27:
1814:
610:
183:, was not awarded the title until 2 BC, after several decades of peaceful rule. The title was therefore not considered necessary for the legitimacy of succeeding emperors. Nor did it convey any legal powers. As such, it did not become a regular part of the imperial honors that were routinely conferred on a new emperor.
214:) it was granted rapidly, if the new emperor was particularly esteemed by the senators when they acceded. As a sign of humility, several emperors deferred their use of the title for some time even after it was conferred by the Senate. For example,
209:
It thereafter became usual for the Senate to convey the title on emperors only after many years of successful rule. As a result, many emperors with short reigns never received the title. In some cases (such as
206:, declined when it was offered by the Senate during the first year of his reign, on the basis that he was too young for such a title. The Senate offered it again the following year, which Nero accepted.
97:, usually after many years of successful rule. Not all emperors were offered the title, while others were offered it but refused to accept. A total of 23 emperors received the title.
813:
1853:
2555:
1482:
1667:
1846:
1092:
108:, the same Latin title was granted to several national leaders by their subjects or parliaments. More recently, the equivalent title has been
2519:
1839:
2427:
1964:
2487:
851:
222:
1703:
1634:
1533:
2482:
1936:
1498:
1119:
900:
2407:
2357:
1862:
657:
639:
26:
2550:
1792:
2432:
2397:
1798:
1503:
791:
Julian's coin issued in 361 CE reads: FL CL IVLIA NVS P P AVG (Flavius
Claudius Julianus Pater Patriae Augustus)
2422:
2417:
2412:
1762:
1677:
1097:
683:
635:
631:
167:. Caesar had packed the Senate with his own supporters, who voted him the title in 45 BC for having ended
2540:
2392:
1767:
2402:
1584:
1060:
2176:
1757:
1351:
1341:
1141:
1930:
1574:
1326:
1231:
1131:
1545:
1450:
1331:
734:
1752:
1662:
1440:
1425:
1346:
1282:
1026:
1019:
620:
155:
in 63 BC. A similar title, Parens
Patriae, of similar but lesser connotation, was awarded to
1774:
136:. It reflected the popular view that Camillus was effectively a second founder of the city, after
1871:
1723:
1475:
1455:
1435:
1363:
1251:
1187:
715:
624:
295:
152:
179:
in 27 BC, and thereafter the title was exclusively held by the emperor. The first emperor,
1988:
1518:
1445:
919:
893:
541:
273:
129:
82:
194:
was offered this title, but refused it as premature and inappropriate. The following emperor,
2462:
2455:
2206:
1993:
1970:
1728:
1177:
1172:
168:
148:
2289:
2224:
2194:
2069:
2052:
1698:
1622:
1336:
1236:
1124:
722:
109:
8:
2545:
2472:
2450:
2352:
1958:
1897:
1557:
1313:
1272:
699:
671:
279:
133:
2500:
2477:
2064:
1784:
1031:
1001:
833:
707:
695:
691:
687:
675:
105:
31:
2372:
2182:
2089:
1982:
1953:
1947:
1819:
1551:
1404:
1399:
1287:
1267:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1157:
1085:
886:
837:
679:
481:
1831:
2321:
2218:
2126:
2034:
1976:
1941:
1925:
1616:
1321:
1182:
1167:
1055:
1014:
992:
981:
945:
825:
775:
771:
767:
711:
589:
226:
101:
2257:
2212:
2136:
2079:
2046:
1600:
1246:
1226:
1204:
1080:
453:
2188:
2016:
1693:
1508:
1376:
1308:
1277:
1162:
1044:
952:
763:
703:
441:
172:
164:
78:
63:
20:
1430:
829:
2534:
2506:
2336:
2311:
2230:
2010:
1917:
1779:
1610:
1539:
1050:
1009:
974:
739:
577:
305:
156:
94:
1733:
2299:
2113:
2028:
1879:
1606:
1199:
1194:
1136:
1072:
1038:
670:
The Latin honorific was later used for several national leaders during the
457:
176:
125:
90:
74:
59:
721:
The Latin title has since fallen into disuse, being replaced by the title
2494:
2084:
2074:
2022:
1409:
1391:
1241:
967:
529:
2294:
2236:
2058:
1672:
1381:
1371:
553:
517:
67:
66:, it means "father of the country", or more literally, "father of the
1303:
960:
759:
493:
369:
187:
55:
609:
2316:
2284:
2200:
2131:
2040:
1883:
1628:
939:
909:
565:
505:
469:
393:
345:
333:
318:
199:
195:
191:
180:
147:
Three centuries later, it was awarded to the orator and statesman
2004:
1998:
1907:
779:
429:
260:
215:
137:
2367:
2362:
2331:
2304:
2262:
2095:
678:. It was awarded by national parliaments or loyal subjects to:
417:
289:
221:
The title fell out of use in the fourth century AD, during the
86:
39:
132:
in 386 BC, for his role in liberating the city after the
1902:
1579:
405:
381:
211:
2326:
2276:
2152:
1875:
878:
357:
203:
186:
The title could be declined. According to the historian
698:, the last Emperor of Brazil; and the four leaders of
1861:
725:
translated into each the relevant national language.
872:. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, 1987, p. 57.
225:. The last emperor known to have used the title was
16:Latin honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland"
918:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (
2532:
814:"Acceptance of the Title Pater Patriae in 2 BC*"
232:
2556:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
599:
1847:
894:
198:, did accept the title, as did his successor
638:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
140:, who was retrospectively considered to be
2520:Knowledge:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
1854:
1840:
901:
887:
169:the civil wars that he had started himself
811:
658:Learn how and when to remove this message
151:, for his part in the suppression of the
112:, translated into the national language.
782:, which were granted to all new emperors
128:. It was first awarded to Roman general
25:
229:, who was also the last pagan emperor.
2533:
1835:
882:
2488:List of current constituent monarchs
636:adding citations to reliable sources
603:
93:, it was exclusively granted to the
13:
2483:List of current sovereign monarchs
1937:Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
278:for liberating the city after the
81:, it was given only two times: to
14:
2567:
2358:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
1863:Imperial, royal, and noble styles
1813:
1812:
1793:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano
608:
115:
1504:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
2473:Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
862:
852:"Suetonius • Life of Tiberius"
844:
805:
785:
752:
684:President of the United States
223:Christianisation of the empire
218:deferred it for eleven years.
1:
798:
233:Chronological list of holders
73:The title was granted by the
908:
870:Marcus Aurelius: A Biography
600:Later use by other countries
7:
2177:Imperial and Royal Highness
728:
10:
2572:
1931:Imperial and Royal Majesty
1232:Library of Palatine Apollo
326:
310:for ending his civil wars
265:Legendary founder of Rome
120:The honor of being called
18:
2515:
2443:
2385:
2345:
2275:
2250:
2169:
2145:
2112:
2105:
1916:
1890:
1869:
1807:
1742:
1716:
1686:
1655:
1648:
1593:
1567:
1526:
1517:
1491:
1468:
1418:
1390:
1362:
1296:
1260:
1150:
1112:
1071:
1000:
991:
931:
916:
830:10.1017/S0066477400001970
735:List of national founders
253:
242:
745:
690:; the Dutch Stadtholder
19:Not to be confused with
2551:Latin words and phrases
1477:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
1252:Caesareum of Alexandria
812:Stevenson, Tom (2009).
716:King Victor Emmanuel II
296:Catilinarian conspiracy
153:Catilinarian conspiracy
38:as one of the title of
2478:Great Catholic Monarch
1989:Most Excellent Majesty
1965:Most Christian Majesty
1120:Constitutional Reforms
274:Marcus Furius Camillus
190:, Augustus' successor
130:Marcus Furius Camillus
42:
2463:Defender of the Faith
2456:Divine right of kings
2207:Ducal Serene Highness
2029:Most Eminent Highness
1994:Most Gracious Majesty
1971:Most Faithful Majesty
1775:Roman Temple of Évora
1173:Porticus Argonautarum
1027:Liberators' Civil War
856:penelope.uchicago.edu
290:Marcus Tullius Cicero
149:Marcus Tullius Cicero
124:was conferred by the
29:
2541:Ancient Roman titles
2290:Duli Yang Maha Mulia
2225:Illustrious Highness
2195:Grand Ducal Highness
2053:Illustrious Highness
1749:Temples of Augustus
1699:Gaius Julius Hyginus
1527:Parents and siblings
1297:Religious structures
1237:Theatre of Marcellus
1113:Legislative activity
723:father of the nation
632:improve this section
294:for suppressing the
202:. The next emperor,
175:was replaced by the
110:father of the nation
2451:By the Grace of God
1799:Cultural depictions
1558:Octavia the Younger
1483:Memoirs of Augustus
1314:Basilica of Neptune
1273:Gardens of Maecenas
780:tribunicia potestas
700:Italian unification
672:early modern period
306:Gaius Julius Caesar
280:Gallic sack of Rome
249:Reference or notes
239:
134:Gallic sack of Rome
106:late modern periods
30:The inscription on
2501:Translatio imperii
1785:Sodales Augustales
1002:Second Triumvirate
708:Giuseppe Garibaldi
688:Gustav I of Sweden
676:late modern period
237:
165:perpetual dictator
43:
2528:
2527:
2381:
2380:
2373:Sultanic Highness
2271:
2270:
2246:
2245:
2183:Imperial Highness
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
1983:Britannic Majesty
1954:Catholic Monarchs
1948:Apostolic Majesty
1829:
1828:
1712:
1711:
1644:
1643:
1552:Octavia the Elder
1542:(adoptive father)
1464:
1463:
1405:Via Julia Augusta
1400:Milliarium Aureum
1352:Rome and Augustus
1342:Castor and Pollux
1288:Villa of Augustus
1268:House of Augustus
1222:Porticus of Livia
1217:Porticus Octaviae
1210:Porticus Vipsania
1158:Forum of Augustus
1108:
1107:
1087:Bellum Batonianum
692:William of Orange
680:George Washington
668:
667:
660:
597:
596:
482:Septimius Severus
163:ruler of Rome as
159:, who had become
2563:
2353:Amir al-Mu'minin
2343:
2342:
2251:Specific culture
2248:
2247:
2167:
2166:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2070:Most Illustrious
2035:Exalted Highness
1977:Orthodox Majesty
1959:Catholic Majesty
1942:Imperial Majesty
1872:Forms of address
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1816:
1815:
1653:
1652:
1617:Agrippa Postumus
1524:
1523:
1327:Apollo Palatinus
1258:
1257:
1183:Solarium Augusti
1168:Baths of Agrippa
998:
997:
993:Wars of Augustus
982:Pontifex maximus
903:
896:
889:
880:
879:
873:
868:Anthony Birley.
866:
860:
859:
848:
842:
841:
809:
792:
789:
783:
776:pontifex maximus
772:princeps senatus
756:
712:Giuseppe Mazzini
663:
656:
652:
649:
643:
612:
604:
240:
236:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2511:
2439:
2377:
2341:
2267:
2242:
2213:Serene Highness
2157:
2141:
2101:
2092:(The Much Hon.)
2080:Hochwohlgeboren
2047:Serene Highness
1912:
1886:
1865:
1860:
1830:
1825:
1803:
1738:
1708:
1682:
1668:Piso Caesoninus
1640:
1589:
1563:
1513:
1487:
1460:
1414:
1386:
1358:
1332:Apollo Sosianus
1292:
1256:
1247:Tropaeum Alpium
1227:Macellum Liviae
1205:Campus Agrippae
1146:
1104:
1081:Cantabrian Wars
1067:
987:
927:
926:Caesar Augustus
912:
907:
877:
876:
867:
863:
850:
849:
845:
810:
806:
801:
796:
795:
790:
786:
757:
753:
748:
731:
664:
653:
647:
644:
629:
613:
602:
454:Marcus Aurelius
235:
118:
32:Trajan's Column
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2467:Fidei defensor
2460:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2423:United Kingdom
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
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2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2189:Royal Highness
2186:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Most Excellent
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2017:Royal Highness
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1694:Julius Licinus
1690:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1637:(stepdaughter)
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1534:Gaius Octavius
1530:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1509:Gaius Maecenas
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:Aqua Alsietina
1374:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Palazzo a Mare
1275:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1163:Campus Martius
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Coinage reform
1129:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1045:Bellum Siculum
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:Forum Gallorum
1017:
1006:
1004:
995:
989:
988:
986:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
935:
933:
929:
928:
917:
914:
913:
906:
905:
898:
891:
883:
875:
874:
861:
843:
803:
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:
784:
750:
749:
747:
744:
743:
742:
737:
730:
727:
704:Camillo Cavour
666:
665:
648:September 2023
616:
614:
607:
601:
598:
595:
594:
592:
587:
583:
582:
580:
575:
571:
570:
568:
563:
559:
558:
556:
551:
547:
546:
544:
539:
535:
534:
532:
527:
523:
522:
520:
515:
511:
510:
508:
503:
499:
498:
496:
491:
487:
486:
484:
479:
475:
474:
472:
467:
463:
462:
460:
451:
447:
446:
444:
442:Antoninus Pius
439:
435:
434:
432:
427:
423:
422:
420:
415:
411:
410:
408:
403:
399:
398:
396:
391:
387:
386:
384:
379:
375:
374:
372:
367:
363:
362:
360:
355:
351:
350:
348:
343:
339:
338:
336:
331:
328:
324:
323:
321:
316:
312:
311:
308:
303:
299:
298:
292:
287:
283:
282:
276:
271:
267:
266:
263:
258:
255:
251:
250:
247:
244:
238:Pater Patriae
234:
231:
173:Roman republic
117:
114:
79:Roman Republic
52:Patres Patriae
21:Parens patriae
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2568:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:Victory title
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
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2337:Son of Heaven
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2312:King of Kings
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2199:
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2122:Pater Patriae
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2119:
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2097:
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2090:Much Honoured
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2018:
2015:
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1999:Royal Majesty
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1898:Nəgusä Nägäst
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1780:Imperial cult
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1051:War of Actium
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1010:War of Mutina
1008:
1007:
1005:
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975:Pater patriae
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740:Victory title
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617:This section
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578:Constantine I
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157:Julius Caesar
154:
150:
145:
143:
142:pater patriae
139:
135:
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127:
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122:pater patriae
116:Roman history
113:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
95:Roman emperor
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:. During the
76:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
48:
47:Pater Patriae
41:
37:
36:Pater Patriae
33:
28:
22:
2499:
2466:
2121:
2114:Ancient Rome
1818:
1811:
1791:
1729:Via Labicana
1704:Epaphroditus
1476:
1283:Villa Giulia
1200:Diribitorium
1195:Saepta Julia
1137:Bierzo Edict
1126:leges Juliae
1125:
1093:Germanic War
1086:
1073:Roman Empire
1043:
1039:Perusine War
980:
973:
966:
959:
953:
946:
938:
923:
869:
864:
855:
846:
821:
817:
807:
787:
754:
720:
682:, the first
669:
654:
645:
630:Please help
618:
458:Lucius Verus
220:
208:
185:
177:Roman empire
160:
146:
141:
126:Roman Senate
121:
119:
102:early modern
99:
91:Roman Empire
89:. Under the
75:Roman Senate
72:
60:ancient Rome
51:
46:
45:
44:
35:
2495:Sacred king
2403:Netherlands
2179:(HI&RH)
2170:Middle Ages
2085:Wohlgeboren
2075:Hochgeboren
2023:Monseigneur
1933:(HI&RM)
1724:Prima Porta
1623:Nero Drusus
1410:Via Augusta
1242:Roman Agora
968:Divi filius
530:Gordian III
100:During the
2546:Honorifics
2535:Categories
2295:Great king
2237:Excellency
2098:(Millourt)
2059:Excellency
1734:Meroë Head
1673:Germanicus
1603:(daughter)
1499:Literature
1382:Aqua Julia
1372:Aqua Virgo
1337:Mars Ultor
1142:Propaganda
1061:Alexandria
824:: 97–108.
818:Antichthon
799:References
554:Diocletian
518:Elagabalus
68:fatherland
2386:Countries
2106:Antiquity
1768:Barcelona
1717:Portraits
1678:Marcellus
1631:(adopted)
1625:(stepson)
1619:(adopted)
1613:(adopted)
1585:Scribonia
1364:Aqueducts
1304:Ara Pacis
1178:Mausoleum
1151:Buildings
1098:Teutoburg
961:Imperator
924:Imperator
838:140903086
760:imperator
619:does not
494:Caracalla
370:Vespasian
188:Suetonius
58:title in
56:honorific
54:) was an
34:includes
2444:See also
2433:Scotland
2408:Portugal
2317:Maharaja
2285:Baghatur
2227:(HIll.H)
2219:Serenity
2201:Highness
2132:Sebastos
2127:Augustus
2055:(HIll.H)
2041:Highness
1926:Holiness
1884:nobility
1820:Category
1687:Freedmen
1663:Agrippa
1656:Generals
1635:Cornelia
1629:Tiberius
1594:Children
1560:(sister)
1554:(sister)
1548:(mother)
1536:(father)
1347:Augustus
1318:Temples
1309:Pantheon
1032:Philippi
947:Augustus
940:Princeps
920:Octavian
910:Augustus
768:augustus
758:Such as
729:See also
696:Pedro II
566:Maximian
506:Macrinus
470:Commodus
394:Domitian
346:Claudius
334:Caligula
319:Augustus
200:Claudius
196:Caligula
192:Tiberius
181:Augustus
161:de facto
83:Camillus
50:(plural
2398:Georgia
2346:Islamic
2146:Georgia
2137:Dominus
2005:Majesty
1918:Western
1908:Pharaoh
1880:royalty
1575:Claudia
1492:Culture
1261:Palaces
1188:obelisk
686:; King
640:removed
625:sources
430:Hadrian
261:Romulus
246:Holder
216:Hadrian
138:Romulus
2428:Canada
2418:Sweden
2413:Serbia
2393:France
2368:Sharif
2363:Hadrat
2332:Shogun
2322:Mikado
2305:Khagan
2263:Senhor
2209:(HDSH)
2197:(HGDH)
2096:Milord
2031:(HMEH)
2025:(Msgr)
1967:(HMCM)
1891:Africa
1882:, and
1758:Athens
1743:Legacy
1649:Circle
1611:Lucius
1609:&
1519:Family
1451:Rimini
1441:Orange
1322:Caesar
1056:battle
1015:battle
954:Caesar
932:Titles
836:
764:caesar
590:Julian
542:Probus
418:Trajan
227:Julian
171:. The
87:Cicero
40:Trajan
2277:Asian
2231:Grace
2215:(HSH)
2191:(HRH)
2185:(HIH)
2049:(HSH)
2037:(HEH)
2019:(HRH)
2011:Grace
2001:(HRM)
1985:(HBM)
1979:(HOM)
1973:(HFM)
1961:(HCM)
1950:(HAM)
1944:(HIM)
1903:Nkosi
1876:popes
1607:Gaius
1601:Julia
1580:Livia
1568:Wives
1469:Works
1426:Aosta
1419:Archs
1392:Roads
834:S2CID
746:Notes
406:Nerva
382:Titus
243:Year
212:Nerva
64:Latin
62:. In
2327:Shah
2300:Khan
2239:(HE)
2233:(HG)
2221:(HS)
2203:(HH)
2153:Mepe
2061:(HE)
2043:(HH)
2013:(HG)
2007:(HM)
1874:for
1763:Nola
1753:Rome
1546:Atia
1456:Susa
1446:Rome
1436:Fano
1431:Berà
922:) ·
778:and
714:and
674:and
623:any
621:cite
586:361
574:307
562:286
550:284
538:276
526:238
514:218
502:217
490:199
478:193
466:177
456:and
450:166
438:139
426:128
358:Nero
270:386
257:753
204:Nero
104:and
85:and
2258:Don
826:doi
634:by
414:98
402:96
390:81
378:79
366:70
354:55
342:42
330:37
327:AD
302:45
286:63
254:BC
70:".
2537::
1878:,
854:.
832:.
822:43
820:.
816:.
774:,
770:,
766:,
762:,
718:.
710:,
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144:.
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840:.
828::
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655:(
650:)
646:(
642:.
628:.
23:.
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