1166:
The 5-year disease-free survival for age >5 years is 50-60%. Another report found a similar 5-year survival at about 65% with 51% progression-free survival. The 10-year disease-free survival is 40-50%. Younger ages showed lower 5 and 10-year survival rates. A 2006 study that observed 133
1062:
have been found to inversely correlate with progression free survival in cases of pediatric ependymoma, though RTK-1 family members were not correlated. Tumor microinvasion, even in tumors appearing well-demarcated using various imaging modalities, was also found to be inversely associated
1126:
was found to significantly increase 5-year survival. However, a retrospective review of stereotactic radiosurgery showed it provided only a modest benefit to patients who had previously undergone resection and radiation. Though other supratentorial tumors tend to have a better prognosis,
1130:
Following resection of infratentorial ependymomas, residual tumor is more likely in lateral versus medial tumors, classified radiologically pre-operatively. Specific techniques, such as cerebellomedullary fissure dissection have been proposed to aid in complete resection while avoiding
2345:
Karakoula, K; Suarez-Merino, B; Ward, S; Phipps, KP; Harkness, W; Hayward, R; Thompson, D; Jacques, TS; et al. (2008). "Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of pediatric ependymomas identifies novel candidate genes including TPR at 1q25 and CHIBBY at 22q12-q13".
1542:
Gilbertson, RJ; Bentley, L; Hernan, R; Junttila, TT; Frank, AJ; Haapasalo, H; Connelly, M; Wetmore, C; et al. (2002). "ERBB receptor signaling promotes ependymoma cell proliferation and represents a potential novel therapeutic target for this disease".
3092:
Borges, CB; Bernardes, ES; Latorraca, EF; Becker, AP; Neder, L; Chammas, R; Roque-Barreira, MC; Machado, HR; De
Oliveira, RS (2011). "Galectin-3 expression: A useful tool in the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa tumors in children".
2968:
Pezzolo, A; Capra, V; Raso, A; Morandi, F; Parodi, F; Gambini, C; Nozza, P; Giangaspero, F; et al. (2008). "Identification of novel chromosomal abnormalities and prognostic cytogenetics markers in intracranial pediatric ependymoma".
2251:
Urioste, M; Martínez-Ramírez, A; Cigudosa, JC; Colmenero, I; Madero, L; Robledo, M; Martínez-Delgado, B; Benítez, J (2002). "Complex cytogenetic abnormalities including telomeric associations and MEN1 mutation in a pediatric ependymoma".
1928:
Ward, S; Harding, B; Wilkins, P; Harkness, W; Hayward, R; Darling, JL; Thomas, DG; Warr, T (2001). "Gain of 1q and loss of 22 are the most common changes detected by comparative genomic hybridisation in paediatric ependymoma".
3048:
Terterov, S; Krieger, MD; Bowen, I; McComb, JG (2010). "Evaluation of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid cytology in staging pediatric medulloblastomas, supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas".
2034:
Von Haken, MS; White, EC; Daneshvar-Shyesther, L; Sih, S; Choi, E; Kalra, R; Cogen, PH (1996). "Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome arm 17p and chromosome arm 22q DNA sequences in sporadic pediatric ependymomas".
1892:
Reardon, DA; Entrekin, RE; Sublett, J; Ragsdale, S; Li, H; Boyett, J; Kepner, JL; Look, AT (1999). "Chromosome arm 6q loss is the most common recurrent autosomal alteration detected in primary pediatric ependymoma".
3004:
Takei, H; Bhattacharjee, MB; Rivera, A; Dancer, Y; Powell, SZ (2007). "New immunohistochemical markers in the evaluation of central nervous system tumors: A review of 7 selected adult and pediatric brain tumors".
1394:
Birch, BD; Johnson, JP; Parsa, A; Desai, RD; Yoon, JT; Lycette, CA; Li, YM; Bruce, JN (1996). "Frequent type 2 neurofibromatosis gene transcript mutations in sporadic intramedullary spinal cord ependymomas".
845:
III) as the primary classifications. This classification scheme further designates four subtypes within the ependymoma group. However, there are several recognized subtypes of ependymoma with differing
3938:
Good, CD; Wade, AM; Hayward, RD; Phipps, KP; Michalski, AJ; Harkness, WF; Chong, WK (2001). "Surveillance neuroimaging in childhood intracranial ependymoma: How effective, how often, and for how long?".
3353:
Monoranu, CM; Huang, B; Zangen, IL; Rutkowski, S; Vince, GH; Gerber, NU; Puppe, B; Roggendorf, W (2008). "Correlation between 6q25.3 deletion status and survival in pediatric intracranial ependymomas".
3895:
Shimoji, K; Miyajima, M; Karagiozov, K; Yatomi, K; Matsushima, T; Arai, H (2009). "Surgical considerations in fourth ventricular ependymoma with the transcerebellomedullary fissure approach in focus".
343:
are the most common numerical chromosomal changes in pediatric ependymomas. Gain of chromosome 1q (1q21.1-32.1) is more common in the pediatric population and is associated with tumor recurrence in
2113:
Slavc, I; MacCollin, MM; Dunn, M; Jones, S; Sutton, L; Gusella, JF; Biegel, JA (1995). "Exon scanning for mutations of the NF2 gene in pediatric ependymomas, rhabdoid tumors and meningiomas".
1367:
Rubio, MP; Correa, KM; Ramesh, V; MacCollin, MM; Jacoby, LB; Von
Deimling, A; Gusella, JF; Louis, DN (1994). "Analysis of the neurofibromatosis 2 gene in human ependymomas and astrocytomas".
616:) mutations are not often observed in pediatric ependymoma, the p53 pathway is suggested to play a role in radiation therapy resistance and tumor progression, possibly via over-expression of
882:
ependymoma, and subependymomas. Reports have shown that location-based classification is most relevant to the molecular characteristics, implicating underlying tissue-specificity effects.
1127:
supratentorial anaplastic ependymomas are the most aggressive ependymoma and neither total excision nor postoperative irradiation was found to be effective in preventing early recurrence.
3481:
Little, AS; Sheean, T; Manoharan, R; Darbar, A; Teo, C (2009). "The management of completely resected childhood intracranial ependymoma: The argument for observation only".
3269:
Sala, F; Talacchi, A; Mazza, C; Prisco, R; Ghimenton, C; Bricolo, A (1998). "Prognostic factors in childhood intracranial ependymomas: The role of age and tumor location".
2624:"Various components of the insulin-like growth factor system in tumor tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma patients"
3763:
Kano, H; Yang, HC; Kondziolka, D; Niranjan, A; Arai, Y; Flickinger, JC; Lunsford, LD (2010). "Stereotactic radiosurgery for pediatric recurrent intracranial ependymomas".
86:. Although younger children and children with invasive tumor types generally experience less favorable outcomes, total removal of the tumors is the most conspicuous
968:. The subtype of ependymoma can also be narrowed down by molecular means. For instance, the myxopapillary ependyomas have been found to have higher expression of
2806:
Tamburrini, G; D'ercole, M; Pettorini, BL; Caldarelli, M; Massimi, L; Di Rocco, C (2009). "Survival following treatment for intracranial ependymoma: A review".
3561:"The prognostic value of histological grading of posterior fossa ependymomas in children: A Children's Oncology Group study and a review of prognostic factors"
1078:
regimens for pediatric ependymomas have produced only modest benefit and degree of resection remains the most conspicuous factor in recurrence and survival.
3524:
Goldwein, JW; Leahy, JM; Packer, RJ; Sutton, LN; Curran, WJ; Rorke, LB; Schut, L; Littman, PS; D'angio, GJ (1990). "Intracranial ependymomas in children".
2391:"Investigation of chromosome 1q reveals differential expression of members of the S100 family in clinical subgroups of intracranial paediatric ependymoma"
1158:
expression is associated with poor response to therapy. Patients with both high or low expression of these markers make up the moderate response groups.
1028:, and ependymomas of younger pediatric patients are less favorable than ependymomas of older pediatric patients (reviewed in ). Tumors that occur in the
1115:) has been found to confer radiation resistance in pediatric ependymomas, it has been suggested that inhibitors of Ap endo activity might also restore
2481:
Gaspar, N; Grill, J; Geoerger, B; Lellouch-Tubiana, A; Michalowski, MB; Vassal, G (2006). "P53 Pathway dysfunction in primary childhood ependymomas".
1689:"Portrait of ependymoma recurrence in children: Biomarkers of tumor progression identified by dual-color microarray-based gene expression analysis"
1673:
1432:"Molecular genetic analysis of ependymal tumors. NF2 mutations and chromosome 22q loss occur preferentially in intramedullary spinal ependymomas"
4150:"Neuropsychological consequences of cerebellar tumour resection in children: Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in a paediatric population"
3187:"Differential expression and prognostic significance of SOX genes in pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma identified by microarray analysis"
1577:"Identification of gains on 1q and epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression as independent prognostic markers in intracranial ependymoma"
1857:
Mazewski, C; Soukup, S; Ballard, E; Gotwals, B; Lampkin, B (1999). "Karyotype studies in 18 ependymomas with literature review of 107 cases".
741:, was found to be the single most important biological predictor of outcome, where low expression correlates with a more favorable prognosis.
789:
and even sudden death could occur if the tumor is located at a crucial location for CSF flow. Pediatric ependymomas most often occur in the
463:
3234:
Martínez León, MI; Vidal Denis, M; Weil Lara, B (2011). "Magnetic resonance imaging of infratentorial anaplastic ependymoma in children".
2849:
Peretti-Viton, P; Perez
Castillo, AM; Martini, P; Margain, D; Murayama, N (1991). "Supratentorial ependymomas. Neuroradiological study".
1687:
Peyre, M; Commo, F; Dantas-Barbosa, C; Andreiuolo, F; Puget, S; Lacroix, L; Drusch, F; Scott, V; et al. (2010). Jones, Chris (ed.).
3849:
U-King-Im, JM; Taylor, MD; Raybaud, C (2010). "Posterior fossa ependymomas: New radiological classification with surgical correlation".
2158:"Microarray analysis of pediatric ependymoma identifies a cluster of 112 candidate genes including four transcripts at 22q12.1-q13.3"
1906:
509:
tumor development and tumors occurring before the age of 3 years old, though it is unclear exactly what role these genes play in the
2048:
1135:
effects in these cases. Surveillance neuroimaging for recurrence provides additional survival to patients over observation alone.
4149:
940:
tumors. Neuraxis MR imaging and lumbar CSF cytology evaluation are widely accepted methods for determining tumor dissemination.
232:
2070:
Kramer, DL; Parmiter, AH; Rorke, LB; Sutton, LN; Biegel, JA (1998). "Molecular cytogenetic studies of pediatric ependymomas".
4273:
Goldsby, R; Chen, Y; Raber, S; Li, L; Diefenbach, K; Shnorhavorian, M; Kadan-Lottick, N; Kastrinos, F; et al. (2011).
17:
4099:
Castelo-Branco, P; Zhang, C; Lipman, T; Fujitani, M; Hansford, L; Clarke, I; Harley, CB; Tressler, R; et al. (2011).
3314:"Human telomere reverse transcriptase expression predicts progression and survival in pediatric intracranial ependymoma"
2156:
Suarez-Merino, B; Hubank, M; Revesz, T; Harkness, W; Hayward, R; Thompson, D; Darling, JL; Thomas, DG; Warr, TJ (2005).
4345:
4101:"Neural tumor-initiating cells have distinct telomere maintenance and can be safely targeted for telomerase inhibition"
1317:"Biological background of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma: A review from a translational research perspective"
2210:
Puget, S; Grill, J; Valent, A; Bieche, I; Dantas-Barbosa, C; Kauffmann, A; Dessen, P; Lacroix, L; et al. (2009).
3185:
De Bont, JM; Kros, JM; Passier, MM; Reddingius, RE; Sillevis Smitt, PA; Luider, TM; Den Boer, ML; Pieters, R (2008).
917:
289:
246:
4324:
3667:"Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease is inversely associated with response to radiotherapy in pediatric ependymoma"
2768:
Shemie, S; Jay, V; Rutka, J; Armstrong, D (1997). "Acute obstructive hydrocephalus and sudden death in children".
2298:"Prognostic value of tumor microinvasion and metalloproteinases expression in intracranial pediatric ependymomas"
4056:
Agaoglu, FY; Ayan, I; Dizdar, Y; Kebudi, R; Gorgun, O; Darendeliler, E (2005). "Ependymal tumors in childhood".
2676:
Ridley, L; Rahman, R; Brundler, MA; Ellison, D; Lowe, J; Robson, K; Prebble, E; Luckett, I; et al. (2008).
3806:
Kumar, R; Singhal, N; Jaiswal, SK; Mahapatra, AK (2007). "Recurrence in supratentorial anaplastic ependymoma".
1982:
Nijssen, PC; Deprez, RH; Tijssen, CC; Hagemeijer, A; Arnoldus, EP; Teepen, JL; Holl, R; Niermeyer, MF (1994).
1430:
Ebert, C; Von Haken, M; Meyer-Puttlitz, B; Wiestler, OD; Reifenberger, G; Pietsch, T; Von
Deimling, A (1999).
2919:
Louis, DN; Ohgaki, H; Wiestler, OD; Cavenee, WK; Burger, PC; Jouvet, A; Scheithauer, BW; Kleihues, P (2007).
2438:
Fink, KL; Rushing, EJ; Schold Jr, SC; Nisen, PD (1996). "Infrequency of p53 gene mutations in ependymomas".
1228:
Taylor, MD; Poppleton, H; Fuller, C; Su, X; Liu, Y; Jensen, P; Magdaleno, S; Dalton, J; et al. (2005).
3312:
Tabori, U; Ma, J; Carter, M; Zielenska, M; Rutka, J; Bouffet, E; Bartels, U; Malkin, D; Hawkins, C (2006).
2389:
Rand, V; Prebble, E; Ridley, L; Howard, M; Wei, W; Brundler, MA; Fee, BE; Riggins, GJ; et al. (2008).
1480:
3665:
Bobola, MS; Jankowski, P; Gross, ME; Schwartz, J; Finn, LS; Blank, A; Ellenbogen, RG; Silber, JR (2011).
1008:, it is difficult to differentiate grade II versus grade III anaplastic ependymomas because there are no
933:
2526:"A study of proliferative markers and tumor suppressor gene proteins in different grades of ependymomas"
4366:
1013:
696:
401:
interacting gene, is significantly down-regulated in pediatric ependymomas, supporting a role for the
1626:"Expression of telomerase RNA component correlates with the MIB-1 proliferation index in ependymomas"
987:
850:. These include myxopapillary ependymoma (MEPN) which tend to grow slowly and are restricted to the
677:
implicates deregulation of the SHH pathway in ependymomas. Moreover, over-expression of SHH targets
160:
59:
4340:
3977:
Tabori, U; Wong, V; Ma, J; Shago, M; Alon, N; Rutka, J; Bouffet, E; Bartels, U; et al. (2008).
2725:
Piepmeier, JM (1996). "Tumors and approaches to the lateral ventricles. Introduction and overview".
2622:
De Bont, JM; Van Doorn, J; Reddingius, RE; Graat, GH; Passier, MM; Den Boer, ML; Pieters, R (2008).
1751:
Puputti, M; Tynninen, O; Pernilä, P; Salmi, M; Jalkanen, S; Paetau, A; Sihto, H; Joensuu, H (2010).
4275:"Survivors of childhood cancer have increased risk of gastrointestinal complications later in life"
1087:
expression with poor outcome in pediatric ependymomas has driven some researchers to suggest that
1029:
957:
875:
790:
568:
533:
245:
promote tumor cell proliferation, contributing to aggressive tumor behavior. High expression of
3136:
Barton, VN; Donson, AM; Kleinschmidt-Demasters, BK; Birks, DK; Handler, MH; Foreman, NK (2010).
937:
301:
1575:
Mendrzyk, F; Korshunov, A; Benner, A; Toedt, G; Pfister, S; Radlwimmer, B; Lichter, P (2006).
1479:
Buccoliero, AM; Castiglione, F; Degl'innocenti, DR; Sardi, I; Genitori, L; Taddei, GL (2010).
1667:
961:
953:
766:
718:
418:
364:
3391:"New chemotherapy strategies and biological agents in the treatment of childhood ependymoma"
2212:"Candidate genes on chromosome 9q33-34 involved in the progression of childhood ependymomas"
1624:
Rushing, EJ; Yashima, K; Brown, DF; White Cl, 3rd; Shay, JW; Risser, RC; Gazdar, AF (1997).
385:, it was hypothesized to be involved in the development of ependymoma. Though mutations in
50:
are most often affected, the region of the brain they are most frequently found in, and the
4361:
1700:
997:
552:
317:
1753:"Expression of KIT receptor tyrosine kinase in endothelial cells of juvenile brain tumors"
1024:
In general, pediatric ependymomas are associated with less favorable prognoses than adult
8:
4330:
3367:
1704:
62:, have been found to be more frequently afflicted with this class of tumors, but a firm
4299:
4274:
4250:
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4003:
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3186:
3162:
3137:
3118:
3074:
2945:
2920:
2901:
2831:
2750:
2702:
2678:"Multifactorial analysis of predictors of outcome in pediatric intracranial ependymoma"
2677:
2653:
2604:
2555:
2506:
2463:
2415:
2390:
2371:
2322:
2297:
2182:
2157:
2138:
2095:
1964:
1836:
1777:
1752:
1723:
1688:
1655:
1606:
1521:
1456:
1431:
1341:
1316:
786:
421:
have been found to be mutated or possess altered expression in pediatric ependymomas.
55:
39:
2781:
2265:
2008:
1983:
1870:
1447:
1111:
activity in primary tumors. Additionally, because apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (
593:) are found in pediatric ependymoma. Inhibition of Notch pathway impairs tumor growth
4304:
4255:
4218:
4206:
4171:
4122:
4073:
4038:
4008:
3956:
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3167:
3153:
3110:
3066:
3030:
3022:
2986:
2950:
2893:
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Godfraind, C (2009). "Classification and controversies in pathology of ependymomas".
2858:
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2742:
2707:
2645:
2596:
2547:
2542:
2525:
2498:
2455:
2420:
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2233:
2187:
2130:
2087:
2052:
2013:
1956:
1910:
1874:
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1768:
1728:
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1625:
1598:
1552:
1513:
1461:
1412:
1408:
1376:
1346:
1292:
1251:
1167:
patients found 31 (23.3%) had a recurrence of the disease within a five-year period.
522:
131:, as well as radial glial specific markers RC2 and brain lipid binding protein (BLBP/
108:
35:
4085:
3924:
3878:
3835:
3792:
3749:
3651:
3594:
3510:
3298:
3122:
3078:
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2657:
2608:
2559:
2510:
2467:
2375:
2142:
1968:
1659:
1610:
1525:
1046:
activity and tumor progression and negatively correlated with survival. The protein
4294:
4286:
4245:
4198:
4161:
4112:
4065:
3998:
3990:
3948:
3904:
3858:
3815:
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3447:
3410:
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3325:
3278:
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3206:
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3157:
3149:
3102:
3058:
3014:
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2885:
2815:
2777:
2734:
2697:
2689:
2635:
2586:
2537:
2490:
2447:
2410:
2402:
2355:
2317:
2309:
2293:
2261:
2223:
2177:
2169:
2122:
2099:
2079:
2044:
2003:
1995:
1984:"Familial anaplastic ependymoma: Evidence of loss of chromosome 22 in tumour cells"
1946:
1938:
1902:
1866:
1840:
1818:
1772:
1764:
1718:
1708:
1637:
1588:
1503:
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1404:
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1328:
1282:
1241:
1200:
1196:
1092:
879:
851:
798:
711:
560:
128:
4134:
4117:
4100:
3979:"Telomere maintenance and dysfunction predict recurrence in paediatric ependymoma"
1823:
1806:
1593:
1576:
135:). Tumorspheres with radial glial characteristics form tumors in orthotopic mouse
4290:
4202:
2982:
2313:
2173:
1713:
1001:
949:
859:
426:
390:
356:
321:
270:
258:
242:
183:
164:
3018:
1805:
Kilday, JP; Rahman, R; Dyer, S; Ridley, L; Lowe, J; Coyle, B; Grundy, R (2009).
1067:
25.3 deletion may provide additional survival benefit in pediatric ependymomas.
777:, and in children less than 2, feeding problems, involuntary eye movements, and
433:
have been suggested to play a role in the development of pediatric ependymomas,
4166:
3952:
1179:
inhibitors such as
Imetelstat seem to have very low toxicity compared to other
890:
871:
656:
556:
537:
506:
309:
305:
70:
associated with the development of pediatric ependymomas are varied, much like
3908:
3862:
3577:
3560:
3494:
3451:
3406:
3202:
3106:
2936:
2889:
2819:
2693:
2591:
2574:
2083:
1499:
1332:
1246:
1229:
347:
ependymomas. Moreover, gain of chromosome 1q25 has been found to independent
4355:
4189:
Winick, N (2011). "Neurocognitive outcome in survivors of pediatric cancer".
3776:
3330:
3313:
3247:
3062:
3026:
2228:
2211:
1103:
activity may inhibit cell proliferation and increase sensitivity of cells to
826:
778:
502:
482:
382:
368:
352:
340:
336:
328:
3438:
Shim, KW; Kim, DS; Choi, JU (2009). "The history of ependymoma management".
1999:
1478:
439:
mutations have been found in approximately 8% of pediatric ependymomas, and
4308:
4259:
4234:"Pediatric brain tumor treatment: Growth consequences and their management"
4210:
4175:
4126:
4077:
4042:
4012:
3994:
3960:
3916:
3870:
3827:
3784:
3741:
3700:
3643:
3586:
3502:
3459:
3424:
3375:
3339:
3255:
3220:
3171:
3114:
3070:
3034:
2990:
2954:
2897:
2827:
2711:
2649:
2600:
2551:
2502:
2424:
2406:
2367:
2331:
2273:
2237:
2191:
2126:
1960:
1914:
1878:
1832:
1786:
1732:
1602:
1556:
1517:
1481:"Merlin expression in pediatric anaplastic ependymomas real time PCR study"
1465:
1350:
1296:
1287:
1270:
1255:
1192:
1180:
1123:
1116:
1075:
1064:
1039:
867:
855:
700:
545:
478:
458:
344:
332:
278:
3559:
Tihan, T; Zhou, T; Holmes, E; Burger, PC; Ozuysal, S; Rushing, EJ (2008).
3545:
3290:
2862:
2789:
2746:
2459:
2134:
2091:
2056:
2017:
1651:
1416:
1380:
2848:
2805:
1188:
1099:
experiments using primary tumor isolate cells suggest that inhibition of
898:
863:
842:
838:
834:
830:
818:
762:
313:
277:
were found to be present in pediatric ependymomas and may be involved in
254:
75:
3138:"Unique molecular characteristics of pediatric myxopapillary ependymoma"
2250:
1907:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(199903)24:3<230::AID-GCC8>3.0.CO;2-C
1315:
De Bont, JM; Packer, RJ; Michiels, EM; Den Boer, ML; Pieters, R (2008).
1032:
have also been shown to have a less favorable prognosis. Expression of
3135:
2738:
2451:
2049:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(199609)17:1<37::AID-GCC6>3.0.CO;2-3
1508:
1184:
1176:
1132:
1108:
1100:
1088:
1043:
1025:
1009:
965:
929:
925:
794:
738:
726:
722:
645:
474:
377:
372:
348:
297:
292:(CGH) experiments have shown pediatric ependymomas possess a number of
262:
209:
198:
191:
187:
156:
140:
112:
87:
47:
31:
4069:
3819:
3732:
3715:
3682:
3282:
2921:"The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system"
2640:
2623:
2524:
Sharma, MC; Ghara, N; Jain, D; Sarkar, C; Singh, M; Mehta, VS (2009).
2494:
2359:
1951:
4335:
2291:
1942:
1047:
1005:
992:
906:
894:
886:
847:
758:
734:
529:
414:
136:
116:
51:
3716:"Both location and age predict survival in ependymoma: A SEER study"
2033:
1429:
936:
has been shown to help distinguish ependymomas from other pediatric
603:
is up-regulated in most ependymomas, correlating with poor outcome.
3610:"Telomerase inhibition as a novel therapy for pediatric ependymoma"
2480:
1203:
complications has been observed in survivors of pediatric cancers.
1063:
with|progression-free and overall survival. Some evidence suggests
902:
770:
730:
595:
510:
205:
194:
175:
152:
79:
63:
1686:
920:(CGH) experiments have shown pediatric tumors possess a number of
4098:
3233:
2155:
921:
802:
782:
754:
633:
293:
91:
71:
67:
2344:
1150:
are crucial markers for prognosis and response to therapy. High
300:. In addition, ependymomas from different locations within the
4147:
3894:
2621:
1541:
976:
691:
685:
679:
641:
564:
526:
497:
491:
435:
360:
179:
120:
3091:
3003:
2575:"Amplification and overexpression of mdm2 gene in ependymomas"
1981:
1891:
457:
appear to also play a role in tumor growth and progression in
3526:
International
Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
1314:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1058:
982:
970:
714:
673:
600:
590:
453:
445:
mutations are occasionally found in pediatric ependymomas.
430:
422:
274:
266:
227:
221:
132:
124:
3805:
3664:
3352:
3184:
2292:
Snuderl, M; Chi, SN; De Santis, SM; Stemmer-Rachamimov, AO;
1856:
1574:
1271:"Characterization of CNS precursor subtypes and radial glia"
3480:
2675:
1750:
1623:
1083:
1052:
1034:
774:
717:
expression was associated with a young age at diagnosis of
667:
661:
628:
618:
612:
579:
573:
486:
469:
447:
441:
237:
202:
172:
168:
83:
43:
3762:
3047:
2918:
1927:
1366:
1230:"Radial glia cells are candidate stem cells of ependymoma"
1191:. Neuropsychological deficits can result from resection,
1122:
Within the infratentorial group of pediatric ependymomas,
956:, and ependymomas remain in the differential diagnosis as
733:
appears to be required for progression. Low expression of
253:) correlates with unfavorable outcome. Over-expression of
3607:
3523:
2437:
2069:
1107:
damaging agents, consistent with the observation of high
1104:
822:
806:
637:
623:
607:
585:
541:
351:
value for recurrence-free and overall survival. Loss of
725:
activity is found in childhood ependymoma. In addition,
4055:
3311:
3268:
2967:
2767:
2388:
2112:
1227:
897:
cells. Recent evidence suggests the primary cells are
695:
in ependymoma is also suggestive of a role for SHH and
408:
42:. However, they differ from adult ependymomas in which
4148:
Levisohn, L; Cronin-Golomb, A; Schmahmann, JD (2000).
3848:
3608:
Wong, VC; Morrison, A; Tabori, U; Hawkins, CE (2010).
2209:
1804:
1393:
1268:
1170:
4231:
3937:
3558:
2851:
2523:
3713:
2302:
1630:
563:
ependymomas respectively. Over-expression of Notch
785:occur in about 20% of pediatric patients. Loss of
208:have only been found in a small number of cases of
4272:
1988:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
589:), as well as down-regulation of Notch repressor (
3976:
1269:Hartfuss, E; Galli, R; Heins, N; Götz, M (2001).
652:) have also been found in pediatric ependymomas.
155:syndromes are associated with the development of
4353:
139:, suggesting radial glial as cell of origin for
3007:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
1807:"Pediatric ependymoma: Biological perspectives"
1095:for pediatric ependymomas. Further, data from
990:experiment has shown that three members of the
801:. Ependymomas present as low-density masses on
4029:Sanford, RA; Gajjar, A (1997). "Ependymomas".
521:Ependymomas have been suggested to arise from
4028:
3714:McGuire, CS; Sainani, KL; Fisher, PG (2009).
769:can induce vomiting, headache, irritability,
3388:
1000:also possessed discriminatory power between
78:including vomiting, headache, irritability,
3437:
2572:
1672:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
905:alterations are fairly heterogeneous among
473:, have been identified on commonly altered
30:are similar in nature to the adult form of
551:Notch signaling pathway and HOX family of
485:. Expression of two additional candidate
405:pathway in the initiation of ependymomas.
4298:
4249:
4165:
4116:
4024:
4022:
4002:
3972:
3970:
3890:
3888:
3731:
3690:
3633:
3576:
3414:
3329:
3210:
3161:
2944:
2875:
2801:
2799:
2724:
2701:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2639:
2590:
2541:
2414:
2321:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2227:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2181:
2029:
2027:
2007:
1950:
1852:
1850:
1822:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1776:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1722:
1712:
1641:
1592:
1507:
1455:
1340:
1286:
1245:
943:
1537:
1535:
1362:
1360:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
393:ependymomas other than the spinal form,
54:of the patients. Children with certain
640:, and deletion of the p53 pathway gene
107:Ependymomas are believed to arise from
34:in that they are thought to arise from
14:
4354:
4232:Mostoufi-Moab, S; Grimberg, A (2010).
4188:
4019:
3967:
3885:
2796:
2664:
2280:
2198:
2024:
1847:
1793:
1739:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1183:. The only known side effect of most
1138:
1019:
912:
805:, and are hyperintense on T2-weighted
706:
505:have also been found to correspond to
284:
233:human telomerase reverse transcriptase
3614:Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
3142:Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
2296:; De Girolami, U; Kieran, MW (2008).
1757:Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland)
1532:
1357:
1303:
1212:
964:and ependymomas stain positively for
878:), intracranial supratentorial, and
516:
409:Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
367:at this location. However, loss of
363:cases, supporting the presence of a
215:
3765:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
3368:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.12.008
3051:Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
1563:
1171:Long-term consequences of treatment
744:
24:
928:, with a high prevalence of whole
477:regions in pediatric ependymomas,
261:are associated with recurrence in
25:
4378:
4325:National Cancer Institute website
4318:
1436:The American Journal of Pathology
918:Comparative genomic hybridization
761:, and can vary depending on age,
655:Over-expression of components of
290:Comparative genomic hybridization
102:
3626:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00372.x
3356:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
3154:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00333.x
2543:10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00962.x
2254:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
1859:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
1769:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00357.x
1643:10.1097/00005072-199710000-00008
1409:10.1097/00006123-199607000-00026
1199:. Additionally, an increase in
817:Significant debate remains over
729:reactivation and maintenance of
312:) can be distinguished by their
257:proteins and down-regulation of
247:epidermal growth factor receptor
97:
74:for a number of other pediatric
66:link remains to be established.
4266:
4238:Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews
4225:
4182:
4141:
4092:
4049:
3931:
3842:
3799:
3756:
3707:
3671:International Journal of Cancer
3658:
3601:
3552:
3517:
3474:
3431:
3382:
3346:
3305:
3262:
3227:
3178:
3129:
3085:
3041:
2997:
2961:
2912:
2869:
2842:
2761:
2718:
2628:International Journal of Cancer
2615:
2566:
2517:
2474:
2431:
2382:
2348:Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer
2338:
2244:
2149:
2115:International Journal of Cancer
2106:
2063:
2037:Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer
1975:
1931:Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer
1921:
1895:Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer
1885:
1680:
1617:
1091:inhibition may be an effective
1042:ependymomas is correlated with
749:
60:neurofibromatosis type II (NF2)
3389:Wright, KD; Gajjar, A (2009).
1472:
1423:
1387:
1262:
841:), and anaplastic ependymoma (
833:I), myxopapillary ependymoma (
797:which usually occur along the
281:associated with those tumors.
182:syndromes are rarely found in
146:
13:
1:
4191:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
4118:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2075
2782:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70227-0
2573:Suzuki, SO; Iwaki, T (2000).
2266:10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00532-5
1871:10.1016/S0165-4608(99)00046-1
1824:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0584
1594:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2363
1488:Fetal and Pediatric Pathology
1448:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65158-9
1206:
622:. Further, up-regulation of
532:maintenance pathways such as
461:cases. Two candidate genes,
269:receptor tyrosine kinase and
197:have rarely been observed in
90:factor for both survival and
4291:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.049
4203:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32834255e9
4058:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
3720:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
3538:10.1016/0360-3016(90)90362-N
3318:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2983:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.021
2770:Annals of Emergency Medicine
2483:Pediatric Blood & Cancer
2314:10.1097/NEN.0b013e318184f413
2216:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1714:10.1371/journal.pone.0012932
1195:, and radiation, as well as
1070:
924:anomalies not seen in adult
812:
737:, an interacting protein of
423:KIT receptor tyrosine kinase
296:anomalies not seen in adult
115:display a radial-glial like
111:. Tumorspheres derived from
7:
3019:10.5858/2007-131-234-NIMITE
1187:inhibitors is dose-induced
948:Once a tumor is suspected,
934:Epithelial membrane antigen
909:similar ependymoma tumors.
821:of ependymomas, though the
765:, and location. Increased
757:present 1–36 months before
10:
4383:
3953:10.3171/jns.2001.94.1.0027
2174:10.1215/S1152851704000596)
1161:
1014:magnetic resonance imaging
1004:and ependymomas. Without
825:2007 classification lists
703:of pediatric ependymomas.
697:insulin-like growth factor
3983:British Journal of Cancer
3909:10.1007/s00381-009-0835-5
3863:10.1007/s00381-010-1251-6
3578:10.1038/modpathol.3800999
3495:10.1007/s00381-008-0799-x
3452:10.1007/s00381-009-0900-0
3407:10.1007/s00381-009-0809-7
3203:10.1215/15228517-2008-032
3107:10.1007/s00381-010-1262-3
2937:10.1007/s00401-007-0243-4
2890:10.1007/s00381-008-0804-4
2820:10.1007/s00381-009-0874-y
2727:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
2694:10.1215/15228517-2008-036
2592:10.1038/modpathol.3880095
2440:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
2395:British Journal of Cancer
2072:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
1811:Molecular Cancer Research
1500:10.3109/15513811003789644
1333:10.1215/15228517-2008-059
1247:10.1016/j.ccr.2005.09.001
988:gene expression profiling
793:, in contrast with adult
375:than pediatric cases. As
161:neurofibromatosis type II
4167:10.1093/brain/123.5.1041
4105:Clinical Cancer Research
3777:10.3171/2010.8.PEDS10252
3331:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.2127
3248:10.1016/j.rx.2011.01.005
3063:10.3171/2010.5.PEDS09333
2229:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4195
1581:Clinical Cancer Research
1545:Clinical Cancer Research
952:, diffuse astrocytomas,
3941:Journal of Neurosurgery
2084:10.1023/A:1005925613992
2000:10.1136/jnnp.57.10.1245
960:tumors. However, only
889:events mutating normal
885:Ependymomas arise from
791:posterior cranial fossa
781:are often noticeable.
699:(IGF) signaling in the
355:has been found in both
3995:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604652
3897:Child's Nervous System
3851:Child's Nervous System
3808:Pediatric Neurosurgery
3483:Child's Nervous System
3440:Child's Nervous System
3395:Child's Nervous System
3271:Pediatric Neurosurgery
3095:Child's Nervous System
2878:Child's Nervous System
2808:Child's Nervous System
2407:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604651
2127:10.1002/ijc.2910640406
1288:10.1006/dbio.2000.9962
962:pilocytic astrocytomas
954:pilocytic astrocytomas
944:Differential diagnoses
544:are important for the
419:tumor suppressor genes
371:is more common in the
302:central nervous system
4348:Imaging and Diagnosis
4031:Clinical Neurosurgery
2925:Acta Neuropathologica
1275:Developmental Biology
998:transcription factors
767:intracranial pressure
719:pilocytic astrocytoma
553:transcription factors
365:tumor suppressor gene
28:Pediatric ependymomas
4331:Pediatric Ependymoma
571:, and target genes (
555:are up regulated in
483:chromosome 22q12-q13
389:are rarely found in
171:syndrome. However,
18:Pediatric Ependymoma
1705:2010PLoSO...512932P
1139:Biochemical markers
1081:The association of
1020:Prognostic features
913:Diagnostic features
707:Rate of progression
318:immunohistochemical
285:Chromosomal changes
56:hereditary diseases
2739:10.1007/bf00177278
2452:10.1007/bf00177473
1587:(7 Pt 1): 2070–9.
1050:and expression of
787:cognitive function
523:radial glial cells
123:stem cell markers
109:radial glial cells
40:ventricular system
36:radial glial cells
4367:Pediatric cancers
4285:(5): 1464–71.e1.
4070:10.1002/pbc.20212
3820:10.1159/000106384
3733:10.1002/pbc.21806
3683:10.1002/ijc.25900
3677:(10): 2370–2379.
3283:10.1159/000028637
2641:10.1002/ijc.23558
2495:10.1002/pbc.20532
2360:10.1002/gcc.20607
517:Tumor progression
327:Amplification of
216:Oncogenic lesions
82:, and changes in
16:(Redirected from
4374:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4279:Gastroenterology
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4120:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4026:
4017:
4016:
4006:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3735:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3637:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3580:
3565:Modern Pathology
3556:
3550:
3549:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2673:
2662:
2661:
2643:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2594:
2579:Modern Pathology
2570:
2564:
2563:
2545:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2231:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2011:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1943:10.1002/gcc.1167
1925:
1919:
1918:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1802:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1645:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1511:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1225:
1201:gastrointestinal
1197:endocrinopathies
1093:adjuvant therapy
1002:medulloblastomas
950:medulloblastomas
852:conus medullaris
745:Clinical biology
712:Endothelial cell
659:pathway such as
548:of ependymomas.
479:chromosomes 1q25
259:metallothioneins
190:. For example,
21:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4352:
4351:
4321:
4316:
4271:
4267:
4230:
4226:
4187:
4183:
4146:
4142:
4097:
4093:
4054:
4050:
4027:
4020:
3975:
3968:
3936:
3932:
3893:
3886:
3857:(12): 1765–72.
3847:
3843:
3804:
3800:
3761:
3757:
3712:
3708:
3663:
3659:
3606:
3602:
3557:
3553:
3532:(6): 1497–502.
3522:
3518:
3479:
3475:
3446:(10): 1167–83.
3436:
3432:
3401:(10): 1275–82.
3387:
3383:
3351:
3347:
3310:
3306:
3267:
3263:
3232:
3228:
3183:
3179:
3134:
3130:
3090:
3086:
3046:
3042:
3002:
2998:
2966:
2962:
2917:
2913:
2884:(10): 1185–93.
2874:
2870:
2847:
2843:
2814:(10): 1303–12.
2804:
2797:
2766:
2762:
2723:
2719:
2674:
2665:
2620:
2616:
2571:
2567:
2522:
2518:
2479:
2475:
2436:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2354:(11): 1005–22.
2343:
2339:
2290:
2281:
2249:
2245:
2222:(11): 1884–92.
2208:
2199:
2154:
2150:
2111:
2107:
2068:
2064:
2032:
2025:
1980:
1976:
1926:
1922:
1890:
1886:
1855:
1848:
1803:
1794:
1749:
1740:
1685:
1681:
1665:
1664:
1622:
1618:
1573:
1564:
1551:(10): 3054–64.
1540:
1533:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1428:
1424:
1392:
1388:
1369:Cancer Research
1365:
1358:
1313:
1304:
1267:
1263:
1226:
1213:
1209:
1173:
1164:
1141:
1073:
1030:posterior fossa
1022:
1012:differences on
958:posterior fossa
946:
915:
891:ependymal cells
876:posterior fossa
860:filum terminale
837:), ependymoma (
815:
752:
747:
721:or ependymoma.
709:
599:. Notch target
519:
411:
322:gene expression
287:
243:gene expression
218:
165:Turcot syndrome
149:
105:
100:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4338:
4327:
4320:
4319:External links
4317:
4315:
4314:
4265:
4224:
4181:
4160:(5): 1041–50.
4140:
4091:
4064:(3): 298–303.
4048:
4018:
3989:(7): 1129–35.
3966:
3930:
3903:(10): 1221–8.
3884:
3841:
3798:
3755:
3706:
3657:
3600:
3551:
3516:
3473:
3430:
3381:
3345:
3324:(10): 1522–8.
3304:
3261:
3226:
3191:Neuro-Oncology
3177:
3128:
3084:
3040:
2996:
2971:Cancer Letters
2960:
2911:
2868:
2841:
2795:
2760:
2717:
2682:Neuro-Oncology
2663:
2634:(3): 594–600.
2614:
2565:
2530:Neuropathology
2516:
2473:
2430:
2401:(7): 1136–43.
2381:
2337:
2279:
2243:
2197:
2162:Neuro-Oncology
2148:
2105:
2062:
2023:
1994:(10): 1245–8.
1974:
1920:
1884:
1846:
1792:
1738:
1679:
1636:(10): 1142–6.
1616:
1562:
1531:
1471:
1422:
1386:
1356:
1327:(6): 1040–60.
1321:Neuro-Oncology
1302:
1261:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1140:
1137:
1072:
1069:
1021:
1018:
945:
942:
914:
911:
907:histologically
872:infratentorial
862:region of the
814:
811:
751:
748:
746:
743:
708:
705:
557:supratentorial
538:sonic hedgehog
518:
515:
507:supratentorial
410:
407:
381:is located on
310:infratentorial
306:supratentorial
286:
283:
217:
214:
178:linked to the
148:
145:
104:
103:Cell of origin
101:
99:
96:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4379:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4111:(1): 111–21.
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:(5): 417–23.
3770:
3766:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3571:(2): 165–77.
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:(3): 135–42.
3276:
3272:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3197:(5): 648–60.
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:(3): 560–70.
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3013:(2): 234–41.
3012:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:(2): 235–43.
2976:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:(2): 97–109.
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:(3): 267–74.
2732:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:(5): 675–89.
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2585:(5): 548–53.
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2536:(2): 148–55.
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:(5): 604–13.
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:(9): 911–20.
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:(2): 107–10.
2259:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1817:(6): 765–86.
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:(4): 763–70.
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:(9): e12932.
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:(4): 245–54.
1493:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:(2): 627–32.
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:(1): 135–40.
1402:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1240:(4): 323–35.
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1119:sensitivity.
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1066:
1065:chromosome 6q
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:in pediatric
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
989:
985:
984:
979:
978:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:subependymoma
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:hydrocephalus
776:
773:, changes in
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
663:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
604:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
525:, suggesting
524:
514:
512:
508:
504:
503:chromosome 1q
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:A variety of
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:chromosome 1q
325:
324:differences.
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
223:
213:
212:recurrences.
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:, expressing
118:
114:
110:
98:Basic biology
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
4329:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4197:(1): 27–33.
4194:
4190:
4184:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4034:
4030:
3986:
3982:
3947:(1): 27–32.
3944:
3940:
3933:
3900:
3896:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3814:(5): 364–8.
3811:
3807:
3801:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3723:
3719:
3709:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3620:(4): 780–6.
3617:
3613:
3603:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3489:(3): 281–4.
3486:
3482:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3362:(1): 18–26.
3359:
3355:
3348:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3242:(1): 59–64.
3239:
3235:
3229:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3101:(2): 253–7.
3098:
3094:
3087:
3057:(2): 131–6.
3054:
3050:
3043:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2857:(2): 201–9.
2854:
2850:
2844:
2811:
2807:
2776:(4): 524–8.
2773:
2769:
2763:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2685:
2681:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2446:(2): 111–5.
2443:
2439:
2433:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2294:Betensky, RA
2257:
2253:
2246:
2219:
2215:
2168:(1): 20–31.
2165:
2161:
2151:
2121:(4): 243–7.
2118:
2114:
2108:
2078:(1): 25–33.
2075:
2071:
2065:
2043:(1): 37–44.
2040:
2036:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1937:(1): 59–66.
1934:
1930:
1923:
1901:(3): 230–7.
1898:
1894:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1814:
1810:
1760:
1756:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1668:cite journal
1633:
1629:
1619:
1584:
1580:
1548:
1544:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1400:
1397:Neurosurgery
1396:
1389:
1372:
1368:
1324:
1320:
1281:(1): 15–30.
1278:
1274:
1264:
1237:
1233:
1193:chemotherapy
1181:chemotherapy
1174:
1165:
1142:
1129:
1124:radiotherapy
1121:
1112:
1096:
1082:
1080:
1076:Chemotherapy
1074:
1057:
1051:
1040:intracranial
1033:
1023:
991:
981:
975:
969:
947:
932:imbalances.
916:
884:
868:intracranial
856:cauda equina
816:
753:
750:Presentation
710:
701:pathogenesis
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
649:
627:
617:
611:
605:
594:
584:
578:
572:
550:
546:pathogenesis
520:
496:
490:
468:
462:
459:intracranial
452:
446:
440:
434:
412:
402:
398:
394:
386:
376:
345:intracranial
331:and loss of
326:
288:
279:angiogenesis
250:
236:
226:
220:
219:
159:, including
151:A number of
150:
106:
76:brain tumors
27:
26:
4362:Brain tumor
4244:(1): 6–17.
3726:(1): 65–9.
1509:2158/795259
1375:(1): 45–7.
1234:Cancer Cell
1189:neutropenia
1026:ependymomas
926:ependymomas
899:radial glia
864:spinal cord
848:pathologies
795:ependymomas
763:tumor grade
540:(SHH), and
314:chromosomal
298:ependymomas
263:ependymomas
255:kinetochore
199:ependymomas
147:Inheritance
141:ependymomas
113:ependymomas
48:chromosomes
38:lining the
4356:Categories
4341:cancer.net
4037:: 559–70.
3236:Radiología
1952:2436/16712
1865:(1): 1–8.
1207:References
1185:telomerase
1177:telomerase
1133:iatrogenic
1109:telomerase
1101:telomerase
1089:telomerase
1044:telomerase
1010:anatomical
996:family of
966:Galectin-3
930:chromosome
739:telomerase
727:telomerase
723:Telomerase
475:chromosome
373:adult form
349:prognostic
210:ependymoma
188:ependymoma
157:ependymoma
137:xenografts
88:prognostic
58:, such as
32:ependymoma
4336:eMedicine
4219:205834954
3027:1543-2165
1117:radiation
1071:Treatment
1048:nucleolin
1006:histology
895:cancerous
887:oncogenic
813:Pathology
759:diagnosis
735:nucleolin
731:telomeres
569:receptors
530:stem cell
415:oncogenes
304:(spinal,
206:mutations
195:mutations
186:cases of
176:mutations
117:phenotype
52:prognosis
4309:21315721
4260:21037539
4211:21157347
4176:10775548
4127:21208905
4086:45562929
4078:15770637
4043:10080027
4013:18797459
3961:11147894
3925:11225552
3917:19360422
3879:36988633
3871:20680298
3836:44479846
3828:17786000
3793:21039435
3785:21039163
3750:39107535
3742:19006249
3701:21207372
3652:12167031
3644:20184588
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