, H. H. Jr.; Lawrence, J. M.; Davis, D. E. (28 July 2006). "Factors Affecting Persistence and Inactivation of Diquat and Paraquat".
1578:
substantial stimulant of oxidative stress … and is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD)"; and stated that "From the studies we can consider that PQ and
1406:. The mechanism underlying paraquat's toxic damage to humans is still unknown. The severe inflammation is thought to be caused by the generation of highly
1041:
China also banned the domestic use of Paraquat in 2017; so followed Thailand in 2019 and Brazil, Chile, Malaysia, Peru and Taiwan between 2020 and 2022.
2838:
5238:
5175:
5074:
119:
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3410:
4250:
2793:
Walsh, M. J.; Powles, S. B. (2007). "Management Strategies for Herbicide-resistant Weed Populations in Australian Dryland Crop Production Systems".
2391:
1613:
A 17-year long, NIEHS-funded study of the links between Parkinson's disease, environment, and genes shows that some pesticides, including paraquat,
3328:
2020:
1471:
manual states: "... toxic effects caused by this mechanism have been either very rare or nonexistent. Most paraquat that contaminates cannabis is
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4961:
4569:
3713:
2345:
2041:
1598:(the former distributor) are pending in the paraquat multidistrict litigation in the US; the first of 10 bellwether trials will start in 2024.
1109:
Paraquat, the dication on the left, functions as an electron acceptor, disrupting respiration in plants by forming the monocation at the center.
880:. It is quick-acting and non-selective, killing green plant tissue on contact. It is also toxic (lethal) to human beings and animals due to its
5054:
4128:
3270:
2766:
Borger C.P.; Hashem A. (2007). "Evaluating the double knockdown technique: sequence, application interval, and annual ryegrass growth stage".
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Many studies identified genetic variations that provide insight into why certain people appear to be at higher risk of developing Parkinson's.
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3321:
2911:
1468:
1367:
1924:
4328:
355:
3104:
Pratt, I. S.; Keeling, P. L.; Smith, L. L. (1980). "The Effect of High Concentrations of Oxygen on Paraquat and Diquat Toxicity in Rats".
4734:
4714:
4709:
4611:
4199:
4088:
2365:
3602:
Vellingiri B, Chandrasekhar M, Sri Sabari S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Narayanasamy A, Venkatesan D, Iyer M, Kesari K, Dey A (September 2022).
19:
This article is about the herbicide. For the British military operation to recapture South Georgia Island during the Falklands War, see
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4724:
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4103:
2903:
5503:
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4684:
3384:
1398:
levels are below 92%, as high concentrations of oxygen intensify the toxic effects. Death may occur up to 30 days after ingestion.
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5408:
3179:
2425:
1887:
1463:
on the fields; marijuana contaminated with these substances began to show up in US markets, leading to debate about the program.
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1760:
5449:
5327:
5094:
2069:
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in their respiratory tracts after a couple of weeks. This study was included in a report given to the State Department by the
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3230:
3205:
3121:
220:
3403:"South Korea has the highest rate of deaths by suicide in the developed world — but a 2011 law helped decrease rates by 15%"
1651:
In addition, people exposed to pesticides in the home or garden may face a greater chance of developing Parkinson's disease.
4030:
903:
or other anions; quantities of the substance are sometimes expressed by cation mass alone (paraquat cation, paraquat ion).
1548:
5453:
4954:
2833:
1239:, which is presented with electrons from PS I) and transfers them to molecular oxygen. In this manner, destructive
332:
InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2/fC12H14N2.2Cl/h;2*1h/qm;2*-1
5498:
1479:, which is a product of combustion of the leaf material itself (including cannabis) and presents little toxic hazard."
1034:
were no indications of neurotoxicity associated with paraquat and that the studies about the link between paraquat and
2097:
5352:
5200:
5157:
4928:
4390:
3740:
313:
1687:
gene, which is important for the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides, showed faster progression of the disease.
5362:
5342:
5020:
5518:
3250:
2450:
2042:"'Burns me to a crisp': Farmers allege link between popular herbicide paraquat and Parkinson's disease - ABC News"
1286:
weeds may be addressed by applying herbicides with different modes of action, along with cultural methods such as
783:
5253:
5059:
4991:
3961:
2579:
Hu, Zhubing; Cools, Toon; De Veylder, Lieven (2016-04-29). "Mechanisms Used by Plants to Cope with DNA Damage".
1231:
As an herbicide, paraquat acts by inhibiting photosynthesis. In light-exposed plants, it accepts electrons from
1052:
In the United States, paraquat is available primarily as a solution in various strengths. It is classified as a
5493:
5347:
4947:
4355:
3808:
2581:
2192:
1991:
1460:
1347:) through the skin. Pure paraquat, when ingested, is highly toxic to mammals, including humans, causing severe
509:
3510:
Pezzoli, Gianni; Cereda, Emanuele (2013). "Exposure to pesticides or solvents and risk of Parkinson disease".
2278:"This technique involved destruction of pastures by herbicides such as paraquat as a substitute for ploughing"
5513:
5337:
5332:
5210:
2828:
2748:
1669:
Some people are more vulnerable to the harmful effects of pesticides because of their age or genetic makeup.
1373:
The standard treatment for paraquat poisoning is first to remove as much as possible by pumping the stomach.
5429:
3444:
3402:
1483:
1392:
984:
983:
Although first synthesized in 1882, paraquat's herbicidal properties were not recognized until 1955 in the
608:
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197:
3652:
2483:
1181:
1124:
557:
5403:
5268:
5248:
5180:
4986:
3847:
3172:
1498:
stated that "this study should not be used to calculate the safe inhalation dose of paraquat in humans."
277:
159:
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622:
552:
5382:
4626:
4400:
4232:
2590:
1495:
1291:
913:
908:
737:
724:
630:
4290:
3791:"Class-action lawsuit certified in B.C. against maker of herbicide that allegedly causes Parkinson's"
2342:
3766:"Judge Selects 10 Paraquat Lawsuits As Potential Bellwether Cases In Parkinson's Disease Litigation"
3159:
5308:
4970:
4883:
4227:
4023:
2165:). The synthesis is described on pages 863–864 and the molecule's structure is proposed on p. 867.
2046:
1827:(1875–1949) named paraquat "methyl viologen" and used it as an indicator in redox reactions. See:
1363:
1344:
1336:
1053:
294:
2994:"Inhibitory effect of pirfenidone on pulmonary fibrosis in patients with acute paraquat poisoning"
2175:
Calderbank, A.; et al. (1978). "Chapter 9: Bipyridylium herbicides". In Peacock, F.C. (ed.).
1454:
During the late 1970s, a controversial program sponsored by the US government sprayed paraquat on
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5283:
5278:
5263:
5190:
5185:
5005:
2316:
Hood A. E. M. (1965). Ploughless farming using "Gramoxone". Outlook on Agriculture IV, 6, 286–294
1916:
1407:
1240:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5377:
4853:
2184:
1562:
1419:
1035:
889:
3714:"'Burns me to a crisp': Farmers allege link between popular herbicide and Parkinson's disease"
2935:
Li, Luying Ryan; Chaudhary, Bhuwan; You, Chao; Dennis, Jane A.; Wakeford, Helen (2021-06-30).
1095:. Aerial spraying is forbidden, as is harvesting within 2 weeks of application in some crops.
1038:
should have been considered. Thus, paraquat has been banned in the European Union since 2007.
991:, Berkshire, England. Paraquat was first manufactured and sold by ICI in early 1962 under the
5508:
5372:
5288:
4805:
1609:, pesticide exposure has consistently been associated with the onset of Parkinson's disease.
1248:
1067:
In Australia, paraquat is used as a herbicide to control annual grasses, broadleaf weeds and
566:
540:
3965:
1117:, a process that is common to all life. Addition of one electron gives the radical cation:
596:
322:
InChI=1S/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2
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5433:
5387:
5273:
3907:
3615:
3566:
2900:
2868:
2013:"This weed killer is banned in 50 countries. U.S. workers say it's giving them Parkinson's"
1959:
1552:
1511:
1403:
1283:
1254:
Paraquat is often used in science to catalyze the formation of ROS, more specifically, the
1060:
547:
339:
InChI=1/C12H14N2.2ClH/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12;;/h3-10H,1-2H3;2*1H/q+2;;/p-2
265:
179:
55:
3691:
3083:"Clinical Practice Guidelines 2017 (Updated February 2018) - Emergency Medical Technician"
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1784:
95:
8:
5483:
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4222:
4016:
4001:
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1756:
1595:
1536:
1487:
85:
3993:
3911:
3619:
3570:
2872:
1963:
1582:
with its combined effects has tremendous contribution towards neurodegeneration in PD."
1366:
I (the highest of four levels) for acute inhalation effects. For agricultural uses, the
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139:
4823:
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3919:
3802:
3535:
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1983:
1874:
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1431:
1427:
1378:
1352:
938:
20:
3059:
3034:
2366:"Essential herbicide, but at what cost? Paraquat remains in US despite bans elsewhere"
4338:
3887:"Secret files suggest chemical giant feared weedkiller's link to Parkinson's disease"
3672:
3668:
3633:
3584:
3527:
3492:
3226:
3201:
3135:
3127:
3117:
3064:
3015:
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2880:
2694:
2659:
2610:
2602:
2188:
1975:
1879:
1570:
1539:
killed two of his wives and his adoptive mother with paraquat between 1976 and 1984.
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1374:
1114:
988:
762:
3539:
3220:
2814:
2734:
2303:
2121:
2061:
1987:
1917:"Two pesticides—rotenone and paraquat—linked to Parkinson's disease, study suggests"
1586:
studies on any possible association between Paraquat and Parkinson's". In the US, a
1251:. Target weeds die within 4 days; symptoms can show after as little as a few hours.
876:-active heterocycles of similar structure. This salt is one of the most widely used
3940:
3915:
3664:
3623:
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3519:
3482:
3474:
3109:
3054:
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3005:
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1967:
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896:
861:
857:
805:
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378:
2677:
Beckie, H. J. (2011). "Herbicide-resistant weed management: Focus on glyphosate".
600:
245:
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1027:
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3554:
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4729:
4676:
4217:
3601:
1648:
or paraquat, developed Parkinson's disease 2.5 times more often than non-users.
1644:
Other NIEHS research found that people who occupationally used two pesticides,
1383:
1323:
777:
485:
4347:
3985:
1802:
1735:
699:
679:
655:
614:
5472:
5195:
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5132:
5079:
5028:
5010:
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4457:
4409:
4260:
4123:
3869:
3275:
3131:
2960:
2606:
2158:
1780:
1683:
Similarly, other research has indicated that people with lower levels of the
1662:
1524:
1287:
1232:
1174:
The radical cation is also susceptible to further reduction to the neutral :
968:
946:
463:
453:
190:
4939:
1971:
1016:
5298:
4978:
4923:
4918:
4908:
4770:
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4164:
4156:
4098:
4093:
4051:
4039:
4008:
3676:
3637:
3588:
3531:
3496:
3019:
2978:
2698:
2614:
1979:
1883:
1661:
Other pesticides, like paraquat, have been found to increase production of
1634:
1587:
1566:
1348:
799:
3139:
3068:
2663:
2451:"This Pesticide Is Prohibited in Britain. Why Is It Still Being Exported?"
2257:
Revkin, A. C. (1983). "Paraquat: A potent weed killer is killing people".
5303:
5215:
5137:
5084:
5034:
4795:
4790:
4548:
4530:
4510:
4500:
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4417:
4365:
4318:
4153:
4143:
4113:
4078:
3050:
2138:
2093:
2065:
1865:
1704:
964:
3478:
2806:
2726:
2552:
2525:
2325:
Huggins D R & Reganold J. P. (2008). No-Till: the Quiet Revolution.
1506:
A large majority (93 percent) of fatalities from paraquat poisoning are
1446:
reproductive/fertility damage was not found by the EPA in their review.
953:
5152:
5024:
4913:
4893:
4873:
4833:
4739:
4699:
4601:
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4447:
4432:
4323:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4194:
4174:
4169:
4133:
4063:
3246:
2645:
2113:
1700:
1355:, also known as 'paraquat lung'), acute respiratory distress syndrome (
1340:
1295:
1271:
1255:
1236:
1076:
992:
960:
959:
Use of other methylating agents gives the bispyridinium with alternate
942:
885:
412:
210:
170:
3969:
2275:
5230:
4903:
4878:
4858:
4694:
4616:
4596:
4515:
4442:
4437:
4422:
4303:
4298:
4083:
4043:
2294:
2277:
1476:
1472:
1423:
1307:
877:
2779:
2690:
1947:
1430:
which may be responsible for the organ damage. It is known that the
776:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
33:
5220:
5147:
5099:
5069:
5049:
4868:
4719:
4704:
4689:
4667:
4606:
4588:
4525:
4520:
4427:
4385:
4370:
4308:
4184:
4138:
4118:
4068:
1645:
1630:
1591:
1520:
1439:
1267:
1244:
1072:
1044:
1009:
and broad-leaved weeds and the tips of established perennial weeds.
926:
900:
869:
2937:"Glucocorticoid with cyclophosphamide for oral paraquat poisoning"
1733:
1351:
and potentially leading to severe lung damage (e.g., irreversible
1026:
These properties led to paraquat being used in the development of
118:
5044:
5039:
4898:
4888:
4780:
4505:
4209:
4179:
4055:
3868:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3221:
Buzik, Shirley C.; Schiefer, H. Bruno; Irvine, Donald G. (1997).
1622:
1507:
1411:
1084:
934:
443:
232:
1247:, and unlike with some mechanisms of necrosis, does not produce
4648:
4360:
4073:
2142:
1303:
1088:
1068:
972:
930:
618:
150:
3555:"Does paraquat cause Parkinson's disease? A review of reviews"
2179:
Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978
1359:), and death. The mortality rate is estimated between 60–90%.
814:
592:
5322:
5205:
5114:
5104:
5089:
4643:
3445:"Parkinson disease A public health approach, Technical brief"
3363:
Dinham, B. (1996). "Active Ingredient fact sheet, Paraquat".
3223:
Understanding Toxicology: Chemicals, Their Benefits and Risks
1807:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
1677:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1579:
1515:
1263:
1105:
1092:
1006:
881:
873:
130:
108:
3898:
Slade, P. (1966). "The Fate of Paraquat Applied to Plants".
3689:
2229:
1759:. International Programme on Chemical Safety. October 2001.
282:
5119:
4775:
4753:
4380:
4375:
3977:
3692:"UK farmers call for weedkiller ban over Parkinson's fears"
3604:"Neurotoxicity of pesticides - A link to neurodegeneration"
2749:"2024 HRAC Global Herbicide MOA Classification Master List"
1684:
1356:
817:
750:
584:
458:
175 to 180 °C (347 to 356 °F; 448 to 453 K)
433:
42:
3289:"Drug Survival News". Vol. 6, no. 5. March 1978.
2992:
Ren W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Tian M, Gu X, Lv W (2021).
1637:, contribute to Parkinson's disease onset and progression.
826:
626:
3432:
Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecules and Classic Cases
3108:. Archives of Toxicology. Vol. 4. pp. 415–418.
1558:
1317:
A computer simulation reported in the scientific journal
1080:
4675:
3927:
Smith, S. N.; Lyon, A. J. E.; Sahid, Ismail BIN (1976).
3653:"Paraquat (herbicide) as a cause of Parkinson's Disease"
2711:
2538:
1298:. Paraquat is a Group L (Aus), D (global), 22 (numeric)
1266:, before being oxidized by an electron receptor such as
998:, and is today among the most commonly used herbicides.
576:
4634:
1200:
1143:
688:
3 mg/m (guinea pig, 30 min respirable dust)
3926:
3460:
3434:. Royal Society of Chemistry Publishing, 2008, p. 195
3305:
Paraquat Poisoning: Mechanisms, Prevention, Treatment
2858:
2478:
2476:
2341:
Court of first instance of the European Communities,
1811:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1740:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1184:
1127:
823:
820:
69:
Paraquat dichloride; Methyl viologen dichloride; MVCl
3929:"The Breakdown of Paraquat and Diquat by Soil Fungi"
2934:
2765:
2389:
829:
811:
580:
3852:
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
2276:Hood A. E. M.; Jameson H. R.; Cotterell R. (1963).
2206:
2204:
1565:include "banning of pesticides (e.g., paraquat and
1549:
Center for Public Integrity § Toxic Clout 2013
1486:, rats that inhaled paraquat showed development of
1022:
It is partially inactivated upon contact with soil.
808:
708:6400 mg/m (rat, nonrespirable dust, 4 h)
219:
3732:
3318:Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings
3106:Further Studies in the Assessment of Toxic Actions
3035:"Cyclophosphamide treatment of paraquat poisoning"
2473:
2176:
1785:1,1′-Dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride hydrate
1658:on and off—in ways that persisted throughout life.
1362:Paraquat is also toxic when inhaled and is in the
1258:free radical. Paraquat will undergo redox cycling
1220:
1163:
949:to give the final product as the dichloride salt.
3103:
2578:
1207:
1206:
1150:
1149:
921:
888:anions. It has been linked to the development of
5470:
3741:"Syngenta paraquat secrets featured on ABC News"
2630:"Paraquat: model for oxidant-initiated toxicity"
2337:
2335:
2201:
1100:
686:3 mg/m (mouse, 30 min respirable dust)
572:
468:> 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
244:
3690:Claire Marshall; Malcolm Prior (1 April 2022).
3391:, Pestizid Aktions-Netzwerk e.V. (PAN Germany).
2991:
2392:"Estimated Agricultural Use for paraquat, 2018"
1048:USGS estimate of paraquat use in the US to 2018
94:
3595:
3461:Tanner, C. M.; Kamel, F.; et al. (2011).
588:
4969:
4955:
4024:
3988:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3885:Gillam, Carey; Uteuova, Aliya (20 Oct 2022).
3884:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3706:
3509:
3463:"Rotenone, Paraquat, and Parkinson's Disease"
3322:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2912:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2572:
2484:"4Farmers Australia Paraquat 250/300 Leaflet"
2332:
2256:
2183:. Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. pp.
2088:
2086:
1844:
1469:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1368:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1277:
1262:, being reduced by an electron donor such as
4038:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3650:
2511:
1501:
1113:Paraquat is an oxidant that interferes with
706:1 mg/m (rat, respirable dust, 6 h)
4005:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
3997:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
3307:, pp. 37-51, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1995.
3032:
2941:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2792:
2768:Australian Journal of Agricultural Research
2092:
1449:
4962:
4948:
4031:
4017:
3644:
3362:
2174:
2083:
1064:the purposes of the Rotterdam Convention.
297:
200:
178:
3944:
3897:
3815:
3627:
3578:
3486:
3058:
3009:
2968:
2653:
2627:
2293:
2141:and his student M. Russo synthesized the
1873:
1830:
264:
3986:"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards"
3738:
3316:Reigart, J. Routt and Roberts, James R.
3195:
1939:
1734:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1561:(2022), some of the measures to prevent
1104:
1043:
3437:
3400:
1191:
1134:
846:′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride
293:
5471:
3788:
2676:
2034:
1948:"Paths from Pesticides to Parkinson's"
1911:
1909:
1845:Michaelis, L.; Hill, Edgar S. (1933).
1797:
1795:
1793:
1751:
1749:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1542:
191:
16:Chemical compound used as an herbicide
4943:
4012:
3225:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 31.
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2753:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
2628:Bus; Gibson, JE; et al. (1984).
2599:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111902
2461:from the original on 14 December 2018
2448:
2359:
2357:
1945:
1823:In 1932, the German-American chemist
1418:. The oxidative stress may result in
1221:{\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}}
1164:{\displaystyle {\ce {<=>>}}}
325:Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
158:
138:
3651:Sharma P, Mittal P (November 2023).
3552:
3303:, in: Bismuth C, and Hall AH (eds),
2363:
2168:
2145:salt of paraquat (which they called
1774:
1695:and Parkinson's disease, as well as
1691:Further research into links between
3553:Weed, Douglas L. (September 2021).
3087:Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council
2834:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2390:US Geological Survey (2021-10-12).
1927:from the original on April 26, 2019
1906:
1790:
1746:
1716:
1553:Rotenone § Parkinson's disease
1189:
1132:
342:Key: FIKAKWIAUPDISJ-NUQVWONBAF
235:
60:1,1′-Dimethyl-1,1′-diium dichloride
13:
3946:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb04668.x
3920:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00876.x
3878:
3789:Ruttle, Joseph (August 14, 2024).
3301:Epidemiology of paraquat poisoning
3166:
2917:
2887:
2426:"Paraquat dichloride formulations"
2354:
2244:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1966.tb00867.x
14:
5530:
5479:Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
3978:"The Paraquat Information Center"
3954:
3739:Kelleher, Shannon (22 Nov 2023).
3467:Environmental Health Perspectives
2634:Environmental Health Perspectives
2449:Hakim, Danny (20 December 2016).
1854:The Journal of General Physiology
668:22 mg/kg (guinea pig, oral)
5504:Superoxide generating substances
3863:
3669:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105932
2881:10.1046/j.0043-1737.2003.00356.x
2514:The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1302:herbicide, which it shares with
1005:It kills a wide range of annual
978:
952:
804:
556:
551:
546:
402:
396:
390:
41:
32:
5458:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3782:
3758:
3683:
3546:
3503:
3454:
3424:
3413:from the original on 2019-04-08
3394:
3375:
3356:
3337:
3320:, 5th edition. Washington, DC:
3310:
3293:
3282:
3264:
3253:from the original on 2018-03-22
3239:
3214:
3198:Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics
3189:
3097:
3089:. February 2018. Archived from
3075:
3026:
2985:
2852:
2841:from the original on 2013-10-27
2821:
2786:
2759:
2741:
2705:
2670:
2621:
2569:. Academic Press, New York, NY.
2559:
2532:
2505:
2442:
2418:
2409:
2398:from the original on 2022-01-18
2383:
2319:
2310:
2269:
2250:
2223:
2128:from the original on 2021-07-04
2100:[Studies of pyridine].
2072:from the original on 2018-10-06
2054:
1994:from the original on 2018-11-27
1893:from the original on 2019-08-16
1763:from the original on 2010-12-19
895:Paraquat may be in the form of
892:and is banned in 58 countries.
780:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
3980:. Syngenta Crop Protection AG.
3401:Premack, Rachel (2018-06-09).
2953:10.1002/14651858.CD008084.pub5
2582:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2364:Park, Cho (December 5, 2023).
2005:
1817:
1209:
1192:
1152:
1135:
1019:within minutes of application.
937:followed by oxidation to give
922:Production and redox reactions
510:Occupational safety and health
384:
1:
5450:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5430:Receptor/signaling modulators
1710:
1335:Paraquat is toxic to humans (
1101:Reactivity and mode of action
929:is coupled by treatment with
906:The name is derived from the
718:(US health exposure limits):
3629:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113972
3524:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318294b3c8
3114:10.1007/978-3-642-67729-8_95
2019:. 2023-12-20. Archived from
1484:Imperial Chemical Industries
985:Imperial Chemical Industries
664:120 mg/kg (mouse, oral)
523:Toxic, environmental hazard
7:
3580:10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.006
3247:"每年5000绝望农民喝百草枯，自杀首选用药今起禁用"
3186:, accessed 13 October 2006.
3173:Centers for Disease Control
2567:The Bipyridinium Herbicides
1330:
967:'s original synthesis used
644:or concentration (LD, LC):
10:
5535:
5454:Monoamine releasing agents
3807:: CS1 maint: url-status (
2914:, accessed 16 August 2007.
2098:"Studien über das Pyridin"
1787:. Retrieved on 2015-03-29.
1546:
1496:U.S. Public Health Service
1292:integrated weed management
1278:Weed resistance management
941:. This chemical is then di
744:TWA 0.1 mg/m (resp)
731:TWA 0.5 mg/m (resp)
18:
5499:Monoaminergic neurotoxins
5422:
5396:
5314:HHMA (α-methylepinine, α,
5229:
5166:
4977:
4971:Monoaminergic neurotoxins
4846:
4804:
4763:Photosystem II inhibitors
4761:
4752:
4677:Photosystem II inhibitors
4666:
4625:
4587:
4562:
4539:
4491:
4482:
4456:
4408:
4399:
4346:
4337:
4289:
4241:
4208:
4152:
4050:
3657:Parkinsonism Relat Disord
3200:(19 ed.). Elsevier.
1847:"The viologen indicators"
1502:Use in suicide and murder
884:activity, which produces
774:
712:
666:25 mg/kg (dog, oral)
662:57 mg/kg (rat, oral)
640:
527:
507:
502:
371:
351:
309:
78:
66:
54:
49:
40:
31:
4636:Photosystem I inhibitors
1833:Biochemische Zeitschrift
1510:, which occur mostly in
1414:species that results in
1054:restricted use pesticide
868:. It is classified as a
609:Precautionary statements
3299:Pronczuk de Garbino J,
2679:Pest Management Science
2343:Press Release No° 45/07
1972:10.1126/science.1243619
1569:) and chemicals (e.g.,
1408:reactive oxygen species
1241:reactive oxygen species
1012:It is very fast-acting.
5309:HHA (α-methyldopamine)
3608:Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
2147:Dimethyldipyridyljodid
2102:Monatshefte für Chemie
1697:preventative therapies
1665:that can damage cells.
1629:pesticides, including
1424:induction of apoptosis
1420:mitochondrial toxicity
1404:oesophageal strictures
1343:and moderately toxic (
1249:double-stranded breaks
1222:
1165:
1110:
1049:
987:(ICI) laboratories at
363:C1ccc(cc1)c2cc(cc2)C..
5494:Avian embryotoxicants
5353:MDMA (midomafetamine)
3848:"Parkinson's Disease"
3326:Book available online
2329:, July 2008, pp 70–77
2137:The Austrian chemist
2062:"Paraquat and Diquat"
1757:"Paraquat dichloride"
1693:preventable exposures
1223:
1166:
1108:
1047:
5514:Pyridinium compounds
5216:Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)
5138:Oxidopamine (6-OHDA)
5128:-Methylnorsalsolinol
3382:Paraquat and Suicide
3177:Facts about Paraquat
3051:10.1136/thx.51.7.659
3033:Newstead CG (1996).
2565:Summers L.A. (1980)
2493:. 4Farmers Australia
2096:; Russo, M. (1882).
1866:10.1085/jgp.16.6.859
1512:developing countries
1182:
1125:
1061:Rotterdam Convention
680:median concentration
438:faint, ammonia-like
56:Preferred IUPAC name
5519:Parkinson's disease
5338:MDA (tenamfetamine)
5269:4-CAB (α-ethyl-PCA)
5211:MDA (tenamfetamine)
4864:aminocyclopyrachlor
4829:sulfometuron methyl
4002:Paraquat dichloride
3912:1966WeedR...6..158S
3854:. NIEHS. 2023-11-03
3620:2022EcoES.24313972V
3571:2021NeuTx..86..180W
3479:10.1289/ehp.1002839
3271:Panic over Paraquat
3004:(11): 13192–13199.
2901:Paraquat Dichloride
2873:2003WeedR..43..418N
2837:. 25 October 2013.
2807:10.1614/WT-06-086.1
2727:10.1614/WT-07-038.1
2553:10.1021/jo00300a033
2526:10.1021/jo00300a033
2491:www.4farmers.com.au
2327:Scientific American
1964:2013Sci...341..722K
1563:Parkinson's disease
1543:Parkinson's disease
1537:Steven David Catlin
1531:The indiscriminate
1514:. For instance, in
1488:squamous metaplasia
1284:herbicide resistant
1235:(more specifically
1195:
1138:
1036:Parkinson's disease
890:Parkinson's disease
475:Solubility in water
420: g·mol
28:
5318:-dimethyldopamine)
5001:-Cysteinyldopamine
4824:metsulfuron-methyl
4493:Nitrophenyl ethers
3966:Erklärung von Bern
3387:2008-07-25 at the
3331:2006-10-08 at the
3182:2005-12-23 at the
3093:on 15 August 2018.
2906:2008-02-27 at the
2646:10.1289/ehp.845537
2348:2011-09-29 at the
2114:10.1007/BF01516855
1946:Kamel, F. (2013).
1475:during smoking to
1428:lipid peroxidation
1379:activated charcoal
1353:pulmonary fibrosis
1218:
1213:
1197:
1161:
1156:
1140:
1111:
1050:
784:Infobox references
753:(Immediate danger)
26:
21:Operation Paraquet
5466:
5465:
5461:
4937:
4936:
4842:
4841:
4748:
4747:
4662:
4661:
4583:
4582:
4484:Protox inhibitors
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4401:ACCase inhibitors
3518:(22): 2035–2041.
3232:978-0-8493-2686-8
3207:978-1-4377-0755-7
3196:Kliegman (2011).
3123:978-3-540-10191-8
2547:(13): 4127–4135.
2520:(13): 4127–4135.
2017:Los Angeles Times
1958:(6147): 722–723.
1781:Sigma-Aldrich Co.
1605:According to the
1571:trichloroethylene
1557:According to the
1492:Mitre Corporation
1364:Toxicity Category
1215:
1158:
1115:electron transfer
971:to produce the di
912:positions of the
852:), also known as
792:Chemical compound
790:
789:
763:Safety data sheet
567:Hazard statements
278:CompTox Dashboard
120:Interactive image
5526:
5424:
5075:Dopamine quinone
4964:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4940:
4759:
4758:
4673:
4672:
4632:
4631:
4541:Pyrimidinediones
4489:
4488:
4406:
4405:
4344:
4343:
4291:Organophosphorus
4033:
4026:
4019:
4010:
4009:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3968:. Archived from
3950:
3948:
3923:
3894:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3844:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3798:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3582:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3407:Business Insider
3398:
3392:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3335:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3193:
3187:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2932:
2915:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2352:
2339:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2295:10.1038/197748a0
2273:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1877:
1851:
1840:
1825:Leonor Michaelis
1821:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1788:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1590:lawsuit against
1533:paraquat murders
1435:epithelial cells
1416:oxidative stress
1388:cyclophosphamide
1300:resistance class
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1130:
956:
862:chemical formula
858:organic compound
836:
835:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
700:lowest published
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
560:
555:
550:
497:
495:
419:
404:
398:
392:
386:
379:Chemical formula
302:
301:
286:
284:
268:
248:
237:
223:
204:
193:
182:
162:
142:
122:
98:
45:
36:
29:
25:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5418:
5392:
5368:Norfenfluramine
5358:Methamphetamine
5225:
5162:
5115:MPP (cyperquat)
5110:Methamphetamine
5021:ALDH inhibitors
4973:
4968:
4938:
4933:
4838:
4800:
4744:
4658:
4621:
4579:
4558:
4535:
4470:
4452:
4395:
4333:
4285:
4251:flurochloridone
4237:
4223:copper arsenate
4204:
4148:
4046:
4037:
3984:
3976:
3962:"Stop Paraquat"
3960:
3957:
3933:New Phytologist
3881:
3879:Further reading
3876:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3816:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3688:
3684:
3649:
3645:
3600:
3596:
3559:NeuroToxicology
3551:
3547:
3508:
3504:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3395:
3389:Wayback Machine
3380:
3376:
3361:
3357:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3333:Wayback Machine
3315:
3311:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3269:
3265:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3194:
3190:
3184:Wayback Machine
3171:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3124:
3102:
3098:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3031:
3027:
2998:Am J Transl Res
2990:
2986:
2947:(6): CD008084.
2933:
2918:
2908:Wayback Machine
2899:
2888:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2795:Weed Technology
2791:
2787:
2780:10.1071/ar05373
2764:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2715:Weed Technology
2710:
2706:
2691:10.1002/ps.2195
2675:
2671:
2626:
2622:
2577:
2573:
2564:
2560:
2537:
2533:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2362:
2355:
2350:Wayback Machine
2340:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2274:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2228:
2224:
2213:Pesticides News
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2173:
2169:
2151:4,4'-bipyridine
2131:
2129:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1995:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1849:
1822:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1732:
1717:
1713:
1627:organophosphate
1555:
1545:
1504:
1452:
1396:
1384:glucocorticoids
1333:
1280:
1274:, a major ROS.
1208:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1103:
1028:no-till farming
981:
963:. For example,
939:4,4′-bipyridine
924:
867:
854:methyl viologen
850:systematic name
807:
803:
793:
786:
781:
754:
741:
728:
707:
703:
697:
687:
683:
677:
667:
665:
663:
659:
653:
611:
569:
543:
520:
493:
491:
477:
417:
407:
401:
395:
389:
381:
367:
364:
359:
358:
347:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
327:
326:
323:
317:
316:
305:
287:
280:
271:
251:
238:
226:
213:
185:
165:
145:
125:
112:
101:
88:
74:
72:
62:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5464:
5463:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5233:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5018:
5016:6-OHDA quinone
5013:
5008:
5003:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4806:ALS inhibitors
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:terbuthylazine
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4681:
4679:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4458:DIM herbicides
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4410:FOP herbicides
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4243:HPPD inhbitors
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4218:cacodylic acid
4214:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3972:on 2007-06-08.
3956:
3955:External links
3953:
3952:
3951:
3939:(3): 735–740.
3924:
3906:(2): 158–167.
3895:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3814:
3781:
3757:
3731:
3705:
3682:
3643:
3594:
3545:
3502:
3473:(6): 866–872.
3453:
3436:
3430:Emsley, John.
3423:
3393:
3374:
3365:Pesticide News
3355:
3336:
3309:
3292:
3281:
3263:
3238:
3231:
3213:
3206:
3188:
3165:
3156:|journal=
3122:
3096:
3074:
3025:
2984:
2916:
2886:
2867:(6): 418–427.
2851:
2820:
2801:(2): 332–338.
2785:
2774:(3): 265–271.
2758:
2740:
2704:
2685:(9): 1037–48.
2669:
2620:
2591:Annual Reviews
2571:
2558:
2531:
2504:
2472:
2455:New York Times
2441:
2417:
2408:
2382:
2353:
2331:
2318:
2309:
2268:
2259:Science Digest
2249:
2222:
2219:: 20–21. 1996.
2200:
2193:
2167:
2149:) by reacting
2082:
2053:
2033:
2004:
1938:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1860:(6): 859–873.
1841:
1816:
1789:
1773:
1745:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1625:, and several
1544:
1541:
1503:
1500:
1482:In a study by
1451:
1450:"Paraquat pot"
1448:
1394:
1375:Fuller's earth
1332:
1329:
1324:Lolium rigidum
1282:Problems with
1279:
1276:
1229:
1228:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1172:
1171:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1102:
1099:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1010:
989:Jealott's Hill
980:
977:
923:
920:
872:, a family of
865:
791:
788:
787:
782:
778:standard state
775:
772:
771:
766:
759:
758:
755:
749:
746:
745:
742:
736:
733:
732:
729:
723:
720:
719:
710:
709:
704:
695:
693:
690:
689:
684:
675:
673:
670:
669:
660:
651:
649:
646:
645:
638:
637:
635:P305+P351+P338
612:
607:
604:
603:
570:
565:
562:
561:
544:
539:
536:
535:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
505:
504:
500:
499:
488:
486:Vapor pressure
482:
481:
478:
473:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
422:
421:
415:
409:
408:
405:
399:
393:
387:
382:
377:
374:
373:
369:
368:
366:
365:
362:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
346:
345:
341:
338:
337:
335:
331:
330:
328:
324:
321:
320:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
304:
303:
290:
288:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
261:
259:
253:
252:
250:
249:
241:
239:
231:
228:
227:
225:
224:
216:
214:
209:
206:
205:
195:
187:
186:
184:
183:
175:
173:
167:
166:
164:
163:
155:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
135:
133:
127:
126:
124:
123:
115:
113:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
91:
89:
84:
81:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5531:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5446:Serotonergics
5443:
5442:Melatonergics
5439:
5438:Dopaminergics
5435:
5431:
5428:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:2'-Amino-MPTP
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:6-Hydroxydopa
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:2'-Amino-MPTP
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5168:Noradrenergic
5165:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5133:Norsalsolinol
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:Fenpropathrin
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:DOPAL quinone
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5029:methylmercury
5026:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:6-Hydroxydopa
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4960:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:flazasulfuron
4817:
4815:
4814:chlorsulfuron
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4575:sulfentrazone
4573:
4571:
4570:carfentrazone
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:Triazolinones
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
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4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
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4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:leptospermone
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
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4246:
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4145:
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4132:
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4127:
4125:
4124:pendimethalin
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
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4015:
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4011:
4004:
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3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3900:Weed Research
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3870:public domain
3853:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3795:Vancouver Sun
3792:
3785:
3771:
3770:Drugwatch.com
3767:
3761:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3720:. 28 Nov 2023
3719:
3715:
3709:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3674:
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3506:
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3494:
3489:
3484:
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3476:
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3446:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3386:
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3378:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3285:
3279:, May 1, 1978
3278:
3277:
3276:Time Magazine
3272:
3267:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:(7): 659–60.
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2971:
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2902:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:Weed Research
2855:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2829:"in ryegrass"
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2754:
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2744:
2736:
2732:
2728:
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2720:
2716:
2708:
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2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
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2584:
2583:
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2568:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2460:
2456:
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2445:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2288:(4869): 381.
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:Weed Research
2226:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2160:
2159:methyl iodide
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:(in German).
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:. 2023-11-28.
2049:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2023:on 2023-12-20
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1921:Science Daily
1918:
1912:
1910:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1835:(in German).
1834:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
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1752:
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1741:
1737:
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1726:
1724:
1722:
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1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:free radicals
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
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1568:
1564:
1560:
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1534:
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1526:
1525:Isabella Blow
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
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1478:
1474:
1470:
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1447:
1443:
1441:
1436:
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1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:failure, and
1399:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1319:Weed Research
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:crop rotation
1285:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:photosystem I
1202:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1145:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
986:
979:Herbicide use
976:
974:
970:
969:methyl iodide
966:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
947:chloromethane
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
919:
917:
916:
911:
910:
904:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
845:
841:
834:
801:
797:
785:
779:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
743:
740:(Recommended)
739:
735:
734:
730:
727:(Permissible)
726:
722:
721:
717:
716:
711:
705:
701:
692:
691:
685:
681:
672:
671:
661:
657:
648:
647:
643:
639:
613:
610:
606:
605:
571:
568:
564:
563:
559:
554:
549:
545:
542:
538:
537:
533:
531:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
511:
506:
501:
498:(20 °C)
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
472:
471:
467:
465:
464:Boiling point
462:
461:
457:
455:
454:Melting point
452:
451:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
435:
432:
431:
428:Yellow solid
427:
424:
423:
416:
414:
411:
410:
383:
380:
376:
375:
370:
361:
360:
357:
350:
336:
329:
319:
318:
315:
308:
300:
296:
295:DTXSID7024243
292:
291:
289:
279:
275:
274:
267:
263:
262:
260:
258:
255:
254:
247:
243:
242:
240:
234:
230:
229:
222:
218:
217:
215:
212:
208:
207:
203:
199:
196:
194:
192:ECHA InfoCard
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
174:
172:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
154:
152:
149:
148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
132:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
114:
110:
105:
104:
97:
93:
92:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
65:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
35:
30:
22:
5509:Nephrotoxins
5426:
5425:
5315:
5299:Fenfluramine
5231:Serotonergic
5142:
5125:
5055:DOPA quinone
4998:
4979:Dopaminergic
4924:pyribenzoxim
4919:prosulfocarb
4909:metam sodium
4771:chlortoluron
4653:
4554:saflufenacil
4256:isoxaflutole
4165:aminopyralid
4129:pretilachlor
4099:dimethenamid
4094:diflufenican
4040:Pest control
4000:
3992:
3970:the original
3936:
3932:
3903:
3899:
3891:The Guardian
3890:
3856:. Retrieved
3851:
3794:
3784:
3773:. Retrieved
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3745:The New Lede
3744:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3717:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3685:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3415:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3344:"Paraquat".
3339:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3284:
3274:
3266:
3255:. Retrieved
3241:
3222:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3168:
3105:
3099:
3091:the original
3086:
3077:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2944:
2940:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2832:
2823:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2544:
2541:J. Org. Chem
2540:
2534:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2497:13 September
2495:. Retrieved
2490:
2463:. Retrieved
2454:
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2411:
2400:. Retrieved
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2238:(1): 58–66.
2235:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2211:"Paraquat".
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2130:. Retrieved
2105:
2101:
2074:. Retrieved
2056:
2045:
2036:
2025:. Retrieved
2021:the original
2016:
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1955:
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1895:. Retrieved
1857:
1853:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1776:
1765:. Retrieved
1690:
1668:
1635:chlorpyrifos
1604:
1600:
1588:class action
1584:
1574:
1567:chlorpyrifos
1556:
1530:
1505:
1481:
1465:
1453:
1444:
1440:asphyxiation
1400:
1372:
1361:
1349:inflammation
1345:Category III
1334:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1281:
1259:
1253:
1230:
1173:
1112:
1097:
1071:in crops of
1066:
1058:
1051:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1000:
995:
982:
958:
951:
925:
914:
907:
905:
894:
853:
843:
839:
838:
800:trivial name
795:
794:
769:Aldrich MSDS
757:1 mg/m
714:
641:
529:
519:Main hazards
508:
160:ChEMBL458019
79:Identifiers
67:Other names
5489:Bipyridines
5434:Adrenergics
5304:Haloperidol
5085:Haloperidol
5035:Amphetamine
4796:tebuthiuron
4791:monolinuron
4549:butafenacil
4531:oxyfluorfen
4511:fluorodifen
4501:acifluorfen
4418:chlorazifop
4366:dichlorprop
4319:glufosinate
4281:sulcotrione
4190:pyrithiobac
4144:trifluralin
4114:metolachlor
4109:metazachlor
4079:benfluralin
3565:: 180–184.
3352:(91). 1983.
2593:: 439–462.
2465:21 December
2430:www.pic.int
2265:(6): 36–38.
2155:γ-Dipyridyl
2139:Hugo Weidel
2108:: 850–885.
2066:IPCS INCHEM
1931:October 25,
1705:trifluralin
1337:Category II
1270:to produce
965:Hugo Weidel
961:counterions
918:nitrogens.
656:median dose
642:Lethal dose
513:(OHS/OSH):
425:Appearance
372:Properties
198:100.016.015
140:CHEBI:28786
5484:Herbicides
5473:Categories
5254:2,4,5-THMA
5153:Salsolinol
5025:disulfiram
4992:2,4,5-THMA
4914:metribuzin
4894:indaziflam
4874:bromoxynil
4834:tribenuron
4740:metamitron
4700:hexazinone
4627:Quaternary
4602:fluroxypyr
4466:sethoxydim
4448:quizalofop
4433:fenoxaprop
4329:piperophos
4324:glyphosate
4276:sethoxydim
4271:nitisinone
4266:mesotrione
4210:Arsenicals
4195:quinclorac
4175:clopyralid
4170:chloramben
4134:propachlor
4064:acetochlor
4044:herbicides
3858:2023-12-04
3775:2024-08-19
3694:. BBC News
3663:: 105932.
3614:: 113972.
3417:2019-04-08
3346:High Times
3257:2018-03-21
2845:2013-10-27
2435:2023-10-19
2402:2022-01-17
2194:0901747017
2132:2019-08-13
2094:Weidel, H.
2076:2009-02-03
2027:2023-12-21
1998:2018-09-13
1897:2019-08-16
1843:See also:
1839:: 564–567.
1803:"Paraquat"
1767:2007-09-06
1711:References
1701:permethrin
1547:See also:
1341:oral route
1296:glyphosate
1272:superoxide
1256:superoxide
1237:ferredoxin
1081:field peas
1077:Faba beans
993:trade name
943:methylated
915:quaternary
886:superoxide
878:herbicides
541:Pictograms
496: mmHg
448:1.25 g/cm
413:Molar mass
266:2KZ83GSS73
211:IUPHAR/BPS
171:ChemSpider
107:3D model (
86:CAS Number
5427:See also:
5249:2,4,5-THA
5181:2,4,5-THA
4987:2,4,5-THA
4904:methazole
4879:clomazone
4859:aclonifen
4735:terbutryn
4715:propazine
4710:prometryn
4695:cyanazine
4668:Triazines
4644:cyperquat
4617:triclopyr
4612:thiazopyr
4597:dithiopyr
4589:Pyridines
4516:fomesafen
4443:haloxyfop
4438:fluazifop
4423:cyhalofop
4304:bialaphos
4299:bensulide
4200:quinmerac
4089:diethatyl
4084:butachlor
3803:cite news
3512:Neurology
3158:ignored (
3148:cite book
3132:0171-9750
2961:1469-493X
2721:: 16–21.
2640:: 37–46.
2607:1543-5008
2163:Jodmethyl
1575:Neurology
1477:dipyridyl
1473:pyrolyzed
1339:) by the
1308:cyperquat
1210:⇀
1203:−
1193:↽
1153:⇀
1146:−
1136:↽
1073:Chickpeas
1017:rain-fast
996:Gramoxone
860:with the
631:P301+P310
532:labelling
96:1910-42-5
27:Paraquat
5397:Unsorted
5221:Xylamine
5148:Rotenone
5143:Paraquat
5100:Mancozeb
5070:Dopamine
5050:Dieldrin
4869:Bentazon
4725:simetryn
4720:simazine
4705:prometon
4690:atrazine
4654:paraquat
4607:imazapyr
4526:nitrofen
4521:lactofen
4428:diclofop
4386:mecoprop
4371:fenoprop
4314:fosamine
4309:ethephon
4185:picloram
4154:Aromatic
4139:propanil
4119:oryzalin
4104:flamprop
4069:alachlor
4056:anilines
4052:Anilides
3994:Paraquat
3718:ABC News
3677:38008593
3638:36029574
3589:34400206
3540:13628268
3532:23713084
3497:21269927
3411:Archived
3385:Archived
3371:: 20–21.
3329:Archived
3324:, 1999.
3251:Archived
3180:Archived
3020:34956540
2979:34190331
2904:Archived
2839:Archived
2815:86844036
2735:86158165
2699:21548004
2615:26653616
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