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587:) was instituted. The enterprise was affiliated with the reserve, but located outside of its territory. It has been economically successful. Between 1956 and 1968, 1000 moose were taken, providing 200 tons of meat. At the same time, hunting operations allowed the collection of valuable statistics on the biology of the Pechora moose population.
611:
The main objectives of the farm were to learn more about moose biology and to use this knowledge to develop suitable food rations for the moose and techniques for caring for them; to study the feasibility of raising a farm-bred population; and to explore the possibilities of the use of the moose in
438:
The Ural
Mountains, the area that is the least studied but has the greatest variety of landscapes. It includes the piedmont forest belt (fir and spruce), up to 300–350 meters in elevation. Above it, up to 600 m elevation, is the subalpine forest belt, where firs and spruces are gradually replaced
623:
Over the first 40-plus years of the project, six generations of moose were raised on the farm, with some 30–35 animals at the farm in any given year. About 15 moose calves were raised at the farm in a good spring. The total number of the animals raised over the year is said to have exceeded 500.
686:
The facility, located in the remote
Northern Urals taiga, was never meant to turn a profit, and found itself in a difficult situation after the government funding cutbacks of the early 1990s. According to a recent trip report, the moose farm operations have been greatly reduced; the remaining
302:
In 1951 the reserve was greatly reduced in size, to a mere 930 km; its area became non-contiguous, with a small lowland section near Yaksha being separated from the highland part. In 1959 the area of the reserve was increased to its current size (7,213 km), but it still remains
1036:
Vladimir
Golovner (Владимир ГОЛОВНЕР) "Primaeval forest, White nights, Dwarfed birches: Second Inter-Regional Schoolchildren's Expedition to the Northern Urals" (Лес первобытный, ночь белая, береза угнетенная: Вторая межрегиональная экологическая экспедиция школьников на Северный
635:: over the lactation season, a total of 300–500 liters (75–125 gallons) of milk is obtained from a moose. However, the milk has a high (12–14%) fat content, and is rich in vitamins and micronutrient elements; it is said to have medicinal properties.
580:
In the late 1940s, the management of the reserve encountered the problem of unsustainable growth of the moose population. By the early 1950s, pastures in the reserve started to be exhausted. To handle the problem, in 1956 a moose hunting enterprise
742:
D.V. Zhitnev (Д.В.Житенев), M.M. Serebryanny (М.М.Серебрянный) "Research
Activities in Pechora Ilych Nature Reserve. World's First Experimental Moose Farm". (Научная деятельность в Печоро-Илычском заповеднике. Первая в мире опытная
687:
buildings are in a poor conditions, and only a few animals remain. A Moscow teacher visiting in 2003 reported that there were only five left. However, moose domestication experiments in Russia continue at the more favorably located
680:
354:(both sides) - a 2,000 km (north-south) by 300 km (west-east) region. The region is on the divide between European and Asian ecoregions, and also the meeting point of tundra and taiga.
439:
with birch forests and subalpine meadows. The tree line is at 550–650 m elevation, although there are occasional firs at the elevations as high as 800 m or even higher. Above the tree line,
631:
period of three to five months, the moose cow would come to the farm several times a day, at the same hours, to be milked. The milk production of a moose is small compared to a
370:(Dfc)). This climate is characterized by mild summers (only 1-3 months above 10 °C (50.0 °F)) and cold, snowy winters (coldest month below −3 °C (26.6 °F)).
627:
The farm's adult moose would spend most of the time browsing in the forest; however, a pregnant moose cow would always come back to the farm to give birth. Then, during the
431:
The Upper Ilych lowland: this region is surrounded by the Urals highlands and mountains and has particularly severe climate. The slow-growing forest there is classified as
638:
A farm-raised moose can live as long as 18 years, although few reached that age because of the depredations of wolves, bears, and poachers on the free-ranging population.
178:
760:
T.Lecomte, "La réintroduction de l'Elan (Alces alces) dans les zones humides: Un projet dans le cadre du développement durable des zones humides éfavorisées"
108:
284:). The nature reserve was created on May 4, 1930, originally occupying 11,350 square kilometers. The borders of the reserve were set on July 30, 1931.
1722:
291:, at the fall of the Ilych into the Pechora. Access to that location being extremely difficult, the main office was moved in 1935 to the village of
53:
1732:
641:
Among the potential productive uses of the moose, the milk production was found the most promising. However, riding a moose and using it to pull a
601:
1081:
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in the United States) was created outside of the reserve; the size of the buffer area size was increased in 1984 by additional 330 km.
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69:
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Over the years, scientific research in many areas of biology and ecology was conducted in the reserve. Topics of research ranged from
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725:
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Aleksandr V. Chalyshev, "Nutrient composition of milk from domesticated taiga moose during the lactation period"
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39:
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non-contiguous. To better protect the reserve, in 1973 a buffer area of 324 km (similar in status to a
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of the moose were published by the biologists from the reserve, as well as from the research institutes in
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Besides moose hunting, in 1949 the reserve staff created the facility they referred to as a "moose farm" (
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have almost disappeared after the loss of the pine forest section of the reserve in 1951, and consequent
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322:. In 1995 the forest area including the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and its northern neighbor, the
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Knorre's and his associates' moose domestication work at
Pechora Ilych, as well as somewhat similar
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991:"Fetal and Neonatal Growth Patterns and Maternal Reproductive Effort in Ungulates and Subungulates"
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Russian geographer A.A. Korchagin divided the area of the reserve into five natural regions:
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43:
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600:) to study the feasibility of moose domestication. The first director of this project was
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and the adjacent foothills and lowlands. The area is drained by the upper course of the
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905:"Seasonal Adaptation of Metabolism and Energy in the Pechora Taiga Moose Alces alces"
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190:
27:
768:
E.P. Knorre. "Change in the behavior of moose with age during the domestication",
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683:, also provided valuable insights in the general theory of animal domestication.
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269:(sanctuary), was proposed in 1915 by S. T. Nat, the Chief Forester of
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The piedmont (foothills) region, dominated by forests of shade-loving species:
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basin, via which the area communicated with the outside world in those days.
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that occupies around 3 km, with the peat deposits some 5–6 meters deep.
632:
577:) has long been an object of research at the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve.
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213:. It currently occupies 7,213 square kilometers and forms the core of the
478:
are known to live in the piedmont forest region of the reserve. The wild
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The idea of the creation of a nature reserve in the upper
Pechora, as a
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405:. There are few spruce forests in that area. This region includes the
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in 1962, his student M. V. Kozhukhov became the director.
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Upper
Pechora River and Bear Stone Mountain; Pechora-Ilych Reserve
287:
Originally, the reserve's main office was built in the village of
815:
Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006).
657:
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The nature reserve is located in the south-eastern corner of the
144:
944:"Oomingmak: A Model for Man-Animal Relationships in Prehistory"
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Over the years, a number of research articles dealing with the
561:
was a particularly important topic of research in the reserve.
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Nelly A. Moyseenko, "Components of red blood in young moose"
817:"World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated"
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species make the reserve their home, from the largest, the
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391:
148:
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The valleys of the
Pechora, Ilych, and their tributaries.
410:
752:
Pechora Ilych
Reserve "moose farm", a recent trip report
701:
List of
Russian Nature Reserves (class 1a 'zapovedniks')
814:
252:, from whose names the name of the reserve is derived.
350:
ecoregion, a region that covers the main ridge of the
179:
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia)
295:, further upstream on the Pechora, but closer to the
76:
909:
Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology
1091:Nature reserves of Russia (class Ia 'Zapovedniks')
564:
16:Strict nature reserve in the Komi Republic, Russia
989:Robbins, Charles T.; Robbins, Barbara L. (1979).
1699:
772:, volume 101 (1974), No. 1-2, p. 371-377.
734:Pechora-Ilych National Biosphere Nature Reserve
706:WikiCommons gallery: Manpupuner rock formations
988:
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681:Institute of Northern Agricultural Research
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842:"Dataset - Koppen climate classifications"
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1723:Tourist attractions in the Komi Republic
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377:
341:
1733:1930 establishments in the Soviet Union
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360:Humid continental climate, cool summer
310:Since 1986 reserve has been listed by
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619:Three moose in the corral, March 2012
1728:Protected areas established in 1930
320:World Network of Biosphere Reserves
13:
1050:(Учительская газета), 07-Oct-2003
14:
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205:' (strict nature reserve) in the
645:were tried at the farm as well.
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357:The climate of Pechora-Ilych is
236:), on the western slopes of the
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890:Supplement 2: pp. 93-97 (2002)
565:Moose domestication experiments
1713:Geography of the Komi Republic
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348:Urals montane tundra and taiga
1:
675:Domestication Project at the
474:are abundant in the reserve.
365:Köppen climate classification
223:
1708:Biosphere reserves of Russia
779:
726:Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve
489:The large predators include
187:Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve
22:Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve
7:
942:Wilkinson, Paul F. (1972).
822:. Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006
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234:Troitsko-Pechorsky District
199:Pechoro-Ilychsky zapovednik
10:
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195:Печоро-Илычский заповедник
32:Печоро-Илычский заповедник
1738:Nature reserves in Russia
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796:. Resolve, using WWF data
606:Volga-Kama Nature Reserve
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584:лосепромысловое хозяйство
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794:"Map of Ecoregions 2017"
604:. After he moved to the
374:Landscape and vegetation
346:Pechora-Ilych is in the
58:Pechora-Ilych Zapovednik
1252:Bogdinsko-Baskunchakski
995:The American Naturalist
921:10.1023/A:1012615222837
770:Le Naturaliste Canadien
394:forests, pine forested
1592:Dalnevostochny Morskoy
1339:Privolzhskaya Lesostep
903:Kochan, T. I. (2001).
620:
612:the national economy.
409:(Goose Swamp), a peat
390:The Pechora lowlands:
383:
324:Yugyd Va National Park
618:
381:
342:Ecoregion and climate
326:, were recognized by
44:strict nature reserve
1181:Central Tsernozemsky
948:Current Anthropology
677:University of Alaska
276:, in his article in
1303:Kabardino-Balkarski
1048:Uchitelskaya Gazeta
689:Kostroma Moose Farm
484:habitat destruction
336:Virgin Komi Forests
332:World Heritage Site
218:Virgin Komi Forests
215:World Heritage Site
175:Governing body
120: /
84:Location of Reserve
1577:Bolshekhekhtsirsky
1196:Kaluzhskiye Zaseki
1042:2007-09-28 at the
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316:biosphere reserves
124:62.575°N 58.2583°E
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1511:Sayano-Shushenski
1221:Prioksko-Terrasny
513:, as well as the
368:Subarctic climate
334:, under the name
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1001:(1): 101–116.
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869:, 01-JAN-2002
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278:Lesnoy Zhurnal
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1672:Sikhote-Alin
1597:Dzhugdzursky
1481:Great Arctic
1409:
1400:Little Sosva
1354:Shulgan-Tash
1052:(in Russian)
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954:(1): 23–44.
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892:(in English)
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846:. Retrieved
844:. World Bank
836:
824:. Retrieved
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798:. Retrieved
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737:(in Russian)
729:(in Russian)
721:(in English)
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511:least weasel
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472:pine martens
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426:Siberian fir
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1531:Tigirekskiy
1476:Dzherginsky
1461:Baykal-Lena
1349:Shaytan-Tau
1206:Kologrivsky
1145:Polistovsky
1120:Kostomuksha
1105:Kandalaksha
764:(in French)
762:(Nov-1998)
575:Alces alces
527:pine marten
491:brown bears
160:Established
147:(1,782,371
127: /
103:Coordinates
1743:Zapovednik
1702:Categories
1667:Poronaysky
1647:Lena Delta
1622:Komsomolsk
1415:South Ural
1324:Bashkirski
1110:Kerzhinski
743:лосеферма)
650:physiology
533:, and the
499:wolverines
447:are found.
297:Kama River
224:Topography
203:zapovednik
153:sq mi
115:58°15′30″E
112:62°34′30″N
1677:Ussurisky
1632:Kronotsky
1496:Khakasski
1451:Baikalsky
1420:Upper Taz
1390:East Ural
1344:Prisursky
1329:Mordovski
1247:Astrakhan
1166:Belogorye
1098:Northwest
976:143803920
780:Footnotes
662:Syktyvkar
633:dairy cow
629:lactation
598:loseferma
593:лосеферма
551:squirrels
509:, to the
507:wolverine
468:squirrels
443:and then
289:Ust-Ilych
274:Guberniya
246:tributary
1642:Lazovsky
1617:Komandor
1560:Far East
1551:Yugansky
1536:Tunguska
1516:Sokhondo
1506:Putorana
1456:Barguzin
1369:Zhiguili
1334:Orenburg
1283:Dagestan
1278:Caucasus
1240:Southern
1231:Voronina
1226:Voronezh
1040:Archived
1023:84537447
695:See also
668:(e.g. )
654:ethology
519:American
503:mustelid
480:reindeer
455:Wildlife
266:zakaznik
244:and its
145:hectares
143:721,300
93:Location
1662:Olyokma
1652:Magadan
1612:Khingan
1471:Dauriya
1434:Siberia
1359:Vishera
1298:Teberda
1211:Nurgush
1201:Khopyor
1159:Central
1150:Rdeysky
1125:Lapland
1015:2460291
968:2741071
929:2215206
745:(1988)
712:Sources
658:ecology
464:beavers
318:of the
271:Vologda
256:History
191:Russian
165: (
28:Russian
1637:Kurils
1627:Koryak
1607:Khanka
1587:Bureya
1582:Botcha
1567:Bastak
1526:Taymyr
1521:Stolby
1405:Nenets
1319:Basegi
1262:Rostov
1186:Darwin
1140:Pinega
1135:Pasvik
1115:Kivach
1021:
1013:
974:
966:
927:
673:Muskox
666:Moscow
656:, and
643:sleigh
557:. The
529:, the
525:, the
517:, the
515:ermine
501:. Ten
497:, and
495:wolves
476:Sables
445:tundra
424:, and
403:swamps
398:, and
396:swamps
328:UNESCO
312:UNESCO
293:Yaksha
211:Russia
1572:Bolon
1546:Vitim
1491:Katun
1441:Altai
1425:Visim
1395:Ilmen
1378:Urals
1312:Volga
1037:Урал)
1019:S2CID
1011:JSTOR
972:S2CID
964:JSTOR
925:S2CID
887:Alces
867:Alces
820:(PDF)
571:moose
559:moose
531:sable
460:Moose
330:as a
262:sable
250:Ilych
149:acres
1687:Zeya
1657:Nora
1486:Gyda
1446:Azas
1288:Erzi
850:2019
828:2019
802:2019
664:and
569:The
555:fish
547:ants
521:and
400:moss
392:pine
248:the
167:1930
163:1930
140:Area
42:Ia (
1216:Oka
1003:doi
999:114
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