2693:
1738:
141:
2828:: Alberi, Baganzola, Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestano, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Colorno, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato, Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa,
101:
110:
3390:
2393:
234:
201:
2776:
2761:
130:
81:
1281:
2376:
535:
4385:
121:
2274:
172:
3442:
4092:
2791:
1722:
1746:
1140:
3179:
2805:
3377:
915:
3403:
2325:
2308:
2291:
2223:
2342:
2257:
2240:
162:
4058:
3477:
928:
3429:
2359:
3416:
3364:
3463:
3491:
2907:
4075:
90:
764:
1176:
241:
208:
748:, the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe; several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims who passed by Parma and Fidenza, following the Apennines via Collecchio, Berceto and the Corchia ranges before descending the Passo della Cisa into Tuscany, heading finally south toward Rome.
1120:. In 1731, the fifteen-year-old Don Carlos became Charles I Duke of Parma and Piacenza, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, Charles I conquered the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, leaving the Duchy of Parma to his brother
1088:
was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after the defeat of
Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the
2408:
On 1 January 2016 there were 192,836 resident citizens in Parma, of whom 47.64% were male and 52.36% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and younger) totalled 16.46% of the population compared to pensioners who numbered 22.64%. This compares with the
Italian average of 17.45% and 22.04%
683:
reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the
Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment acquired its name from its round shape, like a shield, or from its metaphorical function as a shield against the Gauls to the north, remains uncertain.
1895:: church built in 1275 over a pre-existing religious building. Interiors were largely renovated in 1506, 1603 and finally 1701. The Baroque bell tower was built in 1616 and the bells were completed in 1753. Adjacent is a former monastery (1493–1495) of the Regular Canons of the Lateran.
2413:
as a whole grew by 6.45%. In the same period foreign born residents in Parma experienced +385.02% growth, while in Italy growth was of +274.75%. The current birth rate of Parma is 8.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the
Italian average of 8.01
1071:
enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. There was also an important Jesuit college in Parma: it was the largest owned by the order in the entire region of Emilia-Romagna and it acquired a strong reputation in the scientific field, given that
Fathers
1312:
were destroyed by Allied bombs; some 21,000 volumes of the library's collection were lost. Several other monuments were also damaged: Palazzo del
Giardino, Steccata and San Giovanni churches, Palazzo Ducale, Paganini theater and the monument to
639:. The "terramare" (marl earth) were ancient villages built of wood on piles according to a defined scheme and squared form; constructed on dry land and generally in proximity to the rivers. During this age (between 1500 BC and 800 BC) the first
607:(born in a hamlet in the countryside) wrote: "As a capital city it had to have a river. As a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry", with reference to the time when the city was capital of the independent
3683:- "The Palatine Library is as well home to the largest Italian collection of Hebrew manuscripts, and the second largest in the world after the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The documents were a gift of Maria Luigia Duchess."
3671:- "Italy has one of the oldest European Diaspora communities and a Jewish presence has been documented in Rome for more than 2,200 years. However, Jews only arrived in the Emilia-Romagna region during the 13th century."
3923:
150:
From top left: Monument to
Victory, Palazzo del Governatore, Parma Cathedral, Palazzo della Pilotta with Monumento al Partigiano, Palazzo del Giardino in Parco Ducale, Baptistery of Parma, aerial view from the
3656:
Atila the Hun put Parma to the torch in 452, as did Totila the
Ostrogoth in the mid-500s. It was rebuilt a number of times as a Lombard capital, the site of a Byzantine treasury, and, from the ninth century, a
902:. Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and
1224:, the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On 15 September 1859 the dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered the newly formed province of Emilia under
3696:(Parma, 1950) doc. no. 194; the genesis of the Parmesan commune is studied by R. Schumann, "Authority and the commune: Parma, 833–1033", (Parma: Deputazione di storia patria, series 2.2, VIII) 1973.
1334:
In Parma, the average annual high temperature is 17 °C (63 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 777 millimetres (30.59 inches).
536:
2832:, San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Terenzo, Tizzano Val Parma, Traversetolo, Trecasali, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero, Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante.
578:
and surrounding countryside. With a population of 198,292 inhabitants, Parma is the second most populous city in Emilia-Romagna after
Bologna, the region's capital. The city is home to the
1317:. However, Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated from the German occupation (1943–1945) on 26 April 1945 by the partisan resistance and the
1946:
1143:
The city of Parma, divided by the river of the same name, with the imposing
Romanesque Cathedral of the Ascension of the Virgin prominent on the right bank. 16th century.
1239:
The loss of the capital role provoked an economic and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the railway connection with
2829:
1855:
church served as jail from Napoleonic era until 1990s, during which the 16 windows in the façade were opened. The Oratory of the Concezione houses frescoes by
1159:(Palatine Library), the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and the Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by
1155:. He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the
853:. Then, after a long stance alongside the emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248. The city was besieged in 1247–48 by Emperor
2968:
1884:
3924:"Parma Baseball - LE MODALITA' DI ACCESSO E I PREZZI DEI BIGLIETTI PER GARA TRE E L'EVENTUALE GARA QUATTRO. SI GIOCA MARTEDI' E MERCOLEDI' ALLE 20.30"
3757:
3166:
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1880:
3010:
894:, building towers and castles throughout the city and the land. These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed the higher
4019:
3905:
2760:
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1805:
269:
1300:
resistance. The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the
1202:
4729:
4129:
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755:
houses the largest collection of Hebrew manuscripts in Italy, and the second-largest in the world after the Bodleian Library in Oxford.
699:
and the Via Claudia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In April 43 BC the city was destroyed. Subsequently
3514:
4416:
3731:
1040:
held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the
3986:
1813:
3991:
1899:
1795:: Abbey church originally constructed in the 10th century behind the Cathedral's apse, rebuilt in 1498 and 1510. It has a late
233:
898:'s valley from 1257 to 1682. The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in
822:
in 1183 confirmed the Italian communes' rights of self-governance, long-standing quarrels with the neighbouring communes of
3981:
2775:
3559:
1875:, had a nave and two aisles with a semicircular apse. Rebuilt in 1415 and again in 1635–1666. The frescoes in the nave by
4046:
3906:"Stadium Of Baseball Nino Cavalli — Punto dinteresse in Parma, Via Teresa Confalonieri Casati, 22, 43125 Parma PR, Italy"
2133:; important works and documents concerning the Duchy of Parma in the 18th and 19th centuries are also kept by the Museum.
1318:
1982:, with interesting decorations dating from the 16th centuries and attributed to Gianfrancesco d'Agrate, and a fresco by
200:
1337:
The following data comes from the weather station located at the university in the city center. It is affected by the
1197:
3715:
3642:
2076:
1259:
were strong in the city, in which a notable General Strike was declared from 1 May to 6 June 1908. The struggle with
1060:
1019:
778:
rule, Parma became the capital of a county in 774. Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the
2409:
respectively. In the fourteen years between 2002 and 2016, the population of Parma experienced 17.72% growth, while
1737:
1000:
957:
3565:
3052:
2943:
2615:
2143:
2034:
1907:
1809:(1520–1522) by Correggio which heralded illusionistic perspective ceilings. Cloisters and library are also notable.
1148:
1084:, all members of the order, taught there. The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612
854:
3996:
1350:
972:
4122:
2720:
2043:(also known as Roman Bridge or Theoderic's Bridge): Ruins of Ancient Roman stone bridge dating from the reign of
1791:
470:
4001:
3290:
Parma has a thriving economy, and the food sector is very developed. Some of the players in this sector include
3299:
3046:
2735:
2122:
1998:
1847:
1217:
953:
1365:
have far milder climates with cooler summers and milder winters, with the mountains separating Parma from the
4409:
979:
452:
1954:
1911:(1604–1619): church characterized by an unusual hexagonal plan. The cupola is decorated with frescoes by
608:
4115:
986:
752:
4384:
2790:
1978:. Built on the former Sforza castle area, it was enlarged in the 17th–18th centuries. It includes the
786:, but locally ruled by its bishops, the first being Guibodus. In the subsequent struggles between the
171:
3504:
3314:
3221:
2895:
1990:
1975:
1358:
1346:
554:
4064:
3668:
4402:
4107:
3592:
3257:
3064:
2017:
1094:
938:
722:
3970:
968:
140:
4425:
3680:
3279:
3233:
3229:
2937:
2754:, and a medium-large food tourism sector, represented by Parma Golosa and Food Valley companies.
2739:
2072:
1872:
1821:
1768:
942:
838:
1369:
acting as a barrier to the sea air. The city receives approximately 45 cm of snow each winter.
4369:
4249:
2080:
2051:
949:
20:
3879:
1986:. Annexed is the Ducal Park also by Vignola. It was turned into a French-style garden in 1749.
1288:
in Piazza della Pace. The rebuilt part on the right is where once was the church of St. Peter.
740:, "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the imperial treasury) and, from 569, of the
4598:
4269:
4164:
3482:
3321:
3310:
2087:
1941:
1927:
1912:
1301:
1285:
1121:
431:
2804:
1192:
882:
in 1341. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404–1409), the
790:
and the Empire, Parma was usually a member of the Imperial party. Two of its bishops became
4314:
4179:
3446:
3271:
3206:
3194:
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2891:
2846:
1876:
1856:
1776:
1750:
1117:
903:
865:
850:
799:
795:
733:
643:(on the sites of the present-day Piazza Duomo and Piazzale della Macina) were constructed.
441:
109:
100:
4011:
3338:, Parma's airport, offers commercial flights to cities in a number of European countries.
2700:
Parma is famous for its food and rich gastronomical tradition: two of its specialties are
1923:: late Baroque style church rebuilt in 1754 and dedicated to one of Parma's patron saints.
1304:, situated not far (half a mile) from the train station, was destroyed. Along with it the
1032:
Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The
8:
4309:
4289:
4259:
3509:
3295:
3267:
3028:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2949:
2060:
1950:
1891:
1852:
1835:
1783:
1309:
1297:
1267:
attempted to enter the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. The citizens organized into the
1160:
1156:
1152:
1085:
1068:
767:
579:
3735:
3118:
2100:
2992:
2974:
2918:
2855:
2648:
2130:
1867:
1772:
1225:
819:
604:
600:
483:
323:
695:); 2,000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the
582:, one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the
161:
4344:
4184:
4148:
4026:
3941:
3711:
3638:
3291:
3252:
3243:
3198:
3186:
3040:
2980:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2747:
1860:
1840:
1366:
1338:
1269:
1164:
1113:
1109:
1073:
1033:
779:
636:
620:
328:
129:
80:
3527:
4683:
4294:
3136:
3070:
3022:
2112:
2056:
1919:
1829:
1233:
1221:
1067:, last male of the Farnese line, died. In 1594 a constitution was promulgated, the
1048:
993:
803:
730:
680:
542:
529:
311:
46:
3779:
1803:. The cupola is frescoed with an influential masterpiece of the Renaissance: the
1280:
1077:
590:. Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called
4658:
4334:
4319:
4264:
4239:
3632:
3615:
3368:
3263:
3112:
3106:
3082:
3076:
2986:
2962:
2924:
1971:
1800:
1763:
1730:
1248:
1209:
1184:
1064:
875:
858:
744:
Kingdom of Italy. During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the
487:
4394:
3182:
Parma F.C. fans at the Stadio Ennio Tardini, one of the oldest stadiums in Italy
1833:: (11th century): former Benedictine convent houses Correggio's frescoes in the
1151:(1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister
1100:
In the Treaty of London (1718) it was promulgated that the heir to the combined
4739:
4138:
3433:
3239:
3148:
3094:
3058:
3034:
2873:
2624:
2118:
2092:
2067:
1958:
1314:
1305:
1101:
1081:
745:
664:
592:
567:
559:
363:
316:
120:
4723:
4663:
4603:
3496:
3441:
3335:
3154:
3124:
2899:
2879:
2710:
2121:. It exhibits a prestigious collection of art and historical items regarding
1636:
1052:
823:
583:
284:
271:
3224:, one of the top rugby competitions in the world. Parma also is home to two
830:
became harsher, with the aim of controlling the vital trading line over the
4359:
4304:
4229:
3570:
3468:
3394:
3247:
3130:
2931:
2664:
2014:("Old Hospital"), created in 1250 and later renovated in Renaissance times.
1983:
1962:
1787:: construction began in 1196 by Antelami, stands adjacent to the cathedral.
1745:
1721:
1342:
1293:
1213:
1129:
1041:
895:
787:
704:
688:
563:
3853:
3822:
3534:
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3353:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3178:
3160:
3100:
2676:
2660:
2380:
2375:
2278:
2273:
2105:
1264:
1256:
1216:'s upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847, after
1205:, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished in 1926).
887:
783:
696:
2971:, dancer at Crazy Horse de Paris, choreographer and TV talent show judge
1361:
due to the city's inland position. Relatively nearby coastal areas like
1059:
from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy to his illegitimate son,
4364:
4244:
4199:
4081:
3329:
3202:
3142:
2715:
1277:. This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy.
1274:
1229:
667:
borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and the names
640:
632:
571:
491:
3706:
Gatto, Romano (2019). "Jesuit mathematics". In Ines G. Županov (ed.).
1124:. All the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma,
914:
844:
4324:
4279:
4234:
4214:
4194:
4098:
3381:
2095:. It has a Neo-Classical façade and a porch with double window order.
1796:
1726:
1263:
had its most dramatic moment in August 1922, when the regime officer
891:
652:
422:
4137:
3535:"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"
1139:
927:
886:
imposed their rule (1440–1449) through their associated families of
4643:
4578:
4507:
4254:
4209:
4159:
3376:
3275:
2825:
2751:
2702:
2126:
2044:
1240:
1105:
1056:
831:
807:
791:
741:
700:
575:
338:
4593:
3278:
located in Parma. It is the home stadium of Parma Baseball of the
2824:
The comune (municipality) of Parma is subdivided into a number of
4708:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4653:
4638:
4633:
4608:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4471:
4354:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4224:
4204:
4189:
4174:
4169:
3793:
3637:. Westport, Connecticur: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 93.
3428:
3402:
3190:
2850:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2346:
2341:
2329:
2324:
2312:
2307:
2295:
2290:
2261:
2256:
2244:
2239:
2227:
2222:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1125:
1090:
899:
890:, Rossi, Sanvitale and Da Correggio. These created a kind of new
870:
827:
718:
412:
2906:
2723:
status. Parma also claims several stuffed pasta dishes, such as
2033:, a large fortress erected in the 16th century by order of Duke
4698:
4668:
4623:
4613:
4588:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4532:
4527:
4461:
4274:
4219:
4143:
3415:
3407:
3363:
2743:
2706:
2628:
1945:(1583): it houses the Academy of Fine Arts with artists of the
1188:
1133:
1037:
883:
815:
775:
726:
714:
692:
448:
427:
59:
3634:
The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture
4703:
4693:
4648:
4618:
4517:
4476:
4466:
4445:
4374:
4040:
4006:
3420:
3389:
2652:
2623:
As of 1 January 2016, 84.09% of the population was
2410:
2397:
2392:
2363:
2358:
1362:
1175:
879:
763:
511:
304:
89:
4025:
2746:
City of Gastronomy. Parma also has two food multinationals,
19:
This article is about the Italian city. For other uses, see
4492:
4440:
3760:. Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia
3325:
1208:
After the restoration of the Duchy of Parma by the 1814–15
3324:
has been in operation since 1953. It replaced an earlier
3298:, in the pharma industry, is headquartered in Parma. The
2876:(Giacomo Zanguidi or Jacopo Zanguidi or Bertoja), painter
3823:"Popolazione residente - Bilancio demografico Anno 2015"
2091:("Royal Theatre"): city operah house built 1821–1829 by
4036:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 850–851.
3997:
Video Introduction to Parma and the Parmigiano Reggiano
1957:, the Archaeological Museum, the Bodoni Museum and the
1733:(1604), with sculpture by Giambattista Carra da Bissone
3854:"Cittadini stranieri - Bilancio demografico Anno 2015"
1195:. Under its French name, Parme, it was also created a
2627:. The largest foreign group came from other parts of
1729:
façade of the church of San Giovanni Evangelista, by
3458:
3260:
is the ground of rugby and American football teams.
2002:("Governor's Palace"), dating from the 13th century.
1232:
of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified
1063:, whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when
806:
was created around 1140; a treaty between Parma and
691:
colony was founded in 183 BC, together with Mutina (
651:
The city was most probably founded and named by the
3848:
3846:
3844:
3817:
3815:
2983:, typographers and typefounders, Bodoni's opponents
906:belonged to the Rossi well into the 19th century.
4424:
1273:("The people's daring ones") and pushed back the
4721:
3841:
3812:
3710:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 646.
2207:Largest resident foreign-born groups (1/1/2016)
586:. The district on the west side of the river is
3880:"Bilancio demografico intercensuario Anno 2002"
3872:
3209:, which opened in 1923 and seats up to 23,000.
3694:Le Carte degli archivi parmensi del secolo XII
3554:
3552:
874:of Parma. In 1331, the city submitted to King
751:The city had a medieval Jewish community. The
717:sacked the city in 452, and the Germanic king
558:) is a city in the northern Italian region of
4410:
4123:
3348:List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy
3341:
3285:
1093:was turned into a luxurious summer palace by
842:
721:later gifted it to his followers. During the
635:. In the current position of the city rose a
336:
57:
38:
2734:In 2004 Parma was appointed the seat of the
3549:
3515:History of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza#
1147:Parma was under French influence after the
956:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4417:
4403:
4130:
4116:
4007:The European Food Safety Authority Website
3987:Parma's view from satellite (Google Earth)
3537:. Italian National Institute of Statistics
2696:Caffè Teatro Regio in front of the theatre
2075:, totally in wood. It was commissioned by
2023:
1771:church houses a 12th-century sculpture by
3982:Live-streaming webcam on Garibaldi Square
2840:
1775:and a 16th-century fresco masterpiece by
1203:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance
1020:Learn how and when to remove this message
841:was a feature of Parma too. In 1213, her
631:Parma was already a built-up area in the
3630:
3177:
3121:, composer and musician, buried in Parma
2905:
2691:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1279:
1174:
1138:
913:
762:
4735:Municipalities of the Province of Parma
3910:parma-emilia-romagna.catalogo-online.it
1814:Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata
794:: Càdalo, founder of the cathedral, as
711:for its loyalty to the imperial house.
378:260.77 km (100.68 sq mi)
4722:
3780:"Monastero di San Giovanni, la chiesa"
3631:Domenico, Roy Palmer (2002). "Parma".
3328:network, and presently comprises four
2910:Detail of Correggio's frescoes in the
2431:
1756:
1167:as skilled and inspired punchcutters.
810:of 1149 is the earliest document of a
729:destroyed it. It was then part of the
553:
4398:
4111:
3705:
2736:European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
1741:Façade of the church of San Francesco
528:
4047:
3971:Bibliography of the history of Parma
3750:
3593:"Archaeology in Emilia Romagna page"
3270:are other sports teams in the city.
3228:teams in the top national division,
2930:Francesco Mazzola, best known as Il
1961:. It was partially destroyed during
1934:
1799:façade and a bell tower designed by
954:adding citations to reliable sources
921:
2687:
1376:Climate data for Parma (1991–2020)
1170:
1122:Philip (Filippo I di Borbone-Parma)
220:Location of Parma in Emilia-Romagna
13:
4730:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna
4012:Photo Gallery by Leonardo Bellotti
3708:The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits
3246:team which provided the basis for
2426:
1187:(1802–1814), Parma was annexed to
878:. Parma fell under the control of
14:
4751:
3975:
3617:The Letters of Cicero: B.C. 44-43
3560:"Popolazione residente Anno 2016"
3336:Aeroporto Internazionale di Parma
2835:
1806:Vision of St. John the Evangelist
1220:'s death, it passed again to the
1036:was fought in its territory. The
679:appear in Etruscan inscriptions.
4383:
4090:
4073:
4056:
3489:
3475:
3461:
3440:
3427:
3414:
3401:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3212:Parma's other sport team is the
3205:in 2015. It plays in the city's
3053:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
2944:Giovanni Maria Francesco Rondani
2803:
2789:
2774:
2759:
2391:
2374:
2357:
2340:
2323:
2306:
2289:
2272:
2255:
2238:
2221:
1994:municipal offices, built in 1627
926:
239:
232:
206:
199:
170:
160:
139:
128:
119:
108:
99:
88:
79:
3964:
3934:
3916:
3898:
3786:
3772:
3734:. Pitoresco.com. Archived from
3724:
3699:
2721:Protected designation of origin
2137:
1296:, Parma was a strong centre of
619:For a chronological guide, see
28:Comune in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
4020:Parma on The Campanile Project
3686:
3674:
3662:
3624:
3608:
3599:
3585:
3300:European Food Safety Authority
3294:, which is based in the city.
2115:, where the musician was born.
1716:
1218:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
758:
1:
3520:
2071:: theater built 1618–1619 by
1709:Source: Arpae Emilia-Romagna
1319:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
909:
857:, who was however crushed in
626:
348:
240:
207:
16:City in Emilia-Romagna, Italy
4002:Video Brief History of Parma
3992:360° photos of City of Parma
3798:briar press official website
3569:(in Italian). Archived from
3305:
1900:Santa Caterina d'Alessandria
1324:
1198:duché grand-fief de l'Empire
646:
7:
3732:"Mapa da рrea de operaушes"
3669:Italy's poetic Parma region
3454:
2894:(Antonio Allegri), born in
2817:
2769:cheese, the true "Parmesan"
1970:, built from 1561 for Duke
1749:Opera house programme near
1565:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1425:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10:
4756:
3968:
3345:
3342:Twin towns – sister cities
3286:Economy and infrastructure
2719:("Parma ham"), both given
2682:
1980:Palazzo Eucherio Sanvitale
1839:(1519–1520), and works by
1708:
1375:
1329:
618:
614:
256:Show map of Emilia-Romagna
18:
4541:
4485:
4454:
4433:
4381:
4155:
3620:. G. Bell and Sons. 1900.
3505:European College of Parma
3061:(1857–1933), opera singer
3037:, actor, singer and model
2956:
2738:and was appointed to the
2613:
2444:—
2037:, close to the old walls.
1976:Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola
1908:Santa Maria del Quartiere
1871:: 12th-century church in
1634:
1564:
1494:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1347:humid subtropical climate
918:Parma in the 15th century
707:, it gained the title of
505:
497:
479:
469:
459:
438:
421:
411:
407:760/km (2,000/sq mi)
403:
395:
390:
382:
374:
369:
359:
354:
335:
322:
310:
300:
265:
193:
184:
156:
73:
68:
55:
33:
3758:"Tabelle climatologiche"
3302:is also based in Parma.
3258:Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi
3189:, founded in 2015, is a
3173:
3065:Francesco Gabriele Frola
2858:, architect and sculptor
2018:Palazzo Tarasconi, Parma
1792:San Giovanni Evangelista
1341:phenomenon. Parma has a
1191:and made capital of the
802:. An almost independent
663:(circular shield) was a
37:
4033:Encyclopædia Britannica
3322:Parma trolleybus system
3280:Italian Baseball League
2977:, composer and musician
2938:Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli
2740:Creative Cities Network
2073:Giovan Battista Aleotti
2024:Other sites of interest
1999:Palazzo del Governatore
1848:San Francesco del Prato
839:Guelphs and Ghibellines
703:rebuilt it. During the
584:stream of the same name
546:
484:Sant'Ilario di Poitiers
386:55 m (180 ft)
285:44.801472°N 10.328000°E
39:
3605:XXII, 2,2; XXVIII, 2,1
3183:
2914:
2841:Painters and sculptors
2697:
2647:: 6.45%), followed by
2161:18 years old and under
2129:and her first husband
2052:Orto Botanico di Parma
1903:: 14th-century church.
1887:) date to this period.
1753:
1742:
1734:
1359:continental influences
1289:
1180:
1144:
919:
843:
771:
736:(changing its name to
337:
253:Parma (Emilia-Romagna)
58:
21:Parma (disambiguation)
4270:Neviano degli Arduini
3483:European Union portal
3315:Milan–Bologna railway
3311:Parma railway station
3181:
2909:
2695:
2418:Historical population
2172:65 years old and over
1942:Palazzo della Pilotta
1913:Pier Antonio Bernabei
1748:
1740:
1724:
1302:Palazzo della Pilotta
1286:Palazzo della Pilotta
1283:
1178:
1142:
1055:, detached Parma and
917:
837:The struggle between
766:
440: • Summer (
4315:San Secondo Parmense
3928:www.parmabaseball.it
3272:Nino Cavalli Stadium
3230:Overmach Rugby Parma
3207:Stadio Ennio Tardini
3145:(Bello FiGo), singer
3089:Giovannino Guareschi
3055:, military commander
2892:Antonio da Correggio
2847:Michelangelo Anselmi
1968:Palazzo del Giardino
1877:Giovanni Maria Conti
1857:Michelangelo Anselmi
1822:Sant'Uldarico, Parma
1777:Antonio da Correggio
950:improve this section
851:Rambertino Buvalelli
734:Exarchate of Ravenna
417:Parmesan, Parmigiano
404: • Density
290:44.801472; 10.328000
4370:Varano de' Melegari
4310:Salsomaggiore Terme
4290:Pellegrino Parmense
4260:Monchio delle Corti
4250:Lesignano de' Bagni
3948:(in Italian). Parma
3510:University of Parma
3296:Chiesi Farmaceutici
3029:Cleofonte Campanini
3017:Giambattista Bodoni
3005:Giuseppe Bertolucci
2999:Bernardo Bertolucci
2950:Bartolomeo Schedoni
2912:Camera di San Paolo
2782:Prosciutto di Parma
2767:Parmigiano Reggiano
2716:Prosciutto di Parma
2703:Parmigiano Reggiano
2419:
2208:
2194:Births/1,000 people
2147:
2081:Cosimo I de' Medici
2061:University of Parma
1836:Camera di San Paolo
1757:Religious buildings
1495:Daily mean °C (°F)
1310:Biblioteca Palatina
1161:Giambattista Bodoni
1157:Biblioteca Palatina
1153:Guillaume du Tillot
1086:Barbara Sanseverino
768:Baptistery of Parma
580:University of Parma
281: /
3573:on 6 February 2017
3220:which competes in
3197:club. It replaced
3184:
2993:Attilio Bertolucci
2975:Giovanni Amighetti
2919:Francesco Marmitta
2915:
2856:Benedetto Antelami
2849:, painter born in
2797:Tortelli d'erbetta
2725:tortelli d'erbetta
2709:(also produced in
2698:
2649:Sub-Saharan Africa
2417:
2206:
2183:Foreign Population
2142:
2131:Napoleon Bonaparte
2059:maintained by the
2035:Alessandro Farnese
1991:Palazzo del Comune
1773:Benedetto Antelami
1754:
1743:
1735:
1290:
1247:of 1859, and with
1226:Luigi Carlo Farini
1181:
1145:
1112:'s elder son with
1095:Ferdinando Bibiena
1061:Pier Luigi Farnese
920:
820:Peace of Constance
798:; and Guibert, as
772:
605:Attilio Bertolucci
396: • Total
375: • Total
360: • Mayor
4717:
4716:
4392:
4391:
4345:Tizzano Val Parma
4185:Borgo Val di Taro
4149:Province of Parma
3253:Playing for Pizza
3244:American football
3193:(first division)
3187:Parma Calcio 1913
3041:Elizabeth Farnese
2981:Amoretti Brothers
2886:Giulio Carmignani
2868:Sisto Badalocchio
2862:Alessandro Araldi
2675:: 1.46%) and the
2621:
2620:
2406:
2405:
2204:
2203:
2079:for the visit of
1935:Secular buildings
1861:Francesco Rondani
1851:: (13th century)
1841:Alessandro Araldi
1713:
1712:
1367:Mediterranean Sea
1339:urban heat island
1270:Arditi del Popolo
1165:Amoretti Brothers
1114:Philip V of Spain
1110:Elisabeth Farnese
1074:Giuseppe Biancani
1047:In that year the
1034:Battle of Fornovo
1030:
1029:
1022:
1004:
866:Rolando de' Rossi
780:Holy Roman Empire
621:Timeline of Parma
555:[ˈpɛːʁmɐ]
519:
518:
471:Dialing code
223:Show map of Italy
187:Location of Parma
4747:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4295:Polesine Zibello
4132:
4125:
4118:
4109:
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3784:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3738:on 10 April 2008
3728:
3722:
3721:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3678:
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3659:
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3419:
3418:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3276:baseball stadium
3151:, opera composer
3137:Arturo Toscanini
3119:Niccolò Paganini
3071:Vittorio Gallese
3043:, Queen of Spain
3023:Vittorio Bottego
2969:Deborah Lettieri
2811:Anolini in brodo
2807:
2793:
2778:
2763:
2729:anolini in brodo
2688:Food and cuisine
2433:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2396:
2395:
2379:
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2276:
2260:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2225:
2212:Country of birth
2209:
2205:
2148:
2141:
2113:Arturo Toscanini
2111:Museum House of
2101:Niccolò Paganini
2057:botanical garden
2012:Ospedale Vecchio
1955:National Gallery
1951:Palatine Library
1885:Antonio Lombardi
1873:Romanesque style
1830:San Paolo, Parma
1373:
1372:
1308:and part of the
1234:Kingdom of Italy
1222:House of Bourbon
1171:Contemporary age
1025:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1003:
962:
930:
922:
848:
753:Palatine Library
681:Diodorus Siculus
557:
552:
540:
539:
538:
532:
530:[ˈpaɾma]
527:
515:
514:
512:Official website
445:
342:
296:
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293:
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286:
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30:
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4744:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4659:Reggio Calabria
4537:
4481:
4450:
4429:
4426:Cities in Italy
4423:
4393:
4388:
4379:
4335:Sorbolo Mezzani
4320:Sissa Trecasali
4265:Montechiarugolo
4240:Fornovo di Taro
4151:
4136:
4106:
4102:from Wikivoyage
4096:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4068:from Wiktionary
4062:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:sister projects
4045:at Knowledge's
4024:
4014:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3946:comune.parma.it
3940:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3884:GeoDemo - Istat
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3858:GeoDemo - Istat
3852:
3851:
3842:
3832:
3830:
3827:GeoDemo - Istat
3821:
3820:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3794:"Bodoni Museum"
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
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3495:
3490:
3488:
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3476:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3449:, United States
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3369:Bourg-en-Bresse
3361:
3350:
3344:
3308:
3288:
3264:Pallavolo Parma
3176:
3167:Alvaro Valiente
3113:Ferdinando Paer
3107:Antonio Brianti
3083:Fiorello Giraud
3079:, racing driver
3077:Pietro Gandolfi
3067:, ballet dancer
3049:, duke of Parma
3047:Odoardo Farnese
2989:, racing driver
2987:Andrea Belicchi
2963:Vittorio Adorni
2959:
2925:Filippo Mazzola
2843:
2838:
2822:
2813:
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2799:
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2764:
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2288:
2271:
2254:
2237:
2220:
2146:1 January 2016
2140:
2077:Duke Ranuccio I
2026:
2006:Bishop's Palace
1974:on a design by
1972:Ottavio Farnese
1959:Farnese Theatre
1947:School of Parma
1937:
1801:Simone Moschino
1764:Parma Cathedral
1759:
1731:Simone Moschino
1719:
1714:
1703:
1698:
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1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1332:
1327:
1210:Vienna Congress
1193:Taro Department
1185:Napoleonic Wars
1173:
1163:, aided by the
1149:Peace of Aachen
1089:Sanseverino in
1065:Antonio Farnese
1026:
1015:
1009:
1006:
963:
961:
947:
931:
912:
876:John of Bohemia
849:was the Guelph
826:, Piacenza and
761:
649:
629:
624:
617:
550:
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509:
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95:
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85:
84:
69:Comune di Parma
64:
51:
44:
36:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4139:Emilia-Romagna
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3976:External links
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3915:
3897:
3871:
3840:
3811:
3785:
3771:
3749:
3723:
3716:
3698:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3643:
3623:
3607:
3598:
3584:
3548:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3486:
3472:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3437:
3424:
3411:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3358:
3343:
3340:
3307:
3304:
3287:
3284:
3268:Parma Baseball
3240:Parma Panthers
3234:SKG Gran Rugby
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3149:Giuseppe Verdi
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3095:Adriano Malori
3092:
3086:
3085:, opera singer
3080:
3074:
3073:, physiologist
3068:
3062:
3059:Adalgisa Gabbi
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3035:Francesco Cura
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2904:
2903:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2874:Jacopo Bertoia
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:Notable people
2834:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
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2800:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2780:
2773:
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2336:
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2301:
2298:
2285:
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2264:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2234:
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2213:
2202:
2201:
2198:
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2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2119:Museo Lombardi
2116:
2109:
2104:, designed by
2096:
2093:Nicola Bettoli
2084:
2068:Teatro Farnese
2064:
2048:
2038:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1965:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:Santa Cristina
1924:
1916:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1881:Francesco Reti
1864:
1844:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1788:
1780:
1758:
1755:
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1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1345:, four-season
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1306:Teatro Farnese
1172:
1169:
1132:were moved to
1102:Duchy of Parma
1082:Mario Bettinus
1028:
1027:
934:
932:
925:
911:
908:
760:
757:
746:Via Francigena
648:
645:
628:
625:
616:
613:
609:Duchy of Parma
562:known for its
560:Emilia-Romagna
517:
516:
507:
503:
502:
499:
495:
494:
481:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
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425:
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409:
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405:
401:
400:
397:
393:
392:
388:
387:
384:
380:
379:
376:
372:
371:
367:
366:
364:Michele Guerra
361:
357:
356:
352:
351:
343:
333:
332:
326:
320:
319:
317:Emilia-Romagna
314:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
263:
262:
252:
246:
245:
238:
237:
231:
230:
229:
228:
219:
213:
212:
205:
204:
198:
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191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
175:
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159:
158:
157:
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149:
138:
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118:
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107:
106:
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78:
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71:
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66:
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56:
53:
52:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4752:
4741:
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4728:
4727:
4725:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Reggio Emilia
4662:
4660:
4657:
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4652:
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4647:
4645:
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4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4428:by population
4427:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4386:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
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4331:
4328:
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4268:
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4256:
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4248:
4246:
4243:
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4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
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4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
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4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
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4191:
4188:
4186:
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4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
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4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4101:
4100:
4099:Travel guides
4088:
4084:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4027:"Parma"
4023:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3983:
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3979:
3972:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3911:
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3885:
3881:
3875:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3800:. briar press
3799:
3795:
3789:
3782:(in Italian).
3781:
3775:
3759:
3753:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3719:
3717:9780190639655
3713:
3709:
3702:
3695:
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3682:
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3670:
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3658:
3646:
3644:9780313307331
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3572:
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3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:Cities portal
3487:
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3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3242:is the Parma
3241:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:, which went
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:Marcus Thuram
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:Renzo Pezzani
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
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3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:, typographer
3018:
3015:
3012:
3011:Giacomo Belli
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
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2948:
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2939:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2900:Reggio Emilia
2897:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2880:Amedeo Bocchi
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2833:
2831:
2830:San Pancrazio
2827:
2820:
2812:
2806:
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2798:
2792:
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2772:
2768:
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2753:
2749:
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2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2711:Reggio Emilia
2708:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
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2638:
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2617:
2612:
2608:
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2569:
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2517:
2514:
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2503:
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2192:
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2177:
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2171:
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2149:
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2128:
2124:
2120:
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2114:
2110:
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2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
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1893:
1889:
1886:
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1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:
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1854:
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1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
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1739:
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1723:
1707:
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1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1637:precipitation
1633:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:) with heavy
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
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1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:Parma in 1832
1177:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Niccolò Cabeo
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1010:November 2018
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971: –
970:
966:
965:Find sources:
959:
955:
951:
945:
944:
940:
935:This section
933:
929:
924:
923:
916:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
862:
861:that ensued.
860:
856:
852:
847:
846:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:Reggio Emilia
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
765:
756:
754:
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743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
622:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
594:
589:
588:Oltretorrente
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
548:
544:
537:
531:
523:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
437:
433:
429:
426:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
365:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
344:
341:
340:
334:
330:
327:
325:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
294:
266:Coordinates:
264:
235:
202:
192:
183:
173:
163:
155:
142:
131:
122:
111:
102:
91:
82:
72:
67:
62:
61:
54:
48:
41:
32:
26:
22:
4628:
4360:Traversetolo
4305:Sala Baganza
4284:
4230:Fontanellato
4142:
4097:
4085:from Commons
4080:
4063:
4042:
4031:
4015:(in Italian)
3965:Bibliography
3950:. Retrieved
3945:
3942:"Gemellaggi"
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3886:(in Italian)
3883:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3860:(in Italian)
3857:
3831:. Retrieved
3829:(in Italian)
3826:
3802:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3752:
3740:. Retrieved
3736:the original
3726:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3655:
3648:. Retrieved
3633:
3626:
3616:
3610:
3601:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3571:the original
3563:
3539:. Retrieved
3529:
3469:Italy portal
3395:Shijiazhuang
3351:
3334:
3319:
3309:
3289:
3262:
3251:
3248:John Grisham
3238:
3211:
3185:
3169:, footballer
3163:, footballer
3157:, footballer
3131:Alex Szilasi
2932:Parmigianino
2911:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2796:
2781:
2766:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2701:
2699:
2665:North Africa
2622:
2407:
2138:Demographics
2123:Maria Luigia
2098:
2088:Teatro Regio
2086:
2066:
2050:
2041:Pons Lapidis
2040:
2030:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1984:Parmigianino
1979:
1967:
1963:World War II
1940:
1926:
1918:
1906:
1898:
1892:San Sepolcro
1890:
1866:
1846:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1790:
1782:
1762:
1751:Teatro Regio
1639:mm (inches)
1354:
1343:mid-latitude
1336:
1333:
1294:World War II
1291:
1268:
1257:Trade unions
1238:
1214:Risorgimento
1207:
1196:
1182:
1146:
1130:Sala Baganza
1099:
1046:
1044:until 1545.
1042:Papal States
1031:
1016:
1007:
997:
990:
983:
976:
964:
948:Please help
936:
869:
863:
855:Frederick II
836:
818:. After the
811:
773:
750:
737:
713:
708:
705:Roman Empire
686:
676:
672:
668:
660:
656:
650:
630:
598:
591:
587:
564:architecture
521:
520:
488:Sant'Onorato
480:Patron saint
345:
276:10°19′40.8″E
273:44°48′05.3″N
176:Coat of arms
25:
4300:Roccabianca
4065:Definitions
3952:16 December
3226:rugby union
3214:rugby union
3161:Jerry Torre
3143:Paul Yeboah
3139:, conductor
3109:, architect
3101:Franco Nero
3031:, conductor
2784:(cured ham)
2677:Philippines
2661:Ivory Coast
2381:Ivory Coast
2279:Philippines
2215:Population
2106:Renzo Piano
2099:Auditorium
1915:and pupils.
1868:Santa Croce
1717:Main sights
1265:Italo Balbo
1228:. With the
1183:During the
904:San Secondo
888:Pallavicino
800:Clement III
796:Honorius II
784:Charlemagne
782:created by
770:, 1196–1270
759:Middle Ages
738:Chrysopolis
725:, however,
697:Via Aemilia
464:43121-43126
460:Postal code
288: /
4724:Categories
4434:1,000,000+
4365:Valmozzola
4245:Langhirano
4200:Collecchio
3969:See also:
3804:23 October
3657:bishopric.
3564:GeoDemo -
3521:References
3384:, Slovenia
3346:See also:
3330:trolleybus
3313:is on the
3199:Parma F.C.
3115:, composer
3025:, explorer
3013:, musician
3007:, director
3001:, director
2902:), painter
2663:: 1.81%),
2031:Cittadella
1784:Baptistery
1769:Romanesque
1275:squadristi
1230:plebiscite
1118:Don Carlos
1069:University
980:newspapers
910:Modern era
859:the battle
814:headed by
723:Gothic War
641:necropolis
633:Bronze Age
627:Prehistory
572:prosciutto
501:January 13
413:Demonym(s)
391:Population
355:Government
151:Baptistery
4599:Giugliano
4325:Solignano
4280:Palanzano
4235:Fontevivo
4215:Corniglio
4195:Calestano
3692:G. Drei,
3436:, Germany
3410:, Hungary
3382:Ljubljana
3352:Parma is
3306:Transport
3133:, pianist
3097:, cyclist
2965:, cyclist
2952:, painter
2946:, painter
2940:, painter
2934:, painter
2927:, painter
2921:, painter
2896:Correggio
2888:, painter
2882:, painter
2870:, painter
2864:, painter
2679:: 1.33%.
1920:San Rocco
1797:Mannerist
1727:Mannerist
1325:Geography
1255:in 1883.
1108:would be
937:does not
892:feudalism
868:was made
864:By 1328,
792:antipopes
731:Byzantine
653:Etruscans
647:Antiquity
637:terramare
498:Saint day
492:San Rocco
423:Time zone
383:Elevation
4684:Syracuse
4644:Piacenza
4579:Cagliari
4542:100,000+
4508:Florence
4486:200,000+
4455:500,000+
4255:Medesano
4210:Compiano
4160:Albareto
3890:1 August
3864:1 August
3833:1 August
3577:1 August
3541:16 March
3455:See also
3447:Stockton
3423:, France
3371:, France
3332:routes.
3317:system.
3250:'s book
3203:bankrupt
3195:football
3091:, writer
2826:frazioni
2819:Frazioni
2752:Parmalat
2667:(namely
2651:(namely
2631:(namely
2614:Source:
2127:Habsburg
2045:Augustus
1704:(30.47)
1635:Average
1298:partisan
1284:View of
1241:Piacenza
1106:Piacenza
1057:Piacenza
1053:Paul III
832:Po River
808:Piacenza
776:Frankish
701:Augustus
677:Parmnial
655:, for a
551:Emilian:
526:Italian:
339:Frazioni
324:Province
4709:Vicenza
4689:Taranto
4679:Sassari
4674:Salerno
4654:Ravenna
4639:Pescara
4634:Perugia
4609:Livorno
4584:Ferrara
4574:Brescia
4569:Bolzano
4564:Bergamo
4523:Trieste
4513:Messina
4503:Catania
4498:Bologna
4472:Palermo
4355:Torrile
4350:Tornolo
4340:Terenzo
4330:Soragna
4225:Fidenza
4205:Colorno
4190:Busseto
4175:Berceto
4170:Bedonia
4147:of the
4141:·
3764:30 June
3397:, China
3354:twinned
3326:tramway
3292:Barilla
3191:Serie A
3103:, actor
2851:Tuscany
2748:Barilla
2683:Culture
2673:Tunisia
2669:Morocco
2657:Nigeria
2645:Ukraine
2641:Albania
2637:Romania
2633:Moldova
2625:Italian
2606:195,436
2595:175,895
2584:163,457
2573:170,520
2562:179,019
2551:175,228
2540:147,368
2529:122,978
2518:109,365
2507:106,400
2414:births.
2347:Morocco
2330:Ukraine
2313:Nigeria
2296:Tunisia
2262:Albania
2245:Romania
2228:Moldova
2200:8.01 b
2178:22.04%
2167:17.45%
2008:(1055).
1825:(1411).
1699:(2.38)
1694:(3.87)
1689:(4.10)
1684:(2.77)
1679:(2.01)
1674:(1.11)
1669:(2.40)
1664:(2.90)
1659:(3.15)
1654:(2.08)
1649:(1.98)
1644:(1.72)
1630:(48.9)
1625:(33.3)
1620:(41.7)
1615:(50.9)
1610:(58.8)
1605:(66.2)
1600:(66.4)
1595:(62.6)
1590:(55.4)
1585:(47.3)
1580:(39.7)
1575:(32.9)
1570:(31.3)
1560:(58.3)
1555:(41.2)
1550:(51.8)
1545:(57.9)
1540:(68.5)
1535:(77.2)
1530:(77.7)
1525:(73.4)
1520:(65.7)
1515:(57.0)
1510:(49.6)
1505:(41.2)
1500:(37.8)
1490:(66.6)
1485:(45.0)
1480:(53.4)
1475:(65.5)
1470:(77.7)
1465:(88.0)
1460:(88.9)
1455:(84.2)
1450:(75.9)
1445:(66.7)
1440:(59.7)
1435:(49.6)
1430:(44.2)
1330:Climate
1292:During
1261:Fascism
1253:Suzzara
1249:Fornovo
1245:Bologna
1126:Colorno
1091:Colorno
1049:Farnese
994:scholar
969:"Parma"
958:removed
943:sources
900:Busseto
871:signore
845:podestà
828:Cremona
816:consuls
804:commune
742:Lombard
719:Odoacer
669:Parmeal
615:History
601:Italian
574:(ham),
570:, art,
543:Emilian
506:Website
399:198,292
301:Country
47:Emilian
4699:Trento
4669:Rimini
4624:Novara
4614:Modena
4604:Latina
4589:Foggia
4559:Arezzo
4554:Andria
4549:Ancona
4533:Verona
4528:Venice
4462:Naples
4275:Noceto
4220:Felino
4144:Comuni
3714:
3641:
3408:Szeged
3356:with:
3127:, poet
2995:, poet
2957:Others
2744:UNESCO
2713:) and
2707:cheese
2643:, and
2629:Europe
2609:+11.1%
2554:+18.9%
2543:+19.8%
2532:+12.4%
2510:+10.4%
2499:+14.5%
2496:96,347
2485:84,140
2477:+12.6%
2474:77,004
2463:68,382
2452:68,889
2441:68,284
2368:1,104
2351:1,264
2334:1,292
2317:1,450
2300:1,561
2283:2,570
2266:2,661
2249:3,513
2232:4,967
2197:8.62 b
2189:8.29%
2186:15.91%
2175:22.64%
2164:16.46%
2156:Italy
1953:, the
1949:, the
1853:Gothic
1381:Month
1351:Köppen
1212:, the
1189:France
1134:Naples
1051:pope,
1038:French
996:
989:
982:
975:
967:
884:Sforza
812:comune
788:Papacy
774:Under
727:Totila
715:Attila
693:Modena
673:Parmni
576:cheese
312:Region
60:Comune
43:
4740:Parma
4704:Udine
4694:Terni
4649:Prato
4629:Parma
4619:Monza
4594:Forlì
4518:Padua
4477:Genoa
4467:Turin
4446:Milan
4375:Varsi
4285:Parma
4165:Bardi
4082:Media
4043:Parma
3742:6 May
3681:Parma
3650:5 May
3566:ISTAT
3434:Worms
3421:Tours
3274:is a
3222:Pro14
3218:Zebre
3216:club
3174:Sport
2653:Ghana
2616:ISTAT
2598:+7.6%
2587:−4.1%
2576:−4.7%
2565:+2.2%
2521:+2.8%
2488:+9.3%
2466:−0.7%
2455:+0.9%
2411:Italy
2398:China
2364:Ghana
2153:Parma
2144:ISTAT
1725:Late
1702:773.9
1687:104.1
1420:Year
1363:Genoa
1315:Verdi
1001:JSTOR
987:books
880:Milan
709:Julia
689:Roman
665:Latin
661:palma
657:parma
603:poet
593:Parma
568:music
547:Pärma
522:Parma
449:UTC+2
428:UTC+1
329:Parma
305:Italy
247:Parma
214:Parma
40:Pärma
35:Parma
4493:Bari
4441:Rome
4180:Bore
3954:2019
3892:2016
3866:2016
3835:2016
3806:2009
3766:2024
3744:2009
3712:ISBN
3652:2019
3639:ISBN
3579:2016
3543:2019
3320:The
3266:and
3232:and
2750:and
2727:and
2671:and
2659:and
2603:2021
2592:2011
2581:2001
2570:1991
2559:1981
2548:1971
2537:1961
2526:1951
2515:1936
2504:1931
2493:1921
2482:1911
2471:1901
2460:1881
2449:1871
2438:1861
2427:Pop.
2423:Year
2402:819
2385:938
2029:The
1883:and
1859:and
1697:60.5
1692:98.3
1682:70.3
1677:51.1
1672:28.1
1667:61.0
1662:73.6
1657:80.1
1652:52.9
1647:50.2
1642:43.7
1613:10.5
1608:14.9
1603:19.0
1598:19.1
1593:17.0
1588:13.0
1568:−0.4
1558:14.6
1548:11.0
1543:14.4
1538:20.3
1533:25.1
1528:25.4
1523:23.0
1518:18.7
1513:13.9
1488:19.2
1478:11.9
1473:18.6
1468:25.4
1463:31.1
1458:31.6
1453:29.0
1448:24.4
1443:19.3
1438:15.4
1417:Dec
1414:Nov
1411:Oct
1408:Sep
1405:Aug
1402:Jul
1399:Jun
1396:May
1393:Apr
1390:Mar
1387:Feb
1384:Jan
1251:and
1243:and
1201:for
1128:and
1104:and
1080:and
973:news
941:any
939:cite
896:Taro
687:The
675:and
599:The
475:0521
453:CEST
370:Area
349:list
347:See
331:(PR)
166:Flag
2742:as
2125:of
1628:9.4
1623:0.7
1618:5.4
1583:8.5
1578:4.3
1573:0.5
1553:5.1
1508:9.8
1503:5.1
1498:3.2
1483:7.2
1433:9.8
1428:6.8
1355:Cfa
952:by
659:or
442:DST
432:CET
4726::
4030:.
3944:.
3926:.
3908:.
3882:.
3856:.
3843:^
3825:.
3814:^
3796:.
3654:.
3562:.
3551:^
3282:.
3256:.
3236:.
2731:.
2655:,
2639:,
2635:,
2432:±%
2055::
1879:,
1767::
1353::
1321:.
1236:.
1136:.
1116:,
1097:.
1076:,
834:.
671:,
611:.
596:.
566:,
549:,
545::
541:;
490:,
486:,
4418:e
4411:t
4404:v
4131:e
4124:t
4117:v
4051::
3956:.
3930:.
3912:.
3894:.
3868:.
3837:.
3808:.
3768:.
3746:.
3720:.
3595:.
3581:.
3545:.
2898:(
2108:.
2083:.
2063:.
2047:.
1863:.
1843:.
1817:.
1779:.
1349:(
1023:)
1017:(
1012:)
1008:(
998:·
991:·
984:·
977:·
960:.
946:.
623:.
524:(
455:)
451:(
444:)
434:)
430:(
49:)
45:(
23:.
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