42:
849:
105:
94:
860:, where he was joined by the division of General Pedro León Torres. On 23 February, the Patriot army crossed the Mayo River, but instead of following the dangerous route leading to Pasto, they decided to follow the course of the Juanambú River. On 2 April, they arrived at Cerro Gordo with reduced forces. His army had by then already lost 1,000 veterans and another 1,000 locals recruited by force, from actions by enemy guerrillas, the need to leave garrisons along the way and as a result of illness and desertions. Two days later, Bolívar decided to change course and head towards
190:
183:
171:
841:
918:(Black Christmas), a massacre was committed against the civilian population of the city. More than 400 civilians, mostly non-combatant men, elderly people, women and children, were murdered and the city was left to pillage, rape and destruction by Patriotic troops. Also ordered was the execution of 14 prominent inhabitants of Pasto, which were tied in pairs and drowned in the
911:. On 22 October, Boves regained full control of Pasto. Faced with this uprising, Bolívar sent Sucre to put an end to it. On 24 November, Boves was victorious in the first battle of Cuchilla de Taindala but on 22 December 1822 he was defeated in the second battle at the same place. Finally, between 23 and 25 December, Sucre entered Pasto with his Rifles battalion.
956:
and if possible Quito, knowing that the bulk of the
Patriot army was engaged in Peru. Bolívar left Guayaquil for Quito, where 400 veterans and 1,600 recruits were gathered. Agualongo advances triumphantly towards Ibarra with 1,500 infantrymen and 100 horsemen. Bolívar took command of a division of
896:, decided to capitulate in exchange for the preservation of their properties and their positions, an amnesty and the continuation of the existing social situation. However, the indigenous popular mass refused to accept capitulation.
471:
805:
and considering that the
Venezuelan Royalists were defeated, Simón Bolívar began to focus his attention on the capture of the territories of the Real audiencia de Quito and the final defeat of the Royalists of the
922:. 1,000 Pastusos were recruited by force and 300 exiled to Quito and Guayaquil, from where few returned. All Royalist prisoners were shot, officers included, and a large quantity of property was confiscated.
540:
535:
374:
1435:. 832 (in Spanish). Vol. XCIII. Tunja: Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones y Extensión Universitaria de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Ediciones La Rana y el Águila.
612:
832:
Running out of options, Bolívar was forced to advance overland to Quito via Pasto, a fiercely
Royalist region. On 13 December, the Libertador and his army left Bogota and headed south.
255:
506:
418:
452:
899:
On 8 June 1822, Bolívar triumphantly entered Pasto. The land route between Bogotá and Quito had been opened, and it was now time for the
Libertador to concentrate on Peru.
301:
496:
486:
384:
291:
491:
346:
605:
393:
877:
and Bolívar had to retreat to
Cariaco, 20 km west of Pasto and nine days later he was back north of the Rio Mayo. On 20 April the Royalists were defeated at
575:
403:
248:
296:
511:
929:
was left in charge of the city, but he was sent back to Quito on Bolívar's orders. A garrison was maintained to occupy the city under the command of
Colonel
570:
565:
545:
408:
945:. With 1,000 men, they attacked Pasto on 10 June, and of the 600 men in the Patriot garrison, 150 were killed, 50 wounded and 300 taken prisoners. Colonel
892:
in
Ecuador. Understanding that with the fall of Quito all resistance had becomes useless, García and the Creole elite of Pasto, led by the military leader
744:
560:
481:
447:
413:
316:
306:
598:
336:
941:
In 1823, a new uprising broke out in Pasto under the civilian command of
Lieutenant Colonel Estanislao Merchán Cano and the military command of Colonel
423:
241:
555:
442:
432:
1587:
1602:
759:(present-day Ecuador), Peru and Bolivia, leading to the total defeat of Spanish Royalist forces on the South American continent in 1826.
995:
But he was betrayed and arrested along with the bulk of his men. On 8 July, he was taken to Popayán, where he was executed on the 13th.
41:
1582:
1592:
1330:
1096:
1062:
1043:
1024:
829:
against the
Royalist garrison of Quito. However this plan was thwarted by a Royalist flotilla which blocked Buenaventura.
949:
fled to
Juanambú, Merchán Cano became the last Royalist governor of the city and Agualongo was named general commander.
881:, after which García retreated to Pasto and Bolívar, with reinforcements, crossed the river Mayo again with 2,500 men.
791:
775:. They had a conservative political-religious vision of the world and good relations with the Spanish settled there.
355:
1597:
783:
638:
501:
798:
in 1819, Pasto became the only remaining stronghold capable of stopping the southern expansion of the Revolution.
787:
767:
The people of Pasto and Patía had traditionally few relations with Bogotá, and were rather under the influence of
331:
848:
622:
109:
33:
814:
281:
265:
28:
984:
158:
972:. However, on 14 December, the Republicans recovered San Juan under the command of Irish Brigadier General
379:
868:
142:
1612:
1607:
1577:
1572:
952:
The rebels quickly gathered 2,000 combatants, but barely 800 of them had a rifle. They decided to take
826:
779:
657:
146:
364:
341:
885:
822:
752:
125:
958:
778:
Since 1809, they had been at war against the revolutionaries of Quito, and from 1811 against the
756:
698:
648:
550:
1567:
990:
893:
677:
457:
194:
162:
908:
878:
672:
326:
93:
1245:
Bolívar y la independencia de la América Española. Emancipación de Quito y Alto y Bajo Perú
667:
1376:
989:
On 24 June, Agualongo arrived at the town of El Castigo, where he had agreed to meet with
980:
942:
874:
530:
369:
177:
8:
889:
807:
703:
968:. A month later, on 20 September, the Royalists took the town and Flores had to flee to
946:
930:
795:
154:
802:
748:
693:
321:
311:
121:
926:
129:
1326:
1129:
965:
861:
813:
His initial plan was to send 4,000 soldiers and 3,000 rifles by sea from the port of
733:
919:
462:
134:
907:
In September a rebellion broke out led by Colonel Benito Remigio Boves, nephew of
170:
1433:
La guerra irregular en la independencia de la Nueva Granada y Venezuela 1810-1830
953:
590:
737:
233:
1523:
Historia de la revolución de la República de Colombia en la América Meridional
964:
Agualongo remained active in the south of Pasto and on 19 August, he besieged
961:
on 17 June, thanks to the superiority of his cavalry. 800 rebels were killed.
1561:
1133:
729:
189:
182:
97:
973:
150:
873:
ambushed the Patriots at Bomboná. Both sides suffered heavy losses in the
728:
was a series of military operations carried out between 1822 and 1824 by
1381:. 832 (in Spanish). Vol. XCIII. Boletín de Historia y Antigüedades.
997:
Merchán Cano was murdered when he was in the custody of Colonel Flores.
1325:(in Spanish). Bogota: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
969:
914:
In a little-known episode in Colombian historiography, later known as
857:
768:
1078:
El general Juan José Flores, primer Presidente del Ecuador: 1800-1830
818:
743:
The Pasto campaign was part of a larger military campaign called the
840:
1472:
Bombona. Una batalla definitiva por la libertad de Colombia, 1822
1080:(in Spanish). Quito: Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana. p. 125.
782:
rebels. A year later, they were decisive in putting down the
772:
104:
1126:
El realismo pastuso en el proceso independentista, 1809-1826
790:
in 1814, and in 1816 played an important role during the
1474:(in Spanish). Bogota: Ministerio de Educación Nacional.
1378:
La Batalla de Ibarra: Un hito en la libertad de América
1114:(in Spanish). Bogota: Ediciones Lerner. p. 376.
1042:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUribe_Mosquera2009 (
867:
On 7 April, Spanish Governor Basilio Modesto García
1323:
Los indios de Pasto contra la República (1809-1824)
1061:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZarama_Rincón2004 (
1023:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPalaciosFrank2002 (
1109:
620:
263:
1559:
1110:Riaño, Camilo; Plazas Olarte, Guillermo (1971).
1075:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1469:
1392:
1390:
1364:
1352:
1320:
1549:
1537:
1520:
1037:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1123:
1112:Historia militar: La independencia, 1819-1828
1095:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFÁlvarez1983 (
1056:
1018:
606:
249:
1387:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1459:
1447:
1430:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1374:
1050:
613:
599:
256:
242:
16:Part of the Ecuadorian War of Independence
1226:
1007:
983:, but was completely defeated by Colonel
957:1,800 soldiers and was victorious in the
801:In August 1821, after the victory in the
1348:
1346:
1344:
979:On 1 June 1824, Agualongo tried to take
847:
839:
1525:(in Spanish). Imprenta de José Jacquin.
1128:. 22 (in Spanish). Ensayos históricos.
1090:
856:On 31 January 1822, Bolívar arrived in
1560:
1543:
1358:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1588:Spanish American wars of independence
1531:
1453:
1441:
1341:
1031:
835:
594:
237:
1470:Sánchez Sánchez, Jesús Iván (2011).
1084:
732:against the Royalist strongholds of
1504:
1492:
1480:
1375:Cacua Prada, Antonio (March 2006).
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1253:
1124:Zarama Rincón, Rosa Isabel (2010).
936:
852:Bolivar after the Battle of Bomboná
13:
1603:Military campaigns involving Spain
1521:Restrepo Vélez, Juan José (1858).
1243:Encina, Francisco Antonio (1954).
1076:Vásconez Hurtado, Gustavo (1981).
902:
794:. After the Spanish defeat in the
740:in present-day Southern Colombia.
14:
1624:
825:, who since May were helping the
792:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
188:
181:
169:
103:
92:
40:
1414:
1402:
1321:Gutiérrez Ramos, Jairo (2012).
1214:
1103:
1069:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1142:
624:Ecuadorian War of Independence
34:Ecuadorian War of Independence
1:
1583:Colombian War of Independence
1431:Pérez Ochoa, Eduardo (1982).
1000:
888:won his great victory at the
282:First Republic of New Granada
267:Colombian War of Independence
29:Colombian War of Independence
1593:Military history of Colombia
686:Sucre's campaign (1821-1823)
356:Spanish reconquest (1815-16)
168:Basilio Modesto García
7:
10:
1629:
985:Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
884:Shortly after, on 24 May,
827:Free Province of Guayaquil
788:Nariño's Southern Campaign
762:
658:Free Province of Guayaquil
1019:Palacios & Frank 2002
821:, to join the troops of
632:
275:
227:
214:
201:
115:
86:
50:
39:
26:
21:
472:River and naval campaign
1598:Wars involving Colombia
959:Second Battle of Ibarra
757:Real Audiencia of Quito
159:T. Cipriano de Mosquera
133:Pedro León Torres
22:Second Battle of Huachi
853:
845:
394:New Granada resistance
143:Pedro Alcántara Herrán
116:Commanders and leaders
886:Antonio José de Sucre
851:
843:
823:Antonio José de Sucre
755:to also liberate the
753:Antonio José de Sucre
215:Casualties and losses
187:E. Merchán Cano
126:Antonio José de Sucre
78:Gran Colombia victory
46:Battle of Ibarra 1823
1511:Sánchez Sánchez 2011
1499:Sánchez Sánchez 2011
1487:Sánchez Sánchez 2011
1365:Gutiérrez Ramos 2012
1353:Gutiérrez Ramos 2012
668:October 9 Revolution
175:Benito Remigio Boves
1550:Restrepo Vélez 1858
1538:Restrepo Vélez 1858
1038:Uribe Mosquera 2009
890:Battle of Pichincha
808:Viceroyalty of Peru
747:, which would lead
502:Cartagena (1820–21)
1552:, pp. 355–356
1233:Zarama Rincón 2010
1221:Zarama Rincón 2010
1209:Zarama Rincón 2010
1197:Zarama Rincón 2010
1185:Zarama Rincón 2010
1173:Zarama Rincón 2010
1161:Zarama Rincón 2010
1149:Zarama Rincón 2010
1057:Zarama Rincón 2004
925:Initially General
854:
846:
836:Bolivar's Campaign
803:Battle of Carabobo
745:Southern Campaigns
433:Bolívar's campaign
380:Cuchilla del Tambo
312:Magdalena campaign
220:3,500 (June 1822)
207:7,500 (June 1822)
147:José María Córdova
1613:Conflicts in 1824
1608:Conflicts in 1823
1578:Colonial Colombia
1573:Conflicts in 1822
1332:978-958-81-8144-8
1151:, pp. 10, 12
991:José María Obando
966:San Juan de Pasto
943:Agustín Agualongo
894:José María Obando
875:Battle of Bomboná
862:San Juan de Pasto
844:map of the region
786:., helped defeat
734:San Juan de Pasto
721:
720:
716:
715:
588:
587:
583:
582:
453:Gameza and Topaga
332:Nariño's Campaign
232:
231:
195:José María Obando
178:Agustín Agualongo
163:José María Obando
82:
81:
67:Southern Colombia
1620:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1463:
1460:Pérez Ochoa 1982
1457:
1451:
1448:Pérez Ochoa 1982
1445:
1436:
1424:
1421:Cacua Prada 2006
1418:
1412:
1409:Cacua Prada 2006
1406:
1400:
1397:Cacua Prada 2006
1394:
1382:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1137:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1016:
947:Juan José Flores
937:Second rebellion
931:Juan José Flores
909:José Tomás Boves
796:Battle of Boyacá
639:Quito Revolution
635:
634:
627:
625:
615:
608:
601:
592:
591:
365:Cartagena (1815)
278:
277:
270:
268:
258:
251:
244:
235:
234:
192:
185:
173:
155:Juan José Flores
139:
110:Kingdom of Spain
108:
107:
96:
69:Northern Ecuador
52:
51:
44:
19:
18:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1120:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1003:
996:
994:
988:
939:
927:Bartolomé Salom
905:
903:First rebellion
838:
784:Quito Rebellion
765:
722:
717:
628:
623:
621:
619:
589:
584:
541:Second Taindalá
487:Chorros Blancos
271:
266:
264:
262:
193:
186:
176:
174:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
135:
132:
130:Bartolomé Salom
128:
124:
102:
70:
68:
45:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1626:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1117:
1102:
1083:
1068:
1049:
1030:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
938:
935:
920:Guáitara River
904:
901:
837:
834:
764:
761:
726:Pasto Campaign
719:
718:
714:
713:
712:
711:
709:Pasto Campaign
706:
701:
696:
688:
687:
683:
682:
681:
680:
675:
670:
662:
661:
654:
653:
652:
651:
643:
642:
633:
630:
629:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
586:
585:
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
536:First Taindalá
533:
525:
524:
521:Pasto Campaign
517:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
476:
475:
468:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
437:
436:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
359:
358:
352:
351:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
276:
273:
272:
261:
260:
253:
246:
238:
230:
229:
228:many civilians
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
166:
118:
117:
113:
112:
100:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
37:
36:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1625:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Gran Colombia
1566:
1565:
1563:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 355
1539:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:, p. 335
1461:
1456:
1450:, p. 306
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1367:, p. 195
1366:
1361:
1355:, p. 220
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1271:
1265:, p. 264
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1247:(in Spanish).
1246:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1059:, p. 113
1058:
1053:
1045:
1040:, p. 170
1039:
1034:
1026:
1021:, p. 225
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
998:
992:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
955:
950:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
923:
921:
917:
916:Navidad Negra
912:
910:
900:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
871:
865:
863:
859:
850:
842:
833:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
804:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:Simón Bolívar
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
730:Gran Colombia
727:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
699:Huachi (1821)
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
689:
685:
684:
679:
678:Huachi (1820)
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
663:
659:
656:
655:
650:
649:Ibarra (1812)
647:
646:
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
631:
626:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
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569:
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527:
526:
522:
519:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Laguna Salada
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
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444:
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434:
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348:
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196:
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184:
179:
172:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:
131:
127:
123:
122:Simón Bolívar
120:
119:
114:
111:
106:
101:
99:
98:Gran Colombia
95:
91:
90:
85:
77:
74:
73:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
43:
38:
35:
30:
25:
20:
1545:
1533:
1522:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1471:
1455:
1443:
1432:
1423:, p. 81
1416:
1411:, p. 96
1404:
1399:, p. 86
1377:
1360:
1322:
1313:, p. 63
1306:
1301:, p. 70
1294:
1289:, p. 69
1282:
1277:, p. 67
1270:
1244:
1235:, p. 14
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1093:, p. 24
1091:Álvarez 1983
1086:
1077:
1071:
1052:
1033:
978:
963:
951:
940:
924:
915:
913:
906:
898:
883:
869:
866:
855:
831:
815:Buenaventura
812:
800:
780:Neogranadine
777:
766:
742:
738:Patía, Cauca
725:
723:
708:
520:
458:Vargas Swamp
136:
87:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1513:, p. 6
1501:, p. 4
1489:, p. 3
1311:Encina 1954
1299:Encina 1954
1287:Encina 1954
1275:Encina 1954
1263:Encina 1954
1223:, p. 9
1211:, p. 8
1199:, p. 7
1187:, p. 6
1175:, p. 5
1163:, p. 4
673:Camino Real
660:(1820-1821)
641:(1809-1812)
523:(1822-1825)
474:(1819-1821)
404:Guasdualito
396:(1816-1819)
292:Bajo Palacé
284:(1810-1816)
1562:Categories
1001:References
974:José Mires
970:Yacuanquer
342:Palo River
151:José Mires
1134:1315-0049
981:Barbacoas
819:Guayaquil
704:Pichincha
576:Sucumbíos
571:Barbacoas
566:Mapachico
546:Catambuco
507:Fundación
409:El Yagual
327:Civil War
322:Admirable
302:La Ladera
58:1822-1824
879:El Peñol
694:Yaguachi
561:Calvario
497:Tenerife
482:Riohacha
448:Corrales
419:Chocontá
414:Achaguas
385:La Plata
317:Carrillo
297:Iscuandé
202:Strength
63:Location
858:Popayán
769:Popayán
763:Context
531:Bomboná
512:Ciénaga
370:Cachirí
337:Enmedio
307:Sabanas
223:unknown
137:†
1329:
1132:
954:Ibarra
551:Ibarra
463:Boyaca
435:(1819)
424:Pienta
375:Cancán
210:2,000
197:(1822)
180:
165:(1823)
75:Result
773:Quito
556:Pasto
1327:ISBN
1130:ISSN
1097:help
1063:help
1044:help
1025:help
870:(es)
771:and
751:and
736:and
724:The
443:Paya
347:Tolú
55:Date
32:and
817:to
1564::
1389:^
1343:^
1255:^
1009:^
976:.
933:.
864:.
810:.
1335:.
1136:.
1099:)
1065:)
1046:)
1027:)
993:.
987:.
614:e
607:t
600:v
257:e
250:t
243:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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