614:. The authors reported on the positive results of using pectin food additive preparations in a number of clinical studies conducted on children in severely polluted areas, with up to 50% improvement over control groups. During the Second World War, Allied pilots were provided with maps printed on silk, for navigation in escape and evasion efforts. The printing process at first proved nearly impossible because the several layers of ink immediately ran, blurring outlines and rendering place names illegible until the inventor of the maps,
320:. This proportion is decreased to a varying degree during pectin extraction. Pectins are classified as high- versus low-methoxy pectins (short HM-pectins versus LM-pectins), with more or less than half of all the galacturonic acid esterified. The ratio of esterified to non-esterified galacturonic acid determines the behaviour of pectin in food applications – HM-pectins can form a gel under acidic conditions in the presence of high sugar concentrations, while LM-pectins form gels by interaction with divalent cations, particularly
516:
rheological properties, depending on the calcium concentration and the calcium reactivity of the pectin chosen—amidated low methoxyl pectins are generally thermoreversible, meaning they can form gels that can melt and reform, whereas non-amidated low methoxyl pectins can form thermostable gels that withstand high temperatures; these properties make low methoxyl pectins suitable for low sugar and sugar-free applications, dairy products, and stabilizing acidic protein drinks.
4887:
4115:
4105:
4095:
214:
703:
642:
referred to as "quantum satis". The
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) conducted a re-evaluation of Pectin E440(i) and Amidated Pectin E440(ii) in 2017. The EFSA concluded that the use of these food additives poses no safety concern for the general population. Furthermore, the agency stated that it is not necessary to establish a numerical value for the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI).
606:, quote research conducted by the Ukrainian Center of Radiation Medicine and the Belarusian Institute of Radiation Medicine and Endocrinology, concluded, regarding pectin's radioprotective effects, that "adding pectin preparations to the food of inhabitants of the Chernobyl-contaminated regions promotes an effective excretion of incorporated
2485:"Commission Regulation (EU) No 1130/2011 of 11 November 2011 amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on food additives by establishing a Union list of food additives approved for use in food additives, food enzymes, food flavourings and nutrients Text with EEA relevance"
200:
Consumption of pectin has been shown to slightly (3–7%) reduce blood LDL cholesterol levels. The effect depends upon the source of pectin; apple and citrus pectins were more effective than orange pulp fibre pectin. The mechanism appears to be an increase of viscosity in the intestinal tract, leading
641:
The
European Union (EU) has not set a daily intake limit for two types of pectin, known as E440(i) and Amidated Pectin E440(ii). The EU has established purity standards for these additives in the EU Commission Regulation (EU)/231/2012. Pectin can be used as needed in most food categories, a concept
390:
High-ester pectins set at higher temperatures than low-ester pectins. However, gelling reactions with calcium increase as the degree of esterification falls. Similarly, lower pH-values or higher soluble solids (normally sugars) increase gelling speeds. Suitable pectins can therefore be selected for
511:
high methoxyl pectins are defined as those with a degree of esterification equal to or above 50, are typically used in traditional jam and jelly making; such pectins require high sugar concentrations and acidic conditions to form gels, and provide a smooth texture and suitable to be used in bakery
460:
From these materials, pectin is extracted by adding hot dilute acid at pH values from 1.5 to 3.5. During several hours of extraction, the protopectin loses some of its branching and chain length and goes into solution. After filtering, the extract is concentrated in a vacuum and the pectin is then
335:
bind the individual pectin chains together. These bonds form as water is bound by sugar and forces pectin strands to stick together. These form a three-dimensional molecular net that creates the macromolecular gel. The gelling-mechanism is called a low-water-activity gel or sugar-acid-pectin gel.
581:
Sriamornsak revealed that pectin could be used in various oral drug delivery platforms, e.g., controlled release systems, gastro-retentive systems, colon-specific delivery systems and mucoadhesive delivery systems, according to its intoxicity and low cost. It was found that pectin from different
343:
The non-esterified galacturonic acid units can be either free acids (carboxyl groups) or salts with sodium, potassium, or calcium. The salts of partially esterified pectins are called pectinates, if the degree of esterification is below 5 percent the salts are called pectates, the insoluble acid
515:
low methoxyl pectins have a degree of esterification of less than 50, can be either amidated or non-amidated: the percentage level of substitution of the amide group, defined as the degree of amidation, defines the efficacy of a pectin; low methoxyl pectins can provide a range of textures and
506:
For various food applications, different kinds of pectins can be distinguished by their properties, such as acidity, degree of esterification, relative number of methoxyl groups in the molecules, etc. For instance, the term "high methoxyl" refers to pectins that have a large proportion of the
582:
sources provides different gelling abilities, due to variations in molecular size and chemical composition. Like other natural polymers, a major problem with pectin is inconsistency in reproducibility between samples, which may result in poor reproducibility in drug delivery characteristics.
532:
Pectin is used in confectionery jellies to give a good gel structure, a clean bite and to confer a good flavour release. Pectin can also be used to stabilise acidic protein drinks, such as drinking yogurt, to improve the mouth-feel and the pulp stability in juice based drinks and as a
386:
Amidated pectins behave like low-ester pectins but need less calcium and are more tolerant of excess calcium. Also, gels from amidated pectin are thermoreversible; they can be heated and after cooling solidify again, whereas conventional pectin-gels will afterwards remain liquid.
589:
nutrition, depending on the extent of lignification of the cell wall, pectin is up to 90% digestible by bacterial enzymes. Ruminant nutritionists recommend that the digestibility and energy concentration in forages be improved by increasing pectin concentration in the forage.
520:
For conventional jams and marmalades that contain above 60% sugar and soluble fruit solids, high-ester (high methoxyl) pectins are used. With low-ester (low methoxyl) pectins and amidated pectins, less sugar is needed, so that diet products can be made. Water extract of
37:
133:. The amount, structure and chemical composition of pectin is different among plants, within a plant over time, and in various parts of a plant. Pectin is an important cell wall polysaccharide that allows primary cell wall extension and plant growth. During fruit
339:
While low-methoxy pectins need calcium to form a gel, they can do so at lower soluble solids and higher pH than high-methoxy pectins. Normally low-methoxy pectins form gels with a range of pH from 2.6 to 7.0 and with a soluble solids content between 10 and 70%.
196:
Pectin has been observed to have some function in repairing the DNA of some types of plant seeds, usually desert plants. Pectinaceous surface pellicles, which are rich in pectin, create a mucilage layer that holds in dew that helps the cell repair its DNA.
2573:"Opinion on the re-evaluation of pectin (E 440i) and amidated pectin (E 440ii) as food additives in foods for infants below 16 weeks of age and follow-up of their re-evaluation as food additives for uses in foods for all population groups | EFSA"
4923:
294:(RG-II), which is a less frequent, complex, highly branched polysaccharide. Rhamnogalacturonan II is classified by some authors within the group of substituted galacturonans since the rhamnogalacturonan II backbone is made exclusively of
687:
that was cooked to extract pectin. Later, in the 1920s and 1930s, factories were built that commercially extracted pectin from dried apple pomace, and later citrus peel, in regions that produced apple juice in both the US and Europe.
223:
Pectins, also known as pectic polysaccharides, are rich in galacturonic acid. Several distinct polysaccharides have been identified and characterised within the pectic group. Homogalacturonans are linear chains of α-(1–4)-linked
676:, though the action of pectin to make jams and marmalades was known long before. To obtain well-set jams from fruits that had little or only poor quality pectin, pectin-rich fruits or their extracts were mixed into the recipe.
4916:
465:
by adding ethanol or isopropanol. An old technique of precipitating pectin with aluminium salts is no longer used (apart from alcohols and polyvalent cations, pectin also precipitates with proteins and detergents).
4909:
148:, in which process the fruit becomes softer as the middle lamellae break down and cells become separated from each other. A similar process of cell separation caused by the breakdown of pectin occurs in the
473:(aq)), amidated pectins are obtained. After drying and milling, pectin is usually standardised with sugar, and sometimes calcium salts or organic acids, to optimise performance in a particular application.
351:, potatoes and pears, contain pectins with acetylated galacturonic acid in addition to methyl esters. Acetylation prevents gel-formation but increases the stabilising and emulsifying effects of pectin.
2676:
Note: The link points to a "consleg"-version of the directive, that may not include the very latest changes. The
Directive will be replaced by a new Regulation for food additives in the next few years.
125:
Pectin is composed of complex polysaccharides that are present in the primary cell walls of a plant, and are abundant in the green parts of terrestrial plants. Pectin is the principal component of the
1592:
Liang RH, Chen J, Liu W, Liu CM, Yu W, Yuan M, et al. (January 2012). "Extraction, characterization and spontaneous gel-forming property of pectin from creeping fig (Ficus pumila Linn.) seeds".
201:
to a reduced absorption of cholesterol from bile or food. In the large intestine and colon, microorganisms degrade pectin and liberate short-chain fatty acids that have positive influence on health (
602:
2296:
Zhao ZY, Liang L, Fan X, Yu Z, Hotchkiss AT, Wilk BJ, et al. (2008). "The role of modified citrus pectin as an effective chelator of lead in children hospitalized with toxic lead levels".
469:
Alcohol-precipitated pectin is then separated, washed, and dried. Treating the initial pectin with dilute acid leads to low-esterified pectins. When this process includes ammonium hydroxide (NH
1334:
Gómez B, Gullón B, Remoroza C, Schols HA, Parajó JC, Alonso JL (October 2014). "Purification, characterization, and prebiotic properties of pectic oligosaccharides from orange peel wastes".
1560:
Arachchige M, Mu T, Ma M (2020). "Structural, physicochemical and emulsifying properties of sweet potato pectin treated by high hydrostatic pressure and/or pectinase: a comparative study".
1662:
Migliori M, Gabriele D, Checchetti A, Battipede B (2010). "Compatibility analysis of pectin at different esterification degree from intrinsic viscosity data of diluted ternary solutions".
1818:
Chen J, Cui Y, Zhang S, Ma Y, Yang F (March 2023). "Compound treatment of thiolated citrus high-methoxyl pectin and sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous improved gluten network structure".
403:, plums, gooseberries, and oranges and other citrus fruits contain large amounts of pectin, while soft fruits, like cherries, grapes, and strawberries, contain small amounts of pectin.
2674:
European parliament and council directive No 95/2/EC of 20 February 1995 on food additives other than colours and sweeteners; EU-Directive that lists the foods, pectin may be used in.
593:
In cigars, pectin is considered an excellent substitute for vegetable glue and many cigar smokers and collectors use pectin for repairing damaged tobacco leaves on their cigars.
305:
of isolated pectine greatly varies by the source and the method of isolation. Values have been reported as low as 28 kDa for apple pomace up to 753 kDa for sweet potato peels.
1166:
Huang Z, Gutterman Y, Osborne DJ (30 July 2004). "Value of the mucilaginous pellicle to seeds of the sand-stabilizing desert woody shrub
Artemisia sphaerocephala (Asteraceae)".
1880:
379:
To prepare a pectin-gel, the ingredients are heated, dissolving the pectin. Upon cooling below gelling temperature, a gel starts to form. If gel formation is too strong,
171:. The daily intake of pectin from fruits and vegetables can be estimated to be around 5 g if approximately 500 g of fruits and vegetables are consumed per day.
2431:
627:
618:, mixed a little pectin with the ink and at once the pectin coagulated the ink and prevented it from running, allowing small topographic features to be clearly visible.
781:
2673:
1627:
Durand D, Bertrand C, Clark AH, Lips A (February 1990). "Calcium-induced gelation of low methoxy pectin solutions--thermodynamic and rheological considerations".
324:, according to the idealized 'egg box' model, in which ionic bridges are formed between calcium ions and the ionised carboxyl groups of the galacturonic acid.
174:
In human digestion, pectin binds to cholesterol in the gastrointestinal tract and slows glucose absorption by trapping carbohydrates. Pectin is thus a soluble
2669:
Codex
General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA) Online Database; A list of permitted uses of pectin, further link to the JECFA (...) specification of pectin.
2071:
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in the human body increased by as much as an order of magnitude due to the degradation of natural pectin (which is esterified with methanol) in the
2488:
1030:
890:
1300:
574:
In cosmetic products, pectin acts as a stabiliser. Pectin is also used in wound healing preparations and speciality medical adhesives, such as
4050:
691:
Pectin was first sold as a liquid extract, but is now most often used as dried powder, which is easier than a liquid to store and handle.
376:
bond formation. These high gelling properties are advantageous for various pharmaceutical applications and applications in food industry.
1131:
Lindinger W, Taucher J, Jordan A, Hansel A, Vogel W (August 1997). "Endogenous production of methanol after the consumption of fruit".
540:
Typical levels of pectin used as a food additive are between 0.5 and 1.0% – this is about the same amount of pectin as in fresh fruit.
1862:
912:
Bidhendi AJ, Chebli Y, Geitmann A (June 2020). "Fluorescence visualization of cellulose and pectin in the primary plant cell wall".
830:
Keppler F, Hamilton JT, Brass M, Röckmann T (January 2006). "Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions".
4151:
2618:
2549:
1406:
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1952:
Surolia R, Singh A (2024). "Pectin—Structure, Specification, Production, Applications and various
Emerging Sources: A Review".
2423:
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2113:
2043:
2005:
1969:
1874:
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pectins. There are specifications in all national and international legislation defining its quality and regulating its use.
4012:
1055:
Grierson D, Maunders MJ, Slater A, Ray J, Bird CR, Schuch W, et al. (1986). "Gene expression during tomato ripening".
1927:
1374:
734:
529:, where the extract gels without heating due to low-ester pectins from the seeds and the bivalent cations from the water.
503:(also known as "jam sugar") where it is diluted to the right concentration with sugar and some citric acid to adjust pH.
499:
in jams and marmalades and increases the gel strength of low-calorie jams. For household use, pectin is an ingredient in
1476:
267:-(1. From many of the rhamnose residues, sidechains of various neutral sugars branch off. The neutral sugars are mainly
255:-galacturonic acid residues. Rhamnogalacturonan I pectins (RG-I) contain a backbone of the repeating disaccharide: 4)-α-
1446:
567:. It has been used in gentle heavy metal removal from biological systems. Pectin is also used in throat lozenges as a
488:
In some countries, pectin is also available as a solution or an extract, or as a blended powder, for home jam making.
5527:
2454:
5485:
2706:
1211:"Possible role of pectin-containing mucilage and dew in repairing embryo DNA of seeds adapted to desert conditions"
2064:
1506:
Singaram A, Guruchandran S, Ganesan N (2024). "Review on functionalized pectin films for active food packaging".
1869:(3rd expanded and completely rev. ed.). Stuttgart : Boca Raton, FL: Medpharm; CRC Press. p. 520.
653:
507:
carboxyl groups in the pectin molecule that are esterified with methanol, compared to low methoxyl pectins:
3006:
2668:
646:
522:
129:, where it binds cells. Pectin is deposited by exocytosis into the cell wall via vesicles produced in the
5542:
4144:
1260:"Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women"
751:
1533:
Wang X, Chen Q, Lü X (2014). "Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water".
231:. Substituted galacturonans are characterised by the presence of saccharide appendant residues (such as
5333:
2484:
2096:
Yang Y, Anderson CT (2 October 2020). "Biosynthesis, Localisation, and
Function of Pectins in Plants".
997:
746:
4040:
882:
5537:
4118:
3559:
2510:
Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di
Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, et al. (6 July 2017).
1312:
354:
Amidated pectin is a modified form of pectin. Here, some of the galacturonic acid is converted with
110:
5512:
4962:
4211:
4108:
3246:
2131:"Biological Properties and Biomedical Applications of Pectin and Pectin-Based Composites: A Review"
332:
1763:"Hydrophobic thiolation of pectin with 4-aminothiophenol: synthesis and in vitro characterization"
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5407:
5244:
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2726:
1714:"Pectin-cysteine conjugate: synthesis and in-vitro evaluation of its potential for drug delivery"
635:
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457:, both by-products of juice production. Pomace from sugar beets is also used to a small extent.
327:
In high-methoxy pectins at soluble solids content above 60% and a pH value between 2.8 and 3.6,
5278:
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4137:
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51:
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1712:
Majzoob S, Atyabi F, Dorkoosh F, Kafedjiiski K, Loretz B, Bernkop-Schnürch A (December 2006).
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680:
496:
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380:
291:
287:-xylose, with the types and proportions of neutral sugars varying with the origin of pectin.
202:
1090:
Toivonen RK, Emani R, Munukka E, Rintala A, Laiho A, Pietilä S, et al. (October 2014).
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3021:
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Thakur BR, Singh RK, Handa AK (February 1997). "Chemistry and uses of pectin--a review".
1901:
683:, the makers of fruit preserves turned to producers of apple juice to obtain dried apple
383:
or a granular texture are the result, while weak gelling leads to excessively soft gels.
225:
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365:. These pectins are more tolerant of varying calcium concentrations that occur in use.
321:
2971:
1092:"Fermentable fibres condition colon microbiota and promote diabetogenesis in NOD mice"
97:
in 1825. Commercially produced pectin is a white-to-light-brown powder, produced from
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2512:"Re-evaluation of pectin (E 440i) and amidated pectin (E 440ii) as food additives"
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1961:
1377:. Complex Carbohydrate Research Centre, University of Georgia, US. Archived from
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673:
656:(INS), pectin has the number 440. In Europe, pectins are differentiated into the
359:
190:
149:
130:
94:
2105:
2035:
2026:
Endress H (17 August 2011). "Pectins: Production, Properties and Applications".
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770:"Recherches sur un nouvel acide universellement répandu dans tous les vegetaux"
631:
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428:
368:
Thiolated pectin exhibits substantially improved gelling properties since this
328:
309:
182:
pectin has been shown to increase the incidence of autoimmune type 1 diabetes.
145:
126:
70:
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1997:
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The main raw materials for pectin production are dried citrus peels or apple
175:
114:
102:
2680:
Certo Health: Information on reported health benefits of apple pectin, (UK).
2452:
2323:
Sriamornsak P (August 2011). "Application of pectin in oral drug delivery".
2185:"Pectin Hydrogels: Gel-Forming Behaviors, Mechanisms, and Food Applications"
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May CD (1990). "Industrial pectins: Sources, production and applications".
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The classical application is giving the jelly-like consistency to jams or
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Brouns F, Theuwissen E, Adam A, Bell M, Berger A, Mensink RP (May 2012).
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Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment
2201:
998:"Relating the mechanics of the primary plant cell wall to morphogenesis"
901:– via Food Ingredients Online - for the food ingredients industry.
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772:[Investigations into a new acid spread throughout all plants].
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348:
86:
16:
Structural carbohydrate in the cell walls of land plants and some algae
2571:
EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) (29 January 2021).
1347:
973:
956:
925:
5259:
5234:
5176:
5148:
5119:
5113:
5097:
5087:
5030:
5005:
5000:
4802:
4798:
4753:
4667:
4649:
4616:
4601:
4422:
4345:
4307:
3996:
3961:
3931:
3870:
3757:
3564:
3539:
3476:
3461:
3321:
3316:
3151:
3056:
2981:
1854:
1519:
1209:
Huang Z, Boubriak I, Osborne DJ, Dong M, Gutterman Y (January 2008).
575:
568:
564:
544:
492:
446:
373:
280:
272:
157:
141:
90:
74:
59:
213:
164:
5308:
5229:
5218:
5214:
5156:
5015:
5010:
4990:
4819:
4780:
4765:
4738:
4687:
4621:
4494:
4489:
4474:
4459:
4375:
4370:
4190:
4185:
4055:
4035:
3951:
3805:
3772:
3752:
3712:
3697:
3687:
3186:
3116:
2891:
2509:
1661:
957:"My body is a cage: mechanisms and modulation of plant cell growth"
657:
586:
556:
422:
317:
264:
186:
185:
A study found that after consumption of fruit the concentration of
179:
134:
5224:
5161:
4861:
4841:
4809:
4784:
4774:
4770:
4748:
4611:
4606:
4596:
4506:
4469:
4464:
4442:
4427:
4417:
4334:
4312:
4296:
3966:
3496:
3181:
2821:
2781:
416:
369:
355:
1711:
69:, a structural polymer contained in the primary lamella, in the
5205:
4851:
4836:
4813:
4790:
4758:
4545:
4540:
4484:
4447:
4432:
4412:
4399:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4263:
4216:
4206:
4180:
4175:
3331:
3306:
3156:
3026:
684:
454:
437:
410:
400:
244:
236:
138:
5434:
4437:
4240:
4029:
3956:
3767:
2896:
2742:
2715:
1760:
813:
801:
735:
661:
548:
495:, which would otherwise be sweet juices. Pectin also reduces
406:
Typical levels of pectin in fresh fruits and vegetables are:
391:
jams and jellies, or for higher-sugar confectionery jellies.
362:
313:
109:
and jellies, dessert fillings, medications, and sweets; as a
2028:
Renewable Resources for Functional Polymers and Biomaterials
1469:
1130:
829:
702:
4045:
1924:"What is Pectin (E440)? Sources, Types, Uses, and Benefits"
1505:
1411:. Rockville, MD USA: American Society of Plant Biologists.
1301:"Chemistry of Pectin and its Pharmaceutical Uses: A Review"
1089:
1057:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
628:
the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee Report on Food Additives
2684:
1333:
1292:
1054:
559:. Until 2002, it was one of the main ingredients used in
106:
36:
1257:
1208:
2644:
1626:
954:
40:
Commercially produced powder of pectin, extracted from
2446:
1983:
1981:
1761:
Perera G, Hombach J, Bernkop-Schnürch A (March 2010).
1696:
911:
2477:
1404:
1165:
2365:
1251:
698:
113:
in fruit juices and milk drinks, and as a source of
2416:
1978:
672:Pectin was first isolated and described in 1825 by
2453:Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
2098:Pectin: Technological and Physiological Properties
1990:Pectin: Technological and Physiological Properties
1629:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
1422:
955:Braidwood L, Breuer C, Sugimoto K (January 2014).
660:E440(i) for non-amidated pectins and E440(ii) for
638:(ADI) has been set, as pectin is considered safe.
1956:. World Sustainability Series. pp. 267–282.
5504:
2260:
1697:Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P (April 2004).
995:
728:
247:in the respective cases of xylogalacturonan and
81:. The principal chemical component of pectin is
2359:
2178:
2176:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1947:
1945:
1895:
1591:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1327:
563:– a medication to combat diarrhea – along with
2368:"13. Decorporation of Chernobyl radionuclides"
2366:Nesterenko VB, Nesterenko AV (November 2009).
2295:
2263:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
2183:Said NS, Olawuyi IF, Lee WY (September 2023).
2182:
1817:
1559:
1133:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
525:seeds is traditionally used in Taiwan to make
4917:
4145:
2700:
1587:
1585:
1583:
761:
4051:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
2641:"International Pectin Producers Association"
2564:
2503:
2316:
2298:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
2173:
2122:
2095:
2014:
1987:
1951:
1942:
1811:
1754:
1705:
1408:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants
1393:
1202:
2424:"history of wwii british cloth escape maps"
2322:
2254:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1863:"Monograph: Rosae Pseudofrutus (Rose Hips)"
1690:
1620:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1298:
1124:
1083:
989:
948:
905:
823:
485:, thickening agent and stabiliser in food.
167:, but does not contribute significantly to
4924:
4910:
4159:
4152:
4138:
2707:
2693:
2372:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2059:
2057:
2055:
1580:
1532:
1405:Buchanan BB, Gruissem W, Jones RL (2000).
1336:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1305:Silpakorn University International Journal
1159:
874:
2604:
2535:
2210:
2200:
2156:
2146:
1786:
1729:
1275:
1234:
1107:
1016:
972:
767:
394:
1904:
1718:The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
1655:
1362:
996:Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A (January 2016).
512:fillings and confectionery applications;
212:
35:
2128:
2052:
2025:
1048:
5505:
1930:from the original on 27 September 2023
1860:
1264:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
880:
163:Pectin is a natural part of the human
93:) which was isolated and described by
4905:
4133:
2688:
2491:from the original on 11 December 2023
1684:10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.07.011
784:from the original on 7 September 2024
290:Another structural type of pectin is
4013:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
2621:from the original on 21 January 2022
2552:from the original on 21 January 2022
2289:
1954:Sustainable Food Systems (Volume II)
1883:from the original on 12 October 2023
1036:from the original on 13 January 2018
5289:Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents
2233:
2227:
1921:
893:from the original on 12 August 2022
13:
1439:
1145:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03862.x
65:: "congealed" and "curdled") is a
14:
5554:
5346:agents, excluding corticosteroids
2662:
2434:from the original on 25 June 2019
2089:
2077:from the original on 7 April 2024
4886:
4885:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4094:
4093:
2392:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04838.x
1664:Reactive and Functional Polymers
1508:Packaging Technology and Science
774:Annales de chimie et de physique
701:
645:In the United States, pectin is
481:The main use for pectin is as a
308:In nature, around 80 percent of
2325:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
1553:
1526:
1499:
621:
251:) branching from a backbone of
137:, pectin is broken down by the
1832:10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134770
1005:Journal of Experimental Botany
654:International Numbering System
543:In medicine, pectin increases
1:
5393:Antidiarrheal micro-organisms
4074:Countries by apple production
1606:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.013
1547:10.1016/J.FOODHYD.2013.12.003
881:Gerlat P (15 November 2000).
722:
180:non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice
2337:10.1517/17425247.2011.584867
2248:10.1016/0144-8617(90)90105-2
1988:Kontogiorgos V, ed. (2020).
1962:10.1007/978-3-031-46046-3_13
1641:10.1016/0141-8130(90)90076-M
887:Food Product Design Magazine
647:generally recognised as safe
208:
60:
7:
2129:Sultana N (December 2023).
2106:10.1007/978-3-030-53421-9_1
2036:10.1039/9781849733519-00210
694:
551:so that it is used against
259:-galacturonic acid-(1,2)-α-
10:
5559:
5235:Camphorated opium tincture
4972:Intestinal anti-infectives
2714:
1311:(1–2): 206. Archived from
814:
802:
736:
667:
298:-galacturonic acid units.
120:
55:
18:
5463:
5417:
5392:
5288:
5200:
5146:
4971:
4955:
4881:
4719:
4676:
4658:
4630:
4572:
4565:
4533:
4505:
4398:
4333:
4295:
4262:
4239:
4230:
4199:
4168:
4089:
3979:
3924:
3828:
3819:
3791:
3663:
3530:
2767:
2735:
2722:
2275:10.1080/10408399709527767
2148:10.3390/molecules28247974
1998:10.1007/978-3-030-53421-9
1861:Wichtl M (January 2004).
1779:10.1208/s12249-009-9370-7
1574:10.1007/s11696-018-0500-0
1188:10.1007/s00468-004-0349-4
1109:10.1007/s00125-014-3325-6
372:is able to crosslink via
312:of galacturonic acid are
5528:Edible thickening agents
5168:, known as Pepto-Bismol)
4963:Oral rehydration therapy
4212:Cyclohexane conformation
2589:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6387
2528:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4866
2461:(Report). Archived from
808:... (I propose the name
333:hydrophobic interactions
19:Not to be confused with
5408:Saccharomyces boulardii
4705:Isomaltooligosaccharide
3097:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
2967:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
2727:List of apple cultivars
1477:"Rhamnogalacturonan II"
752:A Greek–English Lexicon
649:for human consumption.
636:acceptable daily intake
476:
399:Pears, apples, guavas,
4699:Galactooligosaccharide
3560:Calville Blanc d'hiver
2455:Chemical Risks in Food
1922:Han J (13 June 2020).
1731:10.1211/jpp.58.12.0006
1299:Sriamornsak P (2003).
1077:10.1098/rstb.1986.0061
883:"Beverage Stabilizers"
395:Sources and production
220:
44:
5430:Bismuth subsalicylate
5166:bismuth subsalicylate
5062:Succinylsulfathiazole
5057:Phthalylsulfathiazole
4693:Fructooligosaccharide
3387:Rhode Island Greening
3307:Sciros (Pacific Rose)
3217:Karmijn de Sonnaville
2987:Devonshire Quarrenden
2236:Carbohydrate Polymers
1594:Carbohydrate Polymers
1277:10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
914:Journal of Microscopy
743:Liddell, Henry George
681:Industrial Revolution
347:Some plants, such as
292:rhamnogalacturonan II
216:
160:plants at leaf fall.
101:for use as an edible
39:
5418:Other antidiarrheals
4066:US Apple Association
3007:Duchess of Oldenburg
2751:Malus niedzwetzkyana
2030:. pp. 210–260.
794:From page 178: ...
768:Braconnot H (1825).
67:heteropolysaccharide
5267:does not cross BBB:
3856:Apple cider vinegar
3222:King of the Pippins
2952:Cox's Orange Pippin
2932:Cornish Gilliflower
2647:on 11 February 2022
2428:www.escape-maps.com
2384:2009NYASA1181..303N
2202:10.3390/gels9090732
1701:. Berlin: Springer.
1676:2010RFPol..70..863M
1180:2004Trees..18..669H
1069:1986RSPTB.314..399G
961:The New Phytologist
852:10.1038/nature04420
844:2006Natur.439..187K
344:form, pectic acid.
5543:E-number additives
5490:Never to phase III
4007:Fruit tree pruning
3635:Reinette du Canada
3507:Worcester Pearmain
3262:Lucombe's Seedling
3247:Liveland Raspberry
3092:Gascoyne's Scarlet
3047:Esopus Spitzenburg
3012:Dumelow's Seedling
2842:Aurora Golden Gala
1227:10.1093/aob/mcm089
1018:10.1093/jxb/erv535
796:je propose le nom
229:-galacturonic acid
221:
79:terrestrial plants
45:
5500:
5499:
4940:anti-inflammatory
4899:
4898:
4877:
4876:
4561:
4560:
4127:
4126:
3975:
3974:
3911:Jewish apple cake
3650:White Transparent
3570:Chelmsford Wonder
2917:Claygate Pearmain
2401:978-1-57331-757-3
2115:978-3-030-53421-9
2100:. pp. 1–15.
2045:978-1-84973-245-1
2007:978-3-030-53420-2
1971:978-3-031-46045-6
1876:978-0-8493-1961-7
1767:AAPS PharmSciTech
1724:(12): 1601–1610.
1568:(13): 4911–4920.
1487:on 3 October 2009
1457:on 4 October 2009
1418:978-0-943088-37-2
1381:on 15 August 2010
1348:10.1021/jf503475b
1342:(40): 9769–9782.
1102:(10): 2183–2192.
1063:(1166): 399–410.
974:10.1111/nph.12473
926:10.1111/jmi.12895
838:(7073): 187–191.
297:
286:
278:
270:
262:
258:
254:
242:
234:
228:
218:Galacturonic acid
83:galacturonic acid
5550:
5538:Food stabilizers
5401:Escherichia coli
5361:Aminosalicylates
5351:Cromoglicic acid
4926:
4919:
4912:
4903:
4902:
4889:
4888:
4680:oligosaccharides
4660:Tetrasaccharides
4570:
4569:
4285:Dihydroxyacetone
4237:
4236:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4117:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4019:Johnny Appleseed
3826:
3825:
3793:Ornamental apple
3107:Golden Delicious
3022:Ellison's Orange
2947:Court Pendu Plat
2927:Cornish Aromatic
2872:Belle de Boskoop
2837:Ashmead's Kernel
2807:Allington Pippin
2787:Airlie Red Flesh
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2643:. Archived from
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2608:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2539:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2331:(8): 1009–1023.
2320:
2314:
2313:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2150:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2023:
2012:
2011:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1826:(Pt B): 134770.
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1562:J Sci Food Agric
1557:
1551:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1520:10.1002/pts.2793
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1483:. Archived from
1481:www.ccrc.uga.edu
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1453:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1427:on 26 March 2020
1426:
1421:. Archived from
1402:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1215:Annals of Botany
1206:
1200:
1199:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1020:
1002:
993:
987:
986:
976:
952:
946:
945:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
878:
872:
871:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
805:
804:
791:
789:
765:
759:
739:
738:
732:
711:
706:
705:
537:in baked goods.
303:molecular weight
295:
284:
276:
268:
260:
256:
252:
249:apiogalacturonan
240:
232:
226:
105:, especially in
63:
57:
29:Pecten (bivalve)
21:Pecten (biology)
5558:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5513:Polysaccharides
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5495:
5480:Clinical trials
5459:
5425:Albumin tannate
5413:
5388:
5297:corticosteroids
5284:
5202:Antipropulsives
5196:
5142:
4967:
4951:
4930:
4900:
4895:
4873:
4734:Oat beta-glucan
4721:Polysaccharides
4715:
4678:
4672:
4654:
4626:
4557:
4551:Neuraminic acid
4529:
4501:
4394:
4329:
4291:
4258:
4232:Monosaccharides
4226:
4195:
4164:
4158:
4128:
4123:
4085:
3971:
3920:
3906:Himmel und Erde
3815:
3811:Wijcik McIntosh
3787:
3783:Yarlington Mill
3763:Slack-ma-Girdle
3659:
3585:Crimson Bramley
3550:Blenheim Orange
3526:
3237:Laxton's Superb
3017:Egremont Russet
2972:Delbard Jubilée
2763:
2758:Malus sieversii
2744:Malus domestica
2731:
2718:
2713:
2665:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2402:
2364:
2360:
2321:
2317:
2294:
2290:
2259:
2255:
2232:
2228:
2181:
2174:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2024:
2015:
2008:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1950:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1877:
1859:
1855:
1816:
1812:
1759:
1755:
1710:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1670:(10): 863–867.
1660:
1656:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1581:
1558:
1554:
1531:
1527:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1403:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1375:"Galacturonans"
1373:
1372:
1363:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1256:
1252:
1207:
1203:
1164:
1160:
1129:
1125:
1088:
1084:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1000:
994:
990:
953:
949:
910:
906:
896:
894:
879:
875:
828:
824:
787:
785:
766:
762:
757:Perseus Project
733:
729:
725:
707:
700:
697:
674:Henri Braconnot
670:
634:, no numerical
624:
479:
472:
397:
360:carboxylic acid
310:carboxyl groups
211:
150:abscission zone
131:Golgi apparatus
123:
111:food stabiliser
95:Henri Braconnot
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5556:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5518:Food additives
5515:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5477:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Hydrocortisone
5306:
5299:acting locally
5292:
5290:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5239:
5238:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5215:Opium tincture
5211:
5209:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5136:Broxyquinoline
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5067:Sulfaguanidine
5064:
5059:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Amphotericin B
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4944:anti-infective
4933:Antidiarrheals
4929:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Levan beta 2→6
4829:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4806:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4777:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4634:
4632:Trisaccharides
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4518:Mannoheptulose
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:Glyceraldehyde
4268:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4252:Glycolaldehyde
4245:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4101:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4079:Apple diseases
4076:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4024:Malling series
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3881:Apple seed oil
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3823:
3821:Apple products
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3738:Kingston Black
3735:
3733:Harrison Cider
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Cap of Liberty
3675:
3669:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Norfolk Biffin
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Flower of Kent
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3532:Cooking apples
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Sturmer Pippin
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3397:Roxbury Russet
3394:
3392:Ribston Pippin
3389:
3384:
3382:Redlove apples
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3292:Newtown Pippin
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3257:Lord Lambourne
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Dorsett Golden
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Delbarestivale
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Civni (Rubens)
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Birgit Bonnier
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Beauty of Bath
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Arkansas Black
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:Adams Pearmain
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2663:External links
2661:
2659:
2658:
2632:
2563:
2502:
2476:
2465:on 8 July 2004
2445:
2415:
2400:
2378:(1): 303–310.
2358:
2315:
2288:
2253:
2226:
2172:
2121:
2114:
2088:
2051:
2044:
2013:
2006:
1977:
1970:
1941:
1903:
1894:
1875:
1853:
1820:Food Chemistry
1810:
1773:(1): 174–180.
1753:
1704:
1699:Food Chemistry
1689:
1654:
1619:
1579:
1552:
1535:Food Hydrocoll
1525:
1514:(4): 237–262.
1498:
1468:
1438:
1417:
1392:
1361:
1326:
1315:on 3 June 2012
1291:
1270:(5): 591–599.
1250:
1221:(2): 277–283.
1201:
1174:(6): 669–676.
1158:
1139:(5): 939–943.
1123:
1082:
1047:
1011:(2): 449–461.
988:
967:(2): 388–402.
947:
920:(3): 164–181.
904:
873:
822:
780:(2): 173–178.
760:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
713:
712:
696:
693:
669:
666:
632:European Union
623:
620:
616:Clayton Hutton
547:and volume of
535:fat substitute
518:
517:
513:
478:
475:
470:
451:
450:
444:
435:
432:
426:
420:
414:
396:
393:
329:hydrogen bonds
210:
207:
146:pectinesterase
127:middle lamella
122:
119:
71:middle lamella
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5367:Sulfasalazine
5365:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5334:Beclometasone
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Betamethasone
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5250:Diphenoxylate
5248:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4913:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4827:Hemicellulose
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4574:Disaccharides
4571:
4568:
4564:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4524:
4523:Sedoheptulose
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4514:Ketoheptoses
4513:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:Deoxy sugars
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:Ketopentoses
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:Aldopentoses
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:Aldotetroses
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4162:carbohydrates
4155:
4150:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4100:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Arctic Apples
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3987:Apple picking
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Caramel apple
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Apple strudel
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Golden Russet
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Chisel Jersey
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Newton Wonder
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:York Imperial
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:Tompkins King
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:Star of Devon
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3377:Red Pineapple
3375:
3373:
3372:Red Delicious
3370:
3368:
3367:Red Astrachan
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:Pam's Delight
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:Knobby Russet
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Grimes Golden
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Golden Orange
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2597:11368/2979399
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:(1): e06387.
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:(7): e04866.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2073:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
992:
984:
980:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
892:
888:
884:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
819:
811:
807:
797:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
758:
754:
753:
748:
747:Scott, Robert
744:
740:
731:
727:
718:
715:
714:
710:
704:
699:
692:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
643:
639:
637:
633:
629:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:radionuclides
605:
604:
600:, writing in
599:
594:
591:
588:
583:
579:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
536:
530:
528:
524:
514:
510:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:gelling sugar
498:
494:
489:
486:
484:
483:gelling agent
474:
467:
464:
458:
456:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
402:
392:
388:
384:
382:
377:
375:
371:
366:
364:
361:
357:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
299:
293:
288:
282:
274:
266:
250:
246:
238:
230:
219:
215:
206:
204:
198:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
176:dietary fiber
172:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
116:
115:dietary fiber
112:
108:
104:
103:gelling agent
100:
99:citrus fruits
96:
92:
89:derived from
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:, and in the
72:
68:
64:
62:
53:
52:Ancient Greek
49:
43:
42:citrus fruits
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
5523:Food science
5450:Racecadotril
5406:
5399:
5359:
5344:antiallergic
5342:
5304:Prednisolone
5295:
5279:+simethicone
5266:
5242:
5182:Crospovidone
5171:
5130:Oxyquinoline
5128:
5112:
5096:
5083:Nifuroxazide
5075:
5051:Sulfonamides
5049:
5036:Streptomycin
4978:
4846:
4808:
4797:
4779:
4711:Maltodextrin
4592:Isomaltulose
4383:Deoxy sugars
4319:Ketotetrose
4222:Mutarotation
4028:
4011:
3915:
3846:Apple cheese
3836:Apple butter
3723:Golden Spire
3708:Ellis Bitter
3693:Crimson King
3665:Cider apples
3630:Northern Spy
3615:Manks Codlin
3600:Granny Smith
3595:Golden Noble
3512:Wyken Pippin
3177:Jersey Black
3167:James Grieve
3162:Ingrid Marie
3122:Granny Smith
2957:Crimson Gold
2942:Cosmic Crisp
2852:Autumn Glory
2847:Autumn Bough
2769:Table apples
2756:
2749:
2743:
2649:. Retrieved
2645:the original
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2580:
2577:EFSA Journal
2576:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2519:
2516:EFSA Journal
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2479:
2467:. Retrieved
2463:the original
2458:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2304:(4): 34–38.
2301:
2297:
2291:
2269:(1): 47–73.
2266:
2262:
2256:
2242:(1): 79–99.
2239:
2235:
2229:
2192:
2188:
2141:(24): 7974.
2138:
2134:
2124:
2097:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2065:"UniPECTINE"
2027:
1989:
1953:
1932:. Retrieved
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1866:
1856:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1635:(1): 14–18.
1632:
1628:
1622:
1600:(1): 76–83.
1597:
1593:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:the original
1480:
1471:
1459:. Retrieved
1455:the original
1451:Ccrc.uga.edu
1450:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1407:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1339:
1335:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1308:
1304:
1294:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1099:
1096:Diabetologia
1095:
1085:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1008:
1004:
991:
964:
960:
950:
917:
913:
907:
895:. Retrieved
886:
876:
835:
831:
825:
818:, coagulum )
809:
799:
795:
793:
786:. Retrieved
777:
773:
763:
750:
730:
717:Fruit snacks
690:
678:
671:
651:
644:
640:
625:
622:Legal status
601:
597:
595:
592:
584:
580:
573:
553:constipation
542:
539:
531:
519:
505:
490:
487:
480:
468:
463:precipitated
459:
452:
434:Carrots 1.4%
405:
398:
389:
385:
378:
367:
353:
346:
342:
338:
326:
307:
300:
289:
222:
199:
195:
184:
173:
162:
124:
58:
47:
46:
33:
25:Pecten oculi
5476:from market
5382:Balsalazide
5270:Eluxadoline
5237:(paregoric)
5192:Diosmectite
5187:Attapulgite
5164:(including
5147:Intestinal
5026:Polymyxin B
5021:Paromomycin
4996:Fidaxomicin
4980:Antibiotics
4956:Rehydration
4869:Xanthan gum
4857:Amylopectin
4729:Beta-glucan
4640:Maltotriose
4455:Ketohexoses
4408:Aldohexoses
4388:Deoxyribose
4323:Erythrulose
4281:Ketotriose
4271:Aldotriose
4041:Pollination
3980:Agriculture
3942:Apple juice
3937:Apple cider
3896:Candy apple
3891:Baked apple
3876:Apple sauce
3866:Apple flour
3861:Apple crisp
3673:Brown Snout
3352:Ralls Janet
3127:Gravenstein
3102:Ginger Gold
1541:: 129–137.
806:, coagulum,
709:Food portal
679:During the
630:and in the
5533:Demulcents
5507:Categories
5455:Kaopectate
5445:Octreotide
5440:Crofelemer
5377:Olsalazine
5372:Mesalazine
5329:Budesonide
5324:Tixocortol
5314:Prednisone
5275:Loperamide
5149:adsorbents
5104:Miconazole
5077:Nitrofuran
5041:Vancomycin
4937:intestinal
4645:Melezitose
4587:Isomaltose
4582:Cellobiose
4248:Aldodiose
4119:Production
3992:Apple scab
3851:Apple chip
3841:Apple cake
3655:Wolf River
3645:Upton Pyne
3610:King Byerd
3472:Tartu Rose
3467:Taliaferro
3442:Summerfree
3412:Sekai Ichi
3327:Pink Pearl
3232:Lady Alice
3147:Honeycrisp
3037:Enterprise
2962:Cripps Red
2877:Bellflower
2195:(9): 732.
897:24 January
723:References
612:cesium-137
610:" such as
561:Kaopectate
527:aiyu jelly
493:marmalades
431:, 0.5–3.5%
349:sugar beet
314:esterified
87:sugar acid
75:cell walls
5486:Phase III
5474:Withdrawn
5435:Ceratonia
5260:Difenoxin
5254:+atropine
5120:Acetarsol
5114:Arsenical
5098:Imidazole
5088:Nifurzide
5031:Rifaximin
5006:Natamycin
5001:Kanamycin
4799:Galactose
4754:Cellulose
4744:Sizofiran
4668:Stachyose
4650:Raffinose
4617:Trehalose
4602:Lactulose
4423:Galactose
4346:Arabinose
4308:Erythrose
4160:Types of
4109:Cultivars
4061:Russeting
3997:Applecrab
3962:Ice cider
3947:Applejack
3932:Apfelwein
3871:Apple pie
3758:Redstreak
3605:Grenadier
3565:Campanino
3540:Antonovka
3477:Tentation
3462:SweeTango
3447:Sundowner
3422:Splendour
3322:Paula Red
3317:Papirovka
3152:Honeygold
3057:EverCrisp
3002:Dougherty
2992:Discovery
2982:Delrouval
2882:Ben Davis
2135:Molecules
1848:253214393
1319:23 August
942:215619998
788:8 January
658:E numbers
596:Yablokov
578:devices.
576:colostomy
569:demulcent
565:kaolinite
545:viscosity
497:syneresis
447:Rose hips
381:syneresis
374:disulfide
281:arabinose
273:galactose
209:Chemistry
205:effect).
203:prebiotic
169:nutrition
158:deciduous
142:pectinase
91:galactose
5243:crosses
5230:Morphine
5219:laudanum
5157:Charcoal
5016:Nystatin
5011:Neomycin
4991:Colistin
4946:agents (
4891:Category
4820:Glycogen
4803:Galactan
4781:Fructose
4766:Chitosan
4739:Lentinan
4688:Acarbose
4622:Turanose
4566:Multiple
4507:Heptoses
4495:Rhamnose
4490:Fuculose
4475:Tagatose
4460:Fructose
4376:Xylulose
4371:Ribulose
4335:Pentoses
4297:Tetroses
4200:Geometry
4191:Pyranose
4186:Furanose
4056:Reinette
4036:Pearmain
3952:Calvados
3806:Goldspur
3801:Flamenco
3778:Woodcock
3773:Tom Putt
3753:Poveshon
3748:Michelin
3728:Hangdown
3713:Foxwhelp
3698:Dabinett
3688:Coccagee
3545:Bismarck
3342:Pristine
3272:McIntosh
3192:Jonathan
3187:Jonagold
3137:Haralson
3117:Goldspur
3072:Flamenco
2937:Cortland
2907:Champion
2892:Braeburn
2812:Ambrosia
2619:Archived
2615:33537069
2550:Archived
2546:32625540
2489:Archived
2459:Who.int.
2432:Archived
2410:20002057
2353:25595142
2345:21564000
2310:18616067
2221:37754413
2212:10530747
2167:38138464
2158:10745545
2072:Archived
1928:Archived
1887:14 March
1881:Archived
1840:36332584
1805:25025639
1797:20101485
1748:24127477
1740:17331323
1614:34663033
1356:25207862
1286:22190137
1245:17495979
1196:37031814
1118:25031069
1031:Archived
1027:26689854
983:24033322
934:32270489
891:Archived
860:16407949
810:pectique
798:pectique
782:Archived
737:πηκτικός
695:See also
662:amidated
587:ruminant
557:diarrhea
423:Cherries
417:Apricots
413:, 1–1.5%
318:methanol
265:rhamnose
187:methanol
154:petioles
135:ripening
61:pēktikós
56:πηκτικός
5225:Codeine
5206:opioids
5162:Bismuth
4862:Amylose
4810:Glucose
4785:Fructan
4775:Dextran
4771:Dextrin
4749:Zymosan
4612:Sucrose
4607:Maltose
4597:Lactose
4546:Nonoses
4541:Octoses
4534:Above 7
4470:Sorbose
4465:Psicose
4443:Mannose
4428:Glucose
4418:Altrose
4400:Hexoses
4313:Threose
4264:Trioses
4169:General
3967:Pommeau
3703:Dufflin
3580:Creston
3575:Costard
3555:Bramley
3502:Winston
3497:Winesap
3492:Wealthy
3432:Stayman
3417:Spartan
3282:Melrose
3242:Liberty
3207:Jupiter
3202:Julieta
3197:Jubilee
3182:Jonadel
3077:Florina
3067:Filippa
2857:Baldwin
2822:Annurca
2802:Alkmene
2782:Aia Ilu
2736:Species
2651:13 June
2625:7 April
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