2444:
2217:. Other hadrosaurids had large heads without needing large hollow crests to serve as attachment points for supporting ligaments. Also, none of the proposals explain why the crest has such a shape, why other lambeosaurines should have crests that look much different but perform a similar function, how crestless or solid-crested hadrosaurids got along without such capabilities, or why some hadrosaurids had solid crests. These considerations particularly impact hypotheses based on increasing the capabilities of systems already present in the animal, such as the salt gland and olfaction hypotheses, and indicate that these were not primary functions of the crest. Additionally, work on the nasal cavity of lambeosaurines shows that
7810:
3008:
7805:
6895:
2461:. The skeleton shows a v-shaped gap or notch in the vertebrae at the base of the neck. Originally thought to be pathologic, Parks published a second interpretation of this, as a ligament attachment to support the head. The crest would attach to the gap via muscles or ligaments, and be used to support the head while bearing a frill, like predicted to exist in some hadrosaurids. One other possibility, is that during preparation, the specimen was damaged, creating the possible pathology. The notch, however, is still considered more likely to be a pathology, even though some illustrations of
2000:
6909:
2999:
2495:
1942:
135:
7792:
5837:
919:
2040:
6902:
160:
1882:
2393:
5849:
7816:
694:
1285:
1077:
2139:
2343:, has allowed the reconstruction of the possible sound its crest produced. The main path resonates at around 30 Hz, but the complicated sinus anatomy causes peaks and valleys in the sound. The other main behavioral theory is that the crest was used for intra-species recognition. This means that the crest could have been used for species recognition, as a warning signal, and for other, non-sexual uses. These could have been some of the reasons crests evolved in
5801:
2252:
7799:
1157:
2683:
5825:
5789:
2435:. This led to the frill being depicted in many other sources, though the advent of the now-debunked "snorkel" hypothesis, and conflation of the frill hypothesis with the idea that the crest serves as an anchor point for neck ligaments, along with lack of strong evidence for its presence, has seen it fall out of favor in most modern depictions.
2324:, of a slender stapes (reptilian ear bone) in place, which combined with a large space for an eardrum implies a sensitive middle ear. Furthermore, the hadrosaurid lagena is elongate like a crocodilian's, indicating that the auditory portion of the inner ear was well-developed. Based on the similarity of hadrosaurid
2051:
performed, but most have been discredited. It is now believed that it may have had several functions: visual display for identifying species and sex, sound amplification for communication, and thermoregulation. It is not clear which was most significant at what times in the evolution of the crest and
2480:
was plausibly the result of the dinosaur being hit by a falling tree, perhaps during a severe storm. Based on the regrowth of bone, it is suggested that the hadrosaur survived for at least one to four months to perhaps years after being injured. None of the pathologies on the holotype individual are
2212:
Most of these hypotheses have been discredited or rejected. For example, there is no hole at the end of the crest for a snorkeling function. There are no muscle scars for a proboscis and it is dubious that an animal with a beak would need one. As a proposed airlock, it would not have kept out water.
2030:
of any ontogenetic stage. The endocast was reconstructed in two sections, one on the portion of the braincase articulated with the left half of the skull and the remainder on the disarticulated portion of the braincase. Their relative position was then approximated based on cranial landmarks and
1104:
is estimated at 9.45 metres (31.0 ft), and allometry-based body mass estimates indicate that a 9 metres (30 ft) long individual would have weighed more than 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons). Gregory S. Paul estimated that an average adult individual of the type species would measure 7.5
2242:
and Osmólska, who realized that like modern lizards, dinosaurs could have possessed salt glands, and cooled off by osmo-regulation. In 2006 Evans published an argument about the functions of lambeosaurine crests, and supported why this could be a causing factor for the evolution of the crest.
670:
of large Late
Cretaceous ornithopods that are known for their range of bizarre head adornments, which were likely used for communication and increased hearing. This genus is known for its large, elaborate cranial crest, which forms a long curved tube projecting upwards and back from the
2468:
Another possible pathology was noticed by Parks, and from around the notch. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth vertebrae, directly anterior to the notch, the neural spines were damaged. The fourth had an obvious fracture, with the other two possessing a swelling at the base of the break.
2371:
habits, evidence that sight was important to these animals. If, as is commonly illustrated, a skin frill extended from the crest to the neck or back, the proposed visual display would have been even showier. As is suggested by other lambeosaurine skulls, the crest of
2084:
form. Neither hypothesis became widely accepted. As only six good skulls, one juvenile braincase, and one recently discovered juvenile skull are known, additional material will help clear up these potential relationships. Williamson noted that in any case, juvenile
3052:
swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms. This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late
Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.
775:
remains are rare in
Alberta, with only one other partial skull that is possibly from the Dinosaur Park Formation and three Dinosaur Park specimens lacking their skulls that possibly belong to the genus. In some faunal lists, there is a mention of possible
3927:
Manucci, F, Dempsey, M, Tanke, D H., et al. Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of
Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament J. Anat. 2020; 00: 1– 15.
1917:. Its teeth were continually being replaced and were packed into dental batteries containing hundreds of teeth, but only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its beak to crop plant material, which was held in the jaws by a
2233:
of the crest also suggests a thermoregulatory function. The first to propose the cranial crests of lambeosaurines related to temperature regulation was
Wheeler (1978). He proposed that there was a nerve connection between the crest and the
968:
species. It lived in New Mexico, where three specimens are known, and can be differentiated from its other species. It possesses a long and straight crest, with a very complex interior compared to the other species. All known specimens of
2019:. The two sides are displaced slightly, with some bones of the right being moved off the main block, also by erosion. After reconstruction, the skull viewed from the side resembles other juvenile lambeosaurines found, being roughly a
949:. One certain specimen from the Dinosaur Park Formation is referred to it, but many more are almost certainly referable. Like stated above, it is different from the other two species, with it having a simpler internal structure than
5161:
Roberts, E.M.; Deino, A.L.; Chan, M.A. (2005). "40Ar/39Ar age of the
Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin".
5321:
2667:
in northern latitude fossil sites may represent faunal exchange between otherwise distinct northern and southern biomes in Late
Cretaceous North America. Both taxa are uncommon outside of the southern biome, where, along with
2279:
is often hypothesized to have used its crest as a resonating chamber to produce low frequency sounds to alert other members of a group or its species. This function was originally suggested by Wiman in 1931 when he described
847:
treatment in 1999 that covered aspects of its anatomy and taxonomy, as well as the functions of its crest. Williamson later published an independent review of the remains that disagreed with the taxonomic conclusions.
4927:
Jasinski, S.E.; Sullivan, R.M. (2011). "Re-evaluation of pachycephalosaurids from the
Fruitland-Kirtland transition (Kirtlandian, late Campanian), San Juan Basin, New Mexico, with a description of a new species of
4517:
Eaton, J.G. (2002). "Multituberculate mammals from the
Wahweap (Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah".
2109:
that was similar to but smaller than what is seen in adult specimens; in adults, the frontals formed a platform that supported the base of the crest. This specimen also indicates that the growth of the crest in
2404:
Barnum Brown (1912) noted the presence of fine striations near the back of the crest that he hypothesized could be associated with the presence of a frill of skin, comparable to the one found in the modern
2332:, he also proposed that adult hadrosaurids were sensitive to high frequencies, such as their offspring might produce. According to Weishampel, this is consistent with parents and offspring communicating.
2189:
proposed it was used as a weapon in combat among members of the same species, and Andrew Milner suggested that it could be used as a foliage deflector, like the helmet crest (called a 'casque') of the
1176:. The crest was hollow, with distinct tubes leading from each nostril to the end of the crest before reversing direction and heading back down the crest and into the skull. The tubes were simplest in
4527:
Eaton, J.G.; Cifelli, R.L.; Hutchinson, J.H.; Kirkland, J.I.; Parrish, M.J. (1999). "Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the
Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah". In Gillete, David D. (ed.).
2284:. He noted that the crest's internal structures are similar to those of a swan and theorized that an animal could use its elongated nasal passages to create noise. However, the nasal tubes of
5524:
Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loeuff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth, M.P.; Noto, Christopher R. (2004). "Dinosaur Distribution".
5255:
Sullivan, R.S.; Williamson, T.E. (1996). "A new skull of Parasaurolophus (long-crested form) from New Mexico: external and internal (CT scans) features and their functional implications".
5605:
Williamson, T.E. (2000). Lucas, Spencer G.; Heckert, Andrew B. (eds.). "Dinosaurs of New Mexico: Review of Hadrosauridae (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the San Juan Basin, New Mexico".
2659:, may represent the remains of individuals who died while migrating through the region. They might also have had a more upland habitat where they may have nested or fed. The presence of
5336:
4050:"Description and etiology of paleopathological lesions in the type specimen of Parasaurolophus walkeri (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae), with proposed reconstructions of the nuchal ligament"
5322:"Fossil Record 3: The first 'lambeosaurin' (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae, Lambeosaurinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico"
2359:
identification and communication. As a large object, the crest has clear value as a visual signal and sets this animal apart from its contemporaries. The large size of hadrosaurid
2154:
Many early suggestions focused on adaptations for an aquatic lifestyle, following the hypothesis that hadrosaurids were amphibious, a common line of thought until the 1960s. Thus,
1032:
being a female, many other studies have found that it is not because of the differences in age, distribution, and the large differences in the crest and its internal structure.
1996:, because of this difference in age between when their crests started developing. The crest of the juvenile is not long and tubular like the adults, but low and hemispherical.
2185:
or muscles, and helped with moving and supporting the head. This is unlikely, because in all modern archosaurs, the nuchal ligament attaches to the neck or base of the skull.
681:
from China, which may have been its closest relative, had a similar skull and a potentially similar crest. Visual recognition of both species and sex, acoustic resonance, and
2221:
and corresponding sensory tissue were largely outside the portion of the nasal passages in the crest, so the expansion of the crest had little to do with the sense of smell.
1105:
metres (25 ft) long and weigh 2.6 metric tons (2.9 short tons). Its skull is about 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) long, including the crest, whereas the type skull of
5309:"The Kirtlandian Land-Vertebrate "Age"-Faunal Composition, Temporal Position, and Biostratigraphic Correlation in the Nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of Western North America"
2320:(interpreted as a possible female). Hopson found that there is anatomical evidence that hadrosaurids had a strong hearing. There is at least one example, in the related
2985:, Troodontidae and Tyrannosauridae. The beginning of the Kirtland Formation dates to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya, with the formation ending at around 73.05 ± 0.25 mya.
4356:
Brett-Surman, Michael K.; Wagner, Jonathan R. (2006). "Appendicular anatomy in Campanian and Maastrichtian North American hadrosaurids". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
2967:
2829:
1109:
is over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long, indicating it was a larger animal. Its single known arm was relatively short for a hadrosaurid, with a short but wide
4829:
5277:
2961:
996:
formations of Utah and New Mexico. The second specimen, the first known from the Kaiparowits Formation, was originally unassigned to a specific taxon. Of the
2955:
8342:
2949:
2786:. The lowermost part of the Fruitland Formation is just younger than 75.56 ± 0.41 mya, with the uppermost boundary dating to 74.55 ± 0.22 mya.
1004:
is the smallest and has the most curved crest. Because of its possession of the two above features, it has often been speculated that it was a female of
5726:
2181:
Other proposals were more mechanical in nature. William Parks, in 1922, suggested that the crest was joined to the vertebrae above the shoulders by
2316:, although there was some difference in the range of individual species because of the crest size, shape, and nasal passage length, most obvious in
1976:
growth stages, and lived approximately 75 million years ago. Even though no complete skull of the intermediate age between RAM 14000 and adult
1132:
Like other hadrosaurids, it was able to walk on either two legs or four. It probably preferred to forage for food on four legs, but ran on two. The
8407:
5539:
836:
792:
age. This occurrence is not noted by Sullivan and Williamson in their 1999 review of the genus and has not been further elaborated upon elsewhere.
8301:
1980:
has been found yet, a partial braincase of about the right size is known. At 25% of the total adult size, the juvenile show that crest growth of
2031:
comparison with other hadrosaurids. Because of weathering, many of the smaller neural canals and foramina could not be identified for certain.
685:
have been proposed as functional explanations for the crest. It is one of the rarer hadrosaurids, known from only a handful of good specimens.
5902:
5431:
4978:
4908:
Horner, J.A.; Weishampel, D.B.; Forster, C.A. (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Osmólska, Halszka; Dodson, Peter (eds.).
5637:"New Basal Hadrosauroid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) with Transitional Features from the Late Cretaceous of Henan Province, China"
738:
768, a skull and partial skeleton missing most of the tail and the back legs below the knees, which was found by a field party from the
8392:
1952:
is known from many adult specimens, and a juvenile described in 2013, numbered RAM 140000 and nicknamed Joe, after a volunteer at the
3032:
indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.6 and 74.5 million years ago, during the Campanian age of the Late
1065:
4493:
8402:
8288:
4048:
Bertozzo, Filippo; Manucci, Fabio; Dempsey, Matthew; Tanke, Darren H.; Evans, David C.; Ruffell, Alastair; Murphy, Eileen (2020).
5688:
Zanno, L.E.; Sampson, S.D. (2005). "A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah".
5635:
Xing, H.; Wang, D.; Han, F.; Sullivan, C.; Ma, Q.; He, Y.; Hone, D.W.E.; Yan, R.; Du, F.; Xu, X. (2014). Evans, David C. (ed.).
5348:
8352:
2105:, provides evidence that a small tubular crest was present in juveniles. This specimen preserves a small upward flaring of the
7809:
8412:
6894:
5881:
5386:
5353:, n. gen., n. sp., (Pterosauria, ?Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Kirtland Formation (upper Campanian) of New Mexico"
5229:
5093:
5042:
4967:
4917:
4778:
4536:
4482:
4365:
4346:
4327:
3711:
1953:
941:. All of them can be clearly distinguished from each other and have many differences. The first named species, therefore the
8357:
3036:
period. During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the
584:
that could reach over 9 metres (30 ft) long and weigh over 5 metric tons (5.5 short tons), and were able to move as a
3048:
to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland
1921:-like organ. Vegetation could have been taken from the ground up to a height of around 4 m (13 ft). As noted by
8377:
7804:
6908:
4852:
5750:
5204:
5296:
882:
or, more likely, the base of the overlying Kirtland Formation. The range of this species was described in 1979, when
8372:
5793:
1140:
were tall, as was common in lambeosaurines. At their tallest over the hips, they increased the height of the back.
7791:
1168:
The most noticeable feature was the cranial crest that protruded from the rear of the head and was made up of the
8170:
5320:
Sullivan, R.S.; Jasinski, S.E.; Guenther, M.; Lucas, S.G. (2011). Sullivan, Robert S.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.).
2881:
2597:. It was a rare constituent of this fauna. The Dinosaur Park Formation is interpreted as a low-relief setting of
2421:
with a substantial frill of skin between the crest and neck appeared in influential paleoart including murals by
855:
146:
5701:
3670:
2443:
8387:
8193:
8180:
5086:
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs: An Original and Compelling Insight into Life in the Dinosaur Kingdom
3200:
649:
311:
5763:
4600:
2130:
lacks the thin bony 'coxcomb' that makes up the upper portion of the crest of the other three lambeosaurines.
2072:, one of the first researchers to describe lambeosaurine crests in terms of such distinctions, suggested that
8397:
8382:
8185:
5734:
4379:, gen. et sp. nov., a new tyrannosauroid from New Mexico and the origin of deep snouts in Tyrannosauroidea".
159:
8367:
1226:. It is usually interpreted as a separate offshoot of the lambeosaurines, distinct from the helmet-crested
7815:
2841:
2740:
1297:
808:
2476:
published in December 2020, suggests the pathology to the shoulder and thoracic ribs in the holotype of
1972:
ever found, and measures 2.5 m (8.2 ft). This individual fits neatly into the currently known
5815:
5776:
4953:
2783:
2782:
existed, the Fruitland Formation was swampy, positioned in the lowlands, and close to the shore of the
2655:
Some of the less common hadrosaurs in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, such as
796:
4337:
Benson, R.J.; Brussatte, S.J.; Anderson; Hone, D.; Parsons, K.; Xu, X.; Milner, D.; Naish, D. (2012).
2706:
shared its habitat with other ornithischians and theropods. Specifically, its contemporaries were the
1028:
in their crests (~70% of adult size). Even though many scientists have supported the possible fact of
8266:
5874:
5805:
5239:
4546:
Evans, D.C. (2006). "Nasal cavity homologies and cranial crest function in lambeosaurine dinosaurs".
3129:
3108:
2887:
2856:
2711:
2167:
6901:
5981:
5478:
2720:
2238:, so that the latter could be cooled by the former. The next people to publish a related idea were
2026:
A partial cranial endocast for RAM 14000 was reconstructed from CT scan data, the first ever for a
891:
5282:(Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae) from the Kirtland Formation of New Mexico and a revision of the genus"
1933:
had a diet consisting of leaves, twigs, and pine needles which would imply that it was a browser.
8362:
8347:
5308:
5103:
Ostrom, J.H. (1961). "A New Species of Hadrosaurian Dinosaur from the Cretaceous of New Mexico".
4957:
4737:
4442:
Diegert, C.F.; Williamson, T.E. (1998). "A digital acoustic model of the lambeosaurine hadrosaur
3037:
3007:
2617:
2614:
2513:
2502:
2348:
866:
skeleton except for the feet, neck, and parts of the tail. Its specific name is derived from the
756:
5378:
5372:
4830:"Does mutual sexual selection explain the evolution of head crests in pterosaurs and dinosaurs?"
4686:
Farke, A.A.; Chok, D.J.; Herrero, A.; Scolieri, B.; Werning, S. (2013). Hutchinson, John (ed.).
4474:
4468:
8319:
8228:
6340:
6192:
5141:
3237:
2912:
2903:
2893:
2862:
2300:. A large amount of material and data supports the hypothesis that the large, tubular crest of
1929:
and its relatives could feed more selectively than their broad-beaked, crestless counterparts.
1214:
because of its superficially similar crest. However, it was soon reassessed as a member of the
1016:
lived approximately a million years later. As noted by Thomas Williamson, the type material of
8306:
4618:"An unusual hadrosaurid braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation and the biostratigraphy of
1024:, close to the size at which other lambeosaurines are interpreted to begin showing definitive
8314:
8150:
6706:
6008:
4863:
Hopson, J.A. (1975). "The Evolution of Cranial Display Structures in Hadrosaurid Dinosaurs".
4617:
4494:"Presidential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument"
4319:
The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mysteries of Dinosaurs and their Extinction
4317:
3123:
3045:
3017:
2937:
2850:
2835:
2155:
1957:
1266:
993:
899:
895:
739:
4587:, a crested hadrosaurid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta".
4531:. Miscellaneous Publication 99-1. Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Survey. pp. 345–353.
8275:
7570:
5867:
5853:
5648:
5556:
5446:
5061:
4997:
4949:
4872:
4808:
4666:
4633:
4555:
4416:
4388:
4288:
2431:
2202:
2175:
1141:
781:
768:
735:
438:
385:
366:
315:
7798:
4794:
n. g., n. sp., a lambeosaurine dinosaur from the Late Maastrichtian of northeastern China"
4653:
Evans, D.C.; Larson, D.W.; Cullen, T.M.; Sullivan, R.M. (2014). Sues, Hans-Dieter (ed.). "
2007:
The skull of RAM 14000 is almost complete, with the left side only lacking a piece of the
8:
5315:. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. Vol. 35. pp. 7–23.
4426:
4425:. New York: American Museum of Natural History, Man and Nature Publications, 14. p.
3138:
3117:
3060:
2875:
2823:
2699:
2081:
1999:
1964:, the juvenile has been identified as around only one year old when it died. Referred to
1274:
989:
883:
879:
840:
764:
750:
5652:
5560:
5450:
5065:
5001:
4876:
4812:
4670:
4637:
4559:
4392:
4292:
2998:
2494:
2239:
2194:
7922:
7533:
6118:
5705:
5671:
5636:
5580:
5533:
5512:
5470:
5462:
5432:"Acoustic Analysis of Vocalization of Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia)"
5418:
5112:
5073:
5017:
4896:
4888:
4720:
4687:
4604:
4571:
4404:
4304:
4076:
4049:
3682:
3674:
3085:
3029:
2943:
2794:
2159:
974:
804:
800:
409:
154:
7968:
4820:
4789:
2409:. His hypothesis was seemingly supported by skin preserved above the neck and back of
7929:
7668:
7589:
7549:
6433:
6319:
6265:
6236:
5709:
5676:
5572:
5382:
5225:
5191:
5089:
5038:
4963:
4913:
4848:
4774:
4725:
4575:
4532:
4501:
4478:
4430:
4361:
4342:
4323:
4081:
3717:
3707:
2928:
2422:
2352:
2065:
1025:
434:
5474:
4900:
4608:
4408:
3686:
3651:
1941:
8070:
8063:
7873:
7866:
7395:
7306:
7144:
7045:
7031:
6745:
6713:
6348:
6257:
6171:
6106:
5829:
5697:
5666:
5656:
5584:
5564:
5502:
5454:
5268:
5264:
5171:
5069:
5005:
4880:
4844:
4816:
4715:
4705:
4674:
4641:
4596:
4563:
4459:
4455:
4396:
4308:
4296:
4071:
4061:
3666:
3180:
3134:
2716:
1961:
1922:
1258:
753:
682:
667:
577:
464:
291:
5175:
5009:
2213:
The proposed air reservoir would have been insufficient for an animal the size of
918:
8155:
7950:
7901:
7764:
7695:
7598:
7137:
7123:
7102:
6720:
6593:
6360:
6128:
5966:
5661:
5081:
4762:
3064:
2725:
2406:
2360:
2356:
2230:
2218:
2094:
1133:
887:
862:
in 1961. It includes a partial skull with a short, rounded crest and much of the
574:
37:
4420:
2039:
8165:
8160:
8098:
8035:
7908:
7757:
7720:
7702:
7647:
7279:
7095:
7088:
7017:
6939:
6926:
6854:
6842:
6811:
6786:
6650:
6572:
6533:
6519:
6396:
6307:
6229:
6207:
6200:
5941:
5242:(1935). "Hooded hadrosaurs of the Belly River Series of the Upper Cretaceous".
5052:
Maryanska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1979). "Aspects of hadrosaurian cranial anatomy".
3143:
3090:
3075:
2587:
2577:
2571:
2364:
1906:
1336:
743:
622:, has been proposed, although it is more commonly placed in the separate genus
278:
236:
5458:
4884:
4400:
2351:
functions have become more supported as function(s) of the crest, focusing on
134:
8336:
8251:
8105:
8049:
8028:
7999:
7915:
7852:
7750:
7743:
7729:
7639:
7619:
7612:
7509:
7459:
7452:
7436:
7411:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7341:
7292:
7254:
7219:
7200:
7172:
7116:
6779:
6772:
6727:
6657:
6526:
6385:
6370:
6332:
6243:
6136:
6099:
6092:
5841:
3721:
3652:"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs"
3167:
3095:
3080:
2908:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2746:
2687:
2670:
2633:
2561:
2546:
2537:
2392:
2257:
2193:. Still, other proposals made housing specialized organs the major function.
2047:
Many hypotheses have been advanced as to what functions the cranial crest of
1881:
1771:
1754:
1708:
1612:
1479:
1409:
1380:
1323:
1309:
1246:
1234:
1228:
1215:
1097:
1047:
789:
710:
677:
624:
558:
443:
419:
395:
265:
124:
79:
5547:
Wheeler, P.E. (1978). "Elaborate CNS cooling structure in large dinosaurs".
4360:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 135–169.
1250:, a lambeosaurine with a similar skull (but no complete crest yet) from the
8013:
7989:
7977:
7943:
7936:
7887:
7880:
7686:
7630:
7605:
7577:
7466:
7268:
7233:
7179:
7109:
7081:
6967:
6960:
6800:
6765:
6692:
6685:
6607:
6548:
6503:
6405:
6279:
6272:
6221:
6185:
6143:
5993:
5932:
5754:
5680:
5360:
Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin
5212:
5195:
5183:
4729:
4678:
4276:
4085:
3113:
3100:
3071:
2973:
2917:
2871:
2806:
2775:
2756:
2735:
2730:
2593:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2186:
2106:
2069:
1670:
1653:
1240:
1223:
942:
906:. Since then, another skull has been found in Utah with the short, rounded
641:
603:
323:
220:
4434:
1284:
693:
8260:
8202:
8091:
8056:
7894:
7736:
7709:
7661:
7654:
7487:
7473:
7445:
7425:
7404:
7348:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7247:
7240:
7193:
7158:
7130:
7066:
7059:
6828:
6678:
6664:
6636:
6614:
6556:
6419:
6250:
6214:
6178:
6074:
6061:
6020:
5890:
5576:
5124:
4750:
Canada Department of Mines Geological Survey Bulletin (Geological Series)
3188:
3171:
3104:
2846:
2802:
2751:
2565:
2552:
2426:
2376:
likely permitted both species identification (such as separating it from
2309:
2138:
1913:
with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to
1438:
1351:
1210:
985:
851:
663:
549:
381:
252:
54:
1076:
953:, along with a straighter crest and different internal structuring than
8293:
8144:
8119:
8112:
8084:
8077:
7957:
7843:
7542:
7522:
7480:
7355:
7207:
7074:
7024:
6989:
6982:
6953:
6793:
6671:
6643:
6512:
6485:
6460:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6164:
5516:
5466:
5422:
5398:
At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah
5116:
5035:
Dinosaurs Without Bones: Dinosaur Lives Revealed by Their Trace Fossils
4892:
4300:
3678:
3163:
3151:
3033:
2924:
2810:
2789:
Existing slightly later than the species from the Fruitland Formation,
2707:
2649:
2637:
2602:
2581:
2368:
2329:
2325:
2198:
1992:
adults bore such large crests, especially when compared to the related
1925:, lambeosaurines have narrower beaks than hadrosaurines, implying that
1902:
1725:
1251:
1173:
1169:
863:
816:
648:
is in fact part of the genus. The genus was first described in 1922 by
633:
585:
362:
99:
64:
20:
4710:
4066:
2060:
As for other lambeosaurines, it is believed that the cranial crest of
1121:
and is robust for its length when compared to other hadrosaurids. The
843:
of this skull, Robert Sullivan and Thomas Williamson gave the genus a
8126:
8042:
8021:
7859:
7556:
7494:
7003:
6975:
6835:
6699:
6629:
6600:
6426:
6412:
6155:
5568:
4912:(Second ed.). University of California Press. pp. 438–463.
3701:
3184:
3041:
2978:
2814:
2645:
2458:
2206:
2190:
2163:
2020:
2016:
878:, meaning "crested". The specimen was found in either the top of the
844:
747:
589:
581:
566:
171:
104:
48:
41:
8222:
5507:
5490:
4645:
4567:
3929:
2209:
of the lambeosaurines, which had no obvious defensive capabilities.
8245:
8006:
7675:
7563:
7363:
7334:
7261:
7186:
7151:
7052:
7038:
6996:
6820:
6621:
6586:
6492:
6478:
6440:
5950:
5923:
5914:
5800:
3067:
3040:, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses,
2520:
of prehistoric animals, including well-known dinosaurs such as the
2251:
2182:
2178:
that it served as an air reservoir for prolonged stays underwater.
1137:
1037:
732:
562:
204:
191:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
4470:
Dinosaur Provincial Park: A Spectacular Ancient Ecosystem Revealed
1184:, where some tubes were blind and others met and separated. While
1156:
1148:, showing uniform tubercle-like scales, but no larger structures.
8280:
7299:
6734:
3236:
Colbert, Edwin H. (Edwin Harris); Knight, Charles Robert (1951).
2629:
2621:
2114:
and the facial profile of juvenile individuals differed from the
2012:
2008:
1914:
1122:
1110:
812:
785:
629:
593:
109:
84:
16:
Hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaur genus from Late Cretaceous Period
5753:. Sandia National Laboratories. December 5, 1997. Archived from
5491:"Dinosaurian Cacophony: Inferring function in extinct organisms"
4983:, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico"
4279:(1924). "Die neuen Dinosaurierfunde in der Oberkreide Canadas".
3951:
3949:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3371:
2797:. Numerous vertebrate groups are from this formation, including
2682:
2097:. Recent restudy of a juvenile braincase previously assigned to
7165:
6758:
5908:
5788:
4583:
Evans, D.C.; Reisz, R.R. (2007). "Anatomy and Relationships of
4109:
4107:
3802:
3485:
3483:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3176:
3159:
3155:
2971:. Unidentified taxa are known, including the crurotarsan ?
2818:
1126:
181:
5859:
4962:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
3976:
3747:
2201:, and John Ostrom suggested that it housed expanded areas for
473:
7010:
6540:
4696:
4147:
4145:
4029:
3946:
3381:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
2625:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2517:
2313:
2235:
1918:
1910:
1255:
1114:
867:
824:
722:
672:
653:
554:
482:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4104:
3771:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3480:
3348:
2304:
was a resonating chamber. Weishampel in 1981 suggested that
1968:
sp., the juvenile is the most complete, as well as youngest
518:
6378:
5702:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2
4047:
3671:
10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3556:
3147:
3142:. Paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included
3049:
2845:. Ornithischians from the formation are represented by the
2798:
2641:
2171:
1295:
The following cladogram is after the 2007 redescription of
903:
637:
570:
536:
530:
521:
503:
497:
476:
4938:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin
4422:
The Dinosaur Book: The Ruling Reptiles and their Relatives
4193:
4169:
4142:
4092:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3304:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3239:
The dinosaur book: the ruling reptiles and their relatives
2296:
are much more variable and complicated than the airway of
491:
5607:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
5329:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
5289:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
5205:"Scientists Use Digital Paleontology to Produce Voice of
4601:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[373:AAROLM]2.0.CO;2
4119:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3537:
3518:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
2162:, Martin Wilfarth that it was an attachment for a mobile
2003:
Reconstruction of a juvenile skeleton, based on RAM 14000
1960:
in 2009. Excavated by the joint expedition by museum and
1041:
in 2014 found that one more species could be referred to
5127:(1962). "The cranial crests of hadrosaurian dinosaurs".
4253:
4241:
4181:
3622:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
5592:
Wilfarth, Martin (1947). "Rüsseltragende Dinosaurier".
5244:
Canada Department of Mines Bulletin (Geological Series)
4217:
3610:
3495:
3267:
3246:
803:.R1250) from what is now known as the slightly younger
4000:
3728:
3568:
3442:
3432:
3430:
2170:
that it served as an airtrap to keep water out of the
2093:, that probably grew faster as individuals approached
5813:
5313:
Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior
4622:(Ornithischia: Lambeosaurinae) from southern Alberta"
4520:
Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, UtahGeological Survey
4358:
Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs
3966:
3964:
3894:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3325:
2481:
believed to have caused or contributed to its death.
580:, about 76.9–73.5 million years ago. It was a large
539:
533:
515:
512:
506:
500:
479:
467:
4801:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
4157:
3882:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3417:
3415:
2224:
922:
Holotype skulls of the three species arranged by age
823:, in 1931. The specific epithet is derived from the
527:
494:
488:
470:
391:
372:
353:
330:
5624:
Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis
4616:Evans, D.C.; Bavington, R.; Campione, N.E. (2009).
4229:
3988:
3906:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3759:
3427:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
2941:. Turtles are fairly plentiful, and are known from
1254:region of northeastern China. The two may form the
988:. Its three known specimens have been found in the
524:
485:
5275:
5254:
4788:Godefroit, Pascal; Shuqin Zan; Liyong Jin (2000).
4473:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
4355:
4017:
3982:
3961:
3834:
3783:
3753:
3591:
3463:
3406:
2335:Computer modeling of a well-preserved specimen of
2015:, possibly when it was resting on the bottom of a
2011:. However, the skull was split down the middle by
547:; meaning "beside crested lizard" in reference to
5523:
5203:Sandia National Laboratories (December 5, 1997).
5146:, a new genus and species of trachodont dinosaur"
5051:
4692:(Hadrosauridae) and heterochrony in hadrosaurids"
4467:Currie, Phillip J.; Koppelhus, Eva, eds. (2005).
4441:
4205:
4035:
3955:
3870:
3851:
3412:
3375:
3217:
2472:Analysis of the pathology undertaken by Bertozzo
2457:is known from one specimen which might contain a
1265:, with its short, rounded crest, may be the most
831:, meaning "trumpeter". A second, nearly complete
8334:
5404:
5224:(5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883.
5150:University of Toronto Studies: Geological Series
4926:
4787:
4113:
3934:
3923:
3921:
3817:
3777:
3489:
3279:
2821:. The fishes are represented by the two species
2516:, was a member of a diverse and well-documented
2166:used as a breathing tube or for food gathering,
1196:had a short crest with a more circular profile.
890:described a partial skull with a similar crest (
839:P-25100) was found in New Mexico in 1995. Using
5319:
4828:Hone, D.W.E.; Naish, D.; Cuthill, I.C. (2011).
4466:
3562:
3319:
2384:) and sexual identification by shape and size.
2339:, with more complex air passages than those of
2133:
2076:, with its small crest, was the female form of
1208:was initially thought to be closely related to
1012:, which were all thought to be males, although
767:, the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the
5965:
5370:
5346:
5211:. Sandia National Laboratories. Archived from
5160:
5088:. New York: Crescent Books. pp. 122–127.
5024:. Geological Society of America Special Paper
4374:
4199:
4175:
4151:
4098:
2043:Diagram showing internal features of the crest
6937:
5875:
5306:
5028:. Geological Society of America. p. 229.
4907:
4773:. McFarland & Company. pp. 678–940.
4744:, with a description of the type specimen of
4336:
4136:
3918:
3550:
3531:
3235:
2724:; and some unidentified fossils belonging to
2674:, they are predominate members of the fauna.
2624:was warmer than present-day Alberta, without
1984:began sooner than in related genera, such as
746:in Alberta. These rocks are now known as the
5687:
5538:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5190:. University of Chicago Press. p. 491.
4948:
4685:
4652:
4615:
4526:
4259:
4247:
4187:
3637:
3273:
3261:
2347:and other hadrosaurids. Instead, social and
1064:, then the genus therefore lasted until the
5634:
5400:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–634.
5395:
4827:
4223:
3706:. Princeton University Press. p. 341.
3616:
3512:
1945:Juvenile skeleton RAM 14000 (nicknamed Joe)
1244:. Its closest known relative appears to be
401:(Godefroit, Zan & Jin, 2000) Paul, 2010
8343:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America
6072:
5882:
5868:
5604:
5488:
5429:
5016:
4657:is a troodontid (Dinosauria: Theropoda)".
4582:
4011:
3741:
3585:
3457:
3342:
1956:(RAM). The juvenile was discovered in the
1117:measures 103 cm (41 in) long in
133:
5670:
5660:
5506:
5371:Tanke, D.H.; Carpenter, K., eds. (2001).
5311:. In Lucas, S.G.; Sullivan, R.M. (eds.).
5276:Sullivan, R.S.; Williamson, T.E. (1999).
5238:
4719:
4709:
4075:
4065:
3900:
3649:
2142:Comparison drawing between the crests of
2080:. Thomas Williamson suggested it was the
1096:is incompletely known. The length of the
5622:, n. sp. aus der Kreide in New Mexico".
5591:
5405:Weishampel, D.B.; Jensen, J.A. (1979). "
5396:Titus, A.L.; Loewen, M.A., eds. (2013).
4976:
4163:
3888:
2681:
2493:
2442:
2391:
2250:
2246:
2137:
2089:probably had small, rounded crests like
2055:
2038:
1998:
1940:
1880:
1283:
1155:
1075:
917:
811:, New Mexico. This specimen was sent to
705:Meaning "near crested lizard", the name
692:
8408:Multispecific non-avian dinosaur genera
5774:
5761:
5724:
5546:
5219:
5022:Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America
4736:
4688:"Ontogeny in the tube-crested dinosaur
4491:
4415:
4235:
3994:
3912:
3765:
3436:
1192:had long crests with slight curvature,
701:, showing the pathologic v-shaped notch
688:
656:and partial skeleton found in Alberta.
8335:
5409:(Reptilia: Hadrosauridae) from Utah".
5202:
5123:
5102:
5080:
5032:
4862:
4375:Carr, T.D.; Williamson, T.E. (2010). "
4315:
4023:
3970:
3845:
3789:
3703:The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs
3604:
3474:
3223:
973:come from the De-Na-Zin Member of the
8227:
8226:
7831:
6924:
6059:
5901:
5863:
5733:. About.Com Dinosaurs. Archived from
5617:
5377:. Indiana University Press. pp.
5347:Sullivan, R.M.; Fowler, D.W. (2011).
5182:
5139:
4545:
4516:
4211:
3876:
3864:
3421:
3298:
3242:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 152.
2628:, but with wetter and drier seasons.
1954:Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology
1092:Like most dinosaurs, the skeleton of
929:is known from three certain species:
7832:
5307:Sullivan, R.M.; Lucas, S.G. (2006).
4760:
4275:
3940:
3828:
3699:
2793:is also found in New Mexico, in the
2387:
2126:model, in part because the crest of
5783:. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.
5770:. Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.
4341:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 342.
2417:. Subsequently, reconstructions of
2367:in the eyes imply acute vision and
1892:
1060:. If this species is indeed inside
759:. William Parks named the specimen
13:
6925:
5690:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5257:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5074:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1979.tb01006.x
4659:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
4626:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
4589:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4448:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
4381:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3659:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1068:and is known from two continents.
1052:was actually nested deeply inside
819:described it as a second species,
742:in 1920 near Sand Creek along the
618:. Additionally, a fourth species,
14:
8424:
8393:Campanian genus first appearances
5718:
5528:(2nd ed.). pp. 517–606.
3930:https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13363
2438:
2225:Temperature regulation hypothesis
1199:
1045:. This study, led by Xing, found
854:described another good specimen (
7814:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7790:
6907:
6900:
6893:
5847:
5835:
5823:
5799:
5787:
4849:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00300.x
3006:
2997:
2935:. One pterosaur is known, named
2308:made noises ranging between the
2034:
1056:, which created the new species
463:
158:
52:
8403:Maastrichtian genus extinctions
8171:List of informal dinosaur names
6060:
5889:
4529:Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah
4322:. William Morrow. p. 194.
4041:
3795:
3693:
3643:
2882:Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis
2484:
1876:
1129:bones were also heavily built.
147:Field Museum of Natural History
8181:Timeline of hadrosaur research
5766:Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus
5269:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011371
4460:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011116
3983:Sullivan & Williamson 1996
3754:Brett-Surman & Wagner 2006
3407:Sullivan & Williamson 1999
3229:
3201:Timeline of hadrosaur research
3063:with other dinosaurs, such as
3030:Argon-argon radiometric dating
1071:
964:, which is the largest of the
426:Godefroit, Zan & Jin, 2000
1:
8353:Fossil taxa described in 1922
5176:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.01.002
5037:. Pegasus Books. p. 42.
5010:10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007
4821:10.1016/S1251-8050(00)00214-7
4036:Diegert & Williamson 1998
3956:Maryanska & Osmolska 1979
3206:
2677:
2632:were apparently the dominant
2052:its internal nasal passages.
1988:. It has been suggested that
894:2467) from the Campanian age
8413:Ornithopods of North America
5662:10.1371/journal.pone.0098821
4769:. In Glut, Donald F. (ed.).
4655:"Saurornitholestes" robustus
4281:Jahrbuch Naturwissenschaften
4268:
4114:Jasinski & Sullivan 2011
3490:Weishampel & Jensen 1979
3211:
2897:; and the pachycephalosaurs
2613:conditions over time as the
2400:with hypothetical skin frill
2134:Rejected function hypotheses
1273:species or it may represent
980:In 1961, the third species,
717:/παρα ("beside" or "near"),
596:are universally recognized:
7:
8358:Taxa named by William Parks
5084:(1985). "Hadrosaurids II".
4771:Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia
4585:Lambeosaurus magnicristatus
3320:Currie & Koppelhus 2005
3194:
2907:. Saurischians include the
2842:Denazinosuchus kirtlandicus
2833:. The crurotarsans include
2741:Saurornitholestes langstoni
2450:with notch in the vertebrae
2229:The large surface area and
2064:changed with age and was a
1888:head with scalation detail.
1298:Lambeosaurus magnicristatus
858:P27393) from New Mexico as
799:recovered a partial skull (
123:Possible record during the
10:
8429:
8378:Paleontology in New Mexico
5222:Cassell's Latin Dictionary
4176:Carr & Williamson 2010
4152:Sullivan & Fowler 2011
4099:Tanke & Carpenter 2001
2784:Cretaceous Interior Seaway
2489:
2068:characteristic in adults.
1218:subfamily of hadrosaurids—
1144:impressions are known for
960:The next named species is
913:
874:, meaning "shortened" and
788:, a rock unit of the late
723:
565:that lived in what is now
18:
8235:
8136:
7987:
7967:
7842:
7838:
7827:
7788:
7719:
7685:
7629:
7588:
7532:
7517:
7508:
7435:
7394:
7287:
7278:
7228:
7217:
6948:
6933:
6920:
6891:
6853:
6810:
6753:
6744:
6581:
6570:
6502:
6473:
6469:
6458:
6395:
6359:
6327:
6318:
6154:
6117:
6087:
6083:
6068:
6055:
6019:
6001:
5992:
5974:
5961:
5897:
5489:Weishampel, D.B. (1997).
5459:10.1017/S0094837300004036
5430:Weishampel, D.B. (1981).
5335:: 405–417. Archived from
4885:10.1017/S0094837300002165
4792:Charonosaurus jiayinensis
4401:10.1080/02724630903413032
4137:Sullivan & Lucas 2006
3700:Paul, Gregory S. (2016).
3130:Kosmoceratops richardsoni
3109:Gryposaurus monumentensis
2888:Pentaceratops sternbergii
2857:Naashoibitosaurus ostromi
2712:Pentaceratops sternbergii
2197:suggested that it housed
1936:
1768:
1751:
1744:
1722:
1705:
1698:
1667:
1650:
1643:
1631:
1609:
1602:
1553:
1536:
1529:
1507:
1500:
1476:
1469:
1457:
1435:
1428:
1406:
1399:
1377:
1370:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1314:
1301:(Evans and Reisz, 2007):
1020:is about 72% the size of
628:. Remains are known from
415:
408:
350:
345:
329:
322:
155:Scientific classification
153:
141:
132:
30:
5626:. Series 4 (in German).
5374:Mesozoic Vertebrate Life
4248:Zanno & Sampson 2005
3274:Liddell & Scott 1980
3020:tentatively assigned to
2899:Stegoceras novomexicanum
2721:Stegoceras novomexicanum
2158:proposed it served as a
1755:Hypacrosaurus altispinus
1151:
731:/λοφος ("crest"). It is
612:, and the short-crested
19:Not to be confused with
8373:Paleontology in Alberta
5779:Parasaurolophus walkeri
5775:Hartman, Scott (2013).
5762:Hartman, Scott (2004).
5751:"Parasaurolophus sound"
5620:Parasaurolophus tubicen
5411:Journal of Paleontology
5188:Vertebrate Paleontology
5144:Parasaurolophus walkeri
5105:Journal of Paleontology
5020:; Wright, N.E. (1942).
4981:Titanoceratops ouranous
4977:Longrich, N.R. (2011).
4959:A Greek-English Lexicon
4444:Parasaurolophus tubicen
4224:Titus & Loewen 2013
3179:were present including
3038:Western Interior Seaway
2988:
2615:Western Interior Seaway
2514:Dinosaur Park Formation
2510:Parasaurolophus walkeri
2503:Dinosaur Park Formation
2465:restore the skin flap.
1277:or female specimens of
765:Sir Byron Edmund Walker
757:Dinosaur Park Formation
335:Parasaurolophus walkeri
5295:: 1–52. Archived from
5220:Simpson, D.P. (1979).
5184:Romer, Alfred Sherwood
4934:Texascephale langstoni
4932:and a reassessment of
4740:(1924). "On the genus
4679:10.1139/cjes-2014-0073
4377:Bistahieversor sealeyi
3742:Lull & Wright 1942
3650:Seebacher, F. (2001).
3376:Weishampel et al. 2004
3343:Evans & Reisz 2007
2968:Thescelus hemispherica
2913:Bistahieversor sealeyi
2904:Sphaerotholus goodwini
2894:Titanoceratops ouranos
2863:Kritosaurus navajovius
2830:Myledalphus bipartitus
2695:
2506:
2451:
2401:
2273:
2151:
2044:
2004:
1946:
1889:
1292:
1180:, and more complex in
1165:
1089:
1035:A study published in
923:
702:
640:, as well as possibly
145:skeletal mount at the
8388:Kaiparowits Formation
8315:Paleobiology Database
8151:Basturs Poble bonebed
5725:Strauss, Bob (2014).
5351:Navajodactylus boerei
5240:Sternberg, Charles M.
5033:Martin, A.J. (2014).
4950:Liddell, Henry George
4316:Bakker, R.T. (1986).
3778:Godefroit et al. 2000
3175:. A variety of early
3124:Nasutoceratops titusi
3101:armored ankylosaurids
3018:Kaiparowits Formation
2938:Navajodactylus boerei
2851:Anasazisaurus horneri
2836:Brachychampsa montana
2685:
2497:
2446:
2395:
2254:
2247:Behavioral hypotheses
2156:Alfred Sherwood Romer
2141:
2056:Differences in crests
2042:
2002:
1958:Kaiparowits Formation
1944:
1884:
1287:
1204:As its name implies,
1159:
1079:
921:
896:Kaiparowits Formation
740:University of Toronto
697:Holotype specimen of
696:
675:in its largest form.
567:western North America
8398:Ornithischian genera
8383:Paleontology in Utah
8173:(contains hadrosaur
7571:Probrachylophosaurus
5796:at Wikimedia Commons
5140:Parks, W.A. (1922).
3805:. Raymond Alf Museum
3563:Sullivan et al. 2011
3105:duckbilled hadrosaur
2962:Plastomenus robustus
2363:and the presence of
2168:Charles M. Sternberg
797:Charles H. Sternberg
782:Hell Creek Formation
769:Royal Ontario Museum
709:is derived from the
689:Discovery and naming
666:, part of a diverse
8368:Dinosaur Park fauna
5757:on October 6, 2014.
5653:2014PLoSO...998821X
5618:Wiman, C. (1931). "
5561:1978Natur.275..441W
5484:on October 6, 2014.
5451:1981Pbio....7..252W
5342:on October 6, 2014.
5215:on August 17, 2014.
5164:Cretaceous Research
5066:1979Letha..12..265M
5002:2011CrRes..32..264L
4990:Cretaceous Research
4940:. Fossil Record 3.
4877:1975Pbio....1...21H
4858:on October 6, 2014.
4813:2000CRASE.330..875G
4761:Glut, D.F. (1997).
4746:Lambeosaurus lambei
4738:Gilmore, Charles W.
4671:2014CaJES..51..730E
4638:2009CaJES..46..791E
4560:2006Pbio...32..109E
4393:2010JVPal..30....1C
4293:1924NW.....12..709A
4200:Roberts et al. 2005
3146:(sharks and rays),
3139:Hagryphus giganteus
3118:Utahceratops gettyi
2885:; the ceratopsians
2876:Ahshislepelta minor
2824:Melvius chauliodous
2700:Fruitland Formation
2550:; fellow duckbills
1654:Lambeosaurus lambei
1269:of the three known
1084:(left, violet) and
1080:Size comparison of
884:David B. Weishampel
880:Fruitland Formation
841:computed tomography
7923:Ornithopodichnites
7534:Brachylophosaurini
6119:Hypsilophodontidae
4504:on August 28, 2013
4498:September 18, 1996
4492:Clinton, William.
4301:10.1007/BF01504818
4054:Journal of Anatomy
3803:"Joe the Dinosaur"
3551:Horner et al. 2004
3532:Benson et al. 2012
3086:Ornithomimus velox
2956:Neurankylus baueri
2944:Denazinemys nodosa
2795:Kirtland Formation
2696:
2609:and influenced by
2507:
2452:
2402:
2274:
2205:and much improved
2152:
2101:, now assigned to
2066:sexually dimorphic
2045:
2005:
1947:
1909:herbivore, eating
1897:As a hadrosaurid,
1890:
1293:
1166:
1090:
975:Kirtland Formation
924:
910:crest morphology.
805:Kirtland Formation
703:
8330:
8329:
8229:Taxon identifiers
8220:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8211:
7930:Shiraminesauropus
7823:
7822:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7669:Naashoibitosaurus
7590:Austrokritosauria
7550:Brachylophosaurus
7504:
7503:
6916:
6915:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6566:
6565:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6434:Transylvanosaurus
6320:Rhabdodontomorpha
6266:Notohypsilophodon
6237:Macrogryphosaurus
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6039:
6038:
5792:Media related to
5777:"Ornithischians:
5764:"Ornithischians:
5727:"Ten Facts About
5555:(5679): 441–443.
5388:978-0-253-33907-2
5302:on April 8, 2023.
5231:978-0-304-52257-6
5095:978-0-517-46890-6
5044:978-1-60598-499-5
4969:978-0-19-910207-5
4919:978-0-520-24209-8
4780:978-0-899-50917-4
4711:10.7717/peerj.182
4538:978-1-55791-634-1
4484:978-0-253-34595-0
4417:Colbert, Edwin H.
4367:978-0-253-34817-3
4348:978-0-7566-9910-9
4329:978-0-8217-2859-8
4260:Eaton et al. 1999
4188:Evans et al. 2014
4067:10.1111/joa.13363
3713:978-1-78684-190-2
3638:Farke et al. 2013
3262:Evans et al. 2009
3181:multituberculates
3135:oviraptorosaurian
3022:P. cyrtocristatus
2950:Basilemys nobilis
2929:Saurornitholestes
2704:P. cyrtocristatus
2693:P. cyrtocristatus
2605:that became more
2423:Charles R. Knight
2388:Soft tissue frill
2318:P. cyrtocristatus
2271:P. cyrtocristatus
2144:P. cyrtocristatus
2091:P. cyrtocristatus
2074:P. cyrtocristatus
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1682:
1681:
1671:L. magnicristatus
1586:
1585:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1511:P. cyrtocristatus
1263:P. cyrtocristatus
1194:P. cyrtocristatus
1082:P. cyrtocristatus
1030:P. cyrtocristatus
1026:sexual dimorphism
1018:P. cyrtocristatus
1002:P. cyrtocristatus
982:P. cyrtocristatus
955:P. cyrtocristatus
939:P. cyrtocristatus
908:P. cyrtocristatus
860:P. cyrtocristatus
615:P. cyrtocristatus
454:
453:
448:
427:
402:
388:
377:P. cyrtocristatus
369:
318:
143:P. cyrtocristatus
127:
8420:
8323:
8322:
8310:
8309:
8297:
8296:
8284:
8283:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8256:
8255:
8254:
8224:
8223:
8197:mummy S.M. R4036
8071:Microhadrosaurus
8064:Mandschurosaurus
7874:Camptosaurichnus
7867:Bonaparteichnium
7840:
7839:
7833:Related articles
7829:
7828:
7818:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7801:
7794:
7515:
7514:
7396:Parasaurolophini
7307:Angulomastacator
7285:
7284:
7226:
7225:
7145:Shuangmiaosaurus
7046:Huehuecanauhtlus
7032:Gongpoquansaurus
6946:
6945:
6935:
6934:
6922:
6921:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6897:
6751:
6750:
6746:Hadrosauriformes
6714:Ratchasimasaurus
6579:
6578:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6349:Muttaburrasaurus
6325:
6324:
6258:Muttaburrasaurus
6172:Atlascopcosaurus
6107:Thescelosauridae
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6070:
6069:
6057:
6056:
5999:
5998:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5899:
5898:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5804:Data related to
5803:
5791:
5784:
5771:
5758:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5737:on April 7, 2015
5713:
5684:
5674:
5664:
5631:
5614:
5601:
5588:
5569:10.1038/275441a0
5543:
5537:
5529:
5520:
5510:
5485:
5483:
5477:. Archived from
5436:
5426:
5417:(6): 1422–1427.
5401:
5392:
5367:
5357:
5343:
5341:
5326:
5316:
5303:
5301:
5286:
5278:"A new skull of
5272:
5251:
5235:
5216:
5199:
5179:
5157:
5136:
5120:
5099:
5082:Norman, David B.
5077:
5048:
5029:
5013:
4987:
4973:
4945:
4923:
4904:
4859:
4857:
4851:. Archived from
4834:
4824:
4798:
4784:
4757:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4682:
4649:
4612:
4579:
4542:
4523:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4500:. Archived from
4488:
4463:
4438:
4412:
4371:
4352:
4339:Prehistoric Life
4333:
4312:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4134:
4117:
4111:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4079:
4069:
4060:(5): 1055–1069.
4045:
4039:
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3953:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3925:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3832:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3620:
3617:Xing et al. 2014
3614:
3608:
3602:
3589:
3583:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3535:
3529:
3516:
3513:Hone et al. 2011
3510:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3440:
3434:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3404:
3379:
3373:
3346:
3340:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3244:
3243:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3061:paleoenvironment
3044:to the west and
3010:
3001:
2717:pachycephalosaur
2636:plants, with an
2240:Teresa Maryańska
2219:olfactory nerves
2203:olfactory tissue
2195:Halszka Osmólska
1962:The Webb Schools
1893:Diet and feeding
1747:
1746:
1741:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1503:
1502:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1259:Parasaurolophini
780:material in the
727:("lizard"), and
726:
725:
683:thermoregulation
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
433:
425:
400:
393:
380:
374:
361:
355:
332:
310:
303:
292:Parasaurolophini
290:
277:
264:
251:
235:
219:
163:
162:
137:
122:
121:
51:
36:Temporal range:
28:
27:
8428:
8427:
8423:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8417:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8318:
8313:
8305:
8300:
8292:
8287:
8279:
8274:
8267:Parasaurolophus
8265:
8264:
8259:
8250:
8249:
8244:
8237:Parasaurolophus
8231:
8221:
8208:
8189:mummy AMNH 5060
8156:Dakota (fossil)
8132:
7983:
7963:
7951:Tetrapodosaurus
7902:Hadrosaurichnus
7834:
7819:
7796:
7770:
7765:Shantungosaurus
7715:
7696:Augustynolophus
7681:
7625:
7599:Bonapartesaurus
7584:
7528:
7500:
7431:
7419:Parasaurolophus
7390:
7274:
7222:
7213:
7138:Qianjiangsaurus
7124:Probactrosaurus
7103:Penelopognathus
6942:
6929:
6912:
6899:
6869:
6849:
6806:
6740:
6721:Riabininohadros
6594:Bayannurosaurus
6575:
6562:
6498:
6463:
6446:
6391:
6361:Tenontosauridae
6355:
6314:
6150:
6129:Gideonmantellia
6113:
6077:
6064:
6035:
6015:
5988:
5982:Avemetatarsalia
5967:Avemetatarsalia
5957:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5888:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5836:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5814:
5806:Parasaurolophus
5794:Parasaurolophus
5749:
5740:
5738:
5729:Parasaurolophus
5721:
5716:
5531:
5530:
5508:10.2307/1313034
5481:
5434:
5407:Parasaurolophus
5389:
5355:
5339:
5324:
5299:
5284:
5280:Parasaurolophus
5232:
5207:Parasaurolophus
5125:Ostrom, John H.
5096:
5045:
4985:
4970:
4920:
4855:
4832:
4807:(12): 875–882.
4796:
4781:
4765:Parasaurolophus
4690:Parasaurolophus
4646:10.1139/E09-050
4632:(11): 791–800.
4620:Parasaurolophus
4568:10.1666/04027.1
4539:
4507:
4505:
4485:
4368:
4349:
4330:
4287:(36): 709–716.
4271:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4120:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4012:Weishampel 1997
4010:
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3852:
3844:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3729:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3592:
3586:Weishampel 1981
3584:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3538:
3530:
3519:
3511:
3496:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3464:
3458:Williamson 2000
3456:
3443:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3382:
3374:
3349:
3341:
3326:
3318:
3305:
3297:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3197:
3144:chondrichthyans
3057:Parasaurolophus
3027:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3016:Skull from the
3013:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2780:Parasaurolophus
2726:Tyrannosauridae
2702:of New Mexico,
2680:
2661:Parasaurolophus
2657:Parasaurolophus
2492:
2487:
2463:Parasaurolophus
2441:
2429:animated film,
2419:Parasaurolophus
2407:basilisk lizard
2396:Restoration of
2390:
2374:Parasaurolophus
2365:sclerotic rings
2345:Parasaurolophus
2306:Parasaurolophus
2302:Parasaurolophus
2298:Parasaurolophus
2277:Parasaurolophus
2255:Restoration of
2249:
2231:vascularization
2227:
2215:Parasaurolophus
2136:
2128:Parasaurolophus
2112:Parasaurolophus
2103:Parasaurolophus
2095:sexual maturity
2087:Parasaurolophus
2062:Parasaurolophus
2058:
2049:Parasaurolophus
2037:
2028:Parasaurolophus
1990:Parasaurolophus
1982:Parasaurolophus
1978:Parasaurolophus
1974:Parasaurolophus
1970:Parasaurolophus
1966:Parasaurolophus
1950:Parasaurolophus
1939:
1931:Parasaurolophus
1927:Parasaurolophus
1899:Parasaurolophus
1895:
1879:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1742:
1739:
1696:
1693:
1683:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1600:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1527:
1524:
1495:Parasaurolophus
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1426:
1423:
1397:
1394:
1368:
1365:
1288:Restoration of
1271:Parasaurolophus
1206:Parasaurolophus
1202:
1154:
1094:Parasaurolophus
1074:
1066:K-Pg extinction
1062:Parasaurolophus
1054:Parasaurolophus
1043:Parasaurolophus
998:Parasaurolophus
966:Parasaurolophus
927:Parasaurolophus
916:
900:Garfield County
888:James A. Jensen
809:San Juan County
773:Parasaurolophus
754:Late Cretaceous
707:Parasaurolophus
691:
660:Parasaurolophus
575:Late Cretaceous
511:
466:
462:
458:Parasaurolophus
431:Paralophosaurus
424:
341:
338:
309:
306:Parasaurolophus
301:
288:
275:
262:
249:
233:
217:
157:
128:
120:
119:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
47:76.9–73.5
46:
45:
38:Late Cretaceous
34:
32:Parasaurolophus
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8426:
8416:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8363:Kirtland fauna
8360:
8355:
8350:
8348:Lambeosaurines
8345:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8311:
8298:
8285:
8272:
8257:
8241:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8199:
8191:
8183:
8178:
8168:
8166:Hypsilophodont
8163:
8161:Hadrosaur diet
8158:
8153:
8148:
8140:
8138:
8137:Other articles
8134:
8133:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8102:
8099:Stephanosaurus
8095:
8088:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8039:
8036:Fulgurotherium
8032:
8025:
8018:
8010:
8003:
7995:
7993:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7973:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7909:Iguanodontipus
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7877:
7870:
7863:
7856:
7848:
7846:
7836:
7835:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7761:
7758:Laiyangosaurus
7754:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7725:
7723:
7721:Edmontosaurini
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7706:
7703:Prosaurolophus
7699:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:
7648:Coahuilasaurus
7644:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7594:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7574:
7567:
7560:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7441:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7400:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7288:
7282:
7280:Lambeosaurinae
7276:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7258:
7251:
7244:
7237:
7229:
7223:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7127:
7120:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7096:Nanyangosaurus
7092:
7089:Nanningosaurus
7085:
7078:
7071:
7063:
7056:
7049:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7018:Gilmoreosaurus
7014:
7007:
7000:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6943:
6940:Hadrosauroidea
6938:
6931:
6930:
6927:Hadrosauroidea
6918:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6855:Hadrosauroidea
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6843:Mantellisaurus
6839:
6832:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6812:Iguanodontidae
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6787:Mantellisaurus
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6754:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6651:Iguanacolossus
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6576:
6573:Ankylopollexia
6571:
6568:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6534:Eousdryosaurus
6530:
6523:
6520:Dysalotosaurus
6516:
6508:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6474:
6464:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6401:
6399:
6397:Rhabdodontidae
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6366:
6364:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:Weewarrasaurus
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6230:Leaellynasaura
6226:
6218:
6211:
6208:Gasparinisaura
6204:
6201:Galleonosaurus
6197:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6140:
6133:
6124:
6122:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6103:
6096:
6088:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6065:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6002:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5975:
5969:
5959:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5944:
5942:Neornithischia
5935:
5926:
5917:
5911:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5864:
5857:
5856:
5844:
5832:
5810:
5809:
5808:at Wikispecies
5797:
5785:
5772:
5759:
5747:
5720:
5719:External links
5717:
5715:
5714:
5696:(4): 897–904.
5685:
5632:
5615:
5602:
5594:Orion (Munich)
5589:
5544:
5526:The Dinosauria
5521:
5501:(3): 150–155.
5486:
5445:(2): 252–261.
5427:
5402:
5393:
5387:
5368:
5344:
5317:
5304:
5273:
5252:
5236:
5230:
5217:
5200:
5180:
5170:(2): 307–318.
5158:
5137:
5121:
5111:(3): 575–577.
5100:
5094:
5078:
5060:(3): 265–273.
5049:
5043:
5030:
5014:
4996:(3): 264–276.
4974:
4968:
4946:
4924:
4918:
4910:The Dinosauria
4905:
4860:
4843:(2): 139–156.
4825:
4785:
4779:
4758:
4742:Stephanosaurus
4734:
4683:
4665:(7): 730–734.
4650:
4613:
4595:(2): 373–393.
4580:
4554:(1): 109–125.
4543:
4537:
4524:
4514:
4489:
4483:
4464:
4439:
4413:
4372:
4366:
4353:
4347:
4334:
4328:
4313:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4141:
4118:
4103:
4091:
4040:
4028:
4016:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3960:
3945:
3933:
3917:
3905:
3901:Sternberg 1935
3893:
3881:
3869:
3850:
3833:
3816:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3727:
3712:
3692:
3642:
3621:
3609:
3590:
3567:
3555:
3536:
3517:
3494:
3479:
3462:
3441:
3426:
3411:
3380:
3347:
3324:
3303:
3278:
3266:
3245:
3228:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3091:tyrannosaurids
3076:Talos sampsoni
3015:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2807:ornithischians
2679:
2676:
2620:westward. The
2588:Euoplocephalus
2572:Daspletosaurus
2562:tyrannosaurids
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2440:
2439:Paleopathology
2437:
2389:
2386:
2248:
2245:
2226:
2223:
2207:sense of smell
2135:
2132:
2057:
2054:
2036:
2033:
1938:
1935:
1894:
1891:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:Lambeosaurinae
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1201:
1200:Classification
1198:
1164:beak and teeth
1153:
1150:
1111:shoulder blade
1073:
1070:
915:
912:
744:Red Deer River
690:
687:
620:P. jiayinensis
561:"duck-billed"
452:
451:
450:
449:
428:
413:
412:
406:
405:
404:
403:
396:P. jiayinensis
389:
370:
348:
347:
346:Other species
343:
342:
339:
327:
326:
320:
319:
299:
295:
294:
286:
282:
281:
279:Lambeosaurinae
273:
269:
268:
260:
256:
255:
247:
240:
239:
237:Neornithischia
231:
224:
223:
215:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
139:
138:
130:
129:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8425:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8258:
8253:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8225:
8205:
8204:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8195:Edmontosaurus
8192:
8190:
8188:
8187:Edmontosaurus
8184:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8146:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8106:Syngonosaurus
8103:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8093:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8050:Koutalisaurus
8047:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8029:Eucercosaurus
8026:
8024:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8004:
8002:
8001:
8000:Arstanosaurus
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7934:
7932:
7931:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7916:Orcauichnites
7913:
7911:
7910:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7871:
7869:
7868:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7853:Amblydactylus
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7813:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7793:
7767:
7766:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7751:Kundurosaurus
7748:
7746:
7745:
7744:Kerberosaurus
7741:
7739:
7738:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7730:Edmontosaurus
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7673:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7642:
7641:
7640:Anasazisaurus
7637:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7620:Secernosaurus
7617:
7615:
7614:
7613:Kelumapusaura
7610:
7608:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7580:
7579:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7510:Saurolophinae
7507:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7460:Hypacrosaurus
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:Corythosaurus
7450:
7448:
7447:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7437:Lambeosaurini
7434:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7412:Charonosaurus
7409:
7407:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7385:Tsintaosaurus
7382:
7380:
7379:
7378:Pararhabdodon
7375:
7373:
7372:
7371:Nipponosaurus
7368:
7366:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7344:
7343:
7342:Jaxartosaurus
7339:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7323:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7315:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7294:
7293:Adynomosaurus
7290:
7289:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7259:
7257:
7256:
7255:Lapampasaurus
7252:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7220:Hadrosauridae
7216:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7201:Zhanghenglong
7198:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7173:Telmatosaurus
7170:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7117:Portellsaurus
7114:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6919:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6896:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6845:
6844:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6780:Jinzhousaurus
6777:
6775:
6774:
6773:Hypselospinus
6770:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6729:
6728:Theiophytalia
6725:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6658:Lanzhousaurus
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6569:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6527:Elrhazosaurus
6524:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6457:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6386:Tenontosaurus
6383:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:Convolosaurus
6368:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6333:Ampelognathus
6330:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6259:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6244:Mahuidacursor
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6137:Hypsilophodon
6134:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6102:
6101:
6100:Callovosaurus
6097:
6095:
6094:
6093:Burianosaurus
6090:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6054:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5880:
5878:
5873:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5855:
5854:United States
5845:
5843:
5833:
5831:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5723:
5722:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5647:(6): e98821.
5646:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5599:
5596:(in German).
5595:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5390:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5036:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:(in German).
4282:
4278:
4277:Abel, Othenio
4274:
4273:
4261:
4256:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4164:Longrich 2011
4160:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3889:Wilfarth 1947
3885:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3423:
3418:
3416:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3189:insectivorans
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3168:apex predator
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3096:Teratophoneus
3092:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:ornithomimids
3078:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:dromaeosaurid
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3000:
2986:
2984:
2983:Struthiomimus
2980:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:sp.; and the
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:tyrannosaurid
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:ankylosaurids
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:Hadrosauridae
2769:
2768:Hadrosaurinae
2765:
2764:
2763:Corythosaurus
2759:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:Struthiomimus
2743:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:Teratophoneus
2684:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:Pentaceratops
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:Corythosaurus
2555:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2547:Struthiomimus
2544:
2543:ornithomimids
2540:
2539:
2538:Styracosaurus
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:Edmontosaurus
2412:
2411:Corythosaurus
2408:
2399:
2394:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:Corythosaurus
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:physiological
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Corythosaurus
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Corythosaurus
2287:
2286:Hypacrosaurus
2283:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2258:Charonosaurus
2253:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:Hypacrosaurus
2117:
2116:Corythosaurus
2113:
2108:
2107:frontal bones
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2035:Cranial crest
2032:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:Corythosaurus
1991:
1987:
1986:Corythosaurus
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Robert Bakker
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:H. stebingeri
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:Corythosaurus
1703:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:Nipponosaurus
1607:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:Charonosaurus
1474:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:Jaxartosaurus
1404:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:Tsintaosaurus
1375:
1374:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1324:Hadrosaurinae
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:Hadrosauridae
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1247:Charonosaurus
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:Hypacrosaurus
1231:
1230:
1229:Corythosaurus
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:lambeosaurine
1213:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:neural spines
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1098:type specimen
1095:
1088:(right, blue)
1087:
1083:
1078:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:Charonosaurus
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
984:was named by
983:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
790:Maastrichtian
787:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
720:
716:
712:
708:
700:
695:
686:
684:
680:
679:
678:Charonosaurus
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
650:William Parks
647:
646:Charonosaurus
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
625:Charonosaurus
621:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569:and possibly
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
544:
460:
459:
446:
445:
444:lapsus calami
440:
436:
432:
429:
422:
421:
420:Charonosaurus
417:
416:
414:
411:
407:
398:
397:
390:
387:
383:
379:
378:
371:
368:
364:
360:
359:
352:
351:
349:
344:
337:
336:
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
307:
300:
297:
296:
293:
287:
284:
283:
280:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:Hadrosauridae
261:
258:
257:
254:
248:
245:
242:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
225:
222:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
126:
125:Maastrichtian
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
39:
33:
29:
26:
22:
8236:
8201:
8194:
8186:
8174:
8143:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8020:
8014:Claorhynchus
8012:
8005:
7998:
7990:Nomina dubia
7988:
7978:Guegoolithus
7976:
7956:
7949:
7944:Staurichnium
7942:
7937:Sousaichnium
7935:
7928:
7921:
7914:
7907:
7900:
7893:
7888:Dakotasaurus
7886:
7881:Caririchnium
7879:
7872:
7865:
7858:
7851:
7795:
7763:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:Saurolophini
7674:
7667:
7660:
7653:
7646:
7638:
7631:Kritosaurini
7618:
7611:
7606:Huallasaurus
7604:
7597:
7578:Wulagasaurus
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7521:
7493:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7467:Lambeosaurus
7465:
7458:
7451:
7444:
7424:
7418:
7417:
7410:
7403:
7383:
7376:
7369:
7362:
7354:
7347:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7319:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7291:
7269:Yamatosaurus
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7234:Aquilarhinus
7232:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7180:Tethyshadros
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7115:
7110:Plesiohadros
7108:
7101:
7094:
7087:
7082:Lophorhothon
7080:
7073:
7065:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6968:Batyrosaurus
6966:
6961:Bactrosaurus
6959:
6952:
6898:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6801:Ouranosaurus
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6766:Brighstoneus
6764:
6757:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6693:Osmakasaurus
6691:
6686:Oblitosaurus
6684:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6620:
6613:
6608:Camptosaurus
6606:
6599:
6592:
6585:
6555:
6549:Kangnasaurus
6547:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:Dryosauridae
6491:
6484:
6477:
6439:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6406:Matheronodon
6404:
6384:
6377:
6369:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6280:Sektensaurus
6278:
6273:Qantassaurus
6271:
6264:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6222:Kangnasaurus
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6186:Diluvicursor
6184:
6177:
6170:
6163:
6144:Vectidromeus
6142:
6135:
6127:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6009:Ornithischia
5994:Ornithischia
5946:
5937:
5933:Ornithischia
5928:
5919:
5811:
5778:
5765:
5755:the original
5739:. Retrieved
5735:the original
5728:
5693:
5689:
5644:
5640:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5610:
5606:
5597:
5593:
5552:
5548:
5525:
5498:
5494:
5479:the original
5442:
5439:Paleobiology
5438:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5397:
5373:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5337:the original
5332:
5328:
5312:
5297:the original
5292:
5288:
5279:
5260:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5221:
5213:the original
5206:
5187:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5132:
5128:
5108:
5104:
5085:
5057:
5053:
5034:
5025:
5021:
4993:
4989:
4980:
4958:
4954:Robert Scott
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4909:
4871:(1): 21–43.
4868:
4865:Paleobiology
4864:
4853:the original
4840:
4836:
4804:
4800:
4791:
4770:
4764:
4756:(43): 29–48.
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4551:
4548:Paleobiology
4547:
4528:
4519:
4506:. Retrieved
4502:the original
4497:
4469:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4421:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4357:
4338:
4318:
4284:
4280:
4255:
4243:
4236:Clinton 1996
4231:
4219:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4094:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4031:
4019:
3995:Wheeler 1978
3990:
3978:
3936:
3913:Colbert 1945
3908:
3896:
3884:
3872:
3807:. Retrieved
3797:
3785:
3773:
3766:Gilmore 1924
3761:
3749:
3702:
3695:
3665:(1): 51–60.
3662:
3658:
3645:
3612:
3558:
3437:Simpson 1979
3269:
3238:
3231:
3219:
3170:
3164:crocodilians
3137:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3114:ceratopsians
3107:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3056:
3055:
3028:
3021:
2982:
2974:Leidyosuchus
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2921:Ornithomimus
2920:
2918:ornithomimid
2911:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2847:hadrosaurids
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2811:saurischians
2803:crurotarsans
2790:
2788:
2779:
2776:Ceratopsidae
2761:
2757:Chasmosaurus
2755:
2745:
2739:
2736:Troodontidae
2731:Ornithomimus
2729:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2691:attacking a
2686:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2618:transgressed
2594:Dyoplosaurus
2592:
2586:
2580:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2532:Chasmosaurus
2530:
2526:Centrosaurus
2524:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2485:Paleoecology
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2382:Lambeosaurus
2381:
2377:
2373:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2328:to those of
2321:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:Lambeosaurus
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2228:
2214:
2211:
2187:Othenio Abel
2180:
2153:
2147:
2146:(above) and
2143:
2127:
2124:Lambeosaurus
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2099:Lambeosaurus
2098:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2070:James Hopson
2061:
2059:
2048:
2046:
2027:
2025:
2006:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1949:
1948:
1930:
1926:
1901:was a large
1898:
1896:
1885:
1877:Paleobiology
1770:
1769:
1753:
1752:
1724:
1723:
1707:
1706:
1669:
1668:
1652:
1651:
1611:
1610:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1494:
1493:
1478:
1477:
1437:
1436:
1408:
1407:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1349:
1322:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1245:
1241:Lambeosaurus
1239:
1233:
1227:
1224:hadrosaurine
1219:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1161:
1145:
1131:
1118:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1061:
1058:P. jiayensis
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
981:
979:
970:
965:
961:
959:
954:
950:
946:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
907:
875:
871:
859:
850:
832:
828:
820:
794:
777:
772:
763:in honor of
760:
728:
718:
714:
706:
704:
698:
676:
659:
658:
645:
642:Heilongjiang
623:
619:
614:
613:
608:
607:
604:type species
598:
597:
548:
457:
456:
455:
442:
430:
418:
394:
376:
375:
357:
356:
334:
333:
324:Type species
305:
304:
243:
227:
221:Ornithischia
211:
198:
142:
31:
25:
8261:Wikispecies
8203:Willinakaqe
8175:nomina nuda
8092:Siluosaurus
8057:Loncosaurus
7895:Dinehichnus
7737:Kamuysaurus
7710:Saurolophus
7662:Kritosaurus
7655:Gryposaurus
7488:Sahaliyania
7474:Magnapaulia
7446:Amurosaurus
7426:Tlatolophus
7405:Adelolophus
7349:Kazaklambia
7328:Blasisaurus
7321:Arenysaurus
7314:Aralosaurus
7248:Hadrosaurus
7241:Eotrachodon
7194:Yunganglong
7159:Sirindhorna
7131:Protohadros
7067:Koshisaurus
7060:Jintasaurus
6829:Comptonatus
6679:Napaisaurus
6665:Lurdusaurus
6637:Fukuisaurus
6615:Cedrorestes
6557:Valdosaurus
6420:Pareisactus
6251:Morrosaurus
6215:Isasicursor
6179:Chakisaurus
6075:Ornithopoda
6062:Ornithopoda
6021:Ornithopoda
5891:Ornithopoda
5263:(3): 1–68.
5250:(52): 1–37.
4508:November 9,
4387:(1): 1–16.
4024:Sandia 1997
3971:Ostrom 1962
3846:Norman 1985
3790:Bakker 1986
3605:Hopson 1975
3475:Ostrom 1961
3224:Martin 2014
3172:Deinosuchus
3152:salamanders
3059:shared its
2752:Ornithopoda
2708:ceratopsian
2665:Kritosaurus
2650:angiosperms
2603:floodplains
2566:Gorgosaurus
2553:Gryposaurus
2512:, from the
2505:environment
2427:Walt Disney
2425:and in the
2361:eye sockets
2312:55 and 720
2310:frequencies
2199:salt glands
2176:Ned Colbert
1907:quadrupedal
1439:Amurosaurus
1352:Aralosaurus
1220:Saurolophus
1211:Saurolophus
1174:nasal bones
1160:Closeup of
1072:Description
994:Kaiparowits
986:John Ostrom
864:postcranial
852:John Ostrom
845:monographic
664:hadrosaurid
573:during the
559:hadrosaurid
550:Saurolophus
340:Parks, 1922
272:Subfamily:
253:Ornithopoda
8337:Categories
8145:Arkharavia
8120:Tichosteus
8113:Thespesius
8085:Pteropelyx
8078:Orthomerus
7958:Wintonopus
7543:Acristavus
7523:Barsboldia
7481:Olorotitan
7356:Latirhinus
7208:Zuoyunlong
7075:Levnesovia
7025:Gobihadros
6990:Datonglong
6983:Claosaurus
6954:Altirhinus
6864:see below↓
6794:Morelladon
6672:Magnamanus
6644:Hippodraco
6513:Dryosaurus
6486:Hesperonyx
6461:Dryomorpha
6301:Trinisaura
6294:Tietasaura
6287:Talenkauen
6165:Anabisetia
6030:see below↓
5924:Dinosauria
5741:October 5,
5630:(5): 1–11.
5613:: 191–213.
5600:: 525–532.
5495:BioScience
5366:: 393–404.
5018:Lull, R.S.
4944:: 202–215.
4930:Stegoceras
4748:, Parks".
4454:(3): 38A.
4212:Eaton 2002
3877:Romer 1933
3865:Evans 2006
3422:Wiman 1931
3299:Parks 1922
3207:References
3185:marsupials
3072:troodontid
3046:Appalachia
3034:Cretaceous
2977:, and the
2925:troodontid
2868:P. tubicen
2815:pterosaurs
2791:P. tubicen
2678:New Mexico
2646:tree ferns
2638:understory
2582:Edmontonia
2499:P. walkeri
2478:P. walkeri
2455:P. walkeri
2448:P. walkeri
2398:P. walkeri
2341:P. walkeri
2337:P. tubicen
2330:crocodiles
2326:inner ears
2282:P. tubicen
2267:P. walkeri
2263:P. tubicen
2148:P. walkeri
2078:P. tubicen
2023:in shape.
1886:P. walkeri
1726:Olorotitan
1557:P. walkeri
1540:P. tubicen
1290:P. walkeri
1279:P. tubicen
1190:P. tubicen
1186:P. walkeri
1182:P. tubicen
1178:P. walkeri
1170:premaxilla
1162:P. walkeri
1146:P. walkeri
1119:P. walkeri
1107:P. tubicen
1102:P. walkeri
1086:P. walkeri
1022:P. tubicen
1014:P. tubicen
1010:P. tubicen
1006:P. walkeri
971:P. tubicen
962:P. tubicen
951:P. tubicen
947:P. walkeri
935:P. tubicen
931:P. walkeri
833:P. tubicen
821:P. tubicen
817:Carl Wiman
778:P. walkeri
761:P. walkeri
699:P. walkeri
634:New Mexico
609:P. tubicen
599:P. walkeri
358:P. tubicen
205:Dinosauria
21:Parasaurus
8127:Trachodon
8043:Glishades
8022:Diclonius
7860:Anomoepus
7844:Ichnotaxa
7557:Maiasaura
7495:Velafrons
7004:Equijubus
6976:Choyrodon
6836:Iguanodon
6700:Planicoxa
6630:Dakotadon
6601:Calvarius
6427:Rhabdodon
6413:Mochlodon
6156:Elasmaria
5907:Kingdom:
5830:Dinosaurs
5710:131302174
5534:cite book
5209:Dinosaur"
4576:198152630
4269:Citations
3941:Abel 1924
3829:Glut 1997
3809:March 31,
3722:985402380
3212:Footnotes
3166:like the
3068:theropods
3042:Laramidia
2979:theropods
2459:pathology
2191:cassowary
2183:ligaments
2164:proboscis
2021:trapezoid
2017:river bed
1138:vertebrae
1123:upper arm
1115:thighbone
1050:jiayensis
1000:species,
990:Fruitland
876:cristatus
795:In 1921,
748:Campanian
590:quadruped
582:herbivore
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
42:Campanian
8281:47459915
8246:Wikidata
8007:Cionodon
7676:Rhinorex
7564:Ornatops
7364:Minqaria
7335:Canardia
7262:Malefica
7187:Xuwulong
7152:Siamodon
7053:Jeyawati
7039:Gonkoken
6997:Eolambia
6821:Barilium
6622:Cumnoria
6587:Barilium
6493:Owenodon
6479:Draconyx
6441:Zalmoxes
6341:Fostoria
6193:Fostoria
5951:Cerapoda
5915:Chordata
5913:Phylum:
5909:Animalia
5681:24901454
5641:PLOS ONE
5475:89109302
5186:(1933).
5129:Postilla
4956:(1980).
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4730:24167777
4704:: e182.
4609:86070917
4419:(1945).
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2630:Conifers
2432:Fantasia
2357:auditory
2082:juvenile
1275:subadult
1038:PLoS ONE
815:, where
733:based on
592:. Three
563:dinosaur
410:Synonyms
259:Family:
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
8307:1019174
8294:4823227
8252:Q203583
7300:Ajnabia
6735:Uteodon
5816:Portals
5672:4047018
5649:Bibcode
5585:4160470
5557:Bibcode
5517:1313034
5467:2400478
5447:Bibcode
5423:1304144
5379:206–328
5196:1186563
5156:: 5–32.
5135:: 1–29.
5117:1301139
5062:Bibcode
5054:Lethaia
4998:Bibcode
4893:2400327
4873:Bibcode
4837:Lethaia
4809:Bibcode
4721:3807589
4667:Bibcode
4634:Bibcode
4556:Bibcode
4522:: 1–66.
4475:312–348
4389:Bibcode
4309:1133858
4289:Bibcode
4077:8053592
3679:4524171
3177:mammals
3160:lizards
3156:turtles
2981: ?
2819:turtles
2778:. When
2698:In the
2622:climate
2578:armored
2490:Alberta
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2160:snorkel
2150:(below)
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2009:maxilla
1915:chewing
1903:bipedal
1740:unnamed
1694:unnamed
1639:unnamed
1627:unnamed
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2607:swampy
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1937:Growth
1911:plants
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1127:pelvic
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937:, and
872:curtus
870:words
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713:words
668:family
662:was a
636:, and
588:and a
578:period
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8320:38766
8302:IRMNG
7011:Fylax
6541:Iyuku
5947:Clade
5938:Clade
5929:Clade
5920:Clade
5706:S2CID
5581:S2CID
5513:JSTOR
5482:(PDF)
5471:S2CID
5463:JSTOR
5435:(PDF)
5419:JSTOR
5356:(PDF)
5340:(PDF)
5325:(PDF)
5300:(PDF)
5285:(PDF)
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4856:(PDF)
4833:(PDF)
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3093:like
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2172:lungs
1919:cheek
1267:basal
1256:clade
1222:is a
1152:Skull
945:, is
868:Latin
837:NMMNH
827:word
825:Latin
711:Greek
673:skull
654:skull
602:(the
586:biped
555:genus
363:Wiman
312:Parks
244:Clade
228:Clade
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8289:GBIF
6707:Proa
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5383:ISBN
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5192:OCLC
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4362:ISBN
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886:and
856:FMNH
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638:Utah
571:Asia
439:2014
386:1961
367:1931
316:1922
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8276:EoL
5698:doi
5667:PMC
5657:doi
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4881:doi
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