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739:. Such displacement may occur via an injury. The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury. Crabs, other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer. Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle, these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate, their natural product. The pocket is called a pearl sac, and grows with time by cell division. The juvenile mantle tissue cells, according to their stage of growth, secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac's inner surface. In time, the pearl sac's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating. During this process, the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell; however, the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows. After a couple of years, a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher.
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mother of pearl within a host oyster. If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead, a keshi pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece. Therefore, while a keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center, in the cultured pearl industry the oyster's resources used to create a mistaken all-nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of the intended round cultured pearl. Therefore, the pearl industry is making ongoing attempts to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur. All-nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls. Today many "keshi" pearls are actually intentional, with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac.
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951:, frequently referred to as black pearls, are highly valued because of their rarity; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass-produced because, in common with most sea pearls, the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time, while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants. Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.
1434:. The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has taken place over ten years when the former rice-grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. Later, large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster.
719:, which makes up mother-of-pearl. The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case. Typical stimuli include organic material, parasites, or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk's body. These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration. In cultured pearls, the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium, with or without a spherical bead (beaded or beadless cultured pearls).
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731:. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare.
918:. Australia also has one of the world's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today.
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3394:"The new weekend pearl-fishers were "mostly middle-aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back" and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers, opening them, and throwing away the shells, with not a care for conservation or the breeding season. All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1375–1377). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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pearl oysters in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster. Mitsubishi's Baron
Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl – although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced.
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776:) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell, causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate. There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls: using freshwater or seawater shells, transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus. Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads. Trade names of cultured pearls are Akoya (
1620:. Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries. Today, momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme corresponds to 1/1000 kan. Reluctant to give up tradition, the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds. Hence, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams.
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1557:, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel – a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China,
3376:"It was not only Britain's mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer: according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different. It was her pearls." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1264–1267). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
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3385:"Unlike sea pearls, which come from oysters, freshwater pearls come from mussels. And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world, wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1289–1290). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
1094:. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable. Such pearls usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a
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different materials can be seen. The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development. Displaced living cells with a well-defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location, often resulting in a
374:, like the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape. Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S.
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wore a necklace of 108 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason was that every king had to say 108 prayers every morning and every evening. At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new, undrilled pearl
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The vast majority of inexpensive colored pearls have been subjected to some form of dye, often a fabric dye. This dye will only tend to penetrate the first layer or two of nacre, but this is enough to impart vivid and sometimes garish color to otherwise white pearls. Truly valuable pearls are never
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In 2010, China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production. Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm. Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of
Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often
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Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of
Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was
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in
Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916, and married the daughter of Mikimoto. Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya
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equipment to examine the center of a pearl. With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl, where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin. The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of
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Formation of non–bead-cultured Akoya “keshi” pearls produced in a P. i. fucata mollusk. (A) Optical overview of a nonbeaded keshi–cultured pearl. (B) Cross-section showing CaCO3 growth begins onto an organic center. (C) Mature nacre. (D and E) Atomic-resolution image of atoms in nacre. (F) Transition
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In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls have almost no value. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl. If X-rays reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely
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Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace's value, the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned. This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and
Tahitian
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are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls. The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a "comparative" issue. The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to
Chinese freshwater cultured pearls, and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls, and is more valuable than these pearls.
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The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers.
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Today, the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls are gonad grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The
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The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard. Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products, and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices. Essentially, the controversy damaged the images of both natural
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Natural (or wild) pearls, formed without human intervention, are very rare. Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened, and thus killed, to find even one wild pearl; for many centuries, this was the only way pearls were obtained, and why pearls fetched such extraordinary
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When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed, it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl. A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings, whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings. A beadless cultured pearl (whether of
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examination. Nucleated cultured pearls are often 'preformed' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus. After a bead is inserted into the oyster, it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as twelve to
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Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl: saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink,
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Pearls are generally of spherical shapes. Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl. Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round
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who intended to give it as a gift for his daughter on the occasion of her marriage, but the King found it so beautiful that he kept it for himself. Later, he elevated it to be part of the
Spanish Crown Jewel. From then on, the pearl was recorded in every royal inventory for more than 200 years.
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Pear-shaped pearls sometimes look like teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as a center pearl in a necklace. Baroque pearls have a different appeal; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes. They are also commonly seen in necklaces. Circled
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shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is
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is a pearl composed entirely of nacre and results from mishaps in the culturing process. Most are quite small, typically only a few millimeters in diameter, and are often irregular in shape. In seeding a cultured pearl, a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of
1517:, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market. The other significant producers are
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Typically, the build-up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes columnar aragonite) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre (tabular aragonite). In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram, these two
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Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be
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snails, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items and, under
Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.
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Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to
Britain. They are, for the most part, freshwater pearls from mussels. Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels. Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the
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was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls.
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1469:, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls.
3412:"Pearls from the Oykel River, northwest of Inverness, for example, are a sweet rose pink, and have always been the most valuable." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1341). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
989: – are not South Sea pearls, although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls. In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black all use to, these pearls are usually referred to as "black pearls".
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magazine introduced the
American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.
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can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.
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South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls – making them the most valuable. Prized for their exquisitely beautiful 'orient' or lustre, South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the
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Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors' items, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist, and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler
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There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces. While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement, pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A
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a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater.
1203:. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg).
856:. Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are completely smooth, but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets, making both feel slightly gritty.
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purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years; at the time, it was valued at US$ 1 million.)
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and cultured pearls. By the 1950s, when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace, natural pearls were reduced to a small, exclusive niche in the pearl industry.
1492:. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects. Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well-known pearl farms owned by
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oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself.
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All shelled mollusks can, by natural processes, produce some kind of "pearl" when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds, but the great majority of these "pearls" are not valued as
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22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
1450:, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth.
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from spherulitic aragonite structures to nacre. (G and H) Aggregated nanoparticles form massive aragonite. (I) Formation of nacre begins directly on massive aragonite. CC-license, PNAS 2021 118 (42);
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blue, champagne, green, and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.
1806:, measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length, sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls.
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pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist
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Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems, according to size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient and luster.
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All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.
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2129:. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it."
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The Hebrew word פְּנִינִים 'pearl(s)' appears in several places in the Hebrew Bible (Job 28:18; Proverbs 3:15; 8:11; 20:15; 31:10; Lamentations 4:7), although its etymology is unclear.
2055:, one of the books of the Hindu scriptures. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments. According to Marco Polo, the kings of
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pearl and can also make a necklace, but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger, rounder pearl.
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Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or
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Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market. These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) in Nagasaki Pref. Japan.
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1155:. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen
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or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) held together by an organic horn-like compound called
3403:"Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people..." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1296). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.
1173:. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to
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18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple, and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"
1586:. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements,
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In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth.
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35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold, silver and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.
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Natural black pearls are rare, with black pearls having a body color that may be assessed as silver, silver blue, gold, brown-black, green-black, or black.
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However, it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl, which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl. This is simply because the black pearl oyster
2140:. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls: every several gate was of one pearl: and the street of the city was pure gold, as it were transparent glass."
1822:, measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer; and longer still, a
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waters, and are commonly referred to as 'blue pearls'. They are admired for their luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to
316:) in minute crystalline form, which has deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as
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The story of the Sinhalese: From the most ancient times up to the end of "The Mahavasna", or great dynasty; Vijaya to Maha Sena (B.C. 543 to A.D. 302)
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had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors. When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by
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freshwater or saltwater origin) may show growth rings, but also a complex central cavity, witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac.
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that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers, which breaks up light falling on the surface. In addition, pearls (especially
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in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose-pink pearls. There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls.
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A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the
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Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. Before the beginning of the 20th century,
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363:, but in the past were also used to adorn clothing. They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations.
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615:) can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The most valuable pearls have a metallic, highly reflective luster.
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6.5–7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.
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1853:, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small.
979:, which cannot be found in lagoons, but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries.
536:. Freshwater pearls grow within certain (but by no means all) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida, the families
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Previously, natural pearls were found in many parts of the world. Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off
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For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers, the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the
786:. Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle-grown in freshwater shells in China, and are known as freshwater cultured pearls.
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2192:, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of
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did not discover the process of pearl culture. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist
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pearl divers of twelfth century China attached ropes to their waists in order to be safely brought back up to the surface.
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Hanni, H A (June 2006). "Keshi Perlen: Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff (Keshi Pearls: a term in need of explanation)".
1810:, measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length, nestle just at the base of the neck. A strand called a
1726:, owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls. She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls
1218:. The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide (1 ft), 67 cm long (2.2 ft) and weighs 75 lb (34 kg).
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along the remote coastline of North-Western Australia. White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the
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478:. Nacreous pearls, the best-known and most commercially significant, are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan
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The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as
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The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the
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Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch
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The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster,
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1814:, measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length, comes down to or just below the collarbone. A
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dyed, and this process is not believed to add and in most cases would only subtract from their market value.
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1826:, measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length, is any length that falls down farther than an
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are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in
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Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue (called a
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A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones. These species include the bailer shell
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When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of
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inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as
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Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources.
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oysters. Also called Concha Nácar, the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under
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shell, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called
2706:
The Pearl Story, Gemstone Adventure Series, volume 2, copyright 2007 America's Collectibles Network,
2272:
1707:
1098:
would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible
622:. Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals react with the
4729:
4033:
3855:
1877:
885:
375:
3485:
1978:
1017:
area of Australia, while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia.
5468:
4664:
3757:
3733:
3161:
Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources
2154:
Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in
1956:
1881:
1818:, measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length, falls just above the breasts. An
650:
518:
4038:
3573:
1437:
The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater
5279:
2242:
1963:
1888:
1322:
1182:
24:
3159:
1503:
In the past two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south
1481:
discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.
1370:
worker who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.
5157:
5036:
4564:
3622:
3598:
3101:
3071:
758:
579:
148:
3190:
1349:
coast, was an extensive pearl bed (a bed of pearl oysters). One discovered and named pearl,
869:
4401:
4058:
3448:
3257:"History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls – the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature"
2755:
2697:
The Pearl Book, pp. 47–49, 4th edition, Matlins, Antoinette, Gemstone Press, copyright 2008
2126:
1458:
1427:
906:
592:
2838:
2736:
2612:
1571:
company based out of Kobe, Japan continues to purchase the remaining Kasumiga-ura pearls.
130:
White, pink, silver, cream, brown, green, blue, black, yellow, orange, red, gold, purple,
8:
5375:
5304:
5269:
5116:
5081:
4901:
4834:
4396:
2316:
2148:
1723:
607:
layers. The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl, the finer the luster. The
588:
378:
rules, and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosities.
234:
171:
2759:
1454:
5453:
5294:
5016:
4784:
3805:
3785:
3726:
3671:
2893:
2266:
2155:
2133:
1784:
pearls are characterized by concentric ridges, or rings, around the body of the pearl.
1661:
1354:
1350:
1021:
138:
2767:
1657:
1256:
mentions the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in
5329:
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5188:
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4252:
3835:
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3323:
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3225:
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2681:
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2592:
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2356:
2189:
2144:
2114:
1553:. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name
1265:
697:
305:
82:
60:
3537:
2506:
2132:
The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in
1744:
1567:. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution. Currently, the
653:
occur not only in hotter climates, but also in colder, more temperate areas such as
5319:
5243:
5238:
5203:
5111:
5031:
4921:
4911:
4794:
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4162:
3991:
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3653:
3126:
2883:
2821:
2794:
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2294:
2236:
2208:
2096:
2095:
Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the
2003:
1665:
1594:
1564:
1330:
1276:(23–79 AD) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world.
1195:
1116:
936:
A blister pearl, a half-sphere, formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster.
541:
530:
431:
387:
290:
191:
181:
71:
3367:
Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, p. 352.
2934:
1199:. It is a naturally occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a
502:
are formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes.
5438:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5106:
5101:
5041:
5008:
4844:
4257:
4192:
4003:
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2304:
2299:
1579:
1513:
1388:
1304:
1273:
1211:
1207:
1069:
807:
627:
618:
Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in
491:
409:
395:
356:
3691:
3320:
Gems in the Early Modern World: Materials, Knowledge and Global Trade, 1450–1800
277:
5422:
5299:
5289:
5264:
5183:
5096:
5091:
5046:
5021:
4906:
4849:
4839:
4789:
4610:
4554:
4542:
4471:
4115:
4053:
2433:
2323:
2283:
2220:
2122:
1420:
1342:
1288:
1269:
1215:
1161:
1144:
975:
is far more abundant than the elusive, rare, and larger south sea pearl oyster
948:
849:
783:
748:
658:
631:
522:
499:
317:
289:
is a hard, glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the
110:
3830:
2737:"Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster,
2051:
tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the
1484:
After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at
552:
5432:
5390:
4819:
4809:
4761:
4685:
4615:
4574:
4242:
3996:
3981:
3930:
2484:
2278:
2180:
52:24 Round about them will serve, to them, youths as pearls well-guarded.
2107:
2052:
1842:
1838:
1504:
1430:
who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from
1374:
1261:
1232:
1170:
1139:
1133:
320:, can occur. The finest quality of natural pearls have been highly valued as
214:
1590:
such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry).
684:
649:, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These
509: – lives in the sea, while the other – a very different group of
457:
5417:
5056:
4814:
4804:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4652:
4605:
4435:
4381:
4167:
4048:
4008:
3900:
3709:
Does Harvesting a Pearl Kill the Oyster? Also, how to identify a fake pearl
3647:
3124:
3043:
2815:
2562:
2310:
2288:
2215:
2137:
2104:
1508:
1316:
1308:
1284:
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1246:
1095:
963:
954:
Since the development of pearl culture technology, the black pearl oysters
927:
669:
506:
247:
3657:
3239:
2888:
2867:
2799:
2782:
1549:. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of
1362:, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607, this was found at
690:
5385:
5370:
5324:
5223:
5066:
4952:
4947:
4779:
4658:
4647:
4537:
4376:
4326:
4321:
4237:
4079:
3955:
3905:
3780:
3775:
2550:
2151:, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again and rend you."
2091:
2072:
1574:
Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with
1522:
1500:
simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.
1400:
1296:
1292:
1190:
1148:
1091:
1033:
1009:
oysters can be found, with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by
941:
840:
can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological
623:
608:
604:
600:
561:
462:
435:
371:
294:
244:
224:
131:
2400:
2067:, is also associated with many Hindu deities, the most famous being the
2063:
The Pearl, which can be transliterated to "Moti", a type of "Mani" from
1279:
For thousands of years, seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the
1064:
645:
Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family
5334:
5309:
5228:
5218:
5147:
5086:
5076:
5026:
4999:
4942:
4916:
4774:
4481:
4426:
4301:
4214:
4172:
4074:
4023:
3960:
3935:
3810:
2825:
2261:
2193:
1970: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1200:
1174:
1121:
1057:
853:
728:
712:
596:
301:
91:
4182:
3222:
Volume 2 of History of Ceylon, History of Ceylon: History of Sri Lanka
2170:
often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:
2147:
7:6: "Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your
5365:
5152:
5061:
4824:
4627:
4620:
4491:
4486:
4466:
4391:
4316:
4310:
4291:
4187:
4128:
4043:
3940:
3875:
3850:
3840:
3770:
3749:
2068:
1546:
1518:
1392:
1346:
1312:
1257:
1253:
1166:
1074:
762:
708:
665:
646:
557:
537:
533:
475:
355:
and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold.
309:
4968:
1945:
1866:
901:
812:
Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are simply made of
439:
5198:
4937:
4880:
4829:
4752:
4695:
4669:
4595:
4522:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4406:
4346:
4336:
4296:
4278:
4267:
4262:
4177:
4133:
4018:
4013:
3950:
3890:
3880:
3845:
3820:
3795:
3790:
3446:
3039:"Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years"
2944:. Perlas.com.mx (November 22, 2010). Retrieved on October 14, 2015.
2246:
2232:
2064:
1530:
1493:
1485:
1107:
1010:
654:
446:
352:
333:
321:
4721:
1052:
5395:
4957:
4690:
4600:
4512:
4421:
4386:
4371:
4356:
4341:
4331:
4204:
4138:
4089:
4028:
3885:
3860:
3825:
2250:
2110:
2056:
1526:
1338:
1128:
915:
705:
619:
573:
510:
479:
424:
360:
313:
297:
64:
41:
2680:
Strack, Elisabeth. "Pearls". Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag, 2006, p. 38
2434:"Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries"
1411:
1044:
490:, by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the
461:
A black pearl and a shell of the black-lipped pearl oyster. The
5208:
5193:
5167:
4870:
4590:
4496:
4456:
4431:
4366:
4351:
4247:
4232:
4227:
4143:
4094:
4084:
3800:
3765:
2741:: potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia"
1575:
1438:
1363:
1242:
1237:
1103:
1099:
959:
873:
673:
565:
526:
514:
366:
Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always
325:
3076:. W.M.A. Wahid. pp. 16–19, 46, 130, 144–48, 161–63, 213.
2377:
696:
The mollusk's mantle (protective membrane) deposits layers of
5213:
5051:
4799:
4559:
4549:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4476:
4306:
4286:
4222:
4154:
3895:
3870:
3815:
2167:
2118:
2048:
1846:
1767:
1710:
wearing her two-strand pearl necklaces and earrings set, 1829
1583:
1550:
1489:
1431:
1367:
1300:
1260:. It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied
1156:
841:
821:
817:
813:
790:
766:
716:
487:
466:
430:
The scientific name for the family of pearl-bearing oysters,
404:
367:
3718:
3287:"The History and Prehistory of Pearling in the Persian Gulf"
3192:
The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay
932:
789:
Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by
4441:
4416:
4411:
4361:
4123:
3013:"The Pearl of Allah: The Facts, the Fiction, and the Fraud"
1763:
1152:
996:
pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host
967:
736:
569:
483:
304:. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of
20:
3703:
1496:, the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world.
1295:
origin to pearl diving in these regions. Starting in the
985:
Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster –
753:
583:
Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre
2636:, The Pearl and the Dragon, Houlton; 1st edition (1999)
1206:
The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) is the
715:. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called
657:(where they are protected under law). Most freshwater
5406:
3134:
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India
2718:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft
2528:
1597:
and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming
1399:
who found pearls varied from river to river with the
727:
Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and
3447:
Travel more. Create better memories (May 19, 2011).
3125:
R. Raghu Prasad and P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973).
2817:
Improving the quality of pearls from Pinctada maxima
1845:
bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from
1210:, also found in the Philippines by a fisherman from
1078:, surrounded by a number of pearls from this species
1024:, Mexico, is culturing pearls from the black lipped
16:
Hard object produced within a living shelled mollusc
3224:. Peradeniya: Ceylon University Press. p. 56.
2239:
formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells
1415:
A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster.
852:can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a
664:Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters, family
637:
521:. Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of
336:for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable.
2987:"GIA 'Gems & Gemology' magazine news archive"
2865:
2660:. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 90–108.
513: – lives in freshwater; these are the river
505:One family of nacreous pearl bivalves – the
5430:
3322:. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 124.
1189:The second largest pearl known was found in the
1048:A natural conch pearl with gem flame patterning.
3478:"Japanese Akoya Pearls vs Chinese Akoya Pearls"
3251:
3249:
2464:(6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007,
2291:, one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found
2205:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1475:
1264:'s embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king
2188:The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer
1303:hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the
777:
4984:
4737:
3734:
3621:
3597:
3520:"Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls"
3284:
3188:
3157:
3100:
2781:Goebel, Marisa; Dirlam, Dona M. (Fall 1989).
2658:Pearls : Natural, Cultured and Imitation
1796:
962:and many other Pacific islands including the
831:
263:: yellow-green, greenish brown to dark brown;
3246:
2780:
896:
398:
3423:"Scottish Freshwater River Pearl Jewellery"
3347:. Cambridge University Press. p. 672.
3164:. Asian Educational Services. p. 227.
3069:
2935:Concha Nacar | The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog
2651:
2649:
2086:
2060:and pierce it during the wedding ceremony.
1895:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1536:
921:
859:
407:
4991:
4977:
4744:
4730:
3741:
3727:
2820:(phd), PhD thesis: James Cook University,
2375:
1143:species of abalone. Pearls of abalone are
486:. A nacreous pearl is made from layers of
3649:Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible
3591:
3556:"Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia"
3449:"Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm"
2887:
2813:
2798:
2428:
2426:
2030:Learn how and when to remove this message
1915:Learn how and when to remove this message
1241:A 14th-century piece of clothing used by
3646:Noonan, Benjamin J. (October 29, 2019).
3500:Pearls (Fred Ward Gem Book), 3rd Edition
3472:
3470:
3219:
2924:from the original on September 30, 2013.
2735:Pouvreau, Stéphane; et al. (2000).
2734:
2646:
2609:"Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture"
2369:
2350:
2183:
2090:
1410:
1321:
1236:
1081:
1063:
1051:
1043:
931:
900:
863:
782:), white or golden South sea, and black
752:
683:
578:
551:
456:
445:which is the source of the English name
276:
3562:from the original on February 21, 2014.
3455:from the original on September 27, 2013
3342:
3317:
3280:
3278:
3090:from the original on December 20, 2017.
1935:
1692:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
691:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107477118
5431:
3645:
3502:, Gem Guides Book Company, pp. 35–36,
3209:from the original on January 18, 2017.
3178:from the original on January 18, 2017.
3127:"India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries"
2861:
2859:
2423:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2313:, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine
2143:Holy things are compared to pearls in
547:
423:, after the ham- or mutton leg-shaped
4998:
4972:
4725:
3722:
3544:from the original on August 20, 2017.
3526:from the original on August 20, 2017.
3467:
3263:from the original on December 6, 2015
2715:
2386:from the original on October 6, 2017.
2161:
1541:In 1914, pearl farmers began growing
1488:and Port Essington in Australia, and
1039:
872:(1853) featuring 212 natural pearls,
328:for many centuries. Because of this,
3631:. New York: The Century Co. p.
3607:. New York: The Century Co. p.
3275:
3110:. New York: The Century Co. p.
3051:from the original on August 24, 2016
2655:
2395:
2393:
2078:
1968:adding citations to reliable sources
1939:
1893:adding citations to reliable sources
1860:
672:are usually cultivated in protected
4751:
3147:from the original on July 18, 2011.
2856:
2559:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2335:
2042:
1245:divers searching for pearls in the
801:
556:Structure of nacre layers, wherein
300:or another animal, such as fossil
13:
3118:
2569:from the original on March 8, 2022
2411:from the original on April 4, 2017
2376:Lazzarelli, Herve Nicolas (2010).
2245:, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in
1545:using the pearl mussels native to
1511:. The largest pearl oyster is the
1453:Despite the common misperception,
742:
668:, which live in oceans. Saltwater
19:For the programming language, see
14:
5480:
5340:Reproductive system of gastropods
3685:
3345:Science and Civilisation in China
3299:from the original on May 13, 2016
3017:Pearl Education - Pearl-Guide.com
2461:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2440:from the original on May 28, 2010
2390:
722:
5416:
5345:Respiratory system of gastropods
5260:Circulatory system of gastropods
2868:"Natural Pearls from Australian
1944:
1865:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1715:
1699:
1684:
1672:
1649:
1406:
1381:
1345:, some 200 km north of the
1226:
40:
3639:
3615:
3566:
3548:
3530:
3512:
3492:
3440:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3336:
3311:
3213:
3182:
3151:
3094:
3063:
3031:
3005:
2979:
2947:
2928:
2904:
2831:
2807:
2774:
2728:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2674:
2627:
2601:
2587:Neil H. Landman, et al. (2001)
2581:
1955:needs additional citations for
1611:
1147:, or blister pearls, unique to
1028:oysters and the rainbow lipped
638:Freshwater and saltwater pearls
5285:Excretory system of gastropods
5275:Digestive system of gastropods
3427:A. & G. Cairncross Limited
2543:
2521:
2499:
2477:
2452:
1307:, particularly in what is now
1165:, a large sea snail or marine
910:wearing a rope of black pearls
312:or a mixture of aragonite and
1:
3748:
3625:; Stevenson, Charles (1908).
3601:; Stevenson, Charles (1908).
3104:; Stevenson, Charles (1908).
2768:10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00373-7
2509:. Online Etymology Dictionary
2379:Blue Chart Gem Identification
2329:
1738:Pearl bracelet from the 1840s
1630:
1588:Japanese units of measurement
452:
281:Georgian seed pearl gold ring
269:: commonly pink to orange-red
257:: light blue to light yellow;
5350:Sensory organs of gastropods
5315:Nervous system of gastropods
3070:Senaveratna, John M (1930).
2355:. Robert Hale. p. 230.
2307:, largest pearl in the world
2207:(LDS Church) and some other
1476:Timeline of pearl production
1193:in 1934 and is known as the
1177:known as 'flame structure'.
679:
661:sold today come from China.
381:
7:
5381:Circumesophageal nerve ring
3538:"Indonesian Pearls Figures"
3195:. BiblioBazaar. p. 6.
2656:Farn, Alexander E. (2013).
2553:Margaritifera margaritifera
2226:
1762:"Pearl Trader" painting on
591:of pearls depends upon the
10:
5485:
2940:February 25, 2014, at the
2866:Scarratt, Kenneth (2012).
2203:is a book of scripture in
1797:Lengths of pearl necklaces
1790:Cultured freshwater pearls
1679:A necklace of white pearls
1642:
1599:cultured freshwater pearls
1543:cultured freshwater pearls
1418:
1291:. Evidence also suggest a
1230:
1221:
925:
832:Gemological identification
805:
746:
613:cultured freshwater pearls
18:
5358:
5252:
5176:
5140:
5007:
4930:
4889:
4863:
4760:
4678:
4640:
4583:
4505:
4276:
4213:
4152:
4114:
4107:
4067:
3969:
3923:
3916:
3756:
3318:Bycroft, Michael (2019).
2989:. Gia.edu. Archived from
2814:Mamangkey, Noldy (2009),
2783:"Polynesian Black Pearls"
2611:. Fao.org. Archived from
2589:Pearls: A Natural History
2551:"Freshwater pearl mussel
2436:. Ftc.gov. May 30, 1996.
2351:Schumann, Walter (2001).
2256:Broome, Western Australia
1856:
1774:
1664:covered in white pearls.
1467:Pinctada fucata martensii
897:Origin of a natural pearl
778:
243:
233:
223:
213:
190:
180:
170:
157:
147:
137:
126:
121:
109:
99:
70:
56:
51:
39:
34:
3343:Needham, Joseph (1971).
3220:De Silva, K. M. (1995).
2912:"Jewel of the South Sea"
2087:New Testament scriptures
1841:during the 1950s by the
1537:Freshwater pearl farming
1056:A collection of natural
922:Types of cultured pearls
860:Value of a natural pearl
651:freshwater pearl mussels
560:plates are separated by
376:Federal Trade Commission
261:Yellow and golden pearls
4243:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3574:"The standard criteria"
868:Pearl tiara of Empress
626:in the vinegar to form
519:freshwater pearl mussel
494:which lines the shell.
441:
3285:Robert Carter (2005).
3259:. internetstones.com.
3189:James Hornell (2009).
3158:Arnold Wright (1999).
2739:Pinctada margaritifera
2591:, Harry Abrams, Inc.,
2353:Gemstones of the World
2273:Les pêcheurs de perles
2243:Bahrain Pearling Trail
2127:"pearl of great price"
2100:
2099:, 12th or 13th century
1448:Pinctada margaritifera
1416:
1334:
1287:, the Red Sea and the
1252:The ancient chronicle
1249:
1183:Triplofusus papillosus
1087:
1079:
1072:of the Indian volute,
1061:
1049:
987:Pinctada margaritifera
973:Pinctada margaritifera
956:Pinctada margaritifera
937:
911:
877:
845:this X-ray technique.
838:gem testing laboratory
769:
693:
584:
576:
470:
465:colors originate from
408:
403:, originally from the
399:
282:
25:Pearl (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
5449:Gastropods and humans
4584:Other natural objects
3711:(Sam Westreich, PhD,
3702:series, broadcast on
3693:The History of Pearls
3658:10.1515/9781646020416
3628:The book of the pearl
3604:The book of the pearl
3540:. February 24, 2018.
3522:. February 24, 2018.
3488:on September 2, 2011.
3107:The book of the pearl
2889:10.5741/GEMS.48.4.236
2800:10.5741/GEMS.25.3.130
2184:Additional references
2094:
1593:Led by pearl pioneer
1414:
1360:Garcilasso de la Vega
1325:
1299:(206 BC–220 AD), the
1283:in areas such as the
1240:
1085:
1067:
1055:
1047:
935:
904:
867:
759:Mikimoto Pearl Island
756:
704:) in the form of the
687:
582:
555:
460:
280:
101:Strunz classification
5459:Jewellery components
4059:Wire wrapped jewelry
4039:Repoussé and chasing
2955:"CIBJO 'Pearl Book'"
2724:(1–2). DGemG: 39–50.
2201:Pearl of Great Price
2136:21:21, that is, the
2075:wears on his chest.
1964:improve this article
1936:Religious references
1889:improve this section
1694:wearing white pearls
1459:William Saville-Kent
1428:William Saville-Kent
1131:species, Pen shells
1026:Pinctada mazatlanica
907:Mary, Queen of Scots
676:or volcanic atolls.
498:prices in the past.
5444:Bivalves and humans
5305:Hypobranchial gland
5253:Internal soft parts
5177:External soft parts
4601:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3696:, episode from the
3578:Tahiti Pearl Market
3558:. August 13, 2013.
3451:. Ytravelblog.com.
2993:on January 13, 2009
2876:Gems & Gemology
2843:nature.berkeley.edu
2839:"How To Buy Pearls"
2787:Gems & Gemology
2760:2000Aquac.186..117P
2275:, The Pearl Fishers
2149:pearls before swine
1724:Margherita of Savoy
1604:National Geographic
1397:Scottish Travellers
1086:Conch pearl pendant
548:Physical properties
3946:Jewellery designer
3498:Ward, Fred (2002)
2826:10.25903/yfn1-4k54
2267:La Pelegrina pearl
2162:Islamic scriptures
2101:
1660:" with a matching
1601:in the mid-1960s.
1576:freshwater mussels
1417:
1355:Philip II of Spain
1351:La Peregrina pearl
1335:
1327:Catching of pearls
1250:
1088:
1080:
1062:
1050:
1040:From other species
1022:Gulf of California
938:
912:
878:
770:
694:
603:of light from the
585:
577:
471:
283:
5404:
5403:
5330:Oesophageal pouch
5189:Caudal mucous pit
4966:
4965:
4719:
4718:
4636:
4635:
4506:Organic gemstones
4103:
4102:
3231:978-955-589-004-5
3202:978-1-110-87096-7
3171:978-81-206-1335-5
2615:on March 20, 2008
2487:. Behind the Name
2471:978-0-19-920687-2
2362:978-0-7198-0301-7
2258:, a pearling town
2190:Hymn of the Pearl
2123:Kingdom of Heaven
2079:Hebrew scriptures
2040:
2039:
2032:
2014:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1627:pearl necklaces.
1578:in the region of
1560:Hyriopsis cumingi
1353:, was offered to
1266:Devanampiya Tissa
794:eighteen months.
698:calcium carbonate
306:calcium carbonate
275:
274:
83:Calcium carbonate
61:Carbonate mineral
5476:
5464:Mollusc products
5421:
5420:
5412:
5320:Nidamental gland
5244:Suprapedal gland
5141:Other hard parts
4993:
4986:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4897:Adductor muscles
4864:Other hard parts
4746:
4739:
4732:
4723:
4722:
4163:Britannia silver
4112:
4111:
3921:
3920:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3715:August 19, 2021)
3680:
3679:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3484:. Archived from
3474:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2967:on July 23, 2011
2966:
2960:. Archived from
2959:
2951:
2945:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2891:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2754:(1–2): 117–144.
2745:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2689:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2653:
2644:
2634:Kenneth Scarratt
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2599:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2348:
2295:Pearl of Lao Tzu
2237:organic gemstone
2235: – another
2223:religious poem.
2209:Latter Day Saint
2097:Byzantine empire
2043:Hindu scriptures
2035:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2013:
1972:
1948:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1869:
1861:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1722:Queen of Italy,
1719:
1708:Amélie of Brazil
1703:
1688:
1676:
1666:Amsterdam Museum
1653:
1595:John Latendresse
1565:Lake Kasumigaura
1331:Bern Physiologus
1196:Pearl of Lao Tzu
836:A well-equipped
826:essence d'Orient
802:Imitation pearls
781:
780:
542:Margaritiferidae
444:
432:Margaritiferidae
422:
419:
416:
413:
402:
357:Imitation pearls
192:Refractive index
182:Specific gravity
163:
77:
76:(repeating unit)
44:
32:
31:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5415:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5354:
5295:Hancock's organ
5248:
5172:
5136:
5107:Stromboid notch
5003:
4997:
4967:
4962:
4926:
4885:
4859:
4756:
4750:
4720:
4715:
4674:
4632:
4621:Spondylus shell
4579:
4501:
4272:
4258:Stainless steel
4209:
4193:Sterling silver
4153:Precious metal
4148:
4116:Precious metals
4099:
4063:
3965:
3912:
3752:
3747:
3688:
3683:
3668:
3644:
3640:
3623:Kunz, George F.
3620:
3616:
3599:Kunz, George F.
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3497:
3493:
3476:
3475:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3247:
3232:
3218:
3214:
3203:
3187:
3183:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3102:Kunz, George F.
3099:
3095:
3084:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3019:. July 20, 2014
3011:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2942:Wayback Machine
2933:
2929:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2870:Pinctada maxima
2864:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2812:
2808:
2779:
2775:
2743:
2733:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2654:
2647:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2349:
2336:
2332:
2322:, a novella by
2305:Pearl of Puerto
2300:Pearl of Kuwait
2229:
2211:denominations.
2186:
2164:
2089:
2081:
2045:
2036:
2025:
2019:
2016:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1949:
1938:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1886:
1870:
1859:
1812:princess length
1799:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1668:
1658:Boule de Genève
1654:
1645:
1633:
1614:
1539:
1514:Pinctada maxima
1478:
1444:Pinctada maxima
1423:
1409:
1389:Abernethy pearl
1384:
1305:South China Sea
1274:Pliny the Elder
1235:
1229:
1224:
1212:Puerto Princesa
1208:Pearl of Puerto
1159:or pink conch,
1145:cultured pearls
1042:
1007:Pinctada maxima
998:Pinctada maxima
994:Pinctada maxima
977:Pinctada maxima
949:Tahitian pearls
930:
924:
899:
862:
850:cultured pearls
834:
814:mother-of-pearl
810:
808:Imitation pearl
804:
751:
745:
743:Cultured pearls
725:
703:
682:
659:cultured pearls
640:
628:calcium acetate
550:
500:Cultured pearls
492:mother of pearl
455:
438:word for pearl
434:comes from the
420:
417:
414:
394:comes from the
384:
324:and objects of
161:
153:Uneven, various
88:
75:
74:
47:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5469:Mollusc shells
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5426:
5425:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5300:Hepatopancreas
5297:
5292:
5290:Gastric shield
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Semper's organ
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Caryophyllidia
5180:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Siphonal notch
5094:
5092:Siphonal canal
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4996:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4907:Gastric shield
4904:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:Related topics
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4054:Wire sculpture
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3687:
3686:External links
3684:
3682:
3681:
3666:
3638:
3614:
3590:
3565:
3547:
3529:
3511:
3491:
3466:
3439:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3353:
3335:
3328:
3310:
3274:
3245:
3230:
3212:
3201:
3181:
3170:
3150:
3117:
3093:
3082:
3062:
3030:
3004:
2978:
2946:
2927:
2903:
2882:(4): 236–261.
2855:
2830:
2806:
2793:(3): 130–148.
2773:
2727:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2673:
2666:
2645:
2626:
2600:
2580:
2542:
2520:
2498:
2476:
2470:
2451:
2422:
2389:
2368:
2361:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2324:John Steinbeck
2314:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:Oriental Pride
2281:
2277:, an opera by
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2240:
2228:
2225:
2221:Middle English
2185:
2182:
2163:
2160:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2037:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1816:matinee length
1798:
1795:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1750:Pearl earrings
1749:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1613:
1610:
1538:
1535:
1477:
1474:
1421:Oyster farming
1408:
1405:
1383:
1380:
1289:Gulf of Mannar
1270:Emperor Ashoka
1268:'s embassy to
1231:Main article:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:Palawan Island
1162:Strombus gigas
1041:
1038:
1020:A farm in the
926:Main article:
923:
920:
898:
895:
886:Pierre Cartier
861:
858:
833:
830:
806:Main article:
803:
800:
749:Cultured pearl
747:Main article:
744:
741:
724:
723:Natural pearls
721:
701:
681:
678:
639:
636:
632:carbon dioxide
568:, lustrin and
549:
546:
454:
451:
383:
380:
318:baroque pearls
293:) of a living
273:
272:
271:
270:
264:
258:
250:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
227:
221:
220:
217:
211:
210:
209:
208:
202:
194:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
122:Identification
119:
118:
113:
111:Crystal system
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
86:
78:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
46:Various pearls
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5481:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Tyrian purple
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4820:Prodissoconch
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Pallial sinus
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4686:Body piercing
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4575:Tortoiseshell
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3931:Bench jeweler
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3739:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3667:9781646020416
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3508:1-887651-08-X
3505:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3459:September 26,
3454:
3450:
3443:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3356:
3354:9780521070607
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3329:9783319963792
3325:
3321:
3314:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3083:9788120612716
3079:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2963:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2920:
2913:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2667:9781483162737
2663:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2642:0-935681-07-8
2639:
2635:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2597:0-8109-4495-2
2594:
2590:
2584:
2573:September 12,
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2530:
2524:
2508:
2502:
2486:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2382:. p. 8.
2381:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Georges Bizet
2276:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:compared the
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:New Testament
2106:
2098:
2093:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:Garuda Purana
2050:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981: –
1980:
1976:
1975:Find sources:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:This section
1951:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1916:
1908:
1905:December 2015
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1874:This section
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:United States
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Pearl chokers
1805:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:A so-called "
1652:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1407:Pearl farming
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:British Isles
1379:
1376:
1375:pearl hunting
1371:
1369:
1366:in 1560 by a
1365:
1361:
1358:According to
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:(9th century)
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:Prince Vijaya
1259:
1255:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1233:Pearl hunting
1227:Pearl hunting
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:Caribbean Sea
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:Haliotis iris
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1030:Pteria sterna
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
995:
990:
988:
983:
980:
978:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
943:
934:
929:
919:
917:
909:
908:
903:
894:
890:
887:
881:
875:
871:
866:
857:
855:
851:
846:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
799:
795:
792:
787:
785:
775:
768:
764:
760:
755:
750:
740:
738:
732:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
707:
699:
692:
686:
677:
675:
671:
670:pearl oysters
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
581:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
545:
543:
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
464:
459:
450:
448:
443:
437:
433:
428:
426:
412:
411:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:pearl oysters
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
332:has become a
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
279:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
251:
249:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
215:Birefringence
212:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
93:
90:
84:
81:
80:
79:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
5162:
5057:Periostracum
4875:
4815:Periostracum
4805:Pallial line
4711:Wearable art
4706:Phaleristics
4701:Metalworking
4606:Gutta-percha
4569:
4382:Lapis lazuli
4168:Colored gold
4049:Stonesetting
3712:
3697:
3692:
3648:
3641:
3627:
3617:
3603:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3550:
3532:
3514:
3499:
3494:
3486:the original
3481:
3457:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:February 11,
3430:. Retrieved
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3344:
3338:
3319:
3313:
3301:. Retrieved
3265:. Retrieved
3221:
3215:
3191:
3184:
3160:
3153:
3137:
3133:
3120:
3106:
3096:
3072:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3044:The Guardian
3042:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3016:
3007:
2995:. Retrieved
2991:the original
2981:
2969:. Retrieved
2962:the original
2949:
2930:
2906:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2848:February 11,
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2833:
2816:
2809:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2730:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2676:
2657:
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:the original
2603:
2588:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2563:Peterborough
2558:
2552:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2531:. Wiktionary
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2479:
2459:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2378:
2371:
2352:
2317:
2311:Pearl powder
2289:Pearl Maxima
2271:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2153:
2142:
2138:Pearly Gates
2131:
2102:
2082:
2062:
2046:
2026:
2017:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1974:
1962:Please help
1957:verification
1954:
1930:
1926:
1911:
1902:
1887:Please help
1875:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1820:opera length
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1612:Momme weight
1602:
1592:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1540:
1512:
1509:Indian Ocean
1502:
1498:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1424:
1385:
1372:
1336:
1326:
1309:Tolo Harbour
1285:Persian Gulf
1281:Indian Ocean
1278:
1251:
1247:Persian Gulf
1205:
1194:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1160:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1096:malacologist
1089:
1073:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1006:
1003:
997:
993:
991:
986:
984:
981:
976:
972:
964:Cook Islands
955:
953:
947:
939:
928:Keshi pearls
913:
905:
891:
882:
879:
848:Natural and
847:
835:
825:
811:
796:
788:
773:
771:
757:Nuclei from
733:
726:
695:
663:
644:
641:
617:
586:
517:such as the
507:pearl oyster
504:
496:
472:
429:
391:
385:
365:
351:pearls from
348:
344:
340:
338:
329:
286:
284:
267:Black pearls
266:
260:
255:White pearls
254:
248:fluorescence
204:
199:Common pearl
198:
116:Orthorhombic
29:
5386:Trochophore
5371:Pseudofeces
5325:Odontophore
5280:Diverticula
5224:Pneumostome
5067:Planispiral
4953:Trochophore
4948:Pseudofeces
4780:Hinge teeth
4648:Art jewelry
4472:Tiger's eye
4377:Labradorite
4327:Chrysocolla
4322:Chrysoberyl
4238:Mokume-gane
4215:Base metals
3987:centrifugal
3956:Silversmith
3831:Ferronnière
3781:Belt buckle
3776:Belly chain
3713:Medium.com,
3482:Pearl Guide
3303:January 31,
3267:January 31,
2748:Aquaculture
2117:13:45–46),
2073:Lord Vishnu
1555:Biwa pearls
1523:Philippines
1401:River Oykel
1297:Han dynasty
1293:prehistoric
1191:Philippines
1149:New Zealand
1092:iridescence
1034:ultraviolet
942:keshi pearl
624:acetic acid
609:iridescence
605:translucent
601:diffraction
587:The unique
562:biopolymers
436:Old Persian
302:conulariids
245:Ultraviolet
225:Pleochroism
207:: 1.53-1.69
205:Black pearl
201:: 1.52-1.66
5433:Categories
5335:Osphradium
5310:Nephridium
5229:Rhinophore
5219:Parapodium
5148:Clausilium
5087:Selenizone
5077:Protoconch
5027:Body whorl
4943:Glochidium
4917:Nephridium
4890:Soft parts
4775:Hinge line
4482:Tourmaline
4427:Prasiolite
4302:Aventurine
4173:Crown gold
4075:Draw plate
4024:Metal clay
3961:Watchmaker
3951:Lapidarist
3936:Clockmaker
3811:Collar pin
3806:Chatelaine
3583:August 19,
3055:August 25,
3023:August 16,
2686:3981084802
2535:August 25,
2513:August 25,
2507:"Margaret"
2491:August 25,
2485:"Margaret"
2405:Gemdat.org
2330:References
2262:Cave pearl
2194:Gnosticism
2156:Revelation
2134:Revelation
2020:March 2018
1990:newspapers
1824:pearl rope
1662:chatelaine
1631:In jewelry
1419:See also:
1347:Venezuelan
1201:giant clam
1175:chatoyance
1137:, and the
1127:, various
1122:giant clam
854:microscope
729:conchiolin
713:conchiolin
597:refraction
593:reflection
564:, such as
463:iridescent
453:Definition
442:margārīta-
372:iridescent
235:Dispersion
159:Mohs scale
132:iridescent
92:Conchiolin
5454:Gemstones
5366:Epiphragm
5270:Ctenidium
5158:Operculum
5153:Love dart
5117:Umbilicus
5082:Sculpture
5062:Peristome
5037:Columella
5000:Gastropod
4902:Ctenidium
4835:Sculpture
4825:Resilifer
4628:Toadstone
4565:Operculum
4492:Variscite
4487:Turquoise
4467:Tanzanite
4402:Moonstone
4397:Marcasite
4392:Malachite
4317:Carnelian
4292:Amazonite
4279:gemstones
4253:Pinchbeck
4198:Argentium
4188:Shibuichi
4129:Palladium
4108:Materials
4044:Soldering
4034:Polishing
4009:Engraving
4004:Enameling
3970:Processes
3941:Goldsmith
3876:Tie chain
3851:Neck ring
3841:Lapel pin
3750:Jewellery
3676:242580641
2898:130970595
2529:"مروارید"
2320:(novella)
2318:The Pearl
2105:Christian
2069:Kaustubha
1876:does not
1547:Lake Biwa
1519:Australia
1393:River Tay
1343:Margarita
1313:Hong Kong
1258:Sri Lanka
1254:Mahavamsa
1169:from the
1167:gastropod
1102:, edible
1075:Melo melo
958:found in
709:aragonite
680:Formation
666:Pteriidae
647:Unionidae
558:aragonite
538:Unionidae
534:Pteriidae
476:gemstones
382:Etymology
322:gemstones
310:aragonite
186:2.60–2.85
5199:Cnidosac
5017:Aperture
4938:Abductin
4881:Sea silk
4830:Resilium
4785:Ligament
4696:Gemology
4670:Fineness
4661:(purity)
4596:Bog-wood
4543:Precious
4523:Ammolite
4462:Sunstone
4452:Sodalite
4447:Sapphire
4407:Obsidian
4347:Fluorite
4337:Diopside
4297:Amethyst
4277:Mineral
4268:Tungsten
4263:Titanium
4178:Electrum
4134:Platinum
4019:Kazaziye
4014:Filigree
3992:lost-wax
3891:Toe ring
3881:Tie clip
3856:Pectoral
3846:Necklace
3821:Cufflink
3796:Bracelet
3791:Bolo tie
3771:Barrette
3560:Archived
3542:Archived
3524:Archived
3453:Archived
3294:Archived
3261:Archived
3207:Archived
3176:Archived
3142:Archived
3140:: 1–19.
3088:Archived
3049:Archived
2997:July 30,
2971:July 30,
2938:Archived
2919:Archived
2567:Archived
2444:July 17,
2438:Archived
2415:April 3,
2409:Archived
2384:Archived
2247:Muharraq
2233:Ammolite
2227:See also
2065:Sanskrit
1849:, a 3.5
1766:in 1870
1706:Empress
1580:Shanghai
1569:Belpearl
1531:Malaysia
1494:Paspaley
1486:Kuri Bay
1455:Mikimoto
1125:Tridacna
1108:escargot
1011:Paspaley
876:, Paris.
784:Tahitian
655:Scotland
574:proteins
511:bivalves
480:bivalves
447:Margaret
368:nacreous
345:Cultured
343:pearls.
334:metaphor
308:(mainly
162:hardness
149:Fracture
139:Cleavage
57:Category
5423:Animals
5396:Veliger
5376:Torsion
5002:anatomy
4958:Veliger
4755:anatomy
4753:Bivalve
4691:Fashion
4665:Finding
4513:Abalone
4422:Peridot
4387:Larimar
4372:Kyanite
4357:Howlite
4342:Emerald
4332:Diamond
4205:Tumbaga
4183:Shakudō
4139:Rhodium
4090:Mandrel
4029:Plating
3982:Casting
3977:Carving
3886:Tie pin
3861:Pendant
3836:Genital
3826:Earring
2756:Bibcode
2619:May 17,
2401:"Pearl"
2251:Bahrain
2145:Matthew
2115:Matthew
2111:parable
2057:Malabar
2004:scholar
1979:"Pearl"
1897:removed
1882:sources
1643:Gallery
1527:Myanmar
1505:Pacific
1391:in the
1339:Cubagua
1301:Chinese
1243:Kuwaiti
1222:History
1129:scallop
1104:oysters
1100:mussels
1060:pearls.
1036:light.
916:Bahrain
870:Eugénie
706:mineral
674:lagoons
620:vinegar
529:in the
527:oysters
515:mussels
469:layers.
425:bivalve
388:English
361:jewelry
341:natural
314:calcite
298:mollusk
295:shelled
166:2.5–4.5
72:Formula
65:protein
52:General
5439:Pearls
5409:Portal
5239:Siphon
5209:Mentum
5204:Mantle
5194:Cerata
5168:Radula
5112:Suture
5032:Callus
4922:Siphon
4912:Mantle
4871:Byssus
4855:Annuli
4795:Lunule
4770:Callus
4655:(mass)
4591:Bezoar
4497:Zircon
4457:Spinel
4432:Quartz
4367:Jasper
4352:Garnet
4248:Pewter
4233:Copper
4228:Bronze
4155:alloys
4144:Silver
4095:Pliers
4085:Hammer
3997:vacuum
3924:People
3917:Making
3901:pocket
3801:Brooch
3766:Anklet
3674:
3664:
3506:
3351:
3326:
3240:952216
3238:
3228:
3199:
3168:
3080:
2896:
2684:
2664:
2640:
2595:
2468:
2359:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1857:Colors
1804:collar
1775:Shapes
1439:mussel
1364:Panama
1120:, the
1058:quahog
1015:Broome
960:Tahiti
874:Louvre
599:, and
589:luster
572:-like
566:chitin
531:family
525:pearl
523:marine
396:French
349:farmed
326:beauty
291:mantle
229:Absent
172:Streak
85:, CaCO
5359:Other
5214:Notum
5163:Pearl
5132:Whorl
5127:Varix
5122:Valve
5102:Spire
5072:Plait
5052:Nacre
5009:Shell
4931:Other
4876:Pearl
4845:Valve
4840:Umbo
4800:Nacre
4762:Shell
4659:Carat
4653:Carat
4641:Terms
4616:Shell
4570:Pearl
4560:Nacre
4550:Ivory
4538:Black
4533:Coral
4528:Copal
4518:Amber
4477:Topaz
4436:smoky
4307:Beryl
4287:Agate
4223:Brass
4068:Tools
3906:strap
3896:Watch
3871:Tiara
3816:Crown
3786:Bindi
3758:Forms
3672:S2CID
3297:(PDF)
3290:(PDF)
3145:(PDF)
3130:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2958:(PDF)
2922:(PDF)
2915:(PDF)
2894:S2CID
2744:(PDF)
2219:is a
2216:Pearl
2168:Quran
2125:to a
2119:Jesus
2103:In a
2071:that
2049:Hindu
2011:JSTOR
1997:books
1851:momme
1847:Japan
1828:opera
1768:India
1618:momme
1584:China
1563:, in
1551:Kyoto
1490:Burma
1432:Japan
1368:slave
1317:Tanka
1157:conch
1134:Pinna
1070:shell
842:X-ray
822:conch
818:coral
791:X-ray
774:graft
767:Japan
717:nacre
700:(CaCO
488:nacre
484:clams
467:nacre
440:*
410:perna
405:Latin
400:perle
392:pearl
390:word
330:pearl
287:pearl
219:0.156
176:White
127:Color
35:Pearl
5265:Crop
5047:Lira
5022:Apex
4850:Beak
4790:Lira
4611:Hair
4442:Ruby
4417:Opal
4412:Onyx
4362:Jade
4124:Gold
4080:File
3866:Ring
3699:Nova
3662:ISBN
3585:2024
3504:ISBN
3461:2013
3434:2023
3349:ISBN
3324:ISBN
3305:2016
3269:2016
3236:OCLC
3226:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3057:2016
3025:2024
2999:2010
2973:2010
2850:2023
2682:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2621:2013
2593:ISBN
2575:2022
2537:2020
2515:2020
2493:2020
2466:ISBN
2446:2010
2417:2017
2357:ISBN
2199:The
2166:The
2047:The
1983:news
1880:any
1878:cite
1764:mica
1529:and
1507:and
1446:and
1341:and
1153:opal
1117:Melo
968:Fiji
966:and
763:Toba
737:cyst
630:and
570:silk
540:and
386:The
370:and
239:None
143:None
105:05.8
21:Perl
5042:Lip
4555:Jet
4311:red
3704:PBS
3654:doi
3633:350
3609:412
2884:doi
2822:doi
2795:doi
2764:doi
2752:186
1966:by
1891:by
1843:GIs
1311:in
820:or
779:阿古屋
482:or
418:leg
347:or
5435::
3670:.
3660:.
3652:.
3576:.
3480:.
3469:^
3425:.
3292:.
3277:^
3248:^
3234:.
3205:.
3174:.
3138:15
3136:.
3132:.
3086:.
3047:.
3041:.
3015:.
2917:.
2892:.
2880:48
2878:.
2874:.
2858:^
2841:.
2791:25
2789:.
2785:.
2762:.
2750:.
2746:.
2722:55
2720:.
2648:^
2565:.
2561:.
2557:.
2425:^
2407:.
2403:.
2392:^
2337:^
2249:,
2196:.
1830:.
1582:,
1533:.
1525:,
1521:,
1329:,
1315:.
1272:.
1214:,
1186:.
1106:,
1068:A
940:A
828:.
816:,
765:,
761:,
634:.
595:,
544:.
449:.
427:.
285:A
63:,
5411::
4992:e
4985:t
4978:v
4745:e
4738:t
4731:v
4438:)
4434:(
4313:)
4309:(
3742:e
3735:t
3728:v
3678:.
3656::
3635:.
3611:.
3587:.
3463:.
3436:.
3357:.
3332:.
3307:.
3271:.
3242:.
3114:.
3112:2
3059:.
3027:.
3001:.
2975:.
2900:.
2886::
2872:"
2852:.
2824::
2803:.
2797::
2770:.
2766::
2758::
2688:.
2670:.
2623:.
2577:.
2555:"
2539:.
2517:.
2495:.
2448:.
2419:.
2365:.
2113:(
2033:)
2027:(
2022:)
2018:(
2008:·
2001:·
1994:·
1987:·
1960:.
1918:)
1912:(
1907:)
1903:(
1899:.
1885:.
702:3
421:'
415:'
87:3
27:.
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