1794:
7327:
48:
1858:
7032:
2072:
750:
1018:
1674:
1320:
7287:
6738:
7299:
1603:, and antiparticles have these numbers negative. Most properties of corresponding antiparticles and particles are the same, with a few gets reversed; the electron's antiparticle, positron, has an opposite charge. To differentiate between antiparticles and particles, a plus or negative sign is added in
988:
The
Standard Model, as currently formulated, has 61 elementary particles. Those elementary particles can combine to form composite particles, accounting for the hundreds of other species of particles that have been discovered since the 1960s. The Standard Model has been found to agree with almost all
3322:
In principle, all physics (and practical applications developed therefrom) can be derived from the study of fundamental particles. In practice, even if "particle physics" is taken to mean only "high-energy atom smashers", many technologies have been developed during these pioneering investigations
3220:
experiments, which along with experimental measurements is used to extract the parameters of the
Standard Model with less uncertainty. This work probes the limits of the Standard Model and therefore expands scientific understanding of nature's building blocks. Those efforts are made challenging by
4178:... boson: A force-carrying particle, as opposed to a matter particle (fermion). Bosons can be piled on top of each other without limit. Examples are photons, gluons, gravitons, weak bosons, and the Higgs boson. The spin of a boson is always an integer: 0, 1, 2, and so on ...
1650:
Quarks and gluons additionally have color charges, which influences the strong interaction. Quark's color charges are called red, green and blue (though the particle itself have no physical color), and in antiquarks are called antired, antigreen and antiblue. The gluon can have
852:. After the formulation of the Standard Model during the 1970s, physicists clarified the origin of the particle zoo. The large number of particles was explained as combinations of a (relatively) small number of more fundamental particles and framed in the context of
1760:
is a hypothetical particle that can mediate the gravitational interaction, but it has not been detected or completely reconciled with current theories. Many other hypothetical particles have been proposed to address the limitations of the
Standard Model. Notably,
1886:(LHC), which had its first beam circulation on 10 September 2008, and is now the world's most energetic collider of protons. It also became the most energetic collider of heavy ions after it began colliding lead ions. Earlier facilities include the
3351:. Additional applications are found in medicine, national security, industry, computing, science, and workforce development, illustrating a long and growing list of beneficial practical applications with contributions from particle physics.
1463:
as red, green and blue. Because the interactions between the quarks store energy which can convert to other particles when the quarks are far apart enough, quarks cannot be observed independently. This is called
3201:
Theoretical particle physics attempts to develop the models, theoretical framework, and mathematical tools to understand current experiments and make predictions for future experiments (see also
3485:
832:
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, a bewildering variety of particles was found in collisions of particles from beams of increasingly high energy. It was referred to informally as the "
3945:
985:. On 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson.
63:
1705:â the neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark, and the proton is composed of two up quarks and one down quark. A baryon is composed of three quarks, and a
993:
tests conducted to date. However, most particle physicists believe that it is an incomplete description of nature and that a more fundamental theory awaits discovery (See
501:
1965:
3853:
1793:
673:. The electron has a negative electric charge, the positron has a positive charge. These antiparticles can theoretically form a corresponding form of matter called
5243:
4709:
Fleming, D. G.; Arseneau, D. J.; Sukhorukov, O.; Brewer, J. H.; Mielke, S. L.; Schatz, G. C.; Garrett, B. C.; Peterson, K. A.; Truhlar, D. G. (28 January 2011).
793:, but physicists later discovered that atoms are not, in fact, the fundamental particles of nature, but are conglomerates of even smaller particles, such as the
4782:
1946:, which collided protons and antiprotons and was the highest-energy particle collider on earth until the Large Hadron Collider surpassed it on 29 November 2009.
3450:
6917:
4982:
1553:, which can link quarks together to form composite particles. Due to the aforementioned color confinement, gluons are never observed independently. The
6774:
3445:
2321:
692:
that also govern their interactions. The dominant theory explaining these fundamental particles and fields, along with their dynamics, is called the
494:
3405:
7061:
6661:
5569:
3725:
3188:
141:
3807:
7169:
5339:
4857:
4083:
3460:
3368:
3506:
1301:
is applied to those particles that are, according to current understanding, presumed to be indivisible and not composed of other particles.
4280:
5658:
4243:
3879:
2241:
487:
3927:
3385:
4956:
7303:
6411:
3455:
2281:
1981:
1961:
1824:
such as gold ions and polarized protons. It is the world's first heavy ion collider, and the world's only polarized proton collider.
7046:
6649:
3415:
137:
3958:
Ordinary matter is composed entirely of first-generation particles, namely the u and d quarks, plus the electron and its neutrino.
6910:
1845:, operated since 2006, and VEPP-4, started experiments in 1994. Earlier facilities include the first electronâelectron beamâbeam
1004:
have provided the first experimental deviations from the
Standard Model, since neutrinos do not have mass in the Standard Model.
64:
6767:
5537:
4810:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
7164:
5161:
5060:
4612:
4548:
4504:
4484:
4206:
4047:
4020:
3991:
3939:
3910:
3847:
3833:
3701:
634:, make up most of the mass of ordinary matter. Mesons are unstable and the longest-lived last for only a few hundredths of a
4376:
3372:
2021:
1969:
1887:
3046:
67:
62:
7247:
5691:
1912:(HERA), which collided electrons and positrons with protons. The accelerator complex is now focused on the production of
1827:
572:
of fermions, although ordinary matter is made only from the first fermion generation. The first generation consists of
6903:
5269:
5235:
4171:
3614:
3181:
757:
observed that a small fraction of the alpha particles experienced strong deflection when being struck by the gold foil.
68:
65:
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6760:
6547:
5332:
5108:
4772:
4696:
4237:
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as well as advanced accelerator design research. SLAC staff continue to participate in developing and building many
75:
66:
7252:
6628:
3839:
2811:
1949:
73:
58:
17:
7326:
3583:
2084:
1977:
1973:
1821:
1817:
74:
4926:
1268:. All particles and their interactions observed to date can be described almost entirely by the Standard Model.
7212:
5485:
5034:
4978:
4833:
4600:
4577:
3234:
1805:
754:
55:
52:
7103:
7051:
5138:
3307:
3276:
is a particle physics theory suggesting that systems with higher energy have a smaller number of dimensions.
3174:
2359:
2198:
2158:
1412:
1072:
1067:
569:
111:
5082:
638:. They occur after collisions between particles made of quarks, such as fast-moving protons and neutrons in
463:
7262:
6644:
5325:
3465:
3440:
2916:
2841:
2188:
744:
348:
56:
4166:. Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The dark side of the universe. The Teaching Company. Part 2, p. 43.
5622:
3273:
2354:
2291:
2041:
1909:
785:
700:
to the current particle physics theory is not solved; many theories have addressed this problem, such as
53:
1853:
VEPP-2, operated from 1965 to 1974; and, its successor VEPP-2M, performed experiments from 1974 to 2000.
7317:
5453:
5426:
4900:
4229:
4012:
3979:
3332:
2193:
1740:
An atom is made from protons, neutrons and electrons. By modifying the particles inside a normal atom,
735:
was postulated by theoretical particle physicists and its presence confirmed by practical experiments.
3248:
Another major effort is in model building where model builders develop ideas for what physics may lie
3026:
2032:). Its 2-mile-long linear particle accelerator began operating in 1962 and was the basis for numerous
60:
7347:
7217:
6720:
3265:
3249:
2344:
2286:
1444:
1276:
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and convert to other particles. Some particles, such as the photon or gluon, have no antiparticles.
777:, concluded that each element of nature was composed of a single, unique type of particle. The word
51:
7222:
6132:
5559:
5212:
4276:
4079:
3364:
2846:
2471:
2364:
2301:
2261:
1891:
428:
358:
5008:
4401:
Tsan, Ung Chan (2013). "Mass, Matter, Materialization, Mattergenesis and
Conservation of Charge".
4069:
3205:). There are several major interrelated efforts being made in theoretical particle physics today.
2836:
1964:(BEPC II), the Beijing Spectrometer (BES), the Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF), the
1857:
69:
7291:
7136:
7004:
6994:
6818:
6783:
6688:
6323:
5950:
5684:
4569:
4307:
3513:
3126:
2586:
2394:
2389:
2231:
894:
526:
129:
59:
689:
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6982:
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6623:
5960:
5643:
5505:
4266:
3983:
3230:
3222:
2996:
2976:
2466:
2399:
2296:
2256:
2025:
1714:
378:
263:
203:
133:
72:
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4594:
7257:
7131:
7098:
6879:
6710:
5648:
5617:
5480:
5401:
4223:
3875:
3217:
2881:
2736:
2432:
2369:
2276:
2138:
1913:
1890:(LEP), which was stopped on 2 November 2000 and then dismantled to give way for LHC; and the
1883:
1861:
1709:
is composed of two quarks (one normal, one anti). Baryons and mesons are collectively called
1400:
1039:
720:
253:
70:
54:
3971:
7207:
7146:
7141:
7115:
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4952:
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4726:
4637:
4410:
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3752:
3643:
3324:
3311:
3300:
3238:
3226:
3131:
2906:
2437:
2271:
2063:
2003:
1655:, which are the result of quarks' interactions to form composite particles (gauge symmetry
1292:
994:
967:
853:
701:
647:
163:
103:
71:
61:
5291:
4878:
4710:
2183:
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collision experiments until 2008. Since then the linear accelerator is being used for the
1894:, which is being reused as a pre-accelerator for the LHC and for fixed-target experiments.
1035:
8:
7174:
6869:
6725:
5708:
5582:
5441:
5436:
5421:
5396:
5373:
5349:
4691:, Ludwig Bergmann, Clemens Schaefer, and Wilhelm Raith, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1997,
3765:
3740:
3202:
3141:
2461:
2007:
1455:(â1/3 or 2/3) and leptons have whole-numbered electric charge (0 or 1). Quarks also have
1297:
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685:
522:
398:
213:
198:
81:
4870:
4821:
4730:
4641:
4414:
4330:
4124:
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2851:
2576:
870:
The current state of the classification of all elementary particles is explained by the
438:
7202:
6972:
6803:
6668:
5677:
5638:
5515:
5510:
5463:
4777:
4750:
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4540:
4533:
4350:
4316:
3719:
3666:
3631:
3564:
3539:
3480:
3470:
3292:
3151:
3076:
3006:
2886:
2871:
2801:
2761:
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2711:
2626:
2516:
2476:
2246:
2208:
2163:
2151:
2128:
2123:
1668:
1530:
1221:
883:
605:
373:
288:
6752:
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1713:. Quarks inside hadrons are governed by the strong interaction, thus are subjected to
1503:), with strong indirect evidence that a fourth generation of fermions does not exist.
973:(12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all
7088:
6737:
6705:
6618:
6097:
5842:
5769:
5653:
5602:
5547:
5527:
5413:
4882:
4754:
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4544:
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4233:
4202:
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4043:
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3987:
3972:
3935:
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3780:
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3425:
3420:
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3036:
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2911:
2756:
2691:
2661:
2631:
2491:
2486:
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2236:
2226:
2118:
2048:
1960:). IHEP manages a number of China's major particle physics facilities, including the
1935:
1774:
1766:
1562:
1465:
1452:
1428:
1272:
1245:
728:
716:
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423:
353:
318:
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243:
208:
183:
159:
155:
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6122:
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5789:
5592:
5458:
5186:
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4825:
4734:
4645:
4418:
4354:
4334:
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4128:
3770:
3760:
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3651:
3559:
3551:
3430:
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3061:
3041:
3011:
2961:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2651:
2636:
2566:
2251:
2178:
2168:
2103:
1991:
1526:
1522:
1348:, showing a neutron (n, udd) converted into a proton (p, udu). "u" and "d" are the
891:
887:
849:
790:
601:
597:
408:
403:
303:
278:
238:
4459:
are associated to antimatter particles. All known interactions do conserve matter.
4338:
7189:
7056:
6683:
6608:
6592:
6532:
5942:
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5857:
5847:
5759:
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5522:
5468:
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4369:
4192:
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3091:
3086:
3056:
3051:
3021:
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2951:
2931:
2831:
2721:
2716:
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2666:
2641:
2621:
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2404:
2306:
2266:
2098:
2076:
2071:
1558:
1324:
1265:
806:
802:
798:
723:. Theoretical particle physics is the study of these particles in the context of
697:
662:
546:
537:. The field also studies combinations of elementary particles up to the scale of
453:
338:
328:
323:
313:
273:
268:
228:
115:
3323:
that later find wide uses in society. Particle accelerators are used to produce
3306:
There are also other areas of work in theoretical particle physics ranging from
1144:
468:
7331:
7227:
6926:
6742:
6656:
6613:
6349:
6137:
5910:
5832:
5827:
5749:
5542:
5497:
5475:
5363:
4198:
3579:
3390:
3340:
3336:
3252:(at higher energies or smaller distances). This work is often motivated by the
3209:
3116:
3066:
2986:
2971:
2956:
2936:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2876:
2861:
2826:
2816:
2741:
2676:
2646:
2581:
2546:
2536:
2511:
2382:
2339:
2203:
1999:
1722:
1721:
quarks must have their color charge to be neutral, or "white" for analogy with
1698:
1546:
1496:
1279:, displaying particle-like behaviour under certain experimental conditions and
1183:
1170:
906:
871:
865:
826:
818:
693:
557:
393:
363:
308:
298:
283:
193:
99:
35:
4711:"Kinetic Isotope Effects for the Reactions of Muonic Helium and Muonium with H
4422:
2866:
7341:
7197:
7156:
6811:
6700:
6552:
6519:
6311:
6281:
6213:
6072:
5852:
5779:
5764:
5552:
4886:
3711:
3435:
3400:
3280:
3257:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3016:
3001:
2796:
2791:
2616:
2611:
2571:
2541:
2506:
2496:
2427:
2422:
2029:
1939:
1925:
1813:
1762:
1726:
1600:
1596:
1566:
1518:
1492:
1472:
1448:
1288:
1284:
774:
709:
705:
413:
368:
333:
188:
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4738:
3299:
rather than particles. If the theory is successful, it may be considered a "
1980:(HXMT), and the Accelerator-driven Sub-critical System (ADS) as well as the
1849:
VEP-1, which conducted experiments from 1964 to 1968; the electron-positron
7179:
7110:
7019:
6977:
6967:
6678:
6228:
6218:
6208:
5969:
5920:
5862:
5784:
5739:
5577:
4855:
Courant, Ernest D. (December 2003). "Accelerators, Colliders, and Snakes".
4746:
4346:
4271:
4074:
3835:
Particles and
Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics
3784:
3675:
3555:
3156:
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2926:
2856:
2776:
2731:
2726:
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2596:
2591:
2556:
2551:
2526:
2481:
2349:
2311:
2133:
2113:
2011:
1745:
1644:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1500:
1484:
1456:
1440:
1436:
1082:
1077:
841:
837:
833:
810:
654:
473:
443:
418:
388:
258:
233:
218:
107:
5112:
1565:. All bosons have an integer quantum spin (0 and 1) and can have the same
1283:-like behaviour in others. In more technical terms, they are described by
1017:
7093:
6987:
6955:
6950:
6851:
6693:
6461:
6364:
6359:
6276:
6271:
6201:
6155:
6112:
6077:
6036:
5928:
5892:
5754:
4500:
4007:
C. Quigg (2006). "Particles and the
Standard Model". In G. Fraser (ed.).
3344:
3328:
3256:
and is constrained by existing experimental data. It may involve work on
3212:
and its tests. Theorists make quantitative predictions of observables at
3136:
3071:
3031:
2991:
2946:
2806:
2706:
2701:
2686:
2671:
2656:
2044:
1875:
1831:
1809:
1782:
1778:
1741:
1718:
1673:
1643:. When a particle and an antiparticle interact with each other, they are
1604:
1554:
1476:
1196:
982:
898:
856:. This reclassification marked the beginning of modern particle physics.
789:
meaning "indivisible", has since then denoted the smallest particle of a
770:
732:
635:
448:
433:
383:
343:
293:
977:. Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of
749:
596:. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated by bosons are
6435:
6329:
6319:
6301:
6191:
6092:
6027:
5744:
5669:
5597:
5587:
4768:
4321:
4305:
Debrescu, B. A. (2005). "Massless Gauge Bosons Other Than The Photon".
3775:
3475:
3371:(P5) in the US that will update the 2014 P5 study that recommended the
2786:
2696:
2561:
2501:
2173:
2108:
1734:
1730:
1592:
1420:
1353:
1328:
1249:
990:
822:
674:
639:
577:
458:
223:
4141:
3656:
3486:
International
Conference on Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions
1319:
6577:
6567:
6537:
6430:
6396:
6389:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6223:
5991:
5774:
5448:
4930:
4476:
3395:
1917:
1842:
1777:, and various other particles are proposed to explain the origins of
1480:
1001:
845:
814:
724:
643:
534:
5030:
4805:
4375:. Review: Hypothetical particles and Concepts. Particle Data Group.
4106:
3225:. Some theorists working in this area use the tools of perturbative
7272:
6884:
6673:
6501:
6456:
6440:
6401:
6374:
6087:
6082:
6062:
6032:
6022:
6017:
5837:
5812:
5807:
5734:
3213:
2746:
2037:
2033:
1943:
1931:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1757:
1459:, which is labeled arbitrarily with no correlation to actual light
1424:
1416:
1375:
1349:
1257:
1225:
998:
825:
in that same year; both discoveries also led to the development of
794:
670:
666:
589:
573:
553:
545:, while the study of combination of protons and neutrons is called
542:
3800:"Newly Discovered Particle Appears to Be Long-Awaited Higgs Boson"
6945:
6895:
6835:
6787:
6582:
6572:
6542:
6496:
6491:
6466:
6384:
6369:
6296:
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6196:
6181:
6127:
6102:
6067:
5996:
5978:
5717:
5134:
5086:
3925:
2015:
1953:
1905:
1901:
1690:
1681:
consists of two up quarks and one down quark, linked together by
1538:
1432:
1233:
970:
631:
585:
561:
538:
5266:"Fermilab | Science at Fermilab | Benefits to Society"
6562:
6557:
6186:
6173:
6164:
5986:
5900:
5799:
4708:
1879:
1871:
1835:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1678:
1534:
1408:
1314:
1253:
1237:
1229:
1154:
1114:
974:
963:
762:
678:
627:
619:
615:
581:
530:
4689:
Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and
Particles
4473:
Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei and Particles
4367:
3932:
Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
3339:
has been pushed forward by their use in particle physics. The
715:
Practical particle physics is the study of these particles in
6795:
6587:
6527:
6379:
6238:
6117:
6057:
6012:
5905:
5883:
5726:
3296:
3269:
1995:
1957:
1921:
1770:
1706:
1682:
1656:
1652:
1550:
1542:
1512:
1460:
1443:(â1/2, 1/2, 3/2, etc.). This causes the fermions to obey the
1310:
1241:
1130:
1092:
978:
902:
879:
769:
dates from at least the 6th century BC. In the 19th century,
623:
611:
565:
4904:
3926:
B. Povh; K. Rith; C. Scholz; F. Zetsche; M. Lavelle (2004).
1295:. Following the convention of particle physicists, the term
874:, which gained widespread acceptance in the mid-1970s after
6354:
6286:
6246:
5822:
5817:
4530:
3348:
3221:
the difficulty of calculating high precision quantities in
1897:
1867:
1488:
1280:
1261:
779:
658:
618:. Hadrons that contain an odd number of quarks are called
5109:"Kek | High Energy Accelerator Research Organization"
4427:
Matter conservation means conservation of baryonic number
3327:
for research and treatment (for example, isotopes used in
1471:
There are three known generations of quarks (up and down,
1998:). It is the home of a number of experiments such as the
1987:
1607:. For example, the electron and the positron are denoted
3831:
3279:
A third major effort in theoretical particle physics is
6782:
5056:
5004:
4107:"Determination of the number of light neutrino species"
3208:
One important branch attempts to better understand the
1748:, which has one of its electrons replaced with a muon.
1729:
can have other types, arrangement or number of quarks (
4036:
Serway, Raymond A.; Jewett, John W. (1 January 2013).
7315:
5292:"Muon Colliders Hold a Key to Unraveling New Physics"
5236:"The Best Explanation for Everything in the Universe"
1801:
The world's major particle physics laboratories are:
1236:(protons and neutrons are composite particles called
3451:
Non-extensive self-consistent thermodynamical theory
4803:
1838:). Its main projects are now the electron-positron
1208:
719:processes and in particle accelerators such as the
4804:Harrison, M.; Ludlam, T.; Ozaki, S. (March 2003).
4532:
3745:Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics
1966:International Cosmic-Ray Observatory at Yangbajing
4773:"Don't Pull the String Yet on Superstring Theory"
3928:"Part I: Analysis: The building blocks of matter"
3832:Braibant, S.; Giacomelli, G.; Spurio, M. (2009).
3446:Self-consistency principle in high energy physics
3295:by building a theory based on small strings, and
1587:Most aforementioned particles have corresponding
1572:
622:and those that contain an even number are called
7339:
5135:"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Home Page"
3694:50 quantum physics ideas you really need to know
3544:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
1932:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab)
5162:"Standard Model: a beautiful but flawed theory"
4523:
4189:"Role as gauge boson and polarization" §5.1 in
3903:A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics
3531:
3406:International Conference on High Energy Physics
3272:theory, combinations of these, or other ideas.
1431:). Collectively, quarks and leptons are called
1220:Modern particle physics research is focused on
50:
7062:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
4039:Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Volume 2
3287:attempt to construct a unified description of
1870:(European Organization for Nuclear Research) (
1209:Total number of (known) elementary particles:
6911:
6768:
5685:
5347:
5333:
4858:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
4451:are associated to matter particles, negative
4158:
4154:
4152:
3969:
3687:
3685:
3604:
3507:"Fundamentals of Physics and Nuclear Physics"
3461:Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System
3369:Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel
3182:
1744:can be formed. A simple example would be the
1447:, where no two particles may occupy the same
495:
4671:Kofoed, Melissa; Miller, Shawn (July 2024).
4670:
4592:
4258:
4190:
4035:
4009:The New Physics for the Twenty-First Century
3632:"The Elementary Particles of Quantum Fields"
1788:
1685:. The quarks' color charge are also visible.
1549:. The strong interaction is mediated by the
568:(force-carrying particles). There are three
4563:
4470:
4368:Bernardi, G.; Carena, M.; Junk, T. (2007).
1271:Dynamics of particles are also governed by
6918:
6904:
6775:
6761:
5692:
5678:
5340:
5326:
5213:"The vanishing dimensions of the Universe"
4149:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3827:
3825:
3724:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3682:
3386:Particle physics and representation theory
3189:
3175:
2070:
1797:Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, USA
1561:â the gluon and photon are expected to be
1545:. The weak interaction is mediated by the
1487:) and leptons (electron and its neutrino,
502:
488:
5233:
5033:. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY.
4979:"The Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics"
4927:"The VEPP-4 accelerating-storage complex"
4403:International Journal of Modern Physics E
4320:
4140:
4104:
3900:
3774:
3764:
3665:
3655:
3609:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3563:
3456:Standard Model (mathematical formulation)
3317:
1982:Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory
1557:gives mass to the W and Z bosons via the
1224:, including atomic constituents, such as
797:. The early 20th century explorations of
5699:
4628:Close, F. E. (1988). "Gluonic Hadrons".
4557:
4304:
4006:
3738:
3537:
3416:List of accelerators in particle physics
3264:, extra spatial dimensions (such as the
1942:). Its main facility until 2011 was the
1856:
1792:
1672:
1318:
1161:
1137:
1134:
1099:
1096:
901:. The species of gauge bosons are eight
748:
731:. The two are closely interrelated: the
5234:Wolchover, Natalie (22 December 2017).
5210:
4854:
4535:An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
4221:
4191:Aitchison, I.J.R.; Hey, A.J.G. (1993).
4082:, Department of Physics and Astronomy.
4056:
3822:
3347:technology were initially developed at
665:. For example, the antiparticle of the
27:Study of subatomic particles and forces
14:
7340:
6163:
5538:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5159:
5031:"Germany's largest accelerator centre"
4531:M. E. Peskin; D. V. Schroeder (1995).
3919:
3629:
3586:from the original on 11 September 2018
1533:. Electromagnetism is mediated by the
1007:
966:. The Standard Model also contains 24
6899:
6756:
5673:
5321:
5246:from the original on 15 November 2020
4879:10.1146/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110450
4767:
4627:
4505:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
4464:
4300:
4298:
4264:
4246:from the original on 14 November 2012
3810:from the original on 11 February 2014
3691:
3540:"John Dalton and the London Atomists"
1962:Beijing ElectronâPositron Collider II
1521:of fundamental interactions, such as
1304:
836:". Important discoveries such as the
7298:
5141:from the original on 5 February 2015
5063:from the original on 5 November 2009
4959:from the original on 3 December 2013
4785:from the original on 7 December 2008
4400:
3882:from the original on 16 October 2019
3797:
3373:Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
2022:SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
1970:Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment
1900:(Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) (
1011:
997:). In recent years, measurements of
5011:from the original on 5 January 2010
4981:. English Russia. 21 January 2012.
4903:. Vepp2k.inp.nsk.su. Archived from
4511:from the original on 23 August 2008
4382:from the original on 3 October 2018
4370:"Higgs bosons: Theory and searches"
4361:
4283:from the original on 7 October 2018
4086:from the original on 7 October 2018
4067:
1828:Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics
614:cannot exist on their own but form
24:
6925:
4836:from the original on 15 April 2021
4443:being algebraic numbers. Positive
4295:
4194:Gauge Theories in Particle Physics
3948:from the original on 22 April 2022
3856:from the original on 15 April 2021
3732:
46:
25:
7359:
5313:
5211:Corbion, Ashley (22 March 2011).
5160:Gagnon, Pauline (14 March 2014).
5037:from the original on 26 June 2012
4985:from the original on 28 June 2012
3876:"Neutrinos in the Standard Model"
3411:Introduction to quantum mechanics
3361:physics beyond the Standard Model
1595:. Normal particles have positive
859:
552:The fundamental particles in the
168:Physics beyond the Standard Model
7325:
7297:
7286:
7285:
7030:
6736:
6629:Timeline of particle discoveries
5272:from the original on 9 June 2012
1950:Institute of High Energy Physics
1888:Large ElectronâPositron Collider
1016:
5659:Timeline of physics discoveries
5284:
5258:
5227:
5204:
5179:
5153:
5127:
5111:. Legacy.kek.jp. Archived from
5101:
5075:
5049:
5023:
4997:
4971:
4945:
4929:. V4.inp.nsk.su. Archived from
4919:
4893:
4848:
4797:
4761:
4702:
4681:
4664:
4621:
4586:
4493:
4394:
4215:
4183:
4098:
4029:
4000:
3963:
3894:
3868:
1978:Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope
1974:China Spallation Neutron Source
1882:). Its main project is now the
1818:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1751:
7213:Causal dynamical triangulation
4630:Reports on Progress in Physics
4601:Johns Hopkins University Press
4471:Raith, W.; Mulvey, T. (2001).
3791:
3766:10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021
3623:
3605:Weinberg, Steven (1995â2000).
3598:
3572:
3499:
2370:Renormalization group equation
2010:, an experiment measuring the
1806:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1573:Antiparticles and color charge
1252:processes; such particles are
681:, are their own antiparticle.
677:. Some particles, such as the
653:Particles have corresponding
642:. Mesons are also produced in
13:
1:
7052:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
4830:10.1016/S0168-9002(02)01937-X
4339:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.151802
3901:Terranova, Francesco (2021).
3492:
3233:, referring to themselves as
2199:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2159:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
1908:). Its main facility was the
1264:, as well as a wide range of
765:is fundamentally composed of
112:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
6645:History of subatomic physics
5085:. ihep.ac.cn. Archived from
4133:10.1016/0370-2693(89)90704-1
3798:Mann, Adam (28 March 2013).
3741:"Review of Particle Physics"
3696:. London. pp. 120â123.
3607:The quantum theory of fields
3466:Timeline of particle physics
3441:Resonance (particle physics)
1816:). Its main facility is the
1662:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1102:
745:History of subatomic physics
7:
5623:Quantum information science
3739:Nakamura, K (1 July 2010).
3378:
3375:, among other experiments.
3274:Vanishing-dimensions theory
2042:Linac Coherent Light Source
1910:Hadron Elektron Ring Anlage
1765:particles aim to solve the
1291:, which is also treated in
1029:to comply with Knowledge's
850:matter-antimatter imbalance
10:
7364:
5454:Classical electromagnetism
4955:(in Russian). Inp.nsk.su.
4953:"VEPP-2M collider complex"
4650:10.1088/0034-4885/51/6/002
4230:Cambridge University Press
4013:Cambridge University Press
3980:Greenwood Publishing Group
3934:(4th ed.). Springer.
3367:proposed for CERN and the
3359:Major efforts to look for
3333:external beam radiotherapy
2194:Explicit symmetry breaking
1666:
1576:
1510:
1453:elementary electric charge
1308:
863:
755:GeigerâMarsden experiments
742:
738:
142:Standard Model mathematics
7281:
7240:
7218:Canonical quantum gravity
7188:
7155:
7124:
7081:
7070:
7039:
7028:
6933:
6865:
6844:
6794:
6734:
6637:
6601:
6518:
6479:
6449:
6423:
6419:
6410:
6342:
6310:
6237:
6172:
6154:
6050:
6005:
5977:
5968:
5959:
5941:
5919:
5891:
5882:
5798:
5725:
5716:
5707:
5631:
5568:
5496:
5412:
5384:
5356:
4423:10.1142/S0218301313500274
4279:, Department of Physics.
3878:. The T2K Collaboration.
3354:
3250:beyond the Standard Model
2360:BargmannâWigner equations
2287:Path Integral Formulation
2055:
1789:Experimental laboratories
1723:mixing the primary colors
1506:
1451:. Quarks have fractional
1445:Pauli exclusion principle
1195:
1182:
1169:
1153:
1129:
1113:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
876:experimental confirmation
848:brought new questions to
813:(based on experiments by
698:reconciliation of gravity
7223:Superfluid vacuum theory
6784:Fundamental interactions
6662:mathematical formulation
6257:Eta and eta prime mesons
5560:Condensed matter physics
4277:Georgia State University
4080:Georgia State University
3538:Grossman, M. I. (2014).
3365:Future Circular Collider
2365:Schwinger-Dyson equation
1892:Super Proton Synchrotron
1244:), that are produced by
1042:may contain suggestions.
1027:may need to be rewritten
895:fundamental interactions
7005:Quantum electrodynamics
6995:Electroweak interaction
6819:Electroweak interaction
6324:Double-charm tetraquark
4806:"RHIC project overview"
4739:10.1126/science.1199421
4570:Oxford University Press
4308:Physical Review Letters
4222:Watkins, Peter (1986).
3331:), or used directly in
2395:Electroweak interaction
2390:Quantum electrodynamics
2355:WheelerâDeWitt equation
2232:Background field method
1820:(RHIC), which collides
783:, after the Greek word
688:are excitations of the
564:(matter particles) and
130:Electroweak interaction
6983:Quantum chromodynamics
5644:Nobel Prize in Physics
5506:Relativistic mechanics
5057:"Fermilab | Home"
4674:Introductory Chemistry
3974:The Quantum Revolution
3970:K. A. Peacock (2008).
3905:. Oxford Univ. Press.
3692:Baker, Joanne (2013).
3630:Jaeger, Gregg (2021).
3556:10.1098/rsnr.2014.0025
3318:Practical applications
3266:RandallâSundrum models
3260:, alternatives to the
3231:effective field theory
3223:quantum chromodynamics
2400:Quantum chromodynamics
2257:Effective field theory
1865:
1798:
1715:quantum chromodynamics
1686:
1435:, because they have a
1404:
854:quantum field theories
773:, through his work on
758:
556:are classified in the
134:Quantum chromodynamics
78:
7099:Cosmological constant
6880:Philosophy of physics
6721:Waveâparticle duality
6711:Relativistic particle
5848:Electron antineutrino
5649:Philosophy of physics
4593:B. A. Schumm (2004).
3335:. The development of
3237:. Others make use of
2345:KleinâGordon equation
2277:LSZ reduction formula
1914:synchrotron radiation
1884:Large Hadron Collider
1860:
1796:
1717:(color charges). The
1676:
1519:mediators or carriers
1401:electron antineutrino
1322:
1277:waveâparticle duality
1060:Elementary Particles
752:
721:Large Hadron Collider
648:particle accelerators
523:fundamental particles
164:Neutrino oscillations
84:of the Standard Model
77:
7208:Loop quantum gravity
7147:Theory of everything
7142:Grand Unified Theory
7116:Neutrino oscillation
6963:Quantum field theory
5951:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
5701:Particles in physics
5608:Mathematical physics
5187:"The Standard Model"
4564:M. Munowitz (2005).
4479:. pp. 777â781.
4431:and leptonic number
4225:Story of the W and Z
4042:. Cengage Learning.
3842:. pp. 313â314.
3312:loop quantum gravity
3301:Theory of Everything
3241:and call themselves
3239:lattice field theory
3227:quantum field theory
2438:Theory of everything
2272:Lattice field theory
2242:Correlation function
2064:Quantum field theory
2004:neutrino oscillation
1298:elementary particles
1293:quantum field theory
995:Theory of Everything
878:of the existence of
767:elementary particles
710:supersymmetry theory
702:loop quantum gravity
686:elementary particles
104:Quantum field theory
82:Elementary particles
7175:Split supersymmetry
7137:KaluzaâKlein theory
7010:Fermi's interaction
6870:Glossary of physics
6845:Hypothetical forces
6726:Particle chauvinism
6669:Subatomic particles
5583:Atmospheric physics
5422:Classical mechanics
5350:branches of physics
4871:2003ARNPS..53....1C
4822:2003NIMPA.499..235H
4731:2011Sci...331..448F
4642:1988RPPh...51..833C
4415:2013IJMPE..2250027T
4331:2005PhRvL..94o1802D
4125:1989PhLB..231..519D
3757:2010JPhG...37g5021N
3648:2021Entrp..23.1416J
3203:theoretical physics
2417:Incomplete theories
1653:eight color charges
1411:is made from first-
1222:subatomic particles
1061:
1008:Subatomic particles
882:. It describes the
626:. Two baryons, the
519:high-energy physics
7203:Superstring theory
6973:Strong interaction
6804:Strong interaction
5639:History of physics
5089:on 1 February 2016
5083:"IHEP | Home"
4907:on 29 October 2012
4778:The New York Times
4105:D. Decamp (1989).
3481:Track significance
3471:Unparticle physics
3308:particle cosmology
3293:general relativity
2282:Partition function
2209:Topological charge
2129:General relativity
2124:Special relativity
2049:particle detectors
1866:
1799:
1687:
1669:Composite particle
1531:strong interaction
1405:
1305:Quarks and leptons
1059:
897:, using mediating
761:The idea that all
759:
661:but with opposite
606:strong interaction
594:electron neutrinos
79:
7313:
7312:
7236:
7235:
7111:Strong CP problem
7089:Hierarchy problem
6893:
6892:
6750:
6749:
6706:Massless particle
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6475:
6474:
6338:
6337:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6098:Magnetic monopole
6046:
6045:
5937:
5936:
5878:
5877:
5858:Muon antineutrino
5843:Electron neutrino
5667:
5666:
5654:Physics education
5603:Materials science
5570:Interdisciplinary
5528:Quantum mechanics
4725:(6016): 448â450.
4614:978-0-8018-7971-5
4550:978-0-201-50397-5
4486:978-0-8493-1202-1
4267:"The Color Force"
4208:978-0-85274-328-7
4112:Physics Letters B
4070:"The Color Force"
4049:978-1-285-62958-2
4022:978-0-521-81600-7
3993:978-0-313-33448-1
3941:978-3-540-20168-7
3912:978-0-19-284524-5
3849:978-94-007-2463-1
3703:978-1-78087-911-6
3657:10.3390/e23111416
3519:on 2 October 2012
3426:Magnetic monopole
3421:List of particles
3289:quantum mechanics
3254:hierarchy problem
3243:lattice theorists
3199:
3198:
2262:Expectation value
2237:BRST quantization
2184:Poincaré symmetry
2139:YangâMills theory
2119:Quantum mechanics
2051:around the world.
1775:strong CP problem
1767:hierarchy problem
1466:color confinement
1429:electron neutrino
1273:quantum mechanics
1218:
1217:
1057:
1056:
1031:quality standards
805:led to proofs of
512:
511:
160:Hierarchy problem
156:Strong CP problem
16:(Redirected from
7355:
7348:Particle physics
7330:
7329:
7321:
7301:
7300:
7289:
7288:
7079:
7078:
7034:
7033:
7015:Weak hypercharge
7000:Weak interaction
6941:Particle physics
6920:
6913:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6875:Particle physics
6829:electromagnetism
6824:weak interaction
6777:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6740:
6716:Virtual particle
6487:Mesonic molecule
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6262:Bottom eta meson
6170:
6169:
6161:
6160:
6133:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
6123:Sterile neutrino
6108:Majorana fermion
5975:
5974:
5966:
5965:
5889:
5888:
5868:Tau antineutrino
5723:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5593:Chemical physics
5533:Particle physics
5459:Classical optics
5342:
5335:
5328:
5319:
5318:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
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5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5208:
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5199:
5197:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5007:. Info.cern.ch.
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4816:(2â3): 235â244.
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4771:(22 July 1996).
4765:
4759:
4758:
4706:
4700:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4596:Deep Down Things
4590:
4584:
4583:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4538:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4468:
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4461:
4398:
4392:
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4358:
4324:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4065:
4054:
4053:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3715:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3659:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3582:. 1 March 2021.
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3512:. Archived from
3511:
3503:
3431:Micro black hole
3325:medical isotopes
3285:String theorists
3235:phenomenologists
3191:
3184:
3177:
2252:Effective action
2179:Lorentz symmetry
2104:Electromagnetism
2074:
2060:
2059:
1864:detector for LHC
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1591:, which compose
1527:weak interaction
1523:electromagnetism
1398:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1266:exotic particles
1062:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1020:
1012:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
941:
940:
939:
932:
931:
923:
922:
921:
914:
913:
791:chemical element
663:electric charges
602:weak interaction
598:electromagnetism
529:that constitute
521:is the study of
515:Particle physics
504:
497:
490:
96:Particle physics
49:
40:particle physics
32:
31:
21:
18:Particle Physics
7363:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7324:
7316:
7314:
7309:
7277:
7232:
7190:Quantum gravity
7184:
7151:
7120:
7073:
7066:
7057:Higgs mechanism
7035:
7031:
7026:
6929:
6924:
6894:
6889:
6861:
6840:
6796:Physical forces
6790:
6781:
6751:
6746:
6730:
6684:Nuclear physics
6633:
6597:
6533:Davydov soliton
6506:
6471:
6445:
6406:
6334:
6306:
6233:
6142:
6042:
6001:
5955:
5933:
5915:
5874:
5794:
5703:
5698:
5668:
5663:
5627:
5613:Medical physics
5564:
5523:Nuclear physics
5492:
5486:Non-equilibrium
5408:
5380:
5352:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5249:
5247:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5216:
5215:. Astra Materia
5209:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5170:
5168:
5166:Quantum Diaries
5158:
5154:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5118:
5116:
5115:on 21 June 2012
5107:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5014:
5012:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4986:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4933:on 16 July 2011
4925:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4853:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4802:
4798:
4788:
4786:
4766:
4762:
4714:
4707:
4703:
4686:
4682:
4669:
4665:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4469:
4465:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4303:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4240:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4157:
4150:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3968:
3964:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3850:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3796:
3792:
3737:
3733:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3690:
3683:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3381:
3357:
3337:superconductors
3320:
3262:Higgs mechanism
3195:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2443:Quantum gravity
2418:
2410:
2409:
2405:Higgs mechanism
2385:
2375:
2374:
2350:Proca equations
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:Wightman Axioms
2307:Renormalization
2267:Feynman diagram
2222:
2214:
2213:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2094:
2079:
2077:Feynman diagram
2058:
2006:experiment and
1791:
1754:
1671:
1665:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1585:
1577:Main articles:
1575:
1559:Higgs mechanism
1517:Bosons are the
1515:
1509:
1423:) and leptons (
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1325:Feynman diagram
1317:
1309:Main articles:
1307:
1275:; they exhibit
1053:
1047:
1044:
1034:
1021:
1010:
956:
954:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
944:
943:
938:
936:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
926:
925:
920:
918:
917:
916:
912:
910:
909:
908:
907:
892:electromagnetic
868:
862:
827:nuclear weapons
807:nuclear fission
803:quantum physics
799:nuclear physics
747:
741:
547:nuclear physics
508:
479:
478:
179:
171:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
145:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
119:
118:
116:Higgs mechanism
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
93:
85:
76:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7361:
7351:
7350:
7335:
7334:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7295:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7228:Twistor theory
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7161:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7076:
7074:Standard Model
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7043:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6927:Standard Model
6923:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6854:
6848:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6780:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6757:
6748:
6747:
6743:Physics portal
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6657:Standard Model
6654:
6653:
6652:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6624:Quasiparticles
6621:
6616:
6611:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6522:
6520:Quasiparticles
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6316:
6314:
6312:Exotic hadrons
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6178:
6176:
6167:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6138:X and Y bosons
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5911:W and Z bosons
5908:
5903:
5897:
5895:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5765:Strange (quark
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5731:
5729:
5720:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5697:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5476:Thermodynamics
5473:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5322:
5315:
5314:External links
5312:
5309:
5308:
5283:
5257:
5226:
5203:
5178:
5152:
5126:
5100:
5074:
5048:
5022:
4996:
4970:
4944:
4918:
4892:
4847:
4796:
4760:
4712:
4701:
4680:
4663:
4636:(6): 833â882.
4620:
4613:
4585:
4578:
4572:. p. 35.
4556:
4549:
4541:AddisonâWesley
4522:
4492:
4485:
4463:
4409:(5): 1350027.
4393:
4360:
4322:hep-ph/0411004
4315:(15): 151802.
4294:
4257:
4238:
4232:. p. 70.
4214:
4207:
4199:IOP Publishing
4182:
4173:978-1598033502
4172:
4148:
4119:(4): 519â529.
4097:
4055:
4048:
4028:
4021:
4015:. p. 91.
3999:
3992:
3962:
3940:
3918:
3911:
3893:
3867:
3848:
3821:
3790:
3731:
3702:
3681:
3622:
3616:978-0521670531
3615:
3597:
3571:
3550:(4): 339â356.
3530:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Atomic physics
3388:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3356:
3353:
3341:World Wide Web
3319:
3316:
3210:Standard Model
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
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3079:
3074:
3069:
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3049:
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3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
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2446:
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2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:Standard Model
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Dirac equation
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2317:Wick's theorem
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Regularization
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2204:Noether charge
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Gauge symmetry
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2019:
2000:K2K experiment
1985:
1968:in Tibet, the
1947:
1929:
1895:
1854:
1825:
1790:
1787:
1763:supersymmetric
1753:
1750:
1727:exotic hadrons
1667:Main article:
1664:
1661:
1638:
1630:
1620:
1612:
1574:
1571:
1547:W and Z bosons
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1393:
1383:
1369:
1361:
1341:
1333:
1306:
1303:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1006:
955:
947:
937:
929:
919:
911:
872:Standard Model
866:Standard Model
864:Main article:
861:
860:Standard Model
858:
819:nuclear fusion
743:Main article:
740:
737:
729:quantum theory
694:Standard Model
690:quantum fields
657:with the same
558:Standard Model
510:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
100:Standard Model
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
80:
43:
42:
36:Standard Model
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7360:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7306:
7305:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7239:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7198:String theory
7196:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7157:Supersymmetry
7154:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7069:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6909:
6907:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6773:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6755:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6701:Exotic matter
6699:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6689:Eightfold way
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Antiparticles
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6350:Atomic nuclei
6348:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6282:Upsilon meson
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6214:Lambda baryon
6212:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6073:Dual graviton
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6049:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5970:Superpartners
5967:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5881:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Muon neutrino
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:Bottom (quark
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Ocean physics
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5553:Modern optics
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5402:Computational
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5214:
5207:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5167:
5163:
5156:
5140:
5136:
5130:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4851:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4705:
4698:
4697:3-11-013990-1
4694:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4299:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4239:9780521318754
4235:
4231:
4228:. Cambridge:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4160:Carroll, Sean
4155:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3959:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3897:
3881:
3877:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3828:
3826:
3809:
3805:
3804:Wired Science
3801:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:(7A): 1â708.
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Number theory
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:High pressure
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3303:", or "TOE".
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:string theory
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3258:supersymmetry
3255:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Zamolodchikov
3130:
3128:
3127:Zamolodchikov
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
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3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
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2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
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2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
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2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
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2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2428:Supersymmetry
2426:
2424:
2423:String theory
2421:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2368:
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2361:
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2341:
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2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
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2207:
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2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
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2172:
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2167:
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2137:
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2130:
2127:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:United States
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:United States
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:European XFEL
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:border, near
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:United States
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:atomic nuclei
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1606:
1602:
1601:baryon number
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:antiparticles
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1567:quantum state
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:quantum state
1446:
1442:
1441:half-integers
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1377:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1289:Hilbert space
1287:vectors in a
1286:
1285:quantum state
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:This section
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
981:known as the
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
904:
900:
896:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
867:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
775:stoichiometry
772:
768:
764:
756:
751:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:string theory
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:antiparticles
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
122:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
88:
83:
45:
44:
41:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7302:
7290:
7180:Supergravity
7040:Constituents
7020:Weak isospin
6978:Color charge
6968:Gauge theory
6940:
6874:
6857:Quintessence
6741:
6412:Hypothetical
6360:Exotic atoms
6229:Omega baryon
6219:Sigma baryon
6209:Delta baryon
5961:Hypothetical
5943:Ghost fields
5929:Higgs boson
5863:Tau neutrino
5755:Charm (quark
5700:
5578:Astrophysics
5532:
5392:Experimental
5301:17 September
5299:. Retrieved
5295:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5268:. Fnal.gov.
5260:
5248:. Retrieved
5240:The Atlantic
5239:
5229:
5217:. Retrieved
5206:
5194:. Retrieved
5190:
5181:
5169:. Retrieved
5165:
5155:
5143:. Retrieved
5129:
5117:. Retrieved
5113:the original
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5087:the original
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5059:. Fnal.gov.
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5025:
5013:. Retrieved
5005:"Welcome to"
4999:
4987:. Retrieved
4973:
4961:. Retrieved
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4905:the original
4895:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4840:16 September
4838:. Retrieved
4813:
4809:
4799:
4787:. Retrieved
4776:
4763:
4722:
4718:
4704:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4666:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4595:
4588:
4565:
4559:
4534:
4529:Part III of
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4501:"Antimatter"
4495:
4472:
4466:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4363:
4312:
4306:
4285:. Retrieved
4272:HyperPhysics
4270:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4224:
4217:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4163:
4116:
4110:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4075:HyperPhysics
4073:
4038:
4031:
4008:
4002:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3950:. Retrieved
3931:
3921:
3902:
3896:
3884:. Retrieved
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3834:
3812:. Retrieved
3803:
3793:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3693:
3642:(11): 1416.
3639:
3635:
3625:
3606:
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3580:"Antimatter"
3574:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3521:. Retrieved
3514:the original
3501:
3363:include the
3358:
3321:
3305:
3284:
3278:
3247:
3242:
3218:astronomical
3207:
3200:
3161:
3007:Stueckelberg
2737:Jona-Lasinio
2312:Vacuum state
2297:Quantization
2134:Gauge theory
2114:Strong force
2099:Field theory
2012:CP violation
1800:
1773:address the
1755:
1752:Hypothetical
1746:hydrogen-4.1
1742:exotic atoms
1739:
1688:
1649:
1586:
1583:Color charge
1579:Antiparticle
1516:
1501:its neutrino
1493:its neutrino
1470:
1457:color charge
1437:quantum spin
1406:
1296:
1270:
1219:
1212:
1078:Antiparticle
1045:
1036:You can help
1026:
991:experimental
987:
899:gauge bosons
869:
842:James Cronin
838:CP violation
834:particle zoo
831:
811:Lise Meitner
784:
778:
760:
714:
683:
652:
610:
580:which form
551:
518:
514:
513:
126:Constituents
108:Gauge theory
95:
39:
29:
7241:Experiments
7132:Technicolor
7094:Dark matter
6988:Quark model
6956:Higgs boson
6951:Gauge boson
6852:Fifth force
6836:Gravitation
6808:fundamental
6694:Quark model
6462:Theta meson
6365:Positronium
6277:Omega meson
6272:J/psi meson
6202:Antineutron
6113:Dark photon
6078:Graviphoton
6037:Stop squark
5745:Down (quark
5481:Statistical
5397:Theoretical
5374:Engineering
5296:www.aps.org
5196:7 September
5171:7 September
5145:19 February
5093:29 November
4865:(1): 1â37.
4603:. pp.
4515:3 September
4265:C.R. Nave.
3776:10481/34593
3345:touchscreen
3329:PET imaging
3147:Zinn-Justin
2997:Sommerfield
2922:Pomeranchuk
2887:Osterwalder
2882:Oppenheimer
2812:ĆopuszaĆski
2632:Fredenhagen
2433:Technicolor
2045:X-ray laser
1832:Novosibirsk
1810:Long Island
1783:dark energy
1779:dark matter
1645:annihilated
1605:superscript
1555:Higgs boson
1354:down quarks
1346: decay
1246:radioactive
1073:Generations
1048:August 2024
983:Higgs boson
968:fundamental
809:in 1939 by
771:John Dalton
733:Higgs boson
717:radioactive
640:cosmic rays
636:microsecond
578:down quarks
570:generations
304:Chamberlain
152:Limitations
7248:Gran Sasso
7072:Beyond the
7047:CKM matrix
6934:Background
6436:Heptaquark
6397:Superatoms
6330:Pentaquark
6320:Tetraquark
6302:Quarkonium
6192:Antiproton
6093:Leptoquark
6028:Neutralino
5790:antiquark)
5780:antiquark)
5775:Top (quark
5770:antiquark)
5760:antiquark)
5750:antiquark)
5740:antiquark)
5709:Elementary
5598:Geophysics
5588:Biophysics
5432:Analytical
5385:Approaches
4579:0195167376
4142:11384/1735
3982:. p.
3886:15 October
3860:19 October
3814:6 February
3493:References
3476:Tetraquark
3142:Zimmermann
3037:Vainshtein
2912:Polchinski
2772:Kontsevich
2717:Iliopoulos
2692:Heisenberg
2517:Bogoliubov
2455:Scientists
2292:Propagator
2174:T-symmetry
2169:P-symmetry
2164:C-symmetry
2152:Symmetries
2109:Weak force
2093:Background
2026:Menlo Park
1822:heavy ions
1735:pentaquark
1731:tetraquark
1593:antimatter
1529:, and the
1413:generation
1250:scattering
1240:, made of
962:, and the
823:Hans Bethe
675:antimatter
644:cyclotrons
604:, and the
274:Iliopoulos
184:Rutherford
178:Scientists
138:CKM matrix
92:Background
6674:Particles
6619:Particles
6578:Polariton
6568:Plasmaron
6538:Dropleton
6431:Hexaquark
6402:Molecules
6390:Protonium
6267:Phi meson
6252:Rho meson
6224:Xi baryon
6156:Composite
5992:Gravitino
5735:Up (quark
5548:Molecular
5449:Acoustics
5442:Continuum
5437:Celestial
5427:Newtonian
5414:Classical
5357:Divisions
4887:0163-8998
4769:Sokal, A.
4755:206530683
4658:250819208
4477:CRC Press
4164:Guidebook
4068:R. Nave.
3720:cite book
3712:857653602
3396:Astronomy
3077:Wetterich
3062:Weisskopf
3012:Sudarshan
2962:Schwinger
2872:Nishijima
2837:Maldacena
2802:Leutwyler
2762:Kinoshita
2662:Goldstone
2652:Gell-Mann
2567:Doplicher
2334:Equations
1918:PETRA III
1851:colliders
1843:VEPP-2000
1840:colliders
1663:Composite
1407:Ordinary
1399:" is the
1374:" is the
1258:neutrinos
1226:electrons
1040:talk page
846:Val Fitch
815:Otto Hahn
725:cosmology
646:or other
590:electrons
535:radiation
464:de Mayolo
409:Schwinger
349:Kobayashi
239:Gell-Mann
204:Sudarshan
7342:Category
7292:Category
7273:Tevatron
7125:Theories
7082:Evidence
6946:Fermions
6885:Universe
6812:residual
6650:timeline
6502:R-hadron
6457:Glueball
6441:Skyrmion
6375:Tauonium
6088:Inflaton
6083:Graviton
6063:Curvaton
6033:Sfermion
6023:Higgsino
6018:Chargino
5979:Gauginos
5838:Neutrino
5823:Antimuon
5813:Positron
5808:Electron
5718:Fermions
5270:Archived
5250:11 March
5244:Archived
5139:Archived
5061:Archived
5035:Archived
5009:Archived
4983:Archived
4957:Archived
4834:Archived
4789:26 March
4783:Archived
4747:21273484
4509:Archived
4377:Archived
4347:15904133
4281:Archived
4244:Archived
4162:(2007).
4090:26 April
4084:Archived
3946:Archived
3880:Archived
3854:Archived
3840:Springer
3808:Archived
3785:10020536
3676:34828114
3590:12 March
3584:Archived
3379:See also
3214:collider
3092:Wightman
3057:Weinberg
3047:Virasoro
3027:Tomonaga
3022:Thirring
3017:Symanzik
2977:Semenoff
2952:Schrader
2917:Polyakov
2832:Majorana
2767:Klebanov
2722:Ivanenko
2712:'t Hooft
2682:Guralnik
2627:Fröhlich
2622:Fritzsch
2617:Frampton
2532:Buchholz
2477:Bargmann
2467:Anderson
2247:Crossing
2038:positron
2034:electron
2016:B mesons
2008:Belle II
1952:(IHEP) (
1944:Tevatron
1924:and the
1847:collider
1758:graviton
1691:neutrons
1563:massless
1433:fermions
1425:electron
1415:quarks (
1376:electron
1234:neutrons
999:neutrino
971:fermions
795:electron
671:positron
667:electron
630:and the
586:neutrons
562:fermions
554:universe
543:neutrons
454:Guralnik
399:Politzer
374:'t Hooft
329:Weinberg
324:Majorana
314:Schwartz
279:Lederman
264:Anderson
254:Friedman
214:Anderson
209:Davis Jr
194:Chadwick
7332:Physics
7304:Commons
7268:Super-K
7104:problem
6788:physics
6638:Related
6609:Baryons
6583:Polaron
6573:Plasmon
6548:Fracton
6543:Exciton
6497:Diquark
6492:Pomeron
6467:T meson
6424:Baryons
6385:Pionium
6370:Muonium
6297:D meson
6292:B meson
6197:Neutron
6182:Nucleon
6174:Baryons
6165:Hadrons
6128:Tachyon
6103:Majoron
6068:Dilaton
5997:Photino
5833:Antitau
5800:Leptons
5632:Related
5516:General
5511:Special
5369:Applied
5276:23 June
5119:23 June
5067:23 June
5041:23 June
5015:23 June
4989:23 June
4963:21 July
4937:21 July
4911:21 July
4901:"index"
4867:Bibcode
4818:Bibcode
4727:Bibcode
4719:Science
4638:Bibcode
4605:131â132
4566:Knowing
4411:Bibcode
4386:28 July
4355:7123874
4327:Bibcode
4287:2 April
4250:28 July
4121:Bibcode
3952:28 July
3753:Bibcode
3667:8623095
3644:Bibcode
3636:Entropy
3565:4213434
3523:21 July
3102:Wilczek
3067:Wentzel
3042:Veltman
2987:Shirkov
2982:Shifman
2972:Seiberg
2957:Schwarz
2937:Rubakov
2857:Naimark
2807:Lipatov
2797:Lehmann
2777:Kreimer
2757:Kendall
2647:Gelfand
2642:Glashow
2602:Feynman
2582:Faddeev
2577:Englert
2547:Coleman
2537:Cachazo
2522:Brodsky
2507:Bjorken
2497:Berezin
2487:Belavin
2227:Anomaly
2085:History
1992:Tsukuba
1984:(JUNO).
1954:Beijing
1936:Batavia
1906:Germany
1902:Hamburg
1725:. More
1719:bounded
1711:hadrons
1703:baryons
1697:in the
1695:protons
1473:strange
1378:, and "
1327:of the
1254:photons
1238:baryons
1230:protons
1184:W Boson
1171:Z Boson
1115:Leptons
1083:Colours
817:), and
739:History
669:is the
632:neutron
620:baryons
616:hadrons
588:, and
582:protons
539:protons
439:Englert
414:Wilczek
379:Veltman
354:Maskawa
309:Cabibbo
269:Glashow
244:Kendall
229:Feynman
189:Thomson
7318:Portal
6614:Mesons
6563:Phonon
6558:Magnon
6480:Others
6450:Mesons
6343:Others
6239:Mesons
6187:Proton
6051:Others
6006:Others
5987:Gluino
5921:Scalar
5901:Photon
5884:Bosons
5727:Quarks
5543:Atomic
5498:Modern
5348:Major
5219:21 May
4885:
4753:
4745:
4695:
4687:§1.8,
4656:
4611:
4576:
4547:
4483:
4353:
4345:
4236:
4205:
4170:
4046:
4019:
3990:
3938:
3909:
3846:
3783:
3710:
3700:
3674:
3664:
3613:
3562:
3355:Future
3297:branes
3157:Zumino
3122:Yukawa
3112:Witten
3107:Wilson
3097:Wigner
3032:Tyutin
2992:Skyrme
2942:Ruelle
2907:Plefka
2902:Peskin
2892:Parisi
2852:MĂžller
2842:Migdal
2827:Maiani
2822:LĂŒders
2787:Landau
2782:Kuraev
2752:KÀllén
2742:Jordan
2727:Jackiw
2667:Gribov
2557:DeWitt
2552:Dashen
2542:Callan
2512:Bleuer
2482:Becchi
2472:Anselm
2056:Theory
1976:, the
1972:, the
1880:Geneva
1872:Franco
1836:Russia
1771:axions
1683:gluons
1679:proton
1597:lepton
1539:quanta
1537:, the
1535:photon
1525:, the
1507:Bosons
1485:bottom
1409:matter
1388:ν
1337:β
1315:Lepton
1260:, and
1242:quarks
1232:, and
1155:Photon
1131:Gluons
1093:Quarks
1087:Total
1038:. The
975:matter
964:photon
960:bosons
903:gluons
890:, and
884:strong
880:quarks
786:atomos
763:matter
696:. The
684:These
679:photon
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7170:NMSSM
6602:Lists
6593:Trion
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6528:Anyon
6355:Atoms
6118:Preon
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