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I didn't start out as a member of a prestigious law firm, but as a woman who needed a scholarship to go to school. If you think I have forgotten that, you are wrong." Otherwise, her confirmation went smoothly. By this time in Harris' life, she had established herself as not only a recognized leader for civil rights, but also as a prominent corporate lawyer and businesswoman. Once confirmed, Harris became the first
African American woman to enter the
561:, a role she served in until the end of the Johnson administration. She was the first African American woman named as an American envoy. She said of her appointment, "I feel deeply proud and grateful this President chose me to knock down this barrier, but also a little sad about being the 'first Negro woman,' because it implies we were not considered before." Additionally, Johnson named her as alternate delegate to the
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603:. Upon her appointment to the Chase Manhattan board, she observed: "The demands on the small pool of Blacks allowed to develop in the last 300 years is too great. What has to happen is that this pool must be increased, and that's something that big corporations can help to do. I'm a first on many boards, but I'm not going to be content to remain the only Black, or the only woman."
663:. She served as HUD Secretary from 1977 to 1979, reorganizing the department and shifting from knocking down slums to rehabilitating the neighborhoods through millions of dollars of funding and her Neighborhood Strategy Program for rebuilding, Urban Development Action Grants for luring businesses back into cities, and an expanded Urban Homesteading Plan.
503:. While at American University, she concurrently worked as the Assistant Director of the American Council on Human Rights, beginning in 1949 and staying until 1953. Her first position with the U.S. government was in 1960 as an attorney in the appeals and research section of the criminal division of the
692:
Harris offered a number of critiques of her own work in these cabinet positions, including that enforcement of civil rights fell off while she was head of HHS, that
Congress called her responses to requests for policy changes that would lower health care costs sluggish, and that many of her programs
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questioned whether Harris came from a background of too much wealth and power to be an effective HUD Secretary. She responded, "I am a Black woman, the daughter of a
Pullman (railroad) car waiter. I am a Black woman who even eight years ago could not buy a house in parts of the District of Columbia.
779:
Upon her death, Harris endowed the
Patricia Roberts Harris Public Affairs Fellowship to enable Howard University students to undertake domestic and international public affairs internships. Established in 1987, the program provides a stipend for a summer internship, along with mentoring, academic,
688:
until Carter left office in 1981. Because the department had merely changed names, as opposed to disbanding with a new department being created, she did not face Senate confirmation again after the change. During her tenure with the
Department, Harris faced several budget crises and refreshed the
514:
One year later, Harris took a job as a lecturer and the
Associate Dean of Students at Howard University. In 1963, she ceased her role as Dean, but stayed on as a lecturer. Concurrently, from 1962–65, she worked with the National Capital Area Civil Liberties Union. As her skills as an organizer
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During her tenure at the
American Council on Human Rights, Harris first met William Beasley Harris, then a member of the Howard law faculty and later a federal Maritime Commission administrative judge. They began dating in 1955, and were married on September 1, 1955.
842:
Harris was
Secretary on May 4, 1980, when the office changed names from Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to Secretary of Health and Human Services. Because the department merely changed names, she did not need to be confirmed again, and her term continued
727:. Among several factors leading to the loss, including her brusque, no-nonsense means of communication, some scholars have listed that Washington, D.C., had never elected a female mayor. However, the city's first female mayor,
436:
Johnson). She had one younger brother, Malcolm, known to his family as Mickey. Her parents separated when she was 6 years old, after which she was raised primarily by her mother and grandmother, attending public school in
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669:, looking back at her reforms several years later, noted: "fter two years as secretary, the agency had changed from a mere extension of the nation's housing industry to an advocate for saving inner cities."
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released its 23rd commemorative stamp in its Black
Heritage Series, honoring Harris. The stamp was designed by Richard Sheaff of Scottsdale, Arizona, and 150 million copies were produced in recognition of
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After marrying in 1955, Harris was beginning to pursue a career in education, but saw limited opportunity because of segregation. Her husband encouraged her to go to law school, and she received her
523:
appointed her co-chairman of the
National Women's Committee for Civil Rights, described as an "umbrella organization encompassing some 100 women's groups throughout the nation." Her co-chair was
465:— a historically Black sorority that had been founded at Patricia's alma mater in 1913. In 1943, she participated in one of the nation's first lunch counter sit-ins. She did graduate work in
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Associate Director Dennis Green described her approach as "tough-minded, intelligent, quick to grasp the intricacies of her agency, and she went after what she wanted."
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Harris continued making an impact on the Democratic Party when, in 1972, she was appointed chairman of the credentials committee and, in 1973, a member-at-large of the
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and served as Vice Chairman of the Howard University chapter of the NAACP. During her time at Howard University, she was also a member of
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591:, becoming the first Black American woman to sit on a Fortune 500 company's board of directors. In addition, she served on the boards of
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and the first woman and person of color appointed to two different presidential cabinet positions. She was the first African American
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354:(May 31, 1924 – March 23, 1985) was an American politician, diplomat, and legal scholar. She served as the 6th
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In 1965, Harris was honored in absentia with the Alumni Achievement Award of Geroge Washington University Law School.
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to hold a number of positions, including the first African American woman and woman of color ever to serve in a
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Women of strength: biographies of 106 who have excelled in traditionally male fields, A.D. 61 to the present
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in 1960, ranking number one out of a class of ninety-four students. She passed the bar exam the same year.
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secretary and just the second black HUD secretary, as well as the second woman to lead either of those
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came into force on May 4, 1980, the department's education functions were transferred to the
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from 1946 to 1949. In order to be better involved in civil rights work, she transferred to
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Patricia Roberts Harris Archival Collection Finding Aid Moorland Spingarn Research Center
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610:. A testimony to her effectiveness and her commitment to excellence came when President
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but was defeated during the primaries, ultimately finishing second to incumbent mayor
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1486:"Harris, Patricia Roberts (1924-1985) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed"
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refused to support her strong stand against student protests. She then joined
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1983:
1659:"Congrats Patricia Roberts Harris Public Affairs Fellows | Howard University"
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1016:"Patricia Roberts Harris: Ambassador - National Museum of American Diplomacy"
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519:. In 1963, she was elevated to a full professorship at Howard, and President
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1833:"As They Saw It: HUD's Secretaries Reminisce About Carrying Out the Mission"
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sorority and served for six years as its first national executive director.
654:(HUD) when Carter took office in 1977. At her confirmation hearing, Senator
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821:
List of people who have held multiple United States Cabinet-level positions
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and service learning opportunities; it has so far served over 200 Fellows.
731:(1991–95), cut her teeth as Harris' campaign manager for her mayoral race.
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After earning scholarships to five different colleges, Roberts selected
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As a result of her success leading HUD, Carter appointed Harris as the
374:. Throughout her public career, Harris was a trailblazer for women and
1215:
African American Almanac: 400 Years of Triumph, Courage and Excellence
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appointed her to two cabinet-level posts during his administration.
5462:
People associated with Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson
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1684:"The Patricia Roberts Harris Public Affairs Fellowship | ProFellow"
1099:
Thompson, Kathleen (1994). "Harris, Patricia Roberts (1924–1985)".
1707:"Howard University Announces 2021 Patricia Roberts Harris Fellows"
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While studying in Chicago, Roberts was a program director for the
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1890:
National Women's Hall of Fame biodata for Patricia Roberts Harris
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in 1949, where she would ultimately receive her Master's Degree.
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534:
Patricia Harris in 1965, at her swearing-in ceremony to be the
432:
1243:
Taylor, Erica; Show, The Tom Joyner Morning (March 5, 2013).
5392:
African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
1561:"Before Kamala: Black Women in Presidential Administrations"
553:'s presidential campaign and seconded his nomination at the
5482:
United States secretaries of health, education, and welfare
1103:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 539–540.
708:
In 1981, Harris was appointed a full-time professor at the
693:
ended up doing little for her hometown of Washington, D.C.
5487:
United States secretaries of housing and urban development
2318:
United States Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development
1245:"Little Known Black History Fact: Patricia Roberts Harris"
2001:
United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
1623:"Sharon Pratt Dixon Said Preparing to Run For D.C. Mayor"
588:
515:
bloomed, Harris also became increasingly involved in the
1974:
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
760:. In her spare time, Harris enjoyed cooking and baking.
356:
United States secretary of housing and urban development
110:
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
2050:
as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
2015:
as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
1837:
Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research
1465:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
900:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
712:. She remained on the faculty until her death in 1985.
587:
In 1971, Harris was named to the board of directors of
5477:
United States secretaries of health and human services
2107:
United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services
1147:"Patricia Harris: A Life of Striving To Be a Champion"
980:. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. pp. 14–17.
811:
List of African-American United States Cabinet members
792:. Additionally, in 2003, Harris was inducted into the
767:
at age 60 on March 23, 1985. She was interred at the
2058:
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
947:"Patricia Roberts Harris | American public official"
763:
Harris's husband died in November 1984. She died of
402: company's board of directors. A member of the
360:
United States secretary of health and human services
46:
United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
1542:"Patricia Harris: Blunt new voice in the boardroom"
1185:"Patricia Roberts Harris, Lawyer and Diplomat born"
1087:
Women in American Politics: History and Milestones.
557:. In October 1965, President Johnson appointed her
1905:is available for free viewing and download at the
1789:
1101:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia
1089:United States, SAGE Publications, 2012. p. 314-315
5502:Women members of the Cabinet of the United States
1300:"A Woman of Many Firsts: Patricia Roberts Harris"
1218:. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. pp.
5343:
486:George Washington University National Law Center
5397:20th-century African-American women politicians
2849:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
1739:National Postal Museum, Smithsonian Institution
1269:Felbinger, Claire L.; Haynes, Wendy A. (2004).
1268:
1013:
172:September 7, 1965 – September 22, 1967
5442:George Washington University Law School alumni
5402:Ambassadors of the United States to Luxembourg
1793:A to Z of American women leaders and activists
1767:(2nd ed.). Gretna, La.: Pelican Pub. Co.
754:photographed Harris at the United Nations for
684:. Harris remained as Secretary of the renamed
541:In 1964, Harris was elected a delegate to the
507:There she met and struck up a friendship with
426:Patricia Roberts was born on May 31, 1924, in
122:January 23, 1977 – September 10, 1979
5432:Deaths from breast cancer in Washington, D.C.
3277:
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2449:
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390:. Furthermore, she was the first black woman
1461:"A Higher Standard: Patricia Roberts Harris"
896:"A Higher Standard: Patricia Roberts Harris"
816:List of female United States Cabinet members
578:Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson
457:, in 1945. While at Howard, she was elected
2696:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
1411:: 33. November 1965 – via Hathitrust.
674:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
568:In 1967, Harris returned to the faculty of
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2740:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
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1393:American Women Managers and Administrators
1272:Outstanding Women in Public Administration
1242:
734:
652:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
58:August 3, 1979 – January 20, 1981
31:
5427:Deans of law schools in the United States
2943:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
1620:
1589:"Patricia Roberts Harris Dies of Cancer"
1540:Washington, Elsie (September 24, 1971).
1098:
678:Department of Education Organization Act
621:
529:
5382:20th-century American women politicians
3005:United States Ambassadors to Luxembourg
1855:, "Biography: Patricia Roberts Harris""
1810:
1762:
1705:Pope-Johns, Imani (December 10, 2020).
1340:"Patricia R. Harris, Carter Aide, Dies"
710:George Washington University Law School
686:Department of Health and Human Services
299: 1955; died 1984)
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2721:Secretary of Health and Human Services
1942:United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
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977:Women in World History, Vol. 7: Harr-I
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368:United States ambassador to Luxembourg
160:United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
5417:Carter administration cabinet members
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1405:"University Honors Ambassador Harris"
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2034:United States Secretary of Education
1735:"33c Patricia Roberts Harris single"
1595:. Associated Press. March 24, 1985.
1559:Currie, Netisha (January 19, 2021).
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974:(2000). "Harris, Patricia Roberts".
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501:Young Women's Christian Association
13:
1790:Hightower-Langston, Donna (2002).
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1578:
1338:Boyd, Gerald M. (March 24, 1985).
1318:
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1145:Pianin, Eric (September 7, 1982).
833:
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370:from 1965 to 1967 under President
362:from 1979 to 1981 under President
358:from 1977 to 1979 and as the 13th
14:
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5372:20th-century American politicians
3444:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
2841:
1918:Old D.C. Council Campaign Posters
1843:
1831:Foote, Joseph (September, 1995).
1275:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 103–134.
1117:
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1034:
994:
914:
857:
570:Howard University's School of Law
408:mayor of the District of Columbia
5517:African-American women academics
3008:
2998:
2899:Ambassador to the United Nations
2509:
2422:
2197:
2191:
1621:Sherwood, Tom (April 20, 1988).
626:Harris as Secretary of HUD with
81:(Health, Education, and Welfare)
16:American politician and diplomat
5512:African-American legal scholars
5472:Academics from Washington, D.C.
5362:20th-century American diplomats
4514:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1902:STAFF FILM REPORT 66-28A (1966)
1895:Patricia Roberts Harris biodata
1698:
1676:
1614:
1552:
1504:
1478:
1397:
1386:
1262:
1236:
806:List of African-American firsts
698:Office of Management and Budget
661:Presidential line of succession
584:'s most prestigious law firms.
563:United Nations General Assembly
366:. She previously served as the
296:
5412:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
4193:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
1431:Pianin, Eric (July 25, 1982).
1092:
964:
785:United States Postal Service's
715:Harris ran unsuccessfully for
543:Democratic National Convention
1:
5507:American women legal scholars
5467:People from Mattoon, Illinois
5367:20th-century American lawyers
5163:
4835:
4340:
3665:
3496:
3305:
3294:National Women's Hall of Fame
1817:. Jefferson, NC : McFarland.
1763:Plowden, Martha Ward (2002).
1051:National Women's Hall of Fame
850:
794:National Women's Hall of Fame
721:September 14 primary election
608:Democratic National Committee
536:U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg
421:
4540:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
3021:and Minister Plenipotentiary
1765:Famous firsts of Black women
642:Harris was appointed to the
511:, the new attorney general.
453:, from which she graduated,
444:
334:George Washington University
7:
4723:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
4127:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
2765:Secretary of Transportation
2484:
1796:. New York: Facts on File.
1565:Rediscovering Black History
1409:State Department Newsletter
799:
597:National Bank of Washington
505:U.S. Department of Justice.
94:(Health and Human Services)
10:
5533:
5497:Women in Illinois politics
5407:American women ambassadors
5387:African-American diplomats
4279:Katharine Dexter McCormick
3577:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
2507:
1047:"Harris, Patricia Roberts"
555:1964 Democratic Convention
5437:Delta Sigma Theta members
5270:
5214:
5173:
5169:
5158:
5089:
5028:
4967:
4911:
4845:
4841:
4830:
4761:
4705:
4644:
4573:
4532:
4456:
4350:
4346:
4335:
4211:
4145:
4137:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
4044:
3908:
3722:
3706:
3675:
3671:
3660:
3616:
3590:
3569:
3548:
3527:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3452:
3426:
3315:
3311:
3300:
3131:
3018:
2941:
2924:National Security Advisor
2922:
2897:
2872:
2847:
2836:
2813:
2788:
2763:
2738:
2719:
2694:
2675:
2650:
2631:
2614:Secretary of the Interior
2612:
2587:
2568:
2545:Secretary of the Treasury
2543:
2518:
2490:
2479:
2420:
2324:
2206:
2189:
2113:
2064:
2055:
2042:
2022:
2007:
1998:
1990:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1948:
1939:
1931:
1926:
1548:– via Google Books.
1380:October 13, 2012, at the
1212:Bracks, Lean'tin (2012).
1189:African American Registry
783:On January 27, 2000, the
774:
717:Mayor of Washington, D.C.
494:
345:
306:
280:
270:
258:
241:
217:
212:
208:
198:
186:
176:
165:
158:
146:
134:
126:
115:
107:
85:
72:
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
5447:Howard University alumni
4368:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
4178:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
3951:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
3132:Ambassador Extraordinary
2633:Secretary of Agriculture
1853:African-American Almanac
826:
559:Ambassador to Luxembourg
4858:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
4748:Catherine Filene Shouse
4601:Patricia Roberts Harris
4239:Mary Steichen Calderone
4107:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
3976:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
3780:Martha Wright Griffiths
2748:Patricia Roberts Harris
2729:Patricia Roberts Harris
2710:Patricia Roberts Harris
1874:Patricia Roberts Harris
1811:Baldwin, Louis (1996).
951:Encyclopedia Britannica
743:Harris was a member of
735:Personal life and death
682:Department of Education
565:for the years 1966-68.
352:Patricia Roberts Harris
25:Patricia Roberts Harris
5492:Women deans (academic)
5422:The Century Foundation
4804:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
4299:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
4163:Frances Xavier Cabrini
4077:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
3855:Ellen Swallow Richards
3825:Constance Baker Motley
3475:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
3408:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
2815:Secretary of Education
2704:Joseph A. Califano Jr.
2116:Education, and Welfare
2114:Secretaries of Health,
719:, in 1982, losing the
639:
538:
266:Washington, D.C., U.S.
79:Joseph A. Califano Jr.
5318:Anna Wessels Williams
5005:Carlotta Walls LaNier
4738:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
4596:Martha Matilda Harper
4560:Mary Engle Pennington
4398:Frances Oldham Kelsey
4183:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
3936:Jane Cunningham Croly
3865:Katherine Siva Saubel
3760:Marian Wright Edelman
3683:Margaret Bourke-White
3608:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2652:Secretary of Commerce
2553:W. Michael Blumenthal
2207:Secretaries of Health
1518:on September 12, 2017
1014:US State Department.
625:
533:
525:Mildred McAfee Horton
471:University of Chicago
412:1982 mayoral election
394:, the dean of a
388:executive departments
320:University of Chicago
5015:Mary Harriman Rumsey
4853:St. Katharine Drexel
4697:Mary Burnett Talbert
4692:Blanche Stuart Scott
4677:Mother Marianne Cope
4657:Ruth Fulton Benedict
4616:Mildred Robbins Leet
4314:Angelina Grimké Weld
4188:Maria Goeppert Mayer
4158:Charlotte Anne Bunch
3735:Antoinette Blackwell
3714:Gertrude Belle Elion
3644:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
3413:Helen Brooke Taussig
3403:Margaret Chase Smith
2874:Trade Representative
2798:James R. Schlesinger
2570:Secretary of Defense
1085:Weatherford, Doris.
771:in Washington, D.C.
601:Chase Manhattan Bank
547:District of Columbia
467:industrial relations
398:, and a member of a
380:presidential cabinet
141:Carla Anderson Hills
5232:Rebecca S. Halstead
5206:Mary Church Terrell
4893:Barbara A. Mikulski
4621:Patsy Takemoto Mink
4606:Stephanie L. Kwolek
4545:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
4519:Emily Howell Warner
4464:Dorothy H. Andersen
4438:Annie Dodge Wauneka
4433:Mary Edwards Walker
4358:Faye Glenn Abdellah
4289:Edith Nourse Rogers
4269:Shirley Ann Jackson
4244:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
4122:Sandra Day O'Connor
4102:Matilda Joslyn Gage
3698:Florence B. Seibert
3535:Carrie Chapman Catt
3465:Juliette Gordon Low
3348:Elizabeth Blackwell
3343:Mary McLeod Bethune
3134:and Plenipotentiary
3019:Envoy Extraordinary
2932:Zbigniew Brzezinski
2790:Secretary of Energy
1920:- Ghosts of DC blog
1861:on January 28, 1999
1627:The Washington Post
1437:The Washington Post
1433:"The Harris Record"
1152:The Washington Post
790:Black History Month
769:Rock Creek Cemetery
723:to incumbent mayor
696:On the other hand,
666:The Washington Post
630:and New York Mayor
475:American University
324:American University
263:Rock Creek Cemetery
5457:Illinois Democrats
5191:Barbara Rose Johns
5142:Flossie Wong-Staal
5117:Nicole Malachowski
5046:Lorraine Hansberry
4990:Marcia Greenberger
4944:Mary Joseph Rogers
4883:Coretta Scott King
4868:Abby Kelley Foster
4784:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
4672:Rita Rossi Colwell
4448:Frances E. Willard
4284:Rozanne L. Ridgway
4234:Lydia Moss Bradley
4219:Madeleine Albright
4112:Nannerl O. Keohane
4082:Anne Dallas Dudley
4011:Betty Bone Schiess
3981:Susette La Flesche
3966:Zora Neale Hurston
3961:Helen LaKelly Hunt
3885:Madam C. J. Walker
3800:Mary Putnam Jacobi
3750:Jacqueline Cochran
3730:Ethel Percy Andrus
3598:Barbara McClintock
2823:Shirley Hufstedler
2804:Charles Duncan Jr.
2677:Secretary of Labor
2603:Benjamin Civiletti
2520:Secretary of State
2209:and Human Services
2026:Shirley Hufstedler
1959:Political offices
1344:The New York Times
972:DeLaat, Jacqueline
902:. November 8, 2010
640:
539:
97:Shirley Hufstedler
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5293:Kimberlé Crenshaw
5288:Elouise P. Cobell
5252:Katherine Johnson
5222:Octavia E. Butler
5154:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5061:Clare Boothe Luce
4873:Helen Murray Free
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4687:Patricia A. Locke
4652:Florence E. Allen
4636:Sheila E. Widnall
4581:Linda G. Alvarado
4565:Mercy Otis Warren
4524:Victoria Woodhull
4509:Barbara Holdridge
4504:Beatrice A. Hicks
4479:Lydia Maria Child
4393:Leontine T. Kelly
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4153:Louisa May Alcott
4067:Mary Breckinridge
3946:Geraldine Ferraro
3931:Annie Jump Cannon
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3393:Eleanor Roosevelt
3292:Inductees to the
3259:
3258:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2882:Robert S. Strauss
2863:James T. McIntyre
2832:
2831:
2559:G. William Miller
2431:
2430:
2284:
2283:
2074:
2073:
2068:Richard Schweiker
2065:Succeeded by
2053:
2038:
2023:Succeeded by
2018:
2008:Succeeded by
1981:Succeeded by
1949:Succeeded by
1927:Diplomatic posts
1884:A&E Biography
1839:, pp. 79–82.
1593:Los Angeles Times
1490:www.blackpast.org
1282:978-0-7656-3524-2
1249:Black America Web
745:Delta Sigma Theta
689:management team.
618:Cabinet Secretary
509:Robert F. Kennedy
463:Delta Sigma Theta
451:Howard University
428:Mattoon, Illinois
372:Lyndon B. Johnson
349:
348:
311:Howard University
235:Mattoon, Illinois
204:George J. Feldman
193:William R. Rivkin
181:Lyndon B. Johnson
92:Richard Schweiker
5524:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5127:Louise Slaughter
5051:Victoria Jackson
5010:Philippa Marrack
4995:Barbara Iglewski
4903:Kathrine Switzer
4898:Donna E. Shalala
4843:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4789:Allie B. Latimer
4769:Louise Bourgeois
4743:Judith L. Pipher
4550:Katharine Graham
4494:Marian de Forest
4413:Anna Howard Shaw
4363:Emma Smith DeVoe
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4249:Joan Ganz Cooney
4173:Oveta Culp Hobby
4168:Mary A. Hallaren
4031:Sarah Winnemucca
3900:Gloria Yerkovich
3895:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3850:Jeannette Rankin
3830:Georgia O'Keeffe
3785:Fannie Lou Hamer
3745:Shirley Chisholm
3693:Billie Jean King
3673:
3672:
3662:
3661:
3624:Gwendolyn Brooks
3504:
3503:
3493:
3492:
3333:Susan B. Anthony
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3013:
3012:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2951:Charles Schultze
2838:
2837:
2779:Neil Goldschmidt
2666:Philip Klutznick
2660:Juanita M. Kreps
2589:Attorney General
2513:
2512:
2481:
2480:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2201:
2195:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2047:
2043:Preceded by
2029:
2012:
1991:Preceded by
1964:Preceded by
1932:Preceded by
1924:
1923:
1907:Internet Archive
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:. Archived from
1828:
1807:
1786:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:. March 19, 2007
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1335:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1304:Historic America
1296:
1287:
1286:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1142:
1115:
1114:
1096:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1018:. Archived from
1011:
992:
991:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
943:
912:
911:
909:
907:
892:
844:
840:
656:William Proxmire
628:President Carter
582:Washington, D.C.
549:. She worked in
517:Democratic Party
404:Democratic Party
336:
300:
298:
252:Washington, D.C.
248:
231:
229:
222:Patricia Roberts
213:Personal details
201:
189:
170:
149:
137:
120:
88:
75:
56:
35:
21:
20:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5327:
5323:Serena Williams
5266:
5210:
5196:Henrietta Lacks
5186:Barbara Hillary
5181:Aretha Franklin
5165:
5146:
5132:Sonia Sotomayor
5085:
5024:
4975:Tenley Albright
4963:
4949:Bernice Sandler
4907:
4888:Lilly Ledbetter
4863:Loretta C. Ford
4837:
4818:
4757:
4753:Henrietta Szold
4713:Eleanor K. Baum
4701:
4667:Hillary Clinton
4640:
4591:Gertrude Ederle
4586:Donna de Varona
4569:
4528:
4474:Rosalynn Carter
4452:
4428:Wilma L. Vaught
4383:Crystal Eastman
4378:Sylvia A. Earle
4342:
4323:
4319:Chien-Shiung Wu
4294:Felice Schwartz
4264:Julia Ward Howe
4207:
4198:Maria Tallchief
4141:
4097:Margaret Fuller
4092:Ella Fitzgerald
4087:Mary Baker Eddy
4040:
3996:Antonia Novello
3971:Anne Hutchinson
3904:
3845:Esther Peterson
3820:Wilma Mankiller
3740:Emily Blackwell
3718:
3702:
3667:
3648:
3612:
3586:
3565:
3544:
3540:Frances Perkins
3523:
3519:Sojourner Truth
3514:Margaret Sanger
3498:
3479:
3448:
3422:
3368:Emily Dickinson
3328:Marian Anderson
3307:
3296:
3290:
3260:
3255:
3133:
3127:
3020:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2965:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2893:
2868:
2843:
2828:
2809:
2784:
2759:
2734:
2715:
2690:
2671:
2646:
2641:Robert Bergland
2627:
2608:
2583:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2486:
2475:
2462:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2320:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2070:
2061:
2046:
2028:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1994:Joseph Califano
1986:
1977:
1969:
1954:
1945:
1937:
1899:The short film
1864:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1825:
1804:
1775:
1759:
1757:Further reading
1754:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1711:Howard Newsroom
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1686:. July 10, 2020
1682:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1663:www2.howard.edu
1657:
1656:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1512:"Biography.com"
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1382:Wayback Machine
1373:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1336:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1306:. March 2, 2021
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1210:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1143:
1118:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:on July 2, 2022
1012:
995:
988:
969:
965:
955:
953:
945:
944:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
858:
853:
848:
847:
841:
834:
829:
802:
777:
737:
706:
704:Post-government
620:
521:John F. Kennedy
497:
455:summa cum laude
447:
424:
396:U.S. law school
392:U.S. ambassador
376:people of color
332:
331:
322:
318:
302:
294:
290:
287:
271:Political party
265:
250:
246:
233:
227:
225:
224:
223:
199:
187:
171:
166:
147:
135:
121:
116:
95:
86:
73:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5530:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5303:Judith Plaskow
5300:
5298:Peggy McIntosh
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5262:Michelle Obama
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5137:Laurie Spiegel
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:Sherry Lansing
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Temple Grandin
5038:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5000:Jean Kilbourne
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Ina May Gaskin
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Billie Holiday
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
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1935:William Rivkin
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1844:External links
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1375:Notable Deltas
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574:James E. Cheek
551:Lyndon Johnson
496:
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459:Phi Beta Kappa
446:
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423:
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406:, she ran for
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286:William Harris
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249:(aged 60)
245:March 23, 1985
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4809:Susan Solomon
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4733:Winona LaDuke
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4274:Shannon Lucid
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4006:Wilma Rudolph
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3561:Lucretia Mott
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3439:Margaret Mead
3437:
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3434:Abigail Adams
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3404:
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3358:Rachel Carson
3356:
3354:
3353:Pearl S. Buck
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2842:Cabinet-level
2839:
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2534:Edmund Muskie
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2017:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:Moon Landrieu
1976:
1975:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1925:
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1911:
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1547:
1546:Life Magazine
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1229:9781578593231
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1121:
1112:
1110:0-253-32774-1
1106:
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1080:
1078:
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1068:
1052:
1048:
1042:
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1038:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
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1002:
1000:
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987:0-7876-4066-2
983:
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978:
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865:
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843:uninterrupted
839:
837:
832:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
797:
795:
791:
786:
781:
772:
770:
766:
765:breast cancer
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
746:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
701:
699:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
646:of President
645:
637:
633:
632:Abraham Beame
629:
624:
615:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
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590:
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335:
329:
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321:
316:
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283:
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259:Resting place
257:
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207:
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197:
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185:
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153:Moon Landrieu
151:
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119:
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111:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:
84:
80:
77:
71:
68:
65:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
5308:Loretta Ross
5283:Ruby Bridges
5227:Judy Chicago
5122:Rose O'Neill
5102:Angela Davis
5081:Alice Waters
5076:Janet Rowley
5071:Carol Mutter
4959:Emma Willard
4939:Nancy Pelosi
4934:Kate Millett
4799:Ruth Patrick
4794:Emma Lazarus
4779:Karen DeCrow
4774:Mildred Cohn
4600:
4469:Lucille Ball
4443:Eudora Welty
4418:Sophia Smith
4403:Kate Mullany
4259:Sarah Grimké
4224:Maya Angelou
4057:Ann Bancroft
4036:Fanny Wright
3956:Grace Hopper
3880:Lillian Wald
3835:Annie Oakley
3815:Mary Mahoney
3639:Mary Risteau
3629:Willa Cather
3582:Bessie Smith
3460:Dorothea Dix
3388:Helen Keller
3363:Mary Cassatt
3338:Clara Barton
3211:Constantinou
3165:
2907:Andrew Young
2888:Reubin Askew
2747:
2728:
2709:
2685:Ray Marshall
2622:Cecil Andrus
2597:Griffin Bell
2578:Harold Brown
2472:Jimmy Carter
2353:
2215:
2182:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2031:
2030:
2014:
2013:
1999:
1972:
1940:
1901:
1883:
1878:Find a Grave
1865:September 2,
1863:. Retrieved
1859:the original
1852:
1836:
1813:
1792:
1764:
1744:February 19,
1742:. Retrieved
1738:
1716:February 19,
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1700:
1690:February 19,
1688:. Retrieved
1678:
1668:February 19,
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1640:February 19,
1638:. Retrieved
1626:
1616:
1606:February 19,
1604:. Retrieved
1592:
1570:February 19,
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1545:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1442:February 19,
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1408:
1399:
1388:
1355:. Retrieved
1343:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1271:
1264:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1238:
1214:
1194:February 19,
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
1164:. Retrieved
1150:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1056:February 19,
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1026:February 19,
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
976:
966:
956:February 19,
954:. Retrieved
950:
906:February 19,
904:. Retrieved
899:
782:
778:
762:
755:
752:Lord Snowdon
749:
742:
738:
729:Sharon Pratt
725:Marion Barry
714:
707:
695:
691:
671:
664:
648:Jimmy Carter
641:
634:touring the
612:Jimmy Carter
605:
586:
567:
540:
513:
498:
490:
479:
448:
431:
425:
416:Marion Barry
364:Jimmy Carter
351:
350:
247:(1985-03-23)
232:May 31, 1924
200:Succeeded by
167:
148:Succeeded by
130:Jimmy Carter
117:
87:Succeeded by
67:Jimmy Carter
53:
18:
5357:1985 deaths
5352:1924 births
5313:Sandy Stone
5257:Indra Nooyi
4929:Julie Krone
4728:Swanee Hunt
4718:Julia Child
4682:Maya Y. Lin
4555:Bertha Holt
4489:Dorothy Day
4423:Ida Tarbell
4388:Jeanne Holm
4117:Maggie Kuhn
3916:Bella Abzug
3805:Mae Jemison
3775:Ella Grasso
3765:Alice Evans
3755:Ruth Colvin
3383:Helen Hayes
3323:Jane Addams
2953:(1977–1981)
2934:(1977–1981)
2915:(1979–1981)
2909:(1977–1979)
2890:(1979–1980)
2884:(1977–1979)
2865:(1977–1981)
2825:(1979–1981)
2806:(1979–1981)
2800:(1977–1979)
2781:(1979–1981)
2775:(1977–1979)
2773:Brock Adams
2756:(1979–1981)
2750:(1977–1979)
2731:(1980–1981)
2712:(1979–1980)
2706:(1977–1979)
2687:(1977–1981)
2668:(1980–1981)
2662:(1977–1979)
2643:(1977–1981)
2624:(1977–1981)
2605:(1979–1981)
2599:(1977–1979)
2580:(1977–1981)
2561:(1979–1981)
2555:(1977–1979)
2536:(1980–1981)
2530:(1977–1980)
2528:Cyrus Vance
2502:(1977–1981)
2474:(1977–1981)
1967:Carla Hills
1357:February 2,
1166:February 2,
636:South Bronx
593:Scott Paper
400:Fortune 500
188:Preceded by
136:Preceded by
74:Preceded by
5346:Categories
5112:Jane Fonda
5107:Sarah Deer
4919:Betty Ford
4408:Janet Reno
4254:Gerty Cori
4229:Nellie Bly
3921:Ella Baker
3840:Rosa Parks
3634:Sally Ride
3603:Lucy Stone
3470:Alice Paul
3191:Lowenstein
2857:Bert Lance
2168:Weinberger
2163:Richardson
2143:Celebrezze
2062:1980–1981
2005:1979–1980
1978:1977–1979
1946:1965–1967
1824:0786402504
1803:0816044686
1774:1565541979
851:References
422:Early life
275:Democratic
228:1924-05-31
5242:Joy Harjo
5164:2020–2029
4836:2010–2019
4626:Sacagawea
4373:Mary Dyer
4341:2000–2009
3810:Mary Lyon
3666:1990–1999
3497:1980–1989
3306:1970–1979
2469:President
2221:Schweiker
1635:0190-8286
1601:0458-3035
1496:March 31,
1470:March 28,
1352:0362-4331
1310:March 28,
1254:March 31,
1161:0190-8286
750:In 1967,
580:, one of
545:from the
484:from the
445:Education
307:Education
177:President
168:In office
127:President
118:In office
101:Education
63:President
54:In office
5237:Mia Hamm
3221:Terpeluk
3196:Dolibois
3141:Buchanan
3123:Buchanan
3103:Atherton
3068:Phillips
3063:Fletcher
3058:Phillips
3048:Van Dyke
2384:Martinez
2374:Cisneros
2359:Landrieu
2256:Sebelius
2246:Thompson
2236:Sullivan
2178:Califano
2138:Ribicoff
2133:Flemming
1783:47650434
1378:Archived
800:See also
3251:Barrett
3236:Mandell
3171:Feldman
3151:Summers
3053:Garrett
3038:Beaupre
2485:Cabinet
2465:Cabinet
2399:Donovan
2394:Preston
2389:Jackson
2276:Becerra
2261:Burwell
2251:Leavitt
2241:Shalala
2226:Heckler
2173:Mathews
2148:Gardner
2045:Herself
2010:Herself
1522:May 18,
644:cabinet
638:in 1977
469:at the
439:Chicago
410:in the
301:
293:
289:
3241:McKean
3231:Stroum
3226:Wagner
3216:Hormel
3206:Rowell
3201:Gerard
3181:Farkas
3166:Harris
3161:Rivkin
3146:Chapin
3108:Sawyer
3098:Moffat
3093:Cudahy
3088:Davies
3083:Gibson
3078:Morris
3073:Gibson
2859:(1977)
2409:Carson
2404:Castro
2364:Pierce
2354:Harris
2339:Romney
2329:Weaver
2216:Harris
2183:Harris
2128:Folsom
1821:
1800:
1781:
1771:
1633:
1599:
1350:
1279:
1226:
1159:
1107:
984:
775:Legacy
599:, and
595:, the
495:Career
281:Spouse
254:, U.S.
237:, U.S.
3246:Evans
3176:Gould
3118:Mesta
3043:Bryce
3028:Newel
2414:Fudge
2379:Cuomo
2349:Hills
2266:Price
2231:Bowen
2158:Finch
2153:Cohen
2123:Hobby
827:Notes
757:Vogue
295:(
291:
44:13th
5271:2024
5215:2022
5174:2020
5090:2019
5029:2017
4968:2015
4912:2013
4846:2011
4762:2009
4706:2007
4645:2005
4574:2003
4533:2002
4457:2001
4351:2000
4212:1998
4146:1996
4045:1995
3909:1994
3723:1993
3707:1991
3676:1990
3617:1988
3591:1986
3570:1984
3549:1983
3528:1982
3507:1981
3453:1979
3427:1976
3316:1973
3186:Ginn
3156:Wine
3113:Kirk
3033:Hill
2369:Kemp
2344:Lynn
2334:Wood
2271:Azar
1867:2004
1819:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1779:OCLC
1769:ISBN
1746:2021
1718:2021
1692:2021
1670:2021
1642:2021
1631:ISSN
1608:2017
1597:ISSN
1572:2021
1524:2019
1498:2016
1472:2022
1444:2021
1359:2018
1348:ISSN
1312:2022
1277:ISBN
1256:2016
1224:ISBN
1196:2021
1168:2018
1157:ISSN
1105:ISBN
1058:2021
1028:2021
982:ISBN
958:2021
908:2021
482:J.D.
242:Died
218:Born
108:6th
2467:of
2032:as
1876:at
650:as
589:IBM
433:née
384:HHS
5348::
1835:.
1777:.
1737:.
1726:^
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