623:, from the Malay and Indonesian word for forest, consists of shrubs and tall thin trees and appear in the center of large peatlands. The diversity of woody species, like trees and shrubs, are far greater in tropical peatlands than in peatlands of other types. Peat in the tropics is therefore dominated by woody material from trunks of trees and shrubs and contain little to none of the sphagnum moss that dominates in boreal peatlands. It's only partly decomposed and the surface consists of a thick layer of leaf litter. Forestry in peatlands leads to drainage and rapid carbon losses since it decreases inputs of organic matter and accelerate the decomposition. In contrast to temperate wetlands, tropical peatlands are home to several species of fish. Many new, often endemic, species has been discovered but many of them are considered threatened.
42:
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carbon dioxide and methane. By allowing oxygen to enter the peat column within a mire, drainage disrupts the balance between peat accumulation and decomposition, and the subsequent oxidative degradation results in the release of carbon into the atmosphere. As such, drainage of mires for agriculture transforms them from net carbon sinks to net carbon emitters. Although the emission of methane from mires has been observed to decrease following drainage, the total magnitude of emissions from peatland drainage is often greater as rates of peat accumulation are low. Peatland carbon has been described as "irrecoverable" meaning that, if lost due to drainage, it could not be recovered within time scales relevant to climate mitigation.
520:
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603:, drainage and burning. Drainage of tropical peatlands alters the hydrology and increases their susceptibility to fire and soil erosion, as a consequence of changes in physical and chemical compositions. The change in soil strongly affects the sensitive vegetation and forest die-off is common. The short-term effect is a decrease in biodiversity but the long-term effect, since these encroachments are hard to reverse, is a loss of habitat. Poor knowledge about peatlands' sensitive hydrology and lack of nutrients often lead to failing plantations, resulting in increasing pressure on remaining peatlands.
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54:
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table and the increased aeration will subsequently release carbon. Upon extreme drying, the ecosystem can undergo a state shift, turning the mire into a barren land with lower biodiversity and richness. The formation of humic acid occurs during the biogeochemical degradation of vegetation debris, animal residue, and degraded segments. The loads of organic matter in the form of humic acid is a source of precursors of coal. Prematurely exposing the organic matter to the atmosphere promotes the conversion of organics to carbon dioxide to be released in the atmosphere.
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322:. Indonesia, particularly on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Papua, has one of the largest peatlands in the world, with an area of about 24 million hectares. These peatlands play an important role in global carbon storage and have very high biodiversity. However, peatlands in Indonesia also face major threats from deforestation and forest fires. In the early 21st century, the world's largest tropical mire was found in the Central
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short time span as the cooling effects of sequestering carbon are offset by the emission of methane, which is a strong greenhouse gas. However, given the short "lifetime" of methane (12 years), it is often said that methane emissions are unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and
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of forest cover or for use as pasture or cropland. Agricultural uses for mires include the use of natural vegetation for hay crop or grazing, or the cultivation of crops on a modified surface. In addition, the commercial extraction of peat for energy production is widely practiced in
Northern European countries, such as Russia, Sweden, Finland, Ireland and the
209:). Thus, while a bog is always acidic and nutrient-poor, a fen may be slightly acidic, neutral, or alkaline, and either nutrient-poor or nutrient-rich. All mires are initially fens when the peat starts to form, and may turn into bogs once the height of the peat layer reaches above the surrounding land. A
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Goldstein, Allie; Turner, Will R.; Spawn, Seth A.; Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J.; Cook-Patton, Susan; Fargione, Joseph; Gibbs, Holly K.; Griscom, Bronson; Hewson, Jennifer H.; Howard, Jennifer F.; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Page, Susan; Koh, Lian Pin; Rockström, Johan; Sanderman, Jonathan; Hole, David G.
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In their natural state, peatlands are resistant to fire. Drainage of peatlands for palm oil plantations creates a dry layer of flammable peat. As peat is carbon dense, fires occurring in compromised peatlands release extreme amounts of both carbon dioxide and toxic smoke into the air. These fires add
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The biotic and abiotic factors controlling
Southeast Asian peatlands are interdependent. Its soil, hydrology and morphology are created by the present vegetation through the accumulation of its own organic matter, building a favorable environment for this specific vegetation. This system is therefore
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release even more carbon dioxide. The economic value of a tropical peatland was once derived from raw materials, such as wood, bark, resin, and latex, the extraction of which did not contribute to large carbon emissions. In
Southeast Asia, peatlands are drained and cleared for human use for a variety
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as well as in areas of high altitude. Tropical mires largely form where high precipitation is combined with poor conditions for drainage. Tropical mires account for around 11% of peatlands globally (more than half of which can be found in
Southeast Asia), and are most commonly found at low altitudes,
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Often, restoration is done by blocking drainage channels in the peatland, and allowing natural vegetation to recover. Rehabilitation projects undertaken in North
America and Europe usually focus on the rewetting of peatlands and revegetation of native species. This acts to mitigate carbon release in
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The exchange of carbon between the peatlands and the atmosphere has been of current concern globally in the field of ecology and biogeochemical studies. The drainage of peatlands for agriculture and forestry has resulted in the emission of extensive greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, most notably
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Compared with untilled cropland, wetlands can sequester around two times the carbon. Carbon sequestration can occur in constructed wetlands as well as natural ones. Estimates of greenhouse gas fluxes from wetlands indicate that natural wetlands have lower fluxes, but man-made wetlands have a greater
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stores. Peatlands contain the highest amounts of soil organic carbon of all wetland types. Wetlands can become sources of carbon, rather than sinks, as the decomposition occurring within the ecosystem emits methane. Natural peatlands do not always have a measurable cooling effect on the climate in a
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Peatlands are used by humans in modern times for a range of purposes, the most dominant being agriculture and forestry, which accounts for around a quarter of global peatland area. This involves cutting drainage ditches to lower the water table with the intended purpose of enhancing the productivity
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are able to store very large amounts of water, making them an essential component in the peat environment, contributing to an increased amount of carbon storage due to the resulting anaerobic condition. If the peatland is dried from long-term cultivation and agricultural use, it will lower the water
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The total area of mires has declined globally due to drainage for agriculture, forestry and peat harvesting. For example, more than 50% of the original
European mire area which is more than 300,000 km has been lost. Some of the largest losses have been in Russia, Finland, the Netherlands, the United
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can reveal the age of the peat. The dredging and destruction of a peatland will release the carbon dioxide that could reveal irreplaceable information about the past climatic conditions. Many kinds of microorganisms inhabit peatlands, due to the regular supply of water and abundance of peat forming
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above the water table level. Therefore, changes in water table level influence the size of these methane production and consumption zones. Increased soil temperatures also contribute to increased seasonal methane flux. A study in Alaska found that methane may vary by as much as 300% seasonally with
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and from the litter and peat via heterotrophic respiration. In their natural state, mires are a small atmospheric carbon dioxide sink through the photosynthesis of peat vegetation, which outweighs their release of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, most mires are generally net emitters of methane
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provide an environment where organic carbon is stored in living plants, dead plants and peat, as well as converted to carbon dioxide and methane. Three main factors give wetlands the ability to sequester and store carbon: high biological productivity, high water table and low decomposition rates.
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to release into the atmosphere. Due to their naturally high moisture content, pristine mires have a generally low risk of fire ignition. The drying of this waterlogged state means that the carbon-dense vegetation becomes vulnerable to fire. In addition, due to the oxygen deficient nature of the
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Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks. The use of this land by humans, including draining and harvesting of tropical peat forests, results in the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In
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in many low-income countries and has provided economic opportunities for communities. With palm oil as a leading export in countries such as
Indonesia and Malaysia, many smallholders have found economic success in palm oil plantations. However, the land selected for plantations are typically
692:. Forest and land was cleared by burning and 4000 km of channels drained the area. Drought and acidification of the lands led to bad harvest and the project was abandoned in 1999. Similar projects in China have led to immense loss of tropical marshes and fens due to rice production.
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Peatlands are found around the globe, although are at their greatest extent at high latitudes in the
Northern Hemisphere. Peatlands are estimated to cover around 3% of the globe's surface, although estimating the extent of their cover worldwide is difficult due to the varying accuracy and
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carbon sequestration capacity. The carbon sequestration abilities of wetlands can be improved through restoration and protection strategies, but it takes several decades for these restored ecosystems to become comparable in carbon storage to peatlands and other forms of natural wetlands.
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The largest accumulation of mires constitutes around 64% of global peatlands and is found in the temperate, boreal and subarctic zones of the
Northern Hemisphere. Mires are usually shallow in polar regions because of the slow rate of accumulation of dead organic matter, and often contain
173:
For botanists and ecologists, the term peatland is a general term for any terrain dominated by peat to a depth of at least 30 cm (12 in), even if it has been completely drained (i.e., a peatland can be dry). A peatland that is still capable of forming new peat is called a
660:/ha. Burning events in tropical peatlands are becoming more frequent due to large scale drainage and land clearance and in the past 10 years, more than 2 million ha was burnt in Southeast Asia alone. These fires last typically for 1–3 months and release large amounts of CO
2802:
Kirpotin, Sergey N.; Antoshkina, Olga A.; Berezin, Alexandr E.; Elshehawi, Samer; Feurdean, Angelica; Lapshina, Elena D.; Pokrovsky, Oleg S.; Peregon, Anna M.; Semenova, Natalia M.; Tanneberger, Franziska; Volkov, Igor V.; Volkova, Irina I.; Joosten, Hans (2021-11-01).
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Wösten, J. H. M.; Van Den Berg, J.; Van Eijk, P.; Gevers, G. J. M.; Giesen, W. B. J. T.; Hooijer, A.; Idris, Aswandi; Leenman, P. H.; Rais, Dipa
Satriadi (March 2006). "Interrelationships between Hydrology and Ecology in Fire Degraded Tropical Peat Swamp Forests".
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Biodiversity and sustainability of tropical peatlands : proceedings of the International Symposium on Biodiversity, Environmental Importance and Sustainability of Tropical Peat and Peatlands, held in Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, 4-8 September
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in subarctic regions, thus delaying thawing during summer, as well as inducing the formation of permafrost. As the global climate continues to warm, wetlands could become major carbon sources as higher temperatures cause higher carbon dioxide emissions.
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The peatland forests harvested for palm oil production serve as above- and below-ground carbon stores, containing at least 42,069 million metric tonnes (Mt) of soil carbon. Exploitation of this land raises many environmental concerns, namely increased
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in peatlands has increased significantly worldwide particularly in the tropical regions. This can be attributed to a combination of drier weather and changes in land use which involve the drainage of water from the landscape. This resulting loss of
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highlights peatlands as key ecosystems to be conserved and protected. The convention requires governments at all levels to present action plans for the conservation and management of wetland environments. Wetlands are also protected under the 1971
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The global distribution of tropical peatlands is concentrated in Southeast Asia where agricultural use of peatlands has been increased in recent decades. Large areas of tropical peatland have been cleared and drained for the production of food and
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Despite accounting for just 3% of Earth's land surfaces, peatlands are collectively a major carbon store containing between 500 and 700 billion tonnes of carbon. Carbon stored within peatlands equates to over half the amount of carbon found in the
867:. However, continued drainage will result in increased release of carbon, contributing to global warming. As of 2016, it was estimated that drained peatlands account for around 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and forestry.
385:: peat depths of above 10 m have been commonly recorded in temperate regions (many temperate and most boreal mires were removed by ice sheets in the last Ice Age), and above 25 m in tropical regions. When the absolute decay rate of peat in the
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Chemistry, Gierlach-Hladon, T., Karol Marcinkowski Univ. of Medical Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Dept. of Inorganic and Analytical; Environment, Szajdak, L., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Inst. for Agricultural and Forest (2010).
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Noon, Monica L.; Goldstein, Allie; Ledezma, Juan Carlos; Roehrdanz, Patrick R.; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Spawn-Lee, Seth A.; Wright, Timothy Maxwell; Gonzalez-Roglich, Mariano; Hole, David G.; Rockström, Johan; Turner, Will R. (January 2022).
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where precipitation is very high i.e., in maritime climates inland near the coasts of the north-east and south Pacific, and the north-west and north-east Atlantic. In the sub-tropics, mires are rare and restricted to the wettest areas.
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sinks. Hence, peatlands do result in cooling of the Earth's climate over a longer time period as methane is oxidised quickly and removed from the atmosphere whereas atmospheric carbon dioxide is continuously absorbed. Throughout the
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Palm oil plantations have replaced much of the forested peatlands in Southeast Asia. Estimates now state that 12.9 Mha or about 47% of peatlands in Southeast Asia were deforested by 2006. In their natural state, peatlands are
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Members of the Initiative are working together within their respective areas of expertise to improve the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of peatlands. The Initiative is therefore contributing to several
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and have had a net cooling effect, sequestering 5.6 to 38 grams of carbon per square metre per year. On average, it has been estimated that today northern peatlands sequester 20-30 grams of carbon per square meter per year.
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emissions, caused primarily by these fires. With a warming climate these burnings are expected to increase in intensity and number. This is a result of a dry climate together with an extensive rice farming project, called
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position of a peatland is the main control of its carbon release to the atmosphere. When the water table rises after a rainstorm, the peat and its microbes are submerged under water inhibiting access to oxygen, reducing
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methodologies of land surveys from many countries. Mires occur wherever conditions are right for peat accumulation: largely where organic matter is constantly waterlogged. Hence the distribution of mires is dependent on
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Silvius, M., Kaat, A.H., Van de Bund and Hooijer, A. 2006. Peatland degradation fuels climate change. An unrecognised and alarming source of greenhouse gases. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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binding per mol of released methane, which is a function that counteracts global warming. Tropical peatlands are suggested to contain about 100 Gt carbon, corresponding to more than 50% of the carbon present as
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vulnerable to changes in hydrology or vegetation cover. These peatlands are mostly located in developing regions with impoverished and rapidly growing populations. These lands have become targets for commercial
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by 30–100 t/ha/year if the water table is lowered by only 1 m. The draining of peatlands is likely the most important and long-lasting threat to peatlands globally, but is especially prevalent in the tropics.
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United Nations Environment Programme. Global Environment Facility. Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research. Global Environment Centre (Malaysia), publisher. Wetlands International, publisher. (2008).
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Environment, Szajdak, L., Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan (Poland). Inst. for Agricultural and Forest; Improvement, Szatylowicz, J., Warsaw Univ. of Life Sciences (Poland). Dept. of Environmental (2010).
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emissions are estimated to be 2 Gt per year, equal to 7% of global fossil fuel emissions. These emissions get bigger with drainage and burning of peatlands and a severe fire can release up to 4000 t of
755:. Nakaikemi Wetland in southwest Honshu, Japan is more than 50,000 years old and has a depth of 45 m. The Philippi Peatland in Greece has probably one of the deepest peat layers with a depth of 190m.
1096:
Frolking, Steve; Talbot, Julie; Jones, Miriam C.; Treat, Claire C.; Kauffman, J. Boone; Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina; Roulet, Nigel (December 2011). "Peatlands in the Earth's 21st century climate system".
373:, peat is formed. This occurs due to the anoxic state of water-logged peat, which slows down decomposition. Peat-forming vegetation is typically also recalcitrant (poorly decomposing) due to high
126:) a year. Peat soils store over 600Gt of carbon, more than the carbon stored in all other vegetation types, including forests. This substantial carbon storage represents about 30% of the world's
767:, the conservation and restoration of wetlands and peatlands has large economic potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, providing benefits for adaptation, mitigation, and biodiversity.
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Peatlands are under threat by commercial peat harvesting, drainage and conversion for agriculture (notably palm oil in the tropics) and fires, which are predicted to become more frequent with
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Mitsch, William J.; Bernal, Blanca; Nahlik, Amanda M.; Mander, Ülo; Zhang, Li; Anderson, Christopher J.; Jørgensen, Sven E.; Brix, Hans (2013-04-01). "Wetlands, carbon, and climate change".
3204:
Turetsky, Merritt R.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Jones, Miriam C.; Walter Anthony, Katey; Olefeldt, David; Schuur, Edward A. G.; Koven, Charles; McGuire, A. David; Grosse, Guido (2019-04-30).
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thus accelerating peat decomposition. Levels of methane emissions also vary with the water table position and temperature. A water table near the peat surface gives the opportunity for
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Ng, Peter K. L.; Tay, J. B.; Lim, Kelvin K. P. (1994), "Diversity and conservation of blackwater fishes in Peninsular Malaysia, particularly in the North Selangor peat swamp forest",
1061:), by protecting water-related ecosystems and facilitating improved water quality (SDG 6), and by ensuring conservation of ecosystems and threatened species, protecting life on land (
923:, risk of fires, and a decrease in biodiversity. Greenhouse gas emissions for palm oil planted on peatlands is estimated to be between the equivalent of 12.4 (best case) to 76.6 t CO
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of a mineral soil forests, terrestrialisation of lakes, or primary peat formation on bare soils on previously glaciated areas. A peatland that is actively forming peat is called a
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release via respiration. Carbon dioxide release increases when the water table falls lower, such as during a drought, as this increases the availability of oxygen to the aerobic
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Kingdom, Poland and Belarus. A catalog of the peat research collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth provides references to research on worldwide peat and peatlands.
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675:-event in 1997-1998 more than 24,400 km of peatland was lost to fires in Indonesia alone from which 10,000 km was burnt in Kalimantan and Sumatra. The output of CO
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was estimated to 0.81–2.57 Gt, equal to 13–40% of that year’s global output from fossil fuel burning. Indonesia is now considered the 3rd biggest contributor to global CO
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and temperature, although terrain relief is a major factor as waterlogging occurs more easily on flatter ground and in basins. Peat formation typically initiates as a
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are strictly anaerobic organisms and produce methane from organic matter in anoxic conditions below the water table level, while some of that methane is oxidised by
3083:"Global distribution of soil organic carbon – Part 1: Masses and frequency distributions of SOC stocks for the tropics, permafrost regions, wetlands, and the world"
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88:, peatlands are unusual landforms that derive mostly from biological rather than physical processes, and can take on characteristic shapes and surface patterning.
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Page, Susan; Hoscilo, Agata; Langner, Andreas; Tansey, Kevin; Siegert, Florian; Limin, Suwido; Rieley, Jack (2009), "Tropical peatland fires in Southeast Asia",
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Laurance, William F.; Koh, Lian P.; Butler, Rhett; Sodhi, Navjot S.; Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Neidel, J. David; Consunji, Hazel; Mateo Vega, Javier (April 2010).
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Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wösten, H. and Page, S. 2006. PEAT-CO2, Assessment of CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in SE Asia. Delft Hydraulics report Q3943.
2379:. 22nd Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 5–9 November 2001, Singapore. Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing (CRISP), University of Singapore.
619:. These forests occur on the margin of peatlands with a palm rich flora with trees 70 m tall and 8 m in girth accompanied by ferns and epiphytes. The third,
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vegetation, the peat fires can smolder beneath the surface causing incomplete combustion of the organic matter and resulting in extreme emissions events.
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has increasingly become one of the world's largest crops. In comparison to alternatives, palm oil is considered to be among the most efficient sources of
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381:, accumulating peat elevates the ground surface above the original topography. Mires can reach considerable heights above the underlying mineral soil or
248:. Like fens, swamps are typically of higher pH level and nutrient availability than bogs. Some bogs and fens can support limited shrub or tree growth on
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Palm oil plantation in Kunak, Malaysia. Peatlands in South East Asia are being converted to palm oil plantation, releasing as much as 76.6 tonnes of CO
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Hashim, Zulkifli; Subramaniam, Vijaya; Harun, Mohd Haniff; Kamarudin, Norman (June 2018). "Carbon footprint of oil palm planted on peat in Malaysia".
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Kayranli, Birol; Scholz, Miklas; Mustafa, Atif; Hedmark, Åsa (2010-02-01). "Carbon Storage and Fluxes within Freshwater Wetlands: a Critical Review".
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both in tropical and boreal/temperate peatlands. Fire events are predicted to become more frequent with the warming and drying of the global climate.
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Christanis, Kimon (2016). "The Philippi Peatland (Greece)". In Finlayson, C. Max; Milton, G. Randy; Prentice, R. Crawford; Davidson, Nick C. (eds.).
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and timber for export in primarily developing nations. This releases stored carbon dioxide and preventing the system from sequestering carbon again.
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389:(the lower, water-saturated zone of the peat layer) matches the rate of input of new peat into the catotelm, the mire will stop growing in height.
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When undertaken in such a way that preserves the hydrological state of a mire, the anthropogenic use of mires' resources can avoid significant
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WHITING, GARY J.; CHANTON, JEFFREY P. (November 2001). "Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration".
591:. Small scale encroachment on the other hand, is linked to poverty and is so widespread that it also has negatively impacts these peatlands.
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1625:
Dargie, Greta C.; Lewis, Simon L.; Lawson, Ian T.; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Page, Susan E.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A. (2017-01-11).
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178:, while drained and converted peatlands might still have a peat layer but are not considered mires as the formation of new peat has ceased.
80:. Peatlands arise because of incomplete decomposition of organic matter, usually litter from vegetation, due to water-logging and subsequent
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927:/ha (worst case). Tropical peatland converted to palm oil plantation can remain a net source of carbon to the atmosphere after 12 years.
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and hydrological conditions are necessary to provide an abundant water source for the wetland. Fully water-saturated wetland soils allow
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the short term before the new growth of vegetation provides a new source of organic litter to fuel the peat formation in the long term.
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glaciers, but in contrast tropical peatlands are much older. Total northern peat carbon stocks are estimated to be 1055 Gt of carbon.
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1983:"Short-term response of methane fluxes and methanogen activity to water table and soil warming manipulations in an Alaskan peatland"
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Of all northern circumpolar countries, Russia has the largest area of peatlands and contains the largest peatland in the world, The
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Peatlands are important for studying past climate because they are sensitive to changes in the environment and can reveal levels of
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McCalmont, Jon; Kho, Lip Khoon; Teh, Yit Arn; Lewis, Kennedy; Chocholek, Melanie; Rumpang, Elisa; Hill, Timothy (2 February 2021).
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Records of past human behaviour and environments can be contained within peatlands. These may take the form of human artefacts, or
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zones mires are typically more scattered due to historical drainage and peat extraction, but can cover large areas. One example is
277:, climate, parent material, biota, and time. The type of mire – bog, fen, marsh or swamp – depends also on each of these factors.
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is located on a slope, flat, or in a depression and gets most of its water from the surrounding mineral soil or from groundwater (
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3771:"New UN initiative aims to save lives and cut climate change by protecting peatlands - United Nations Sustainable Development"
103:. All types of mires share the common characteristic of being saturated with water, at least seasonally with actively forming
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Decreased biodiversity due to deforestation and drainage makes these ecosystem more vulnerable and less resilient to change.
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Generally, whenever the inputs of carbon into the soil from dead organic matter exceed the carbon outputs via organic matter
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531:, Scotland. This old bog is no longer forming peat because the vegetation has been changed, and therefore it is not a mire.
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Northern peatlands are associated with boreal and subarctic climates. Northern peatlands were mostly built up during the
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Peatlands have unusual chemistry that influences, among other things, their biota and water outflow. Peat has very high
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is a mire that, due to its raised location relative to the surrounding landscape, obtains all its water solely from
3535:"Short- and long-term carbon emissions from oil palm plantations converted from logged tropical peat swamp forest"
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as the world's largest terrestrial organic carbon stock and to prevent it from being emitted into the atmosphere.
671:-related drought, an increasing problem since 1982 as a result of developing land use and agriculture. During the
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Wetlands make up about 5-8% of Earth's terrestrial land surface but contain about 20-30% of the planet's 2500 Gt
958:. Drainage of peatlands due to climatic factors may also increase the risk of fires, presenting further risk of
3157:
Yu, Zicheng; Beilman, D. W.; Frolking, S.; MacDonald, G. M.; Roulet, N. T.; Camill, P.; Charman, D. J. (2011).
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Turetsky, M. R.; Treat, C. C.; Waldrop, M. P.; Waddington, J. M.; Harden, J. W.; McGuire, A. D. (2008-09-01).
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molecules compared with methane and nitrous oxide, peatlands have had a net cooling effect on the atmosphere.
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ecosystems are at an increased risk to extreme climate conditions and are less likely to recover from fires.
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Hooijer, A.; Page, S.; Canadell, J. G.; Silvius, M.; Kwadijk, J.; Wösten, H.; Jauhiainen, J. (2010-05-12).
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with high water tables making for an inefficient soil. To create viable soil for plantation, the mires in
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2556:. Strack, Maria., International Peat Society. Jyväskylä, Finland: IPS, International Peat Society. 2008.
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898:, requiring only 0.26 hectares of land to produce 1 ton of oil. Palm oil has therefore become a popular
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Tarnocai, C.; Stolbovoy, V. (2006-01-01), Martini, I. P.; Martínez Cortizas, A.; Chesworth, W. (eds.),
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Tarnocai, C.; Stolbovoy, V. (2006-01-01), Martini, I. P.; Martínez Cortizas, A.; Chesworth, W. (eds.),
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in the atmosphere. Accumulation rates of carbon during the last millennium were close to 40 g C/m/yr.
2805:"Great Vasyugan Mire: How the world's largest peatland helps addressing the world's largest problems"
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Tropical peatland vegetation varies with climate and location. Three different characterizations are
24:
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2762:"Chapter 2 Northern Peatlands: their characteristics, development and sensitivity to climate change"
2665:"Chapter 2 Northern Peatlands: their characteristics, development and sensitivity to climate change"
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Yu, Zicheng; Loisel, Julie; Brosseau, Daniel P.; Beilman, David W.; Hunt, Stephanie J. (July 2010).
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1057:), by avoiding health impacts associated with serious air pollution from burning drained peatlands (
289:. Very large swathes of Canada, northern Europe and northern Russia are covered by boreal mires. In
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1038:
is an effort made by leading experts and institutions formed in 2016 by 13 founding members at the
920:
864:
736:. 65% of mires in Estonia have been strongly affected or damaged by human activity in recent years.
704:
423:
347:
1911:"Holocene radiative forcing impact of northern peatland carbon accumulation and methane emissions"
4210:
2331:
Ecology and Conservation of Southeast Asian Marine and Freshwater Environments including Wetlands
616:
318:
although they can also be found in mountainous regions, for example in South America, Africa and
301:
Mires can be extensive in the tropics, typically underlying tropical rainforest (for example, in
244:
are characterized by their forest canopy or the presence of other tall and dense vegetation like
4723:
4545:
4422:
4316:
3843:
647:. The majority of this carbon was released from peat rather than overlying tropical rainforest.
156:
A valley mire creates a level ground surface in otherwise dramatic topography. Upper Bigo Bog,
3294:
1400:
941:
875:
667:
Indonesia is one of the countries suffering from peatland fires, especially during years with
643:, releasing the same amount of carbon as 13-40% of the mean annual global carbon emissions of
4190:
3434:"Improving the Performance of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil for Nature Conservation"
729:
57:
20:
4450:
3646:
3633:
Granath, Gustaf; Moore, Paul A.; Lukenbach, Maxwell C.; Waddington, James M. (2016-06-27).
3546:
3497:
3306:
3217:
3170:
3094:
2718:
2612:
2519:
2055:"Peat formation conditions and peat properties: A study of two ombrotrophic bogs in Latvia"
1994:
1867:
1755:
1641:
1559:
992:
415:
358:
onto the peat in exchange for H ions. Water passing through peat declines in nutrients and
2946:
2131:
Physico-chemical properties of humic acids isolated from an Eriophorum-Sphagnum raised bog
1351:
1334:
1236:
1219:
8:
4630:
4281:
1744:"Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change"
1708:"An Author Catalog of the Peat Research Collection at the University of Minnesota Duluth"
73:
3814:
3650:
3608:
3550:
3501:
3310:
3263:"Long-term effect of forest drainage on the peat carbon stores of pine mires in Finland"
3221:
3174:
3098:
2722:
2616:
2523:
1998:
1871:
1830:
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1645:
1563:
695:
Drainage, which also increases the risk of burning, can cause additional emissions of CO
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4494:
4412:
4321:
4195:
4180:
4160:
4061:
4056:
3675:
3634:
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3063:
3020:
2920:
2837:
2742:
2579:
2492:
2448:
2309:
2262:
2149:
2094:
2020:
1891:
1771:
1673:
1583:
1520:
1460:
478:
452:
157:
138:, including minimising flood risk and erosion, purifying water and regulating climate.
3741:
2773:
2676:
2531:
2377:
Fire impacts and carbon release on tropical peatlands in central Kalimantan, Indonesia
431:
sequestration over millennia, and because of the longer atmospheric lifespan of the CO
53:
4728:
4718:
4660:
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4477:
4286:
4228:
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3836:
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3243:
3235:
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2875:
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2842:
2824:
2777:
2746:
2734:
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2630:
2567:
2557:
2535:
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2484:
2452:
2440:
2404:
2342:
2297:
2287:
2250:
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2135:
2080:
2054:
2012:
1930:
1926:
1895:
1883:
1812:
1767:
1677:
1665:
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1524:
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1452:
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1406:
1379:
1356:
1241:
1179:
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1113:
1003:
685:
290:
233:
135:
3067:
3024:
2902:
2864:. Jeglum, J. K., Bennett, Keith D. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2706:
2024:
1775:
1587:
4291:
4205:
4086:
3895:
3699:"The natural world can help save us from climate catastrophe | George Monbiot"
3670:
3654:
3635:"Mitigating wildfire carbon loss in managed northern peatlands through restoration"
3564:
3554:
3505:
3445:
3398:
3354:
3314:
3274:
3225:
3178:
3102:
3047:
3004:
2898:
2832:
2816:
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2620:
2527:
2476:
2432:
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2002:
1961:
1922:
1875:
1802:
1763:
1649:
1567:
1512:
1346:
1231:
1105:
651:
The tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia only cover 0.2% of earths land area but CO
542:
319:
4245:
91:
The formation of peatlands is primarily controlled by climatic conditions such as
4687:
4650:
4525:
4462:
4220:
4215:
4071:
3962:
2338:
847:, releasing water during dry periods to sustain nearby freshwater ecosystems and
507:
245:
217:
or hydrarch (hydroseral) succession, resulting in pond-filling yields underfoot.
46:
2423:"'94 International Conference on Wetland Environment and Peatland Utilization".
2400:
1042:
in Marrakech, Morocco. The mission of the Initiative is to protect and conserve
4600:
4407:
4081:
3359:
3342:
3230:
3205:
2820:
1427:
980:
955:
931:
to greenhouse gas emissions while also causing thousands of deaths every year.
791:
752:
631:
612:
419:
403:
362:. Therefore, mires are typically nutrient-poor and acidic unless the inflow of
146:
142:
119:
96:
35:
3402:
3318:
3051:
3008:
2730:
2707:"Rapid expansion of northern peatlands and doubled estimate of carbon storage"
2480:
1807:
1790:
16:
Wetland terrain without forest cover, dominated by living, peat-forming plants
4697:
4610:
4364:
3935:
3666:
3578:
3519:
3459:
3410:
3239:
3190:
3134:"Peatlands, climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation | Ramsar"
3116:
3059:
3016:
2879:
2828:
2804:
2738:
2634:
2571:
2539:
2488:
2444:
2254:
2053:
Kuske, E; Silamikele, Inese; Kalnina, Laimdota; Klavins, Maris (2010-01-01).
2016:
1934:
1887:
1816:
1661:
1579:
1456:
1360:
1245:
1183:
1117:
891:
583:
such as palm oil. Large-scale drainage of these plantations often results in
554:
422:, while losses of carbon dioxide occur through living plants via autotrophic
411:
370:
222:
206:
194:
92:
81:
3107:
3082:
2301:
1627:"Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex"
1402:
Our Earth's Changing Land: An Encyclopedia of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change
615:
present in the littoral zones and deltas of salty water, followed inland by
338:
4595:
4381:
4296:
4031:
4021:
3984:
3915:
3890:
3684:
3586:
3510:
3486:"Current and future CO2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia"
3485:
3467:
3247:
2846:
2286:. Rieley, Jack, 1941–, Page, Susan, 1957–. Cardigan, UK: Samara Pub. 1997.
1879:
1789:
Leng, Lee Yit; Ahmed, Osumanu Haruna; Jalloh, Mohamadu Boyie (2019-03-01).
1669:
820:
644:
600:
588:
546:
462:
414:, and can be damaged by excess nitrogen from agriculture or rainwater. The
402:. Peatlands interact with the atmosphere primarily through the exchange of
310:
218:
198:
152:
131:
1707:
4620:
4615:
4482:
4472:
4371:
4250:
4233:
4120:
4101:
3930:
3920:
3910:
3182:
2625:
2600:
2007:
1982:
1966:
1949:
848:
800:
786:
775:
745:
689:
474:
439:
363:
323:
306:
294:
127:
111:
3796:"Carbon, biodiversity and land-use in the Central Congo Basin Peatlands"
1653:
724:
351:
256:
is a type of wetland within which vegetation is rooted in mineral soil.
4580:
4276:
4260:
4240:
4106:
4096:
3999:
3967:
3950:
3945:
3940:
2436:
1695:. International Mire Conservation Group and International Peat Society.
808:
584:
528:
503:
487:
483:
458:
399:
378:
355:
302:
282:
274:
213:
is a floating (quaking) mire, bog, or any peatland being in a stage of
85:
3974:
3658:
3569:
3559:
3534:
672:
4402:
4376:
4111:
3925:
3900:
3880:
3291:
1743:
1545:"Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool"
1543:
PAGE, SUSAN E.; RIELEY, JOHN O.; BANKS, CHRISTOPHER J. (2011-01-04).
1168:. Bennett, Keith D. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1043:
899:
844:
840:
828:
824:
580:
214:
3278:
1109:
799:(the past 12,000 years), peatlands have been persistent terrestrial
114:
on land. Covering around 3 million km globally, they sequester 0.37
4590:
4585:
4575:
4397:
4349:
4344:
4327:
4185:
4130:
4009:
4004:
1516:
971:
887:
796:
741:
567:
491:
448:
314:
115:
4046:
2801:
1428:"Wetland Restoration: A Survey of Options for Restoring Peatlands"
4625:
4605:
4170:
4135:
3957:
3859:
3203:
976:
963:
912:
895:
832:
770:
733:
596:
470:
407:
382:
249:
69:
2965:
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Archived from
2647:
2465:
482:
vegetation. These microorganisms include but are not limited to
418:
of carbon dioxide takes place at the surface via the process of
4359:
4150:
4140:
4036:
3813:
3632:
3388:
959:
836:
636:
561:
addition, fires occurring on peatland dried by the draining of
374:
161:
1980:
945:
Satellite image of peat fire in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2021
903:
substantial carbon stores that promote biodiverse ecosystems.
782:
conditions to manifest, storing carbon but releasing methane.
703:
Peatlands release the greenhouse gas methane which has strong
688:, started in the 1990s, which converted 1 Mha of peatlands to
599:, paper pulp production and conversion to plantations through
4200:
4155:
4145:
4125:
4076:
4041:
4016:
3989:
3885:
3339:
2076:
Impact of drainage on hydrophobicity of fen peat-moorsh soils
2052:
1285:"Why Saving World's Peatlands Can Help Stabilize the Climate"
286:
237:
229:
221:
types of quagmire may be called quaking bog (quivering bog).
2994:
2705:
Nichols, Jonathan E.; Peteet, Dorothy M. (21 October 2019).
502:
Peat contains a substantial amount of organic matter, where
145:. The destruction of peatlands results in release of stored
4354:
4175:
4051:
3828:
2947:
1011:
536:
524:
104:
77:
3483:
3156:
264:
3994:
3905:
3718:"UNEP supports project to restore peatlands in Indonesia"
2601:"Global peatland dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum"
2237:
Assessment on peatlands, biodiversity, and climate change
2183:"Carbon sequestration in peat bogs as a source of income"
1831:"Northern Ireland's peatlands face 'toxic' nitrogen risk"
1624:
562:
466:
wetter and warmer soil conditions due to climate change.
326:, covering 145,500 km and storing up to 10 kg of carbon.
186:
182:
149:
into the atmosphere, further exacerbating climate change.
19:"Mire" and "Quagmire" redirect here. For other uses, see
3343:"Mapping the irrecoverable carbon in Earth's ecosystems"
3037:
2390:
1503:
Gorham, Eville (1857). "The Development of Peat Lands".
1095:
1017:
Peat extraction is forbidden in Chile since April 2024.
854:
350:
due to its high organic matter content: cations such as
313:). Tropical peat formation is known to occur in coastal
3295:"Protecting irrecoverable carbon in Earth's ecosystems"
2598:
1797:. Climate change impacts on environmental geosciences.
1791:"Brief review on climate change and tropical peatlands"
1602:"Restoring Indonesian peatlands, protecting our planet"
1376:
Creating and Restoring Wetlands From Theory to Practice
979:
through combustion has led to significant emissions of
477:, metals from the atmosphere, and pollen. For example,
359:
134:. In their natural state, peatlands provide a range of
130:, underscoring their critical importance in the global
3742:"Ley 21660 sobre protección ambiental de las turberas"
3431:
3080:
2071:
1335:"Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience"
1220:"Peatlands and Global Change: Response and Resilience"
4671:
3159:"Peatlands and Their Role in the Global Carbon Cycle"
3081:
Köchy, M.; Hiederer, R.; Freibauer, A. (2015-04-16).
3532:
3206:"Permafrost collapse is accelerating carbon release"
2469:
International Journal of Water Resources Development
2126:
819:
Studies highlight the critical role of peatlands in
392:
268:
PEATMAP showing the global distribution of peatlands
2648:Joosten H.; Tanneberger F.; Moen, A., eds. (2017).
2040:
Przewodnik do oznaczania torfów i osadów jeziornych
1909:Frolking, Steve; Roulet, Nigel T. (25 April 2007).
915:of Indonesia and Malaysia are drained and cleared.
606:
3824:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 703.
3391:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
707:. However, subtropical wetlands have shown high CO
2759:
2662:
1014:is supporting peatland restoration in Indonesia.
999:United Nations Convention of Biological Diversity
4695:
3609:"Climate change threatening buried UK treasures"
2395:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 263–287,
1053:(SDGs), by keeping carbon stocks in the ground (
986:
635:Satellite image of burning tropical peat swamp,
1788:
1542:
4431:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
3260:
2652:. Schweizerbart Science Publishers. Stuttgart.
2509:
1908:
1020:
240:are generally not considered to be peatlands.
4516:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
4441:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
3844:
2859:
2704:
2175:
1690:
626:
366:(bringing in supplementary cations) is high.
3163:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
2371:Boehm, H.-D. V., Siegert, F., Rieley, J. O.
2267:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1741:
758:
3715:
2961:. Contribution of Working Group III to the
1742:Belyea, Lisa R.; Malmer, Nils (July 2004).
1726:
1439:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
1163:
3851:
3837:
2892:
2333:, Springer Netherlands, pp. 203–218,
1339:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
1224:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
427:and nitrous oxide. Due to the continued CO
225:types can be named with the term quagfen.
3674:
3568:
3558:
3509:
3449:
3358:
3229:
3106:
2836:
2768:, vol. 9, Elsevier, pp. 17–51,
2671:, vol. 9, Elsevier, pp. 17–51,
2624:
2167:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2112:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2006:
1965:
1806:
1720:
1350:
1332:
1235:
1218:Page, S.E.; Baird, A.J. (November 2016).
1217:
3734:
2328:
2037:
1731:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
940:
874:
723:
639:. In 1997 alone, 73000 ha of swamp
630:
566:of reasons, including the production of
518:
337:
333:
263:
151:
76:from decaying plants, forming layers of
52:
40:
2766:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
2669:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
1860:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
1405:. Vol. 2. Greenwood. p. 463.
1282:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
870:
587:, flooding, fire, and deterioration of
4696:
4536:Meadowview Biological Research Station
4468:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
3775:United Nations Sustainable Development
3261:Minkkinen, Kari; Laine, Jukka (1998).
2897:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–6.
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
1502:
1333:Page, S.E.; Baird, A.J. (2016-11-01).
1213:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
954:Some peatlands are being dried out by
259:
3832:
3479:
3477:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3128:
3126:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2853:
2209:
2207:
1947:
1853:
1851:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1398:
1373:
1352:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520
1278:
1276:
1237:10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085520
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
855:Drainage for agriculture and forestry
719:
573:
1477:
1425:
1307:
1260:"Wetlands Types and Classifications"
1164:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, J. K. (2013).
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
107:, while having their own ecosystem.
60:, one of the largest fens in Estonia
4531:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
3267:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2218:
1727:Rydin, Håkan; Jeglum, John (2006).
1124:
970:In recent years, the occurrence of
497:
13:
3474:
3375:
3254:
3123:
3031:
2983:
2204:
1848:
1531:
1273:
1190:
110:Peatlands are the largest natural
14:
4745:
3806:
3716:Environment, U. N. (2020-08-10).
2532:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.530501.x
1950:"Carbon storage: When peat dries"
1705:
1076:
393:Carbon storage and methanogenesis
342:The carbon cycle within peatlands
4681:
4656:
4655:
4644:
3750:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional
3451:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01448.x
1927:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01339.x
1768:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00783.x
1691:Joosten, H.; Clarke, D. (2002).
1572:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x
1026:This section is an excerpt from
831:are unique habitats for diverse
607:Biology and peat characteristics
514:
4027:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3788:
3763:
3709:
3691:
3626:
3601:
3526:
3425:
3333:
3285:
3197:
3150:
3074:
2939:
2903:10.1007/978-94-007-6173-5_147-1
2886:
2795:
2753:
2698:
2656:
2641:
2592:
2546:
2503:
2459:
2416:
2384:
2365:
2354:
2322:
2275:
2120:
2065:
2046:
2031:
1987:Journal of Geophysical Research
1974:
1941:
1902:
1823:
1782:
1735:
1699:
1693:Wise use of mires and peatlands
1684:
1618:
1594:
1505:The Quarterly Review of Biology
1496:
1471:
1419:
2134:. University of Latvia Press.
2079:. University of Latvia Press.
1948:Brown, Alastair (2011-12-20).
1480:"Peatlands and climate change"
1392:
1367:
1326:
1310:"Peatlands and climate change"
1301:
1252:
1:
4551:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
4541:Society of Wetland Scientists
2774:10.1016/S0928-2025(06)09002-X
2677:10.1016/S0928-2025(06)09002-X
2650:Mires and Peatlands of Europe
2239:. Global Environment Centre.
1069:
1051:Sustainable Development Goals
987:Management and rehabilitation
232:can also be peatlands (e.g.:
181:There are two types of mire:
4166:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
3858:
2959:Mitigation of Climate Change
2605:Geophysical Research Letters
2554:Peatlands and climate change
2425:Chinese Geographical Science
2339:10.1007/978-94-011-0958-1_20
765:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
7:
4436:National Wetlands Inventory
2401:10.1007/978-3-540-77381-8_9
1374:Craft, Christopher (2022).
1036:Global Peatlands Initiative
1028:Global Peatlands Initiative
1021:Global Peatlands Initiative
527:from derelict blanket bog,
494:species are most abundant.
45:A variety of mire types in
10:
4750:
4521:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
3360:10.1038/s41893-021-00803-6
3231:10.1038/d41586-019-01313-4
2952:"Summary for Policymakers"
2821:10.1007/s13280-021-01520-2
1866:(4): 289–294. 2001-07-01.
1378:(2nd ed.). Elsevier.
1283:STRUZIK, ED (2021-09-16).
1025:
990:
627:Greenhouse gases and fires
534:
377:and low nutrient content.
29:
18:
4704:Environmental terminology
4639:
4563:
4508:
4458:
4449:
4421:
4390:
4337:
4309:
4269:
3873:
3866:
3403:10.1007/s11367-017-1367-y
3319:10.1038/s41558-020-0738-8
3052:10.1007/s10980-012-9758-8
3009:10.1007/s13157-009-0003-4
2731:10.1038/s41561-019-0454-z
2481:10.1080/07900620500405973
1808:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.12.018
1435:Studia Forestalia Suecica
759:Impacts on global climate
25:Quagmire (disambiguation)
4500:Wetland indicator status
2862:The biology of peatlands
1729:The Biology of Peatlands
1166:The Biology of Peatlands
949:
921:greenhouse gas emissions
865:greenhouse gas emissions
705:global warming potential
453:anaerobic microorganisms
348:cation-exchange capacity
168:
4211:Freshwater swamp forest
3821:Encyclopædia Britannica
3108:10.5194/soil-1-351-2015
2963:Sixth Assessment Report
807:Peatlands insulate the
72:whose soils consist of
4546:Wetlands International
4317:List of wetland plants
3511:10.5194/bg-7-1505-2010
2860:Rydin, Håkan. (2013).
2584:: CS1 maint: others (
2314:: CS1 maint: others (
1880:10.1080/02827580120112
1478:IUCN (November 2021).
1399:Geist, Helmut (2006).
1308:IUCN (November 2021).
946:
884:
737:
648:
532:
343:
269:
165:
61:
50:
4191:Salt pannes and pools
3539:Global Change Biology
3347:Nature Sustainability
3299:Nature Climate Change
2431:(1): 95. March 1994.
2393:Tropical Fire Ecology
1954:Nature Climate Change
1915:Global Change Biology
1748:Global Change Biology
1552:Global Change Biology
1098:Environmental Reviews
944:
878:
843:, and act as natural
835:, including specific
744:after the retreat of
730:Lahemaa National Park
727:
686:the Mega Rice Project
634:
522:
341:
334:Biochemical processes
267:
155:
56:
44:
21:Mire (disambiguation)
3438:Conservation Biology
3183:10.1029/2011EO120001
2626:10.1029/2010gl043584
2038:Tobolski, K (2000).
2008:10.1029/2007jg000496
1967:10.1038/nclimate1360
1795:Geoscience Frontiers
993:Peatland restoration
871:Palm oil plantations
641:was burned in Borneo
4651:Wetlands portal
4282:Constructed wetland
3867:Types and landforms
3651:2016NatSR...628498G
3551:2021GCBio..27.2361M
3502:2010BGeo....7.1505H
3311:2020NatCC..10..287G
3222:2019Natur.569...32T
3175:2011EOSTr..92...97Y
3099:2015SOIL....1..351K
2723:2019NatGe..12..917N
2617:2010GeoRL..3713402Y
2524:2001TellB..53..521W
1999:2008JGRG..113.0A10T
1872:2001SJFR...16..289.
1760:2004GCBio..10.1043B
1654:10.1038/nature21048
1646:2017Natur.542...86D
1564:2011GCBio..17..798P
1426:Rode, Elve (1999).
753:Great Vasyugan Mire
486:, algae, bacteria,
354:are preferentially
260:Global distribution
4714:Freshwater ecology
4495:Salt marsh die-off
4413:Salt marsh dieback
4322:List of fen plants
4161:Palustrine wetland
4062:Intertidal wetland
4057:Interdunal wetland
3639:Scientific Reports
2437:10.1007/bf02664953
1858:"News and Views".
947:
885:
738:
720:Northern peatlands
649:
613:mangrove woodlands
574:Tropical peatlands
533:
344:
270:
166:
158:Rwenzori Mountains
136:ecosystem services
62:
51:
4709:Fluvial landforms
4669:
4668:
4571:Aquatic ecosystem
4559:
4558:
4478:Ramsar Convention
4305:
4304:
4287:Converted wetland
4229:Peat swamp forest
4092:Inland salt marsh
3659:10.1038/srep28498
3560:10.1111/gcb.15544
3545:(11): 2361–2376.
3040:Landscape Ecology
2815:(11): 2038–2049.
2711:Nature Geoscience
1385:978-0-12-823981-0
1004:Ramsar Convention
981:greenhouse gasses
827:stability. These
823:conservation and
763:According to the
234:peat swamp forest
4741:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4659:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4631:Will-o'-the-wisp
4564:Related articles
4456:
4455:
4256:Whitewater river
4206:Coniferous swamp
4087:Freshwater marsh
3980:Clearwater river
3896:Blackwater river
3871:
3870:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3815:"Quagmire"
3800:
3799:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3705:. April 3, 2019.
3695:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3572:
3562:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3496:(5): 1505–1514.
3481:
3472:
3471:
3453:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3397:(6): 1201–1217.
3386:
3373:
3372:
3362:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3273:(9): 1267–1275.
3258:
3252:
3251:
3233:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3035:
3029:
3028:
2992:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2956:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2895:The Wetland Book
2890:
2884:
2883:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2231:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2189:. Archived from
2179:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2010:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1921:(5): 1079–1088.
1906:
1900:
1899:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1754:(7): 1043–1052.
1739:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1549:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1432:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1215:
1188:
1187:
1161:
1122:
1121:
1093:
913:tropical regions
845:water reservoirs
543:palaeoecological
498:Humic substances
479:carbon-14 dating
320:Papua New Guinea
147:greenhouse gases
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4555:
4526:Ducks Unlimited
4504:
4463:Clean Water Act
4445:
4423:Classifications
4417:
4386:
4333:
4301:
4265:
4216:Mangrove forest
3862:
3857:
3812:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3726:
3724:
3714:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3531:
3527:
3482:
3475:
3430:
3426:
3387:
3376:
3338:
3334:
3290:
3286:
3279:10.1139/x98-104
3259:
3255:
3216:(7754): 32–34.
3202:
3198:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3079:
3075:
3036:
3032:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2954:
2944:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2891:
2887:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2758:
2754:
2717:(11): 917–921.
2703:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2661:
2657:
2646:
2642:
2597:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2508:
2504:
2464:
2460:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2389:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2327:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2232:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2070:
2066:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
1979:
1975:
1946:
1942:
1907:
1903:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1787:
1783:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1710:
1706:Sandy, John H.
1704:
1700:
1689:
1685:
1640:(7639): 86–90.
1629:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1472:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1372:
1368:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1216:
1191:
1176:
1162:
1125:
1110:10.1139/a11-014
1104:(NA): 371–396.
1094:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1031:
1023:
995:
989:
952:
926:
882:
873:
857:
761:
722:
715:
710:
698:
682:
678:
663:
659:
654:
629:
609:
576:
539:
517:
508:Humic materials
500:
446:
434:
430:
395:
379:Topographically
336:
262:
171:
125:
47:Carbajal Valley
39:
34:character, see
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4691:
4690:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4601:Drainage basin
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:Paludification
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4360:Sapric or muck
4357:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4338:Soil mechanics
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Brackish marsh
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3808:
3807:External links
3805:
3802:
3801:
3787:
3762:
3748:(in Spanish).
3733:
3722:UN Environment
3708:
3690:
3625:
3600:
3525:
3490:Biogeosciences
3473:
3444:(2): 377–381.
3424:
3374:
3332:
3305:(4): 287–295.
3293:(April 2020).
3284:
3253:
3196:
3149:
3138:www.ramsar.org
3122:
3093:(1): 351–365.
3073:
3046:(4): 583–597.
3030:
3003:(1): 111–124.
2982:
2938:
2911:
2885:
2871:978-0199602995
2870:
2852:
2794:
2782:
2752:
2697:
2685:
2655:
2640:
2591:
2562:
2545:
2518:(5): 521–528.
2502:
2475:(1): 157–174.
2458:
2415:
2409:
2383:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2321:
2292:
2274:
2245:
2217:
2203:
2174:
2158:|journal=
2140:
2119:
2103:|journal=
2085:
2064:
2059:Mires and Peat
2045:
2030:
1993:(G3): G00A10.
1973:
1940:
1901:
1847:
1822:
1801:(2): 373–380.
1781:
1734:
1719:
1698:
1683:
1617:
1593:
1558:(2): 798–818.
1530:
1517:10.1086/401755
1511:(2): 145–166.
1495:
1470:
1447:
1418:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1366:
1325:
1300:
1272:
1251:
1189:
1175:978-0199602995
1174:
1123:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1019:
988:
985:
956:climate change
951:
948:
924:
880:
872:
869:
856:
853:
776:meteorological
760:
757:
728:Wooded bog in
721:
718:
713:
708:
696:
680:
676:
661:
657:
652:
628:
625:
608:
605:
575:
572:
523:Extraction of
516:
513:
499:
496:
473:, pollutants,
455:to flourish.
444:
432:
428:
420:photosynthesis
404:carbon dioxide
394:
391:
335:
332:
261:
258:
170:
167:
143:climate change
123:
120:carbon dioxide
97:paludification
74:organic matter
36:Glenn Quagmire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4746:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Types of soil
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4689:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4662:
4654:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Riparian zone
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:Organizations
4507:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:Tropical peat
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Várzea forest
4244:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Polygonal bog
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
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3408:
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3219:
3215:
3211:
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3200:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:(12): 97–98.
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
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3084:
3077:
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3026:
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3018:
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3006:
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2998:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:on 2022-08-07
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
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2914:
2912:9789400761735
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2783:9780444528834
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2740:
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2724:
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2701:
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2686:9780444528834
2682:
2678:
2674:
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2659:
2651:
2644:
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2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
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2602:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:9789529940110
2559:
2555:
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2533:
2529:
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2521:
2517:
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2434:
2430:
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2410:9783540773801
2406:
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2357:
2350:
2348:9789401044141
2344:
2340:
2336:
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2325:
2317:
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2303:
2299:
2295:
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2252:
2248:
2246:9789834375102
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2193:on 2018-04-09
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2143:
2141:9789984451633
2137:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2096:
2088:
2086:9789984451633
2082:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
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1832:
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1769:
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1510:
1506:
1499:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1448:91-576-5557-X
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:9780313327841
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
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1344:
1340:
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1194:
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1177:
1171:
1167:
1160:
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1138:
1136:
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1128:
1119:
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1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1090:
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1084:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
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1037:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1005:
1000:
994:
984:
982:
978:
973:
968:
965:
961:
957:
943:
939:
937:
932:
928:
922:
916:
914:
910:
904:
901:
897:
893:
892:vegetable oil
889:
877:
868:
866:
861:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
810:
805:
802:
798:
793:
788:
783:
781:
777:
772:
768:
766:
756:
754:
749:
747:
743:
735:
731:
726:
717:
706:
701:
693:
691:
687:
674:
670:
665:
646:
642:
638:
633:
624:
622:
618:
617:swamp forests
614:
604:
602:
601:clear-cutting
598:
592:
590:
586:
582:
571:
569:
564:
558:
556:
555:Baltic states
550:
548:
544:
538:
530:
526:
521:
515:Use by humans
512:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
463:methanotrophs
460:
456:
454:
450:
441:
436:
425:
421:
417:
416:sequestration
413:
412:nitrous oxide
409:
405:
401:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:decomposition
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
340:
331:
327:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
276:
266:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
223:Minerotrophic
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:minerotrophic
204:
200:
196:
195:precipitation
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
163:
159:
154:
150:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:precipitation
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:is a type of
67:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
26:
22:
4596:List of bogs
4451:Conservation
4382:Ombrotrophic
4326:
4297:Water-meadow
4221:
4165:
4032:Grass valley
4022:Flood-meadow
3985:Cypress dome
3916:Cataract bog
3891:Beach meadow
3819:
3790:
3779:. Retrieved
3777:. 2016-11-17
3774:
3765:
3754:. Retrieved
3752:. 2024-04-10
3745:
3736:
3725:. Retrieved
3721:
3711:
3703:The Guardian
3702:
3693:
3645:(1): 28498.
3642:
3638:
3628:
3617:. Retrieved
3615:. 2022-01-25
3612:
3603:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3493:
3489:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3394:
3390:
3353:(1): 37–46.
3350:
3346:
3335:
3302:
3298:
3287:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3000:
2996:
2974:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2958:
2941:
2894:
2888:
2861:
2855:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2787:, retrieved
2765:
2755:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2690:, retrieved
2668:
2658:
2649:
2643:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2553:
2548:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2392:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2356:
2330:
2324:
2282:
2277:
2236:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:the original
2186:
2177:
2130:
2122:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2048:
2039:
2033:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1863:
1859:
1839:. Retrieved
1837:. 2022-01-25
1834:
1825:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1686:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1555:
1551:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1487:. Retrieved
1484:www.iucn.org
1483:
1473:
1434:
1421:
1401:
1394:
1375:
1369:
1345:(1): 35–57.
1342:
1338:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1314:www.iucn.org
1313:
1303:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1263:. Retrieved
1254:
1230:(1): 35–57.
1227:
1223:
1165:
1101:
1097:
1033:
1016:
1008:
996:
969:
953:
933:
929:
917:
905:
886:
883:per hectare.
862:
858:
825:hydrological
821:biodiversity
818:
814:
806:
801:carbon sinks
784:
769:
762:
750:
739:
702:
694:
690:rice paddies
666:
650:
645:fossil fuels
620:
610:
593:
589:soil quality
577:
559:
551:
540:
501:
475:macrofossils
468:
457:
437:
396:
386:
368:
345:
328:
311:Amazon Basin
300:
279:
271:
253:
241:
227:
219:Ombrotrophic
210:
202:
199:ombrotrophic
190:
180:
175:
172:
140:
132:carbon cycle
112:carbon store
109:
100:
90:
65:
63:
31:
4621:Telmatology
4616:River delta
4483:Ramsar site
4473:Marsh organ
4372:Hydric soil
4251:Vernal pool
4234:Shrub swamp
4102:Tidal marsh
3931:Plateau bog
3921:Coastal bog
3911:Blanket bog
2929:|work=
2611:(13): n/a.
909:waterlogged
849:agriculture
787:soil carbon
746:Pleistocene
547:geochemical
506:dominates.
490:, of which
484:methanogens
459:Methanogens
440:water table
424:respiration
364:groundwater
324:Congo Basin
307:Congo Basin
295:blanket bog
128:soil carbon
86:coral reefs
49:, Argentina
4698:Categories
4581:Bog butter
4277:Bog garden
4270:Artificial
4241:Wet meadow
4107:High marsh
4097:Salt marsh
4000:Fen-meadow
3968:Alder carr
3951:Upland bog
3946:String bog
3941:Raised bog
3781:2017-12-16
3756:2024-09-11
3727:2020-08-11
3619:2022-01-25
3570:2164/17863
3143:2018-04-09
2976:2022-05-20
2789:2023-09-29
2692:2023-09-29
2293:1873692102
2197:2018-04-09
1841:2022-01-25
1713:2023-10-29
1611:2024-09-15
1489:2023-10-10
1319:2023-10-10
1294:2024-05-19
1070:References
1040:UNFCCC COP
991:See also:
936:Homogenous
841:amphibians
829:ecosystems
809:permafrost
585:subsidence
581:cash crops
535:See also:
529:South Uist
504:humic acid
488:zoobenthos
400:atmosphere
303:Kalimantan
283:permafrost
275:topography
58:Avaste Fen
32:Family Guy
4734:Peatlands
4403:Hydrosere
4391:Processes
4377:Marsh gas
4222:Myristica
4112:Low marsh
3926:Kermi bog
3901:Bofedales
3881:Backswamp
3667:2045-2322
3595:231757053
3579:1354-1013
3520:1726-4189
3460:0888-8892
3419:115328269
3411:0948-3349
3369:244349665
3327:214718837
3240:0028-0836
3191:2324-9250
3117:2199-3971
3060:0921-2973
3017:0277-5212
2931:ignored (
2921:cite book
2880:840132559
2829:1654-7209
2747:204812279
2739:1752-0908
2635:0094-8276
2580:cite book
2572:404026180
2540:0280-6509
2497:154223494
2489:0790-0627
2453:195212972
2445:1002-0063
2310:cite book
2263:cite book
2255:933580381
2160:ignored (
2150:cite book
2105:ignored (
2095:cite book
2017:2156-2202
1960:(1): 22.
1935:1354-1013
1896:219716664
1888:0000-0000
1817:1674-9871
1678:205253362
1662:0028-0836
1580:1354-1013
1525:129085635
1465:199566835
1457:0039-3150
1361:1543-5938
1289:Yale E360
1246:1543-5938
1184:840132559
1118:1181-8700
1044:peatlands
972:wildfires
900:cash crop
792:radiative
780:anaerobic
774:Suitable
563:peat bogs
549:records.
315:mangroves
291:temperate
236:), while
215:hydrosere
4729:Wetlands
4719:Pedology
4688:Wetlands
4661:Category
4591:Bog-wood
4586:Bog iron
4576:Bog body
4398:Halosere
4350:Histosol
4345:Acrotelm
4328:Sphagnum
4186:Reed bed
4131:Moorland
4010:Rich fen
4005:Poor fen
3860:Wetlands
3685:27346604
3613:BBC News
3587:33528067
3468:20184655
3248:31040419
3068:11939685
3025:25306339
2997:Wetlands
2950:(2022).
2847:33677811
2512:Tellus B
2375:(2001).
2302:37815652
2025:18756489
1835:BBC News
1776:39994255
1670:28077869
1588:86121682
888:Palm oil
797:Holocene
771:Wetlands
742:Holocene
568:palm oil
492:sphagnum
471:isotopes
449:microbes
387:catotelm
356:adsorbed
250:hummocks
211:quagmire
118:(Gt) of
116:gigatons
66:peatland
30:For the
4626:Turbary
4606:Estuary
4181:Pothole
4171:Pocosin
4136:Mudflat
3975:Ciénega
3958:Callows
3874:Natural
3676:4921962
3647:Bibcode
3547:Bibcode
3498:Bibcode
3307:Bibcode
3218:Bibcode
3171:Bibcode
3095:Bibcode
2838:8497674
2719:Bibcode
2613:Bibcode
2520:Bibcode
1995:Bibcode
1868:Bibcode
1756:Bibcode
1642:Bibcode
1560:Bibcode
1437:(205).
977:biomass
964:methane
896:biofuel
837:insects
833:species
734:Estonia
673:El Niño
597:logging
408:methane
383:bedrock
246:papyrus
238:marshes
84:. Like
70:wetland
4674:Portal
4196:Slough
4151:Pakihi
4141:Muskeg
4067:Kettle
4037:Guelta
3746:bcn.cl
3683:
3673:
3665:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3518:
3466:
3458:
3417:
3409:
3367:
3325:
3246:
3238:
3210:Nature
3189:
3115:
3066:
3058:
3023:
3015:
2909:
2878:
2868:
2845:
2835:
2827:
2780:
2745:
2737:
2683:
2633:
2570:
2560:
2538:
2495:
2487:
2451:
2443:
2407:
2345:
2300:
2290:
2253:
2243:
2138:
2083:
2042:. PWN.
2023:
2015:
1933:
1894:
1886:
1815:
1774:
1676:
1668:
1660:
1634:Nature
1586:
1578:
1523:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1409:
1382:
1359:
1265:20 May
1244:
1182:
1172:
1116:
1063:SDG 15
1055:SDG 13
960:carbon
637:Borneo
621:padang
375:lignin
305:, the
287:palsas
242:Swamps
230:swamps
162:Uganda
82:anoxia
4292:Swale
4261:Yaéré
4224:swamp
4201:Swamp
4156:Palsa
4146:Oasis
4126:Misse
4077:Marsh
4047:Igapó
4042:Hamun
4017:Flark
3990:Dambo
3886:Bayou
3591:S2CID
3415:S2CID
3365:S2CID
3323:S2CID
3064:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2970:(PDF)
2955:(PDF)
2809:Ambio
2743:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2449:S2CID
2373:et al
2021:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1772:S2CID
1674:S2CID
1630:(PDF)
1606:UNOPS
1584:S2CID
1548:(PDF)
1521:S2CID
1461:S2CID
1431:(PDF)
1059:SDG 3
950:Fires
254:marsh
228:Some
201:). A
169:Types
4488:List
4355:Peat
4310:Life
4176:Pond
4121:Mere
4072:Lagg
4052:Ings
3963:Carr
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