347:). Scenes of battle are very much a minority on the column; instead it emphasizes images of orderly soldiers carrying out ceremony and construction. The aim of the Dacian campaigns was to incorporate and integrate Dacia into the Roman Empire as a province. On Trajan's Column, imagery related to wartime violence in general seems to have been downplayed and depictions of violent action towards foreign women and children are nonexistent. Some scholars suggest the lack of battle scenes and large number of construction scenes was meant to speak to the urban population of Rome (the primary audience), addressing their fear and distrust of the army by depicting its warfare as one with little collateral damage. The portrayal of the Roman army as relatively gentle may have been designed to support Trajan's image as a man of "justice, clemency, moderation, and restraint". Others have argued that the number of tree-felling scenes on the Column (48 of the 224 trees on the Column are being felled) work alongside the bridging of the Danube at the base, and are meant to speak to a more total conquest of the province than had previously been achieved. Key specific events portrayed are the first crossing of the Danube by the Roman legion, Trajan's voyage up the Danube, the surrender of the Dacians at the close of the first war, the great sacrifice by the Danube bridge during the second war, the assault on the Dacian capital, and the death of the Dacian king
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sides by two flanking libraries and the
Basilica Ulpia. The two libraries to the northeast and southwest of the column were for the study of scrolls written in Latin and in Greek. These libraries were built in tandem with the column. They apparently included upper level viewing platforms for two sides of the column. By having an elevated vantage point, the figures of the scenes, carved in shallow relief and detailed with paint and metal fittings, could be seen more closely (nevertheless it remained impossible for the ancient viewer to follow sequentially the continuous spiral of the reliefs). The problem with visibility of the upper areas is further apparent when we compare Trajan's Column to the
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483:, were set inside the base in golden urns (which later disappeared from the monument). One reading of this is that Trajan may have intended the column to be his final resting place from the project's inception, and that the similarities in design to other funerary structures made it a natural choice for the Roman Senate. In particular, the circumambulation demanded of onlookers of the column's frieze is evocative of Roman funerary practice, drawing attention toward the center – and consequently, the
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buried. The narrative on Trajan's Column unfurls from the base going up, taking a viewer through Trajan's triumph in the Dacian wars and (as originally constructed) finishes with a statue of Trajan above the forum. Considering the practice of deification of emperors which was expected during this time period, especially of glorious Trajan, the symbolism may be interpreted as Trajan's earthly remains staying in the Forum with the Roman people while his conquests ascend him up into the heavens.
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684:, weighing in total more than 1100 t. The spiral stair itself was carved out of 19 blocks, with a full turn every 14 steps; this arrangement required a more complex geometry than the more usual alternatives of 12 or 16. The quality of the craftsmanship was such that the staircase is practically even, and the joints between the huge blocks still fit accurately. Despite numerous earthquakes in the past, the column today leans at an angle of less than half a degree.
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now lost. The reliefs on the column documenting the Dacian campaigns would have provided a vivid complement to Trajan's account of the wars. The people of Rome were reminded of his victories every time they enjoyed the open space and amenities of the forum. The combination of the column and the magnificent buildings that surrounded it would have created an awe-inspiring spectacle.
613:, a script often used for stone monuments and, less often, for manuscript writing. As it was meant to be read from below, the bottom letters are slightly smaller than the top letters, to give proper perspective. Some, but not all, word divisions are marked with a dot, and many of the words, especially the titles, are abbreviated. In the inscription, numerals are marked with a
691:. While spiral stairs were before still a rare sight in Roman buildings, this space-saving form henceforth spread gradually throughout the empire. Apart from the practical advantages it offered, the design also became closely associated with imperial power, being later adopted by Trajan's successors
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in Rome. From his report, it becomes obvious that the coordination of the lift between the various pulling teams required a considerable amount of concentration and discipline, since, if the force was not applied evenly, the excessive stress on the ropes would make them rupture. In case of Trajan's
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There is also the important idea of the column as a symbol for Trajan. Trajan's ashes were buried in a chamber at the base of the column. At the top of the column was a statue of Trajan. The ground level of the Forum, which is a center of life for Romans, is where the earthly remains of Trajan are
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The two libraries flanking the column helped to further the emperor's program of propaganda. In addition to serving as viewing platforms for the column, they housed valuable works of literature for the people of Rome. Surely one important text kept here was Trajan's own account of the Dacian Wars,
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While there is certainly evidence that the Trajan's Column was not put in an ideal spot for visibility, it is impossible to reject the column as some form of a glorification structure. There is the significant point that the column was extremely challenging to construct, so it is unlikely that it
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have determined that any wide view of the column would have been mostly obstructed by two libraries in the Forum which tightly bookended it. Also, because it would have been difficult to follow the spiral frieze from end to end (walking in circles with head inclined), the column's narrative power
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Women for the most part occupy and define the margins of the scenes. However, mortal females in Roman state art are so rare it is remarkable that they are included at all in a war monument. In the male discourse of warfare, women are a visual trope that develops further the idea of subjugation by
673:, it had to be constructed sufficiently tall in order to function as a vantage point and to maintain its own visual impact on the forum. The column proper, that is the shaft without the pedestal, the statue and its base, is 29.76 metres (97.64 feet) high, a number which almost corresponds to 100
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Today, Trajan's Column is the most prominent architectural feature of Trajan's Forum, left nearly intact but now isolated from its original setting. The column was placed toward the northernmost point of the forum, acting as the focal point of the entire forum complex. It was surrounded on three
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Great care was taken to distinguish the men and women from both sides of the campaign as well as the ranks within these distinct groups. The scenes are crowded with sailors, soldiers, statesmen and priests, showing about 2,500 figures in all. It also exists as a valuable source of information on
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block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, and had to be lifted to a height of about 34 metres (112 feet). Ancient coins indicate preliminary plans to top the column with a statue of a bird, probably an eagle. After construction, a statue of Trajan was put in place; this disappeared in the
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The interior of Trajan's Column is hollow: entered by a small doorway at one side of the base, a spiral stair of 185 steps gives access to the platform above, having offered the visitor in antiquity a view over the surrounding Trajan's forum; 43 window slits illuminate the ascent.
415:. The figures in the later Column of Marcus Aurelius are more deeply cut and even simplified over the height of the shaft because there were no surrounding buildings to serve as viewing platforms. The different carving style seems to have been adopted to enhance visibility.
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crane, which could only reach a maximum height of 15 to 18 metres (49–59 feet) in any event, was clearly inadequate. Instead, a tower-like wooden construction was erected around the building site, in the midst of which the marble blocks were raised by a system of
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It is unclear whether the column was meant to serve a commemorative function, as political propaganda, or both. Traditional scholarship held that the column was a glorifying monument, upholding Trajan as Rome's great emperor. However, recent reconstructions of
319:. The narrative band expands from about 1 metre (3.3 feet) at the base of the column to 1.2 metres (3.9 feet) at the top. The scenes unfold continuously. Often a variety of different perspectives are used in the same scene, so that more can be revealed (
452:, Napoleon's figure can be picked up, scene after scene. Additionally, the two libraries surrounding it provided platforms from which to observe the column if the viewer stood on the top floors, making the complete view of frieze much more visible.
773:, spread out on the ground. According to modern calculations, eight capstans were needed to hoist the 55 t base block, while the length of rope required for the highest drums measured some 210 metres (690 feet) assuming two-block pulleys.
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feminizing the foreign conquered. However, on the column is "one of the most unusual, disturbing, and violent depictions of women in Roman art, the torture scene." In this unusual scene, four Dacian women are depicted torturing two naked men.
335:; the lower half illustrating the first (101–102), and the top half illustrating the second (105–106). These campaigns were contemporary to the time of the column's construction. The frieze repeats standardized scenes of imperial address (
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or catapult. This detail is evident in the variety of trees on the Column, each individually stylised following 37 types, which has led some scholars to identify particular species. The precise details create a strong effect of
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Column, the difficulties were exacerbated even further by the simultaneous work on the neighbouring
Basilica Ulpia, which limited the available space so that the capstan crews had proper access only from one side.
749:, the heaviest block above the base and pedestal, is even at 53.3 t, which had to be lifted 34 m (112 ft) high. To save weight, the treads had probably been carved out before either at the quarry or
293:, a Greek chamber and a Latin chamber, which faced each other and had walls lined with niches and wooden bookcases for scrolls. The Latin chamber likely contained Trajan's commentary on the Roman-Dacian Wars, the
813:, they are now more legible in some details than the original, and the way they are displayed offers students a closer look at the reliefs than at the original site. Examples can be studied at:
380:; the designer presents the images as objective historical truth. The emperor Trajan is depicted realistically in the veristic style, making 58 appearances as the central hero among his troops.
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in 1586 by means of a lifting tower. A similar arrangement was presumably used for the construction of Trajan's Column, but with less available space and thus manpower.
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The continuous helical frieze winds 25 times from base to capital and was an architectural innovation in its time. The design was adopted by later emperors such as
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notes, the relief could be read "vertically" from below, with the figure of the emperor recognizable across the bands of images—just as, on the
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in Rome, where each "frame" of the narrative has been cut into a separate section and the sections are then displayed horizontally in order
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The column stands 38.4 m (126.0 ft) high from the ground to the top of the statue base: Located immediately next to the large
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Roman and barbarian arms and methods of warfare (such as forts, ships, weapons, etc.) and costume. The relief shows details such as a
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winds around the shaft 23 times. Inside the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 steps provides access to a viewing deck at the top. The
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Hungerford Pollen, John. A Description of the Trajan Column. George E. Eyre and
William Spottiswoode. Queen Victoria, London. 1874.
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were capable of raising large weights clear off the ground. The typical drum of Trajan's Column weighs c. 32 t, while the
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Hills used to be, having been excavated by Trajan, but excavation has revealed that this is not the case. The saddle was where
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2004:
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677:; beginning slightly above the bottom of the base, the helical staircase inside measures a mere 8 cm (3 in) less.
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299:, which most scholars agree was intended to be echoed in the spiralling, sculpted narrative design of Trajan's Column.
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876:), still forming the base of modern scholarship. Based on Cichorius's work, and on the photographic archive of the
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880:, a research-oriented Web-based viewer for Trajan's Column was created at the German-language image database.
42:
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2031:
Davies, Penelope J. E. (1997), "The
Politics of Perpetuation: Trajan's Column and the Art of Commemoration",
652:
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Jones, Mark Wilson (1993), "One
Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column",
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3998:
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Die
Reliefs der Traianssäule. Zweiter Tafelband: "Die Reliefs des Zweiten Dakischen Krieges", Tafeln 58–113
817:
802:
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Stoiculescu, Christian D. (1985), "Trajan's Column documentary value from a forestry viewpoint (Part 1)",
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Trajan's Column, especially its helical stairway design, exerted a considerable influence on subsequent
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2015:
Die
Reliefs der Traianssäule. Erster Tafelband: "Die Reliefs des Ersten Dakischen Krieges", Tafeln 1–57
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into their place. Ancient sources, as well as a substantial body of archaeological evidence, show that
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617:, a bar across the top of the letters. A small piece at the bottom of the inscription has been lost.
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Additionally, individual casts of the frieze are on display in various museums, for example, in the
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265:, each weighing about 32 tons, with a diameter of 3.7 metres (12.1 feet). The 190-metre (620-foot)
836:, London. Displayed in column form and, including the base, the column is chopped into two halves.
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voted to have Trajan's ashes buried in the column's square base, which is decorated with captured
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Studies in Roman
Imperial Art: with special reference to the State Reliefs of the Second Century
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stood. Hence, the inscription refers to the Trajan's entire building project in the area of the
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would have been placed in the Forum with the intentions of being hidden or out of plain sight.
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The structure is about 30 metres (98 feet) in height, 35 metres (115 feet) including its large
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The column shows 2,662 figures and 155 scenes; Trajan himself appears on the column 58 times.
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struck 114–116 AD, showing Trajan's column with the original statue on top and his portrait
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Trajan's Column. A New
Edition of the Cichorius Plates. Introduction, Commentary and Notes
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Plaster casts of the relief were taken in the 19th and 20th centuries. After a century of
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703:'s time, a similar column decorated with a spiral of relief sculpture was erected in the
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635:. There have been many other typefaces based on the inscription from such designers as
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Beckmann, Martin (2002), "The 'Columnae Coc(h)lides' of Trajan and Marcus
Aurelius",
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The final line is damaged, due to later building work, but the contents of the short
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It was believed that the column was supposed to stand where the saddle between the
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Location of the inscription plate, above the entrance to the interior (upper image)
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Fox, Andrew (2019), "Trajanic Trees: The Dacian Forest on Trajan's Column",
631:, uses letter forms based on this inscription, working from the research of
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826:, Bucharest, Romania, which displays the frieze horizontally in segments
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1988:
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Section view of the pedestal and the interior stairway (click on image)
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Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion
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219:. It was probably constructed under the supervision of the architect
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1980:
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Roman Architecture and Urbanism: From the Origins to Late Antiquity
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from which it was shipped after being quarried in the mountains of
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Height of helical part of stair: 29.68 metres (97.38 feet) (c. 100
769:; these were powered by a large workforce of men and possibly also
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591:
372:
278:. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned with a bronze figure of
255:
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in Vienna, flanked by two columns styled after the Roman archetype
928:= Height of top of column above ground: 35.07 metres (115.06 feet)
4104:
1213:
1205:
785:
2391:
2325:
Gesemann, Björn (2003), "Zum Standort der Trajanssäule in Rom",
925:+ Height of pedestal, including plinth: 6.16 metres (20.21 feet)
776:
Such a lifting tower was later also used to great effect by the
323:, a different angle is used to show men working behind a wall).
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1164: – Ancient Roman victory column, a landmark of Rome, Italy
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151:
1548:"Introduction to the Spiral Frieze of Trajan's Column in Rome"
289:
Trajan's Column was originally flanked by two sections of the
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861:
559:
476:
205:
2405:
The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City
48:
551:
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The inscription on the base of Trajan's Column, which uses
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113, the freestanding column is most famous for its spiral
201:
1255:(Multimedia presentation). Yale University. Archived from
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Image database, index, and bibliography with English text
351:. The two sections are separated by a personification of
2361:
Interactive view of the column with English descriptions
1696:
1694:
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writing on a shield flanked on either side by trophies.
247:(101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous
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Complete set of images of the column, with Italian text
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Claridge, Amanda (1993), "Hadrian's Column of Trajan",
1641:
1639:
1637:
989:
Detailed view of south-southwest side (high resolution)
366:, a cart-mounted field artillery weapon (relief detail)
16:
Ancient Roman victory column, a landmark of Rome, Italy
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Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz
1003:
Detailed view of west-southwest side (high resolution)
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Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
2164:
Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column",
1691:
1622:
906:= Height of column proper: 29.78 metres (97.70 feet)
840:
Archaeological Collection of the University of ZĂĽrich
2376:
Extensive image archive with browser and German text
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Packer, James E. (1998). "Trajan's Glorious Forum".
1634:
2174:(3), Archaeological Institute of America: 419–439,
1294:
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1290:
1288:
1252:
The Ascent of Augustus and Access to Italian Marble
737:It is assumed that the column drums were lifted by
2256:
1670:
1196:In ancient times, Carrara marble bore the name of
895:Typical height of drums: 1.521 metres (4.990 feet)
2039:(1), Archaeological Institute of America: 41–65,
1840:
975:Detailed view of southeast side (high resolution)
514:The inscription at the base of the column reads:
479:arms and armor. His ashes and those of his wife,
258:. The shaft is made from a series of 20 colossal
5149:
1741:
1739:
1601:
1285:
1275:
1273:
431:Battle scene between the Roman and Dacian armies
1483:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 244–270.
801:The plaster casts laid out at eye level in the
326:
2388:, Column of Trajan, accessed December 28, 2012
5000:
4923:
2481:
2219:
1736:
1321:
1270:
1133:, religious monuments built in honour of the
947:Detailed view of north side (high resolution)
898:Diameter of shaft: 3.695 metres (12.123 feet)
892:+ Height of shaft: 26.92 metres (88.32 feet)
2397:Description and Condition of Trajan's Column
1017:Detailed view of west side (high resolution)
961:Detailed view of east side (high resolution)
903:+ Height of capital: 1.16 metres (3.81 feet)
331:The relief portrays Trajan's two victorious
5014:
4937:
4580:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
2276:
2201:
1928:
1816:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1703:"Column for Trajan - Honorific Inscription"
1607:
1367:. Cambridge University Press. p. 341.
756:Even so, for such loads, the typical Roman
609:This is perhaps the most famous example of
444:On the other hand, as French archaeologist
56:
5007:
4993:
4930:
4916:
4731:
4465:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
2488:
2474:
2241:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
2224:(3rd ed.), Laurence King Publishing,
2220:Paoletti, John T.; Radke, Gary M. (2005),
1361:YegĂĽl, Fikret; Favro, Diane (2019-09-05).
1360:
868:was published by the German archaeologist
2401:
2163:
2101:
2021:
2012:
1917:
1906:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1745:
1628:
1542:
1540:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1298:
343:), and the army setting out on campaign (
31:Trajan's Column, north of the Roman Forum
4630:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
3548:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
2324:
2296:
1966:
1810:
1787:
1511:
1333:
1027:
796:
724:
656:
505:
494:
454:
426:
397:
357:
2344:
2237:
2202:Lepper, Frank; Frere, Sheppard (1988),
2066:
1994:
1939:
1730:
1414:
1310:
707:in Paris to commemorate his victory at
680:The column is composed of 29 blocks of
5150:
4565:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
3553:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
2206:, Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing,
2030:
1676:
1664:
1645:
1576:
1537:
1501:(4th ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.
1461:
1304:
889:Height of base: 1.7 metres (5.58 feet)
333:military campaigns against the Dacians
79:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
5208:Roman sculpture portraits of emperors
4988:
4911:
3833:Sacro Cuore di GesĂą a Castro Pretorio
2495:
2469:
2254:
2145:
2117:
1951:
1894:
1822:
1798:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1481:Representation of War in Ancient Rome
1435:
1279:
4240:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
3588:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
2090:Papers of the British School at Rome
1387:
1145:Monument to the Great Fire of London
4256:Column of the Immaculate Conception
4185:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
2259:Trajan's Column and the Dacian Wars
2087:
1700:
1571:
1565:
824:National Museum of Romanian History
541:MONS·ET·LOCVS·TANTIBVS·SIT·EGESTVS
245:wars between the Romans and Dacians
13:
4585:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
3538:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2402:Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012).
2381:Photographs of some of the reliefs
2290:
1478:
539:AD·DECLARANDVM·QVANTAE·ALTITVDINIS
14:
5219:
4535:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
4500:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
2976:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
2354:
2349:, Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala
1441:
1354:
1229:have been inferred by historians.
471:After Trajan's death in 117, the
4600:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
4545:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
4495:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
4485:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
2946:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
2423:
2148:Principles of Roman Architecture
1415:Marasco, Gabriele (2011-09-23).
1009:
995:
981:
967:
953:
939:
521:IMP·CAESARI·DIVI·NERVAE·F·NERVAE
441:would have been fairly limited.
55:
47:
41:
25:
4605:National Museum of Oriental Art
4505:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
3934:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
3919:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
2167:American Journal of Archaeology
2033:American Journal of Archaeology
1944:
1933:
1922:
1911:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1828:
1804:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1724:
1682:
1658:
1613:
1505:
1487:
1408:
1219:
1140:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
1131:Marian and Holy Trinity columns
878:German Archaeological Institute
792:
714:
646:
4625:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
3420:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
1381:
1327:
1315:
1242:
1190:
523:TRAIANO·AVG·GERM·DACICO·PONTIF
490:
1:
4976:List of Roman victory columns
2238:Platner, Samuel Ball (1929),
1885:, pp. 430–431, Fig. 9–10
1497:; Michael W. Cothren (2011).
1236:
883:
858:Museum for Ancient Navigation
653:List of ancient spiral stairs
286:, which remains to this day.
163:; 1911 years ago
5158:2nd-century Roman sculptures
4590:Museum of Roman Civilization
4520:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
3999:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
3543:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
2345:Hamberg, Per Gustaf (1945),
2299:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2263:, Cornell University Press,
2120:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1337:The Romans: New Perspectives
1023:
918:Height of column, excluding
818:Museum of Roman Civilization
803:Museum of Roman Civilization
566:, Germany and Dacia, with
558:Caesar Nerva Trajan, son of
327:Historical content portrayed
7:
4682:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
4560:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
4530:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
4266:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
3838:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
3445:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
3415:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
2339:10.11588/jrgzm.2003.1.22851
2146:Jones, Mark Wilson (2000),
1334:McGeough, Kevin M. (2004).
1155:
922:: 28.91 metres (94.85 feet)
872:between 1896 and 1900 (see
519:SENATVS·POPVLVS·QVE·ROMANVS
459:Trajan's Column around 1896
251:, both ancient and modern.
10:
5224:
5173:Monumental columns in Rome
4823:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
3909:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
3683:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
3678:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
2951:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
2067:Förtsch, Reinhard (2007),
2022:Cichorius, Conrad (1900),
2013:Cichorius, Conrad (1896),
1960:
1388:Sear, Frank (2002-01-04).
834:Victoria and Albert Museum
718:
650:
422:
391:
387:
5129:
5096:
5081:
5063:
5045:
5022:
4973:
4955:Column of Marcus Aurelius
4945:
4889:
4861:
4801:
4779:
4724:
4643:
4615:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
4453:
4403:
4289:
4228:
4082:
4044:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
3944:Palazzo della Cancelleria
3896:
3876:
3526:
3485:
3390:
3367:
3342:Column of Marcus Aurelius
3329:
3247:
3182:
3122:Basilica of Junius Bassus
3100:
3038:
2966:Temple of Hercules Victor
2956:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
2931:
2895:
2870:
2803:
2783:Arch of Septimius Severus
2750:
2739:
2705:
2503:
2371:Description of the column
2311:10.1017/S1047759400011442
2150:, Yale University Press,
2132:10.1017/S1047759400011454
2103:10.1017/S006824621800034X
1444:"Trajan's Amazing Column"
1322:Paoletti & Radke 2005
1162:Column of Marcus Aurelius
1052:Column of Marcus Aurelius
932:
552:Senate and People of Rome
413:Column of Marcus Aurelius
307:
302:
157:
147:
142:
131:
94:
84:
77:
36:
24:
5168:2nd-century inscriptions
5032:Temple of Venus Genetrix
4950:Column of Antoninus Pius
4813:Appian Way Regional Park
4620:Pigorini National Museum
4540:Museo Civico di Zoologia
4175:della Piazza dei Quiriti
3887:List of churches in Rome
3828:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
3653:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
3628:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
3613:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
3593:S. Apollinare alle Terme
3573:S. Anastasia al Palatino
3558:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
3337:Column of Antoninus Pius
3014:Largo di Torre Argentina
2986:Temple of Minerva Medica
2981:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
2222:Art in Renaissance Italy
1997:Trajan. Optimus Princeps
1995:Bennett, Julian (1997),
1784:, pp. 31–32, Fig. 9
1183:
1047:Column of Antoninus Pius
568:the power of the tribune
5016:Imperial forums of Rome
4939:Ancient columns of Rome
4701:Portonaccio sarcophagus
4688:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
4665:Colossus of Constantine
4660:Augustus of Prima Porta
4635:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
4595:Museum of the Ara Pacis
4570:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
4490:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
4380:Via della Conciliazione
4340:Piazza della Repubblica
3969:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
3924:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
3763:S. Maria della Vittoria
3658:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
3608:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
3563:S. Agnese fuori le mura
3030:Porta Maggiore Basilica
2731:Obelisk of Montecitorio
1929:Lepper & Frere 1988
1552:Trajan's Column in Rome
1512:Holscher, Tonio (2001).
864:. A complete survey in
721:List of Roman monoliths
546:Translated to English:
280:Saint Peter the Apostle
221:Apollodorus of Damascus
5137:Via dei Fori Imperiali
4871:Festa della Repubblica
4711:Sistine Chapel ceiling
4575:Museo Nazionale Romano
4445:Parco degli Acquedotti
4425:Villa Borghese gardens
4385:Via dei Fori Imperiali
3959:Palazzo della Consulta
3843:S. Silvestro in Capite
3748:S. Maria in Trastevere
3743:S. Maria sopra Minerva
3718:S. Maria in Montesanto
3578:S. Andrea delle Fratte
3450:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
3435:Mausoleum of Maxentius
3405:Catacombs of Domitilla
3313:Villa of the Quintilii
2026:, Berlin: Georg Reimer
2017:, Berlin: Georg Reimer
1421:. BRILL. p. 368.
1037:
806:
734:
662:
627:, designed in 1989 by
584:
544:
511:
503:
460:
432:
407:
367:
198:Roman triumphal column
193:
185:
5178:Roman victory columns
4863:Events and traditions
4670:La Bocca della VeritĂ
4515:Jewish Museum of Rome
4009:Palazzo del Quirinale
3853:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
3713:S. Maria degli Angeli
3703:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
3583:S. Andrea della Valle
3425:Mausoleum of Augustus
3359:Five-Columns Monument
3307:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
3159:Portico Dii Consentes
3127:Basilica of Maxentius
2458:Five-Columns Monument
2432:at Wikimedia Commons
1249:Diana E. E. Kleiner.
1031:
800:
728:
660:
611:Roman square capitals
548:
516:
509:
501:Roman square capitals
498:
458:
430:
401:
361:
116:41.89583°N 12.48417°E
5055:Temple of Mars Ultor
4716:Velletri Sarcophagus
4676:Laocoön and His Sons
4430:Villa Doria Pamphili
4335:Piazza della Minerva
4160:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
4049:Palazzo del Viminale
3994:Palazzo di Giustizia
3823:Sacro Cuore di Maria
3808:Ss. Quattro Coronati
3793:S. Pietro in Vincoli
3778:S. Nicola in Carcere
3773:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
3758:S. Maria in Via Lata
3733:S. Maria in Aracoeli
3723:S. Maria in Cosmedin
3698:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
3693:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
3688:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
3633:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
3618:S. Camillo de Lellis
3234:Theatre of Marcellus
3006:House of the Vestals
2255:Rossi, Lino (1971),
1588:visual-arts-cork.com
1085:Hildesheim Cathedral
1069:Column of Theodosius
851:University of ZĂĽrich
580:father of the nation
243:, which depicts the
223:at the order of the
208:, that commemorates
5037:Basilica Argentaria
4236:Altare della Patria
3897:Castles and palaces
3768:S. Martino ai Monti
3738:S. Maria del Popolo
3728:S. Maria in Domnica
3673:S. Francesca Romana
3643:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
3465:Tombs of Via Latina
3460:Tomb of the Scipios
3455:Tomb of the Haterii
3430:Mausoleum of Helena
3229:Stadium of Domitian
3219:Gardens of Maecenas
3195:Circus of Maxentius
3132:Basilica of Neptune
3109:Basilica Argentaria
2913:Baths of Diocletian
2886:Cloaca Circi Maximi
2758:Arch of Constantine
2726:Obelisk of Minerveo
1448:National Geographic
227:. It is located in
112: /
21:
4881:Rome Film Festival
4843:Villa Aldobrandini
4470:Capitoline Museums
4315:Clivus Capitolinus
3974:Palazzo Giustinani
3914:Castel Sant'Angelo
3858:S. Stefano Rotondo
3440:Pyramid of Cestius
3289:Palace of Domitian
3224:Gardens of Sallust
3071:Forum of Vespasian
2991:Temple of Portunus
2908:Baths of Caracalla
2386:Smarthistory video
1873:, pp. 436–437
1849:, pp. 428–437
1813:, pp. 353–356
1391:Roman Architecture
1301:, pp. 426–428
1200:after the port of
1064:Column of Arcadius
1038:
1032:Front side of the
807:
735:
689:Roman architecture
663:
512:
504:
461:
433:
408:
368:
215:'s victory in the
121:41.89583; 12.48417
19:
5145:
5144:
5073:Forma Urbis Romae
5047:Forum of Augustus
4982:
4981:
4905:
4904:
4876:Rome Quadriennale
4803:Metropolitan City
4797:
4796:
4480:Galleria Borghese
4355:Piazza San Pietro
4330:Piazza del Popolo
4325:Piazza d'Aracoeli
4298:and public spaces
4180:di Piazza Nicosia
4170:di Piazza Farnese
4165:di Piazza Colonna
4039:Palazzo Valentini
3929:Palazzo Barberini
3623:S. Carlo al Corso
3522:
3521:
3513:Ponte Sant'Angelo
3470:Tomb of Priscilla
3410:Catacombs of Rome
3284:House of Augustus
3273:Domus Transitoria
3239:Theatre of Pompey
3166:Porticus Octaviae
3056:Forum of Augustus
2961:Temple of Hadrian
2773:Arch of Gallienus
2763:Arch of Dolabella
2721:Flaminian Obelisk
2497:Landmarks of Rome
2464:
2463:
2454:Succeeded by
2448:Landmarks of Rome
2428:Media related to
2231:978-1-85669-439-1
2006:978-0-415-16524-2
1711:Wellesley College
1584:"Trajan's Column"
1525:Missing or empty
1428:978-90-04-18299-8
1401:978-1-134-63578-8
1374:978-0-521-47071-1
1347:978-1-85109-583-4
1208:on the harbor of
175:
174:
69:Shown within Rome
5215:
5130:Related articles
5116:Temple of Trajan
5009:
5002:
4995:
4986:
4985:
4960:Column of Phocas
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4908:
4729:
4728:
4654:Apollo Belvedere
4550:Museo delle Mura
4370:Via dei Coronari
4360:Piazza di Spagna
4054:Palazzo Wedekind
4014:Palazzo Pamphilj
3939:Palazzo Borghese
3848:S. Sisto Vecchio
3376:Porticus Aemilia
3348:Column of Phocas
3330:Column monuments
3091:Forum Holitorium
2996:Temple of Saturn
2903:Baths of Agrippa
2819:Aqua Alexandrina
2751:Triumphal arches
2748:
2747:
2620:Castra Praetoria
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2451:Trajan's Column
2442:Column of Phocas
2438:Preceded by
2435:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2350:
2341:
2321:
2286:
2273:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2234:
2216:
2198:
2160:
2142:
2114:
2105:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2073:, archived from
2070:Die Trajanssäule
2063:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1991:
1975:(3/4): 348–357,
1955:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:, pp. 34–36
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1707:Piranesi in Rome
1701:Rudolph, Becky.
1698:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1667:, pp. 47–48
1662:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:Stoiculescu 1985
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1495:Marilyn Stokstad
1491:
1485:
1484:
1479:Dillon, Sheila.
1476:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1246:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1194:
1178:Tropaeum Traiani
1173:Solomonic column
1013:
999:
985:
971:
957:
943:
870:Conrad Cichorius
848:
782:Domenico Fontana
729:Erection of the
536:
532:
528:
525:MAXIMO·TRIB·POT·
402:Two examples of
171:
169:
164:
137:triumphal column
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
59:
58:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5203:Rome R. I Monti
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5125:
5121:Trajan's Market
5111:Trajan's Column
5092:
5077:
5059:
5041:
5024:Forum of Caesar
5018:
5013:
4983:
4978:
4969:
4965:Trajan's Column
4941:
4936:
4906:
4901:
4885:
4857:
4833:Hadrian's Villa
4805:of Rome Capital
4804:
4793:
4789:Monte Testaccio
4775:
4720:
4639:
4610:Palazzo Colonna
4456:
4449:
4407:
4399:
4310:Campo de' Fiori
4297:
4285:
4229:Other landmarks
4224:
4200:Quattro Fontane
4078:
4064:Villa Farnesina
4059:Palazzo Zuccari
4029:Palazzo Ruspoli
3964:Palazzo Farnese
3954:Palazzo Colonna
3892:
3872:
3753:S. Maria in Via
3529:
3518:
3481:
3476:Vigna Randanini
3386:
3382:Trajan's Market
3363:
3354:Trajan's Column
3325:
3259:Domus Augustana
3243:
3178:
3096:
3061:Forum of Caesar
3034:
3001:Temple of Vesta
2971:Temple of Janus
2927:
2923:Baths of Trajan
2891:
2866:
2833:Aqua Anio Novus
2826:Aqua Anio Vetus
2799:
2742:
2735:
2716:Lateran Obelisk
2701:
2504:Walls and gates
2499:
2494:
2455:
2450:
2439:
2430:Columna Traiana
2416:
2357:
2293:
2291:Further reading
2271:
2247:
2245:
2232:
2214:
2158:
2080:
2078:
2007:
1981:10.2307/1192605
1963:
1958:
1950:All data from:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1644:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:, pp. 85–7
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1546:
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1538:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1492:
1488:
1477:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1442:Curry, Andrew.
1440:
1436:
1429:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1386:
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1375:
1359:
1355:
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1278:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1158:
1150:Nelson's Column
1113:Congress Column
1107:Colonne VendĂ´me
1102:Astoria, Oregon
1081:Bernward Column
1026:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
990:
986:
977:
976:
972:
963:
962:
958:
949:
948:
944:
935:
886:
842:
795:
771:draught animals
743:Roman engineers
731:Vatican obelisk
723:
717:
697:Marcus Aurelius
655:
649:
641:Warren Chappell
600:Trajan's Market
543:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
524:
522:
520:
493:
450:Colonne VendĂ´me
425:
396:
390:
329:
317:Marcus Aurelius
310:
305:
249:victory columns
235:. Completed in
231:, north of the
194:Columna Traiani
186:Colonna Traiana
178:Trajan's Column
167:
165:
162:
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
80:
73:
72:
71:
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66:
65:
64:
63:Trajan's Column
60:
52:
32:
20:Trajan's Column
17:
12:
11:
5:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:Trajan's Forum
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Basilica Ulpia
5102:
5100:
5098:Trajan's Forum
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5083:Forum of Nerva
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5065:Forum of Peace
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
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4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4722:
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4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4649:
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4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Galleria Spada
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Casa di Goethe
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:Villa Torlonia
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4405:Parks, gardens
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:Piazza Venezia
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:Piazza Farnese
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Piazza Colonna
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4210:Trevi Fountain
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:di Ponte Sisto
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:Palazzo Riario
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4004:Palazzo Mattei
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Palazzo Madama
3981:
3979:Lateran Palace
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3880:
3878:Other churches
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
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3825:
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3655:
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3615:
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3605:
3600:
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3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
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3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:Roman Catholic
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3501:Pons Fabricius
3497:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
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3417:
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3407:
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3394:
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3379:
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3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3301:Villa of Livia
3298:
3295:Villa Gordiani
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Flavian Palace
3276:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3200:Circus of Nero
3197:
3192:
3190:Circus Maximus
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3138:Basilica Ulpia
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3116:Basilica Julia
3112:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:Trajan's Forum
3073:
3068:
3066:Forum of Nerva
3063:
3058:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3010:
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2822:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
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2790:
2785:
2780:
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2770:
2768:Arch of Drusus
2765:
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2737:
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2723:
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2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Janiculum Wall
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:San Sebastiano
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2511:Aurelian Walls
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2493:
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2485:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2445:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2355:External links
2353:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2322:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2269:
2252:
2244:, LacusCurtius
2235:
2230:
2217:
2212:
2199:
2180:10.2307/506969
2161:
2156:
2143:
2115:
2085:
2064:
2045:10.2307/506249
2028:
2019:
2010:
2005:
1992:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1918:Cichorius 1900
1910:
1907:Cichorius 1896
1899:
1887:
1883:Lancaster 1999
1875:
1871:Lancaster 1999
1863:
1859:Lancaster 1999
1851:
1847:Lancaster 1999
1839:
1835:Lancaster 1999
1827:
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1746:Lancaster 1999
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1168:Sequential art
1165:
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1098:Astoria Column
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1058:Constantinople
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811:acid pollution
794:
791:
716:
713:
693:Antoninus Pius
671:Basilica Ulpia
648:
645:
637:Frederic Goudy
596:Trajan's Forum
556:Divine Emperor
517:
492:
489:
438:Trajan's Forum
424:
421:
394:Trajan's Forum
389:
386:
378:verisimilitude
339:), sacrifice (
328:
325:
309:
306:
304:
301:
291:Ulpian Library
260:Carrara marble
229:Trajan's Forum
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4854:
4853:Villa Farnese
4851:
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4709:
4707:
4706:Raphael Rooms
4704:
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4566:
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4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Museo di Roma
4553:
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4458:
4457:art galleries
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4375:Via del Corso
4373:
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4353:
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4350:Piazza Navona
4348:
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4326:
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4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4281:Spanish Steps
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Milizie Tower
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Capocci Tower
4249:
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4195:Quattro Fiumi
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4045:
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4035:
4034:Palazzo Spada
4032:
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4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Palazzo Malta
3987:
3985:
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3977:
3975:
3972:
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3967:
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3949:Palazzo Chigi
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3803:S. Pudenziana
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3328:
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3318:Villa of the
3316:
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3309:
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3217:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:Entertainment
3181:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
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3110:
3106:
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3103:
3099:
3093:
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3084:Forum Boarium
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:Imperial fora
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
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2944:
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2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:Baths of Nero
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:Cloaca Maxima
2876:
2875:
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2869:
2863:
2862:
2858:
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2855:
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2848:
2844:
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2823:
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2820:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:Arch of Titus
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Arch of Janus
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:Ancient Roman
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Querquetulana
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
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2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:Santo Spirito
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:San Pancrazio
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
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2453:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2415:9781623710088
2411:
2408:. Interlink.
2407:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
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2272:
2270:0-801-40594-7
2266:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2213:0-86299-467-5
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2157:0-300-08138-3
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2077:on 2010-04-16
2076:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:, Routledge,
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1954:, p. 220
1953:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 435
1860:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1837:, p. 424
1836:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1811:Beckmann 2002
1807:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1748:, p. 419
1747:
1742:
1740:
1733:, p. 158
1732:
1727:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1625:
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1604:
1589:
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1579:
1573:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1519:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1397:
1394:. Routledge.
1393:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1330:
1324:, p. 541
1323:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1259:on 2022-08-09
1258:
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1199:
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1035:
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1007:
998:
993:
984:
979:
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965:
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951:
942:
937:
936:
927:
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921:
917:
912:
908:
907:
905:
902:
897:
894:
893:
891:
888:
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881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
846:
841:
838:
835:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
812:
804:
799:
790:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
732:
727:
722:
712:
710:
706:
705:Place VendĂ´me
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
667:
659:
654:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Edward Catich
630:
629:Carol Twombly
626:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:Imperial fora
601:
597:
593:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
542:
515:
508:
502:
497:
488:
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482:
478:
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469:
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457:
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447:
442:
439:
429:
420:
416:
414:
405:
400:
395:
385:
381:
379:
374:
365:
364:carroballista
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
324:
322:
318:
313:
300:
298:
297:
292:
287:
285:
284:Pope Sixtus V
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
210:Roman emperor
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
130:
125:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
76:
50:
44:
35:
28:
23:
5198:Dacia in art
5110:
4964:
4897:Vatican City
4848:Villa d'Este
4838:Ostia Antica
4818:Capo di Bove
4784:Tiber Island
4693:
4686:
4674:
4652:
4435:Villa Medici
4276:Sisto Bridge
4246:Campo Verano
4150:del Pantheon
4095:Acqua Felice
4074:Villa Madama
4069:Villa Giulia
4019:Palazzo Poli
3885:
3783:S. Pancrazio
3668:S. Eustachio
3648:S. Crisogono
3598:Ss. Apostoli
3511:
3507:Ponte Milvio
3499:
3494:Pons Cestius
3492:
3474:
3397:
3374:
3353:
3319:
3305:
3293:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3248:Palaces and
3211:Ludus Magnus
3209:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3114:
3107:
3089:
3082:
3012:
2938:
2896:Public baths
2884:
2877:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2840:Aqua Claudia
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2792:
2645:Caelimontana
2640:Servian Wall
2630:Terreus Wall
2603:Cavalleggeri
2598:Leonine Wall
2576:San Giovanni
2456:
2447:
2440:
2422:
2404:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2302:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2258:
2246:, retrieved
2240:
2221:
2203:
2171:
2165:
2147:
2123:
2119:
2093:
2089:
2079:, retrieved
2075:the original
2069:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2014:
1996:
1972:
1968:
1946:
1940:Förtsch 2007
1935:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1897:, p. 35
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1801:, p. 31
1777:
1772:, p. 28
1765:
1760:, p. 27
1753:
1731:Bennett 1997
1726:
1716:18 September
1714:. Retrieved
1706:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1624:
1615:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1527:|title=
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1437:
1417:
1410:
1390:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1340:. ABC-CLIO.
1336:
1329:
1317:
1311:Platner 1929
1306:
1282:, p. 32
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1251:
1244:
1221:
1197:
1192:
1091:
1090:
1074:
1073:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1039:
855:
808:
793:Reproduction
784:to relocate
775:
765:, ropes and
755:
750:
736:
715:Construction
686:
679:
668:
664:
647:Spiral stair
619:
614:
608:
585:
549:
545:
518:
513:
473:Roman Senate
470:
466:
462:
443:
434:
417:
409:
382:
369:
344:
340:
336:
330:
320:
314:
311:
294:
288:
253:
225:Roman Senate
177:
176:
5193:Roman Dacia
4733:Seven Hills
4455:Museums and
4261:Conti Tower
4115:Il Facchino
4100:Acqua Paola
3798:S. Prassede
3638:S. Clemente
3568:S. Agostino
3320:sette bassi
3266:Domus Aurea
3152:Curia Julia
3046:Roman Forum
2861:Aqua Tepula
2854:Aqua Marcia
2794:Arcus Novus
2635:Romuli Wall
2333:: 307–328,
1677:Davies 1997
1665:Davies 1997
1654:(3): 32–41.
1648:Archaeology
1499:Art History
1198:Luna marble
1135:Virgin Mary
1122:Karlskirche
1034:Karlskirche
843: [
830:Cast Courts
778:Renaissance
682:Luni marble
564:High Priest
491:Inscription
487:of Trajan.
276:Middle Ages
233:Roman Forum
217:Dacian Wars
119: /
95:Coordinates
5152:Categories
4751:Capitoline
4395:Via Veneto
4305:Appian Way
4205:Tartarughe
3663:S. Eugenio
3603:S. Balbina
3173:Tabularium
2847:Aqua Julia
2812:Aqua Appia
2670:Fontinalis
2586:Settimiana
2248:2009-03-06
2081:2009-09-30
1952:Jones 2000
1895:Jones 1993
1823:Jones 1993
1799:Jones 1993
1782:Jones 1993
1770:Jones 1993
1758:Jones 1993
1688:CIL VI.960
1280:Jones 1993
1263:2015-02-22
1237:References
911:Roman feet
884:Dimensions
866:monochrome
780:architect
758:treadwheel
719:See also:
709:Austerlitz
675:Roman feet
651:See also:
588:Capitoline
570:17 ,
446:Paul Veyne
392:See also:
241:bas relief
161:AD 107~113
104:41°53′45″N
4756:Esquiline
4725:Landscape
4420:Villa Ada
4390:Via Sacra
4135:Navicella
4110:Barcaccia
4083:Fountains
3868:S. Vitale
3863:S. Teresa
3818:S. Sabina
3530:basilicas
3205:Colosseum
2940:Ara Pacis
2932:Religious
2804:Aqueducts
2743:landmarks
2695:Trigemina
2675:Gallienus
2665:Esquilina
2660:Dolabella
2591:Tiburtina
2571:San Paolo
2541:Nomentana
2516:Ardeatina
2319:163039877
2196:192986322
2140:250348951
2126:: 23–38,
2112:194943446
2096:: 47–69,
2061:155391228
1518:cite book
1087:, Germany
1024:Influence
578:6 ,
574:6 ,
572:imperator
554:, to the
404:Dupondius
349:Decebalus
345:profectio
341:lustratio
337:adlocutio
107:12°29′3″E
4828:Frascati
4766:Quirinal
4761:Palatine
4741:Aventine
4415:Bioparco
4408:and zoos
4120:Marforio
3788:Pantheon
3708:S. Marco
3368:Commerce
3145:Comitium
3025:Pantheon
3020:Lupercal
2708:obelisks
2706:Ancient
2680:Viminale
2551:Pinciana
2536:Metronia
2531:Maggiore
2521:Asinaria
2305:: 5–22,
1593:11 April
1572:Fox 2019
1557:11 April
1453:11 April
1156:See also
1117:Brussels
1109:in Paris
1075:Medieval
786:obelisks
767:capstans
701:Napoleon
622:typeface
592:Quirinal
373:ballista
256:pedestal
85:Location
4890:Enclave
4771:Viminal
4746:Caelian
4295:streets
4291:Squares
4220:Tritone
4215:Tritons
4145:Nettuno
4140:Neptune
4105:Babuino
3813:S. Saba
3486:Bridges
2655:Collina
2608:Pertusa
2561:Portese
2285:: 81–98
1989:1192605
1969:Phoenix
1961:Sources
1214:Carrara
1206:Etruria
874:Commons
832:at the
805:in Rome
763:pulleys
751:in situ
747:capital
615:titulus
481:Plotina
423:Purpose
388:Setting
353:victory
271:capital
196:) is a
182:Italian
166: (
158:Founded
148:Builder
143:History
5183:Trajan
4155:Pianto
4130:Nasone
3250:villae
2871:Sewers
2685:Naevia
2650:Capena
2556:Popolo
2526:Latina
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1227:lacuna
1126:Vienna
1092:Modern
933:Images
920:plinth
739:cranes
625:Trajan
576:consul
485:finial
477:Dacian
362:Roman
308:Design
303:Frieze
296:Dacica
267:frieze
213:Trajan
152:Trajan
135:Roman
4695:PietĂ
4525:MAXXI
3391:Tombs
3101:Civic
2315:S2CID
2279:Dacia
2192:S2CID
2184:JSTOR
2136:S2CID
2108:S2CID
2057:S2CID
2049:JSTOR
1985:JSTOR
1184:Notes
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533:·COS·
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206:Italy
190:Latin
4125:Moro
3039:Fora
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1041:Rome
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598:and
590:and
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537:·P·P
527:XVII
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202:Rome
132:Type
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