Perception - Knowledge

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energy that is plentiful and that does not pass through objects. Sound waves provide useful information about the sources of and distances to objects, with larger animals making and hearing lower-frequency sounds and smaller animals making and hearing higher-frequency sounds. Taste and smell respond to chemicals in the environment that were significant for fitness in the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. The sense of touch is actually many senses, including pressure, heat, cold, tickle, and pain. Pain, while unpleasant, is adaptive. An important adaptation for senses is range shifting, by which the organism becomes temporarily more or less sensitive to sensation. For example, one's eyes automatically adjust to dim or bright ambient light. Sensory abilities of different organisms often co-evolve, as is the case with the hearing of echolocating bats and that of the moths that have evolved to respond to the sounds that the bats make.

3652:) is a predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. It is an example of how perception can be shaped by "top-down" processes such as drives and expectations. Perceptual sets occur in all the different senses. They can be long term, such as a special sensitivity to hearing one's own name in a crowded room, or short-term, as in the ease with which hungry people notice the smell of food. A simple demonstration of the effect involved very brief presentations of non-words such as "sael". Subjects who were told to expect words about animals read it as "seal", but others who were expecting boat-related words read it as "sail". 3626:

in order for us to be able to understand the physical world around us. But it is these various forms of stimulation, combined with our previous knowledge and experience that allows us to create our overall perception. For example, when engaging in conversation, we attempt to understand their message and words by not only paying attention to what we hear through our ears but also from the previous shapes we have seen our mouths make. Another example would be if we had a similar topic come up in another conversation, we would use our previous knowledge to guess the direction the conversation is headed in.

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whether conscious or not, enable an animal to refine its impressions of that object. This can be achieved more easily with a circular closed-loop system than with a linear open-loop one. Closed-loop perception can explain many of the phenomena that open-loop perception struggles to account for. This is largely because closed-loop perception considers motion to be an integral part of perception, and not an interfering component that must be corrected for. Furthermore, an environment perceived via sensor motion, and not despite sensor motion, need not be further stabilized by internal processes.

3023:", considered as the process of receiving, accessing and appraising internal bodily signals. Maintaining desired physiological states is critical for an organism's well-being and survival. Interoception is an iterative process, requiring the interplay between perception of body states and awareness of these states to generate proper self-regulation. Afferent sensory signals continuously interact with higher order cognitive representations of goals, history, and environment, shaping emotional experience and motivating regulatory behavior. 3056:: when a hand is drawn quickly across a surface, the touch nerves are stimulated more intensely. The brain compensates for this, so the speed of contact does not affect the perceived roughness. Other constancies include melody, odor, brightness and words. These constancies are not always total, but the variation in the percept is much less than the variation in the physical stimulus. The perceptual systems of the brain achieve perceptual constancy in a variety of ways, each specialized for the kind of information being processed, with 1224: 3695:. Clark says this research has various implications; not only can there be no completely "unbiased, unfiltered" perception, but this means that there is a great deal of feedback between perception and expectation (perceptual experiences often shape our beliefs, but those perceptions were based on existing beliefs). Indeed, predictive coding provides an account where this type of feedback assists in stabilizing our inference-making process about the physical world, such as with perceptual constancy examples. 3660:

by a computer. They were told that either a number or a letter would flash on the screen to say whether they were going to taste an orange juice drink or an unpleasant-tasting health drink. In fact, an ambiguous figure was flashed on screen, which could either be read as the letter B or the number 13. When the letters were associated with the pleasant task, subjects were more likely to perceive a letter B, and when letters were associated with the unpleasant task they tended to perceive a number 13.

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thinking of the name "Hitler" led to subjects rating a person as more hostile. Whether a piece of music is perceived as good or bad can depend on whether the music heard before it was pleasant or unpleasant. For the effect to work, the objects being compared need to be similar to each other: a television reporter can seem smaller when interviewing a tall basketball player, but not when standing next to a tall building. In the brain, brightness contrast exerts effects on both neuronal

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reality to them and that our perceptions were sufficient to know and understand that thing because our perceptions are capable of responding to a true reality. Kant almost meets the rationalists and the empiricists half way. His theory utilizes the reality of a noumenon, the actual objects that cannot be understood, and then a phenomenon which is human understanding through the mind lens interpreting that noumenon.

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register on an electroencephalogram (EEG). In an experiment, human readers wore an elastic cap with 64 embedded electrodes distributed over their scalp surface. Within 230 milliseconds of encountering the anomalous word, the human readers generated an event-related electrical potential alteration of their EEG at the left occipital-temporal channel, over the left occipital lobe and temporal lobe.

1636: 10680: 9056: 3748: 1624: 713: 3445:'s feature integration theory (FIT) attempts to explain how characteristics of a stimulus such as physical location in space, motion, color, and shape are merged to form one percept despite each of these characteristics activating separate areas of the cortex. FIT explains this through a two part system of perception involving the preattentive and focused attention stages. 3760: 1612: 639: 3505:

organisms cannot distinguish relevant sensory stimuli independently. Because the environment is the cacophony of stimuli (electromagnetic waves, chemical interactions, and pressure fluctuations), their sensation is too limited by the noise to solve the cue problem. The relevant stimulus cannot overcome the noise magnitude if it passes through the senses. Therefore,

2496:. The initial auditory signal is compared with visual information—primarily lip movement—to extract acoustic cues and phonetic information. It is possible other sensory modalities are integrated at this stage as well. This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as 3701:

challenges the idea of perception as internal representations resulting from a passive reception of (incomplete) sensory inputs coming from the outside world. According to O'Regan (1992), the major issue with this perspective is that it leaves the subjective character of perception unexplained. Thus,

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in all its integral complexity from the level of interpersonal dynamics to interaction at the neuronal level. Introduced by Latvian professor Igor Val Danilov, the hypothesis of neurobiological processes occurring during Shared intentionality highlights that, at the beginning of cognition, very young

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The preattentive stage of perception is largely unconscious, and analyzes an object by breaking it down into its basic features, such as the specific color, geometric shape, motion, depth, individual lines, and many others. Studies have shown that, when small groups of objects with different features

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is a type of sensory information that elicits an emotional reaction and is usually social in nature. Such information is actually coded differently than other sensory information. Though the intensity of affective touch is still encoded in the primary somatosensory cortex, the feeling of pleasantness

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Perceptual set has been demonstrated in many social contexts. When someone has a reputation for being funny, an audience is more likely to find them amusing. Individual's perceptual sets reflect their own personality traits. For example, people with an aggressive personality are quicker to correctly

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and so can result in people interpreting ambiguous figures so that they see what they want to see. For instance, how someone perceives what unfolds during a sports game can be biased if they strongly support one of the teams. In one experiment, students were allocated to pleasant or unpleasant tasks

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Past actions and events that transpire right before an encounter or any form of stimulation have a strong degree of influence on how sensory stimuli are processed and perceived. On a basic level, the information our senses receive is often ambiguous and incomplete. However, they are grouped together

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The unconnected features described in the preattentive stage are combined into the objects one normally sees during the focused attention stage. The focused attention stage is based heavily around the idea of attention in perception and 'binds' the features together onto specific objects at specific

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refers to the mind's tendency to see complete figures or forms even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if part of a shape's border is missing people still tend to see the

2586:(TMS) of the primary somatosensory cortex inhibits the perception of affective touch intensity, but not affective touch pleasantness. Therefore, the S1 is not directly involved in processing socially affective touch pleasantness, but still plays a role in discriminating touch location and intensity. 2401:

Smell is also a very interactive sense as scientists have begun to observe that olfaction comes into contact with the other sense in unexpected ways. It is also the most primal of the senses, as it is known to be the first indicator of safety or danger, therefore being the sense that drives the most

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as a target to be homed in upon, and a pragmatic necessity to allow an initial measure of understanding to be established prior to the updating that a statement aims to achieve. The invariant does not, and need not, represent an actuality. Glasersfeld describes it as extremely unlikely that what is

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which argues that perception is a requisite property of animate action. It posits that, without perception, action would be unguided, and without action, perception would serve no purpose. Animate actions require both perception and motion, which can be described as "two sides of the same coin, the

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and Wheatley gave subjects instructions to move a mouse around a scene and point to an image about once every thirty seconds. However, a second person—acting as a test subject but actually a confederate—had their hand on the mouse at the same time, and controlled some of the movement. Experimenters

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before recognizing higher units, such as words. In an experiment, professor Richard M. Warren replaced one phoneme of a word with a cough-like sound. His subjects restored the missing speech sound perceptually without any difficulty. Moreover, they were not able to accurately identify which phoneme

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is collaborative interactions in which participants share the essential sensory stimulus of the actual cognitive problem. This social bond enables ecological training of the young immature organism, starting at the reflexes stage of development, for processing the organization, identification, and

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proposes dynamic motor-sensory closed-loop process in which information flows through the environment and the brain in continuous loops. Closed-loop perception appears consistent with anatomy and with the fact that perception is typically an incremental process. Repeated encounters with an object,

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identified contrast as a fundamental principle of perception, and since then the effect has been confirmed in many different areas. These effects shape not only visual qualities like color and brightness, but other kinds of perception, including how heavy an object feels. One experiment found that

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groups stimuli together on the basis of their movement. When visual elements are seen moving in the same direction at the same rate, perception associates the movement as part of the same stimulus. This allows people to make out moving objects even when other details, such as color or outline, are

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in the area concluded that rats with a damaged perirhinal cortex were still more interested in exploring when novel objects were present, but seemed unable to tell novel objects from familiar ones—they examined both equally. Thus, other brain regions are involved with noticing unfamiliarity, while

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A perceptual visual event measured in humans was the presentation to individuals of an anomalous word. If these individuals are shown a sentence, presented as a sequence of single words on a computer screen, with a puzzling word out of place in the sequence, the perception of the puzzling word can

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captures information about the intensity, color, and position of incoming light. Some processing of texture and movement occurs within the neurons on the retina before the information is sent to the brain. In total, about 15 differing types of information are then forwarded to the brain proper via

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To explain the process of perception, an example could be an ordinary shoe. The shoe itself is the distal stimulus. When light from the shoe enters a person's eye and stimulates the retina, that stimulation is the proximal stimulus. The image of the shoe reconstructed by the brain of the person is

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hypothesized that social bonds between children and caregivers would gradually increase through the essential motive force of shared intentionality beginning from birth. The notion of shared intentionality, introduced by Michael Tomasello, was developed by later researchers, who tended to explain

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Scientists who study perception and sensation have long understood the human senses as adaptations. Depth perception consists of processing over half a dozen visual cues, each of which is based on a regularity of the physical world. Vision evolved to respond to the narrow range of electromagnetic

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to name a few. In his work The Meditations Descartes begins by doubting all of his perceptions proving his existence with the famous phrase "I think therefore I am", and then works to the conclusion that perceptions are God-given. George Berkely took the stance that all things that we see have a

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of hand position and conformation. People can rapidly and accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch. This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the object or holding the entire object in the hand. Haptic perception relies on the forces

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layer which, in turn, can activate a retinal ganglion neuron cell. A retinal ganglion cell is a bridging neuron that connects visual retinal input to the visual processing centers within the central nervous system. Light-altered neuron activation occurs within about 5–20 milliseconds in a rabbit

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Manipulations of dopaminergic signaling profoundly influence interval timing, leading to the hypothesis that dopamine influences internal pacemaker, or "clock", activity. For instance, amphetamine, which increases concentrations of dopamine at the synaptic cleft advances the start of responding

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detailed how the world could be specified to a mobile, exploring organism via the lawful projection of information about the world into energy arrays. "Specification" would be a 1:1 mapping of some aspect of the world into a perceptual array. Given such a mapping, no enrichment is required and

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is the ability of perceptual systems to recognize the same object from widely varying sensory inputs. For example, individual people can be recognized from views, such as frontal and profile, which form very different shapes on the retina. A coin looked at face-on makes a circular image on the

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in the perirhinal cortex are connected with the sense of familiarity in humans and other mammals. In tests, stimulating this area at 10–15 Hz caused animals to treat even novel images as familiar, and stimulation at 30–40 Hz caused novel images to be partially treated as familiar. In

2700:, can cause a loss of this sense, which may lead a person into delusions, such as feeling like a machine or like an outside source is controlling them. An opposite extreme can also occur, where people experience everything in their environment as though they had decided that it would happen. 1950:

The cues become less open and selective. People try to search for more cues that confirm the categorization of the target. They actively ignore and distort cues that violate their initial perceptions. Their perception becomes more selective and they finally paint a consistent picture of the

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practitioners were significantly less influenced by a misleading visual context. Increasing self-transcendence may enable yoga practitioners to optimize verticality judgment tasks by relying more on internal (vestibular and proprioceptive) signals coming from their own body, rather than on

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states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object and that are different as part of a separate object. This allows for people to distinguish between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their

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retina, but when held at angle it makes an elliptical image. In normal perception these are recognized as a single three-dimensional object. Without this correction process, an animal approaching from the distance would appear to gain in size. One kind of perceptual constancy is

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perception is understood as an active process conducted by perceiving and engaged agents (perceivers). Furthermore, perception is influenced by agents' motives and expectations, their bodily states, and the interaction between the agent's body and the environment around it.

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can be interpreted either as a vase or as two faces. The percept can bind sensations from multiple senses into a whole. A picture of a talking person on a television screen, for example, is bound to the sound of speech from speakers to form a percept of a talking person.

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the percept. Another example could be a ringing telephone. The ringing of the phone is the distal stimulus. The sound stimulating a person's auditory receptors is the proximal stimulus. The brain's interpretation of this as the "ringing of a telephone" is the percept.

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A common finding across many different kinds of perception is that the perceived qualities of an object can be affected by the qualities of context. If one object is extreme on some dimension, then neighboring objects are perceived as further away from that extreme.

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identify aggressive words or situations. In general, perceptual speed as a mental ability is positively correlated with personality traits such as conscientiousness, emotional stability, and agreeableness suggesting its evolutionary role in preserving homeostasis.

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The first stage does not give people enough information on which to base perceptions of the target, so they will actively seek out cues to resolve this ambiguity. Gradually, people collect some familiar cues that enable them to make a rough categorization of the

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expensive. More than half the brain is devoted to processing sensory information, and the brain itself consumes roughly one-fourth of one's metabolic resources. Thus, such organs evolve only when they provide exceptional benefits to an organism's fitness.

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Evolutionary psychologists claim that perception demonstrates the principle of modularity, with specialized mechanisms handling particular perception tasks. For example, people with damage to a particular part of the brain are not able to recognize faces

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Fishburn, F. A., Murty, V. P., Hlutkowsky, C. O., MacGillivray, C. E., Bemis, L. M., Murphy, M. E., ... & Perlman, S. B. (2018). "Putting our heads together: interpersonal neural synchronization as a biological mechanism for shared intentionality."

2930:, which quantifies the relationship between the intensity of the physical stimulus and its perceptual counterpart (e.g., testing how much darker a computer screen can get before the viewer actually notices). The study of perception gave rise to the 3294:

and the idea that perception is based upon sensations. Instead, Gibson investigated what information is actually presented to the perceptual systems. His theory "assumes the existence of stable, unbounded, and permanent stimulus-information in the

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Stimuli are not necessarily translated into a percept and rarely does a single stimulus translate into a percept. An ambiguous stimulus may sometimes be transduced into one or more percepts, experienced randomly, one at a time, in a process termed

3611:, Daoshi and other mind-body disciplines) can modify human perceptual modality. Specifically, these practices enable perception skills to switch from the external (exteroceptive field) towards a higher ability to focus on internal signals ( 1979:. All of these factors, especially the first two, greatly contribute to how the person perceives a situation. Oftentimes, the perceiver may employ what is called a "perceptual defense", where the person will only see what they want to see. 2050:

In many ways, vision is the primary human sense. Light is taken in through each eye and focused in a way which sorts it on the retina according to direction of origin. A dense surface of photosensitive cells, including rods, cones, and

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developed a model of perception, in which people put "together the information contained in" a target and a situation to form "perceptions of ourselves and others based on social categories." This model is composed of three states:

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particular, stimulation at 30–40 Hz led to animals looking at a familiar image for longer periods, as they would for an unfamiliar one, though it did not lead to the same exploration behavior normally associated with novelty.

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defined the haptic system as "the sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body." Gibson and others emphasized the close link between body movement and haptic perception, where the latter is

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during interval timing, whereas antagonists of D2 type dopamine receptors typically slow timing;... Depletion of dopamine in healthy volunteers impairs timing, while amphetamine releases synaptic dopamine and speeds up timing.

3496:. Because many theories build their knowledge about perception based on its main features of the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information to represent the holistic picture of the environment, 2489:, signifying the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, can also have a considerable impact on perception. Experiments have shown that people automatically compensate for this effect when hearing speech. 10479: 1999:

factors, timing, and degree of stimulation that affect the process of perception. These factors may render a single stimulus to be left as merely a stimulus, not a percept that is subject for brain interpretation.

3449:(e.g., red triangle, blue circle) are briefly flashed in front of human participants, many individuals later report seeing shapes made up of the combined features of two different stimuli, thereby referred to as 2711:, a gap of half a second or more can be detected from the time when there are detectable neurological signs of a decision having been made to the time when the subject actually becomes conscious of the decision. 7958:

Robles-De-La-Torre, G. (2006). "The Importance of the Sense of Touch in Virtual and Real Environments". IEEE MultiMedia,13(3), Special issue on Haptic User Interfaces for Multimedia Systems, pp. 24–30.

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showed that perception systems evolved along the specifics of animals' activities. This explains why bats and worms can perceive different frequency of auditory and visual systems than, for example, humans.

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of the brain enable individuals to see the world around them as stable, even though the sensory information is typically incomplete and rapidly varying. Human and other animal brains are structured in a

1967:: a person whose awareness is focused on the stimulus, and thus begins to perceive it. There are many factors that may influence the perceptions of the perceiver, while the three major ones include (1) 2398:

that are projected from sensory neurons; and are then absorbed into a receptor (one of 347 or so). It is this process that causes humans to understand the concept of smell from a physical standpoint.

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The timing of perception of a visual event, at points along the visual circuit, have been measured. A sudden alteration of light at a spot in the environment first alters photoreceptor cells in the

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McClung, J. S., Placì, S., Bangerter, A., Clément, F., & Bshary, R. (2017). "The language of cooperation: shared intentionality drives variation in helping as a function of group membership."

3336:, regards the continual adjustment of perception and action to the external input as precisely what constitutes the "entity," which is therefore far from being invariant. Glasersfeld considers an 1989:

of perception; something or someone who is being perceived. The amount of information gathered by the sensory organs of the perceiver affects the interpretation and understanding about the target.

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may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds. It may be the case that it is not necessary (maybe not even possible) for a listener to recognize

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can learn to make finer perceptual distinctions, and learn new kinds of categorization. Wine-tasting, the reading of X-ray images and music appreciation are applications of this process in the

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retinal ganglion, although in a mouse retinal ganglion cell the initial spike takes between 40 and 240 milliseconds before the initial activation. The initial activation can be detected by an

1885:. By means of light, sound, or another physical process, the object stimulates the body's sensory organs. These sensory organs transform the input energy into neural activity—a process called 3682:

explains that perception, although it occurs quickly, is not simply a bottom-up process (where minute details are put together to form larger wholes). Instead, our brains use what he calls

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A mathematical theory of perception-in-action has been devised and investigated in many forms of controlled movement, and has been described in many different species of organism using the

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There is also evidence that the brain in some ways operates on a slight "delay" in order to allow nerve impulses from distant parts of the body to be integrated into simultaneous signals.

3688:. It starts with very broad constraints and expectations for the state of the world, and as expectations are met, it makes more detailed predictions (errors lead to new predictions, or 2216:

as they arrive at the ears. Hearing involves the computationally complex task of separating out sources of interest, identifying them and often estimating their distance and direction.

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is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each

3299:. And it supposes that the visual system can explore and detect this information. The theory is information-based, not sensation-based." He and the psychologists who work within this 3098:, to explain how humans naturally perceive objects with patterns and objects. Gestalt psychologists argued that these principles exist because the mind has an innate disposition to 1838:'s perceptual systems actively and pre-consciously attempt to make sense of their input. There is still active debate about the extent to which perception is an active process of 8920: 4217: 3380:, which seems to have evolved not to aid in knowing the distances to other objects but rather to aid movement. Evolutionary psychologists argue that animals ranging from 6793: 4991: 3238:, who observed that lukewarm water can feel hot or cold depending on whether the hand touching it was previously in hot or cold water. In the early 20th Century, 8860: 4912: 3173:

makes sense of stimuli that overlap: when there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive each as a single uninterrupted object.

10529: 6743: 6550: 1862:, mapping some aspect of the world across part of the brain's surface. These different modules are interconnected and influence each other. For instance, 64: 4252:

Alan S. & Gary J. (2011). Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others. Organizational Behaviour: Understanding and Managing Life at Work, Vol. 7.

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Listeners manage to perceive words across a wide range of conditions, as the sound of a word can vary widely according to words that surround it and the

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refers to concurrent stimulation in more than one sensory modality and the effect such has on the perception of events and objects in the world.

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information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment. All perception involves signals that go through the

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Davis MH, Johnsrude IS (July 2007). "Hearing speech sounds: Top-down influences on the interface between audition and speech perception".

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researchers have been able to build computational models for perception that exhibit a similar behavior and are capable of generating and

12315: 4060: 3513:). The perception of objects is also problematic since it cannot appear without Intentionality. From the perspective of this hypothesis, 3492:

approach considers perception occurrence at an earlier stage of organisms' development than other theories, even before the emergence of

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Val Danilov, I. & Mihailova, S. (2023). "Empirical Evidence of Shared Intentionality: Towards Bioengineering Systems Development."

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is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to understand how human listeners recognize the sound of speech (or

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is the part of perception that allows people to understand the individuals and groups of their social world. Thus, it is an element of

1895:. These neural signals are then transmitted to the brain and processed. The resulting mental re-creation of the distal stimulus is the 1550: 723: 6346: 6153: 5092: 4195: 2654:(commonly known as one's "internal clock"), while other cell clusters appear to be capable of shorter-range timekeeping, known as an 2634:

indicates that human brains do have a system governing the perception of time, composed of a highly distributed system involving the

1565: 7247:"Shared Intentionality Modulation at the Cell Level: Low-Frequency Oscillations for Temporal Coordination in Bioengineering Systems" 3052:: for example, a white piece of paper can be recognized as such under different colors and intensities of light. Another example is 2926:, which states that the smallest noticeable difference in stimulus intensity is proportional to the intensity of the reference; and 7180:

Shteynberg, G., & Galinsky, A. D. (2011). "Implicit coordination: Sharing goals with similar others intensifies goal pursuit."

3275:, by themselves, are unable to provide a unique description of the world. Sensations require 'enriching', which is the role of the 2015:. The same stimuli, or absence of them, may result in different percepts depending on subject's culture and previous experiences. 379: 4228: 2262:

according to which, when using a tool such as a stick, perceptual experience is transparently transferred to the end of the tool.

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Humans are able to make a very good guess on the underlying 3D shape category/identity/geometry given a silhouette of that shape.

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is a difficult problem for them since it needs the representation of the environment already categorized into objects (see also

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There are also experiments in which an illusion of agency is induced in psychologically normal subjects. In 1999, psychologists

12300: 11046: 9093: 2988:(smell), as listed above. It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality. In short, senses are 1762:. Sensory input is a process that transforms this low-level information to higher-level information (e.g., extracts shapes for 606: 6813: 4741:

Robles-de-la-torre G, Hayward V (2001). "Force can overcome object geometry in the perception of shape through active touch".

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cases, there is a measurable difference between the making of a decision and the feeling of agency. Through methods such as

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Sound does not usually come from a single source: in real situations, sounds from multiple sources and directions are

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A fundamentally different approach to understanding the perception of objects relies upon the essential role of

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The process of perceiving speech begins at the level of the sound within the auditory signal and the process of

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interpretation of sensory information in developing perception. From this account perception emerges due to

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One classic psychological experiment showed slower reaction times and less accurate answers when a deck of

3342: 3181: 2968:, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for 2018:

Ambiguous figures demonstrate that a single stimulus can result in more than one percept. For example, the

1540: 1161: 621: 534: 3019:, so far. Research attention is currently focused not only on external perception processes, but also to " 12233: 10812: 9562: 9468: 9378: 8900: 7072: 7022: 3191: 3057: 1595: 1545: 1185: 847: 785: 655: 33: 11772: 2559:

is a part of the brain that receives and encodes sensory information from receptors of the entire body.

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Perception is an important part of the theories of many philosophers it has been famously addressed by

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were able to arrange for subjects to perceive certain "forced stops" as if they were their own choice.

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Tengölics ÁJ, Szarka G, Ganczer A, Szabó-Meleg E, Nyitrai M, Kovács-Öller T, Völgyi B (October 2019).

2541:(including perceiving the identity of an individual) and facial expressions (such as emotional cues.) 11996: 11938: 11749: 11105: 10703: 9895: 9703: 9504: 9496: 9393: 9238: 8741: 8576: 8196: 8051: 7644: 6600:"James Gibson's Passive Theory of Perception: A Rejection of the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies" 5010:"Science is perception: what can our sense of smell tell us about ourselves and the world around us?" 3067:

Law of Closure. The human brain tends to perceive complete shapes even if those forms are incomplete.

2567: 2503:

Speech perception is not necessarily uni-directional. Higher-level language processes connected with

2305:

The human tongue has 100 to 150 taste receptor cells on each of its roughly-ten thousand taste buds.

1887: 1555: 1250: 913: 576: 567: 489: 309: 192: 10173: 7356: 7312: 7214:"Theoretical Grounds of Shared Intentionality for Neuroscience in Developing Bioengineering Systems" 5551: 3325:

already exist in the real world and that all that the perception process does is home in upon them.

12305: 11943: 11777: 10879: 10740: 10549: 10333: 9734: 9665: 9577: 9473: 9438: 9198: 9015: 8950: 7135: 6647: 5537:

Wegner DM, Wheatley T (July 1999). "Apparent mental causation. Sources of the experience of will".

4156: 3868: 3843: 3711: 3264: 3248: 2504: 2213: 1812: 1245: 790: 202: 170: 40: 10088: 5834: 3500:

is the central issue in perception development. Nowadays, only one hypothesis attempts to explain

2807:, achieving orgasm usually requires physical sexual stimulation (stimulation of the Krause-Finger 11923: 11299: 11000: 10609: 10559: 9983: 9645: 9478: 9354: 9288: 9110: 8880: 8810: 8691: 8476: 8156: 7931: 7848: 7822: 3838: 3373: 3329: 3268: 3135: 2647: 2198: 1789: 1755: 1532: 1141: 1064: 812: 601: 499: 270: 237: 222: 217: 207: 156: 116: 17: 10113: 2696:

refers to the subjective feeling of having chosen a particular action. Some conditions, such as

1803:

describes the relationships between the physical qualities of the sensory input and perception.

12087: 11918: 11528: 11314: 11133: 10970: 10772: 10539: 10489: 10246: 9948: 9814: 9592: 9512: 8752: 8646: 8626: 8503: 8431: 8376: 8299: 8081: 5546: 3346: 3103: 3077: 2669: 2594: 2011: 1925: 1704: 1427: 1290: 1255: 1156: 1109: 1074: 822: 802: 738: 616: 549: 439: 349: 304: 280: 255: 187: 175: 141: 7605: 7520: 7478: 6450: 6411: 6288: 6098: 6057: 5124: 4932: 4820: 4617: 4044: 3356:. According to this theory, "tau information", or time-to-goal information is the fundamental 1728: 12125: 11115: 11095: 11020: 10985: 10765: 10750: 10667: 10241: 10216: 10194: 10103: 9928: 9901: 9875: 9809: 9693: 9670: 9650: 9532: 9403: 9343: 9079: 8940: 8850: 8721: 8411: 8356: 8351: 8309: 8237: 8171: 8101: 7874: 7566: 6011: 4844: 4098: 3894: 3519: 3514: 3501: 3489: 3476: 3470: 3450: 3333: 3283: 3124: 2919: 2665: 1793: 1590: 1560: 1136: 1128: 1114: 1069: 894: 879: 743: 728: 596: 591: 509: 374: 339: 314: 212: 111: 106: 8023: 6490:"Brightness induction: Rate enhancement and neuronal synchronization as complementary codes" 6330: 6137: 5636:

Ho JW, Poeta DL, Jacobson TK, Zolnik TA, Neske GT, Connors BW, Burwell RD (September 2015).

4969: 4179: 3123:, perception tends to group stimuli that are close together as part of the same object, and 2738:. A strong sense of familiarity can occur without any recollection, for example in cases of 1846:, or whether realistic sensory information is rich enough to make this process unnecessary. 1807:

studies the neural mechanisms underlying perception. Perceptual systems can also be studied

11986: 11953: 11652: 11367: 11271: 10934: 10629: 10509: 10499: 10407: 10380: 10283: 9804: 9602: 9587: 9048: 8985: 8446: 8421: 8346: 8044: 6751: 5253: 5132: 5021: 4750: 4698:

Lederman SJ, Klatzky RL (1987). "Hand movements: A window into haptic object recognition".

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Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Primary afferent neurons and the spinal dorsal horn

2753:) responds differently to stimuli that feel novel compared to stimuli that feel familiar. 2088:

Anatomy of the human ear. (The length of the auditory canal is exaggerated in this image.)

8: 12285: 11642: 11627: 11513: 11452: 11388: 11015: 10672: 10639: 10614: 10449: 10402: 10397: 10211: 10168: 10158: 10108: 9993: 9845: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9727: 9680: 9675: 9655: 9557: 9542: 9537: 9338: 8830: 8666: 8631: 8611: 8566: 8381: 8371: 8341: 6488:

Biederlack J, Castelo-Branco M, Neuenschwander S, Wheeler D, Singer W, Nikolić D (2006).

5917:

Farb N., Daubenmier J., Price C. J., Gard T., Kerr C., Dunn B. D., Mehling W. E. (2015).

3563: 3415:). Evolutionary psychology suggests that this indicates a so-called face-reading module. 3376:

hold that the primary purpose of perception is to guide action. They give the example of

3321:

coin is action." Gibson works from the assumption that singular entities, which he calls

3296: 3291: 3244: 3227: 3115: 2754: 2064: 1747: 1695: 'gathering, receiving') is the organization, identification, and interpretation of 1332: 1171: 975: 930: 884: 817: 797: 748: 733: 424: 414: 399: 364: 359: 344: 324: 319: 197: 136: 10128: 8546: 6879: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 5323:"Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex" 5257: 5136: 5025: 4754: 4494: 4435: 2288:. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs concentrated on the upper surface of the 11726: 11678: 11632: 11571: 11556: 11110: 10634: 10624: 10594: 10569: 10355: 10293: 10153: 10083: 9953: 9860: 9779: 9764: 9333: 9123: 9020: 9010: 8780: 8770: 8274: 8186: 7451: 7424: 7400: 7371: 7344: 7100: 7050: 6964: 6859: 6830: 6768: 6675: 6622: 6519: 6195:

Wolfe JM, Kluender KR, Levi DM, Bartoshuk LM, Herz RS, Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ (2008).

5945: 5918: 5886: 5711: 5686: 5662: 5637: 5618: 5485: 5458: 5425: 5347: 5322: 5277: 5226: 5042: 5009: 4774: 4723: 4562: 4535: 4511: 4478: 4395: 4368: 4344: 4319: 3863: 3793: 3698: 3585: 3353: 3222: 3095: 2931: 2780: 2775: 2727: 2673: 2482: 2186: 1352: 1089: 995: 955: 950: 935: 925: 918: 869: 864: 842: 780: 519: 464: 459: 394: 334: 295: 227: 5812:

In the mind's eye : the visual impulse in Diderot, Baudelaire and Ruskin, pg. 257

5014:

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

2402:

basic of human survival skills. As such, it can be a catalyst for human behavior on a

2313: 12182: 12151: 11928: 11875: 11806: 11647: 11637: 11393: 11383: 11352: 11256: 11158: 11074: 10939: 10916: 10909: 10889: 10884: 10869: 10842: 10787: 10755: 10684: 10644: 10519: 10412: 10386: 10028: 9988: 9923: 9880: 9855: 9774: 9769: 9582: 9060: 8790: 8706: 8661: 8247: 8216: 7949: 7912: 7803: 7795: 7756: 7748: 7728: 7658: 7611: 7572: 7526: 7484: 7456: 7405: 7092: 7088: 7042: 7038: 6998: 6956: 6952: 6912: 6905:

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience, 4th Edition

6864: 6725: 6574: 6511: 6456: 6417: 6378: 6336: 6294: 6267: 6242: 6204: 6179: 6143: 6104: 6065: 6017: 5975: 5950: 5878: 5815: 5716: 5667: 5564: 5517: 5490: 5417: 5352: 5269: 5218: 5181: 5140: 5047: 4938: 4883:"Umami Dearest: The mysterious fifth taste has officially infiltrated the food scene" 4850: 4801: 4794: 4766: 4715: 4711: 4680: 4625: 4567: 4516: 4459: 4454: 4419: 4400: 4349: 4320:"Eye Smarter than Scientists Believed: Neural Computations in Circuits of the Retina" 4300: 4185: 4104: 4050: 3977: 3899: 3764: 3752: 3684: 3480: 3388:, suggesting that vision is basically for directing action, not providing knowledge. 3305: 2977: 2927: 2923: 2909: 2826: 2808: 2750: 2579: 2452: 2424: 2419: 2328:, which is considered the fifth primary taste, is a relatively recent development in 2238:

perception of patterns on the skin surface (e.g., edges, curvature, and texture) and

2225: 2045: 1908: 1850: 1743: 1628: 1616: 1502: 1422: 1151: 1146: 1079: 1010: 1005: 945: 940: 889: 874: 857: 807: 717: 643: 444: 369: 275: 260: 146: 73: 9163: 8551: 7677:"On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm" by Jerome S. Bruner and Leo Postman. 7104: 7054: 6772: 6523: 5281: 5230: 3717: 3316:

From Gibson's early work derived an ecological understanding of perception known as

1939:

When people encounter an unfamiliar target, they are very open to the informational

1690: 1462: 11968: 11913: 11845: 11662: 11605: 11508: 11503: 11413: 11362: 11357: 11319: 11266: 11261: 11005: 10944: 10859: 10148: 10098: 10043: 9958: 9943: 9890: 9660: 9612: 9547: 9298: 9273: 9233: 9148: 8686: 8671: 8651: 8451: 8263: 8206: 7787: 7740: 7729:"Solving the "real" mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory" 7650: 7446: 7436: 7395: 7385: 7296: 7291: 7263: 7258: 7230: 7225: 7084: 7034: 6948: 6908: 6854: 6844: 6760: 6614: 6501: 6214: 5940: 5930: 5890: 5870: 5706: 5698: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5622: 5610: 5556: 5480: 5470: 5429: 5409: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5261: 5210: 5037: 5029: 4778: 4758: 4727: 4707: 4670: 4557: 4547: 4506: 4498: 4449: 4439: 4390: 4380: 4339: 4331: 4292: 3813: 3798: 3635: 3545: 3485: 3377: 2961: 2905: 2882: 2651: 2497: 2478: 2428: 2383: 2194: 2069: 1855: 1826:

Although people traditionally viewed the senses as passive receptors, the study of

1781:, but subjectively seems mostly effortless because this processing happens outside 1417: 1337: 990: 906: 449: 404: 389: 384: 265: 242: 9433: 6968: 5443: 5066: 4886: 11885: 11826: 11798: 11614: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11538: 11347: 11304: 11251: 10949: 10894: 10864: 10852: 10807: 10792: 10480:

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

10033: 9973: 9850: 9552: 9418: 9413: 9308: 9263: 9143: 8800: 8731: 8716: 8636: 8616: 8591: 8401: 8211: 8146: 7689: 7314:

The Effect of Experience on the Perception and Representation of Dialect Variants

6800: 6665: 6568: 6537: 6506: 6489: 6372: 5969: 5841: 5295: 5265: 5214: 4995: 4976: 4827: 4335: 4025: 3970: 3788: 3721: 3510: 3458: 3389: 3287: 3212: 3120: 3048: 3012: 2996: 2973: 2896:

The confusing ambiguity of perception is exploited in human technologies such as

2890: 2885:, may not necessarily perceive the 'shape-shifting' as their world changes. This 2877:

In the case of visual perception, some people can see the percept shift in their

2858: 2766:

the perirhinal cortex is needed to associate the feeling with a specific source.

2688: 2677: 2635: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2529: 2493: 2461: 2349: 2329: 2247: 2206: 2174: 2142: 1972: 1960:

According to Alan Saks and Gary Johns, there are three components to perception:

1831: 1640: 1477: 1467: 1437: 1407: 1367: 1327: 1275: 1215: 1000: 247: 69: 5785: 5760: 3943: 2582:, are highly correlated with pleasantness scores of affective touch. Inhibitory 1874:

The process of perception begins with an object in the real world, known as the

12203: 12054: 12006: 11741: 11721: 11447: 11398: 11334: 11282: 11238: 11100: 10619: 10599: 10469: 10226: 10178: 10138: 10073: 10023: 10003: 9938: 9328: 9323: 9313: 9223: 9188: 9178: 9153: 9128: 9118: 8930: 8711: 8701: 8556: 8541: 8486: 8257: 8116: 7923: 7073:"Focused Attention in The Perception and Retrieval of Multidimensional Stimuli" 6979: 5735: 5614: 5598: 5560: 4502: 4280: 4081: 3914: 3873: 3803: 3617:). Also, when asked to provide verticality judgments, highly self-transcendent 3613: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3007:

can see, is its receptive field. Receptive fields have been identified for the

2969: 2965: 2947: 2838: 2788: 2631: 2623: 2353: 2345: 2333: 2281: 2239: 1906:

The different kinds of sensation (such as warmth, sound, and taste) are called

1800: 1778: 1724: 1700: 1684: 1507: 1457: 1432: 1084: 7791: 7682: 4385: 3272: 12279: 12223: 12218: 12172: 12110: 12095: 11991: 11713: 11657: 11472: 11439: 11423: 11342: 11286: 11246: 11195: 11186: 11143: 10904: 10782: 10777: 10649: 10439: 10298: 10221: 10163: 10078: 10058: 9918: 9870: 9443: 9383: 9348: 9283: 9258: 9253: 9213: 9183: 9000: 8726: 8676: 8641: 8621: 8601: 8166: 7799: 7752: 7441: 7390: 7321: 6721: 6487: 5935: 5475: 4552: 4304: 4296: 3833: 3823: 3808: 3725: 3668: 3442: 3411: 3397: 3239: 3020: 3008: 2878: 2803:

and chemical triggers in the body. Although sexual arousal may arise without

2746: 2715: 2697: 2643: 2486: 2358: 2235: 2202: 1931: 1797: 1782: 1708: 1580: 1515: 1472: 1392: 1322: 554: 514: 434: 429: 9840: 7168: 5397: 5321:

Case LK, Laubacher CM, Olausson H, Wang B, Spagnolo PA, Bushnell MC (2016).

4444: 2912:

that birds respond to as though they were the eyes of a dangerous predator.

2578:(fMRI), shows that signals in the anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the 12177: 12156: 12141: 12115: 11933: 11754: 11731: 11703: 11698: 11622: 11561: 11324: 11309: 11031: 10847: 10253: 10118: 9998: 9978: 9830: 9527: 9458: 9303: 9173: 9158: 9102: 8980: 8746: 8681: 8571: 8481: 8331: 8201: 8111: 8091: 7807: 7654: 7460: 7425:"How previous experience shapes perception in different sensory modalities" 7409: 6868: 6515: 5954: 5882: 5720: 5671: 5568: 5494: 5421: 5356: 5222: 5051: 5033: 4770: 4571: 4520: 4404: 4353: 3672: 3381: 3276: 2830: 2627: 2434: 2403: 2193:, which produces neural signals in response to the sound. By the ascending 2084: 1859: 1766:). The following process connects a person's concepts and expectations (or 1487: 1452: 1447: 1412: 1270: 1036: 980: 539: 232: 7760: 7096: 7046: 6960: 5273: 5125:"Room reflection and constancy in speech-like sounds: Within-band effects" 4719: 4684: 4463: 4138:

Pomerantz, James R. (2003): "Perception: Overview". In: Lynn Nadel (Ed.),

3195:

refers to the tendency to group together forms of similar shape, pattern,

2368:, depending upon whether the things they sense are harmful or beneficial. 12238: 12146: 12120: 12105: 12067: 11890: 11865: 11860: 11850: 11836: 11462: 11418: 11294: 11223: 10824: 10797: 10760: 10422: 10375: 10231: 10183: 10143: 10093: 9885: 9607: 9463: 9453: 9398: 9373: 9318: 9293: 9278: 9248: 9228: 9203: 9133: 8736: 8656: 8586: 8536: 8314: 8242: 8221: 8176: 8141: 8096: 8067: 4479:"Response Latency Tuning by Retinal Circuits Modulates Signal Efficiency" 3888: 3828: 3600: 3369: 2989: 2886: 2842: 2784: 2538: 2439: 2205:

of the human brain, from where the auditory information then goes to the

1940: 1808: 1482: 1442: 1265: 1051: 454: 161: 53: 10995: 7607:

Can You Believe Your Eyes?: Over 250 Illusions and Other Visual Oddities

6849: 3225:" is the term used when stimuli are presented at the same time, whereas 12258: 12213: 12077: 12072: 12044: 12024: 11948: 11908: 11855: 11840: 11764: 11228: 11218: 10392: 10263: 10048: 10008: 9968: 9835: 9750: 9617: 9448: 9423: 9388: 9243: 9208: 9193: 9168: 9138: 8870: 8596: 8561: 8511: 8294: 8181: 8106: 7705: 6626: 5702: 4998:

scientificamerican.com. Dr. Tim Jacob, Cardiff University. 22 May 2009.

4675: 4658: 4369:"Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance" 3904: 3858: 3679: 3656: 3608: 3531: 3235: 3145: 3091: 2897: 2846: 2639: 2165: 2159: 2104: 2019: 1976: 1968: 1839: 1736: 1402: 1059: 690: 354: 88: 57: 6720:

Gaulin, Steven J. C. and Donald H. McBurney. Evolutionary Psychology.

5916: 3102:

patterns in the stimulus based on certain rules. These principles are

2438:

Though the phrase "I owe you" can be heard as three distinct words, a

11870: 11816: 11683: 11213: 11203: 11148: 11138: 10980: 10965: 10802: 10745: 10732: 10303: 10273: 10068: 10013: 9933: 9865: 9572: 9030: 8995: 8975: 8521: 8406: 8336: 8289: 8252: 8191: 8121: 7829:(Winter 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7744: 6764: 5685:

Kinnavane L, Amin E, Olarte-Sánchez CM, Aggleton JP (November 2016).

4762: 3848: 3783: 3589: 3004: 2985: 2704: 2656: 2562: 2512: 2466: 2377: 2364: 2321: 2309: 2294: 2158:

and 20,000 Hz. Frequencies higher than audio are referred to as

2134: 2114: 2094: 1823:

exist in objective reality rather than in the mind of the perceiver.

1785: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1317: 504: 6618: 4266: 2141:

detection). Frequencies capable of being heard by humans are called

1703:, which in turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the 698: 96: 12039: 12029: 12019: 11958: 11831: 11688: 11486: 10990: 10899: 10695: 10604: 10338: 10288: 10268: 10133: 9428: 8970: 8531: 8386: 8161: 8126: 7881:(Fall 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7855:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 7153:

https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-07-02-167

5684: 3690: 3592: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3300: 3099: 3000: 2407: 2317: 2154:, the range of which is typically considered to be between 20 1827: 1362: 1342: 1260: 1094: 529: 524: 484: 7926:(2001). "'Neurobiology: Feeling bumps and holes. News and Views", 6666:

The Certainty of Uncertainty: Dialogues Introducing Constructivism

6555:

Vision and Mind. Selected Readings in the Philosophy of Perception

5874: 5459:"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits" 5457:

Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS (October 2013).

5413: 3484:

this collaborative interaction from different perspectives, e.g.,

3063: 2787:(including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances, and maintains 12208: 12062: 12014: 11976: 11880: 11821: 11153: 11010: 10417: 10365: 10323: 10308: 10278: 9408: 8820: 8526: 8456: 8426: 8391: 8326: 8284: 8269: 8136: 8013:

Cognitive Penetrability of Perception and Epistemic Justification

7979: 7185: 6997:(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. pp. 144–146. 4476: 4142:, Vol. 3, London: Nature Publishing Group, pp. 527–537. 3818: 3604: 2918:

Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The oldest

2901: 2834: 2800: 2739: 2516: 2122: 2031: 1955: 1843: 1732: 1372: 1312: 48: 8001: 7646:

Of Anchors & Sails: Personality-Ability Trait Constellations

5456: 3522:

in the embryonic stage of development, i.e., even before birth.

11467: 11457: 11163: 10926: 10350: 10328: 10258: 10236: 9522: 9071: 8416: 8366: 8279: 8151: 3883: 3878: 3161:

shape as completely enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps.

2935: 2889:

nature has been demonstrated by an experiment that showed that

2862: 2854: 2792: 2762: 2508: 2395: 2289: 2060: 1876: 1751: 1716: 1712: 1347: 1041: 8036: 5398:"The evolution of brain activation during temporal processing" 4934:

Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects

3372:, write that the purpose of perception is knowledge. However, 3345:

by an organism will never suffer change as time goes on. This

3234:

The contrast effect was noted by the 17th Century philosopher

3203:

Later research has identified additional grouping principles.

2258:

The concept of haptic perception is related to the concept of

11693: 11495: 11408: 11403: 11177: 11087: 11062: 10873: 10123: 9719: 9622: 9268: 8921:

Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments

8516: 8466: 8028: 7985: 6835: 4536:"Neural mechanisms of rapid sensitivity to syntactic anomaly" 3573: 3196: 2981: 2957: 2820: 2551:

Somatosensory system § Neural processing of social touch

2474: 2391: 2352:, muscle nerves, etc.; and temperature, which is detected by 2325: 2271: 2230:

The process of recognizing objects through touch is known as

2155: 2130: 1863: 1835: 1820: 1816: 1696: 1304: 1046: 7995: 4028:. "Perception" in Gregory, Zangwill (1987) pp. 598–601. 2730:

is sometimes divided into two functions by neuroscientists:

12228: 11981: 10344: 10318: 8461: 8441: 8436: 8361: 8319: 8304: 7776:"A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness" 5861:(2011). "The missing sensory modality: the immune system". 5446:. UniSci – Daily University Science News. 27 February 2001. 4989:

Why do two great tastes sometimes not taste great together?

3618: 3596: 3588:

systems or in the brain's processing of sense information.

3259: 2956:

is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing

2866: 2615: 2387: 2337: 2285: 2072:

spike, a sudden spike in neuron membrane electric voltage.

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London: RoutledgeFalmer; Poerksen, Bernhard (ed.) (2004),

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Warren RM (1970). "Restoration of missing speech sounds".

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symbol for some cards (e.g. red spades and black hearts).

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theory thus allows for a needful evolutionary adjustment.

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Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior

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Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1999.

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associated with affective touch is activated more in the

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contained in the target and the situation surrounding it.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,

2477:

of the speech, as well as the physical characteristics,

8861:

A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

4970:

Food texture: measurement and perception (page 3–4/311)

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have multiple interpretations on the perceptual level.

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Radical Constructivism: A Way of Knowing and Learning,

4830:

Daniel D. Chiras. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2005.

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has focused on the relation of this to other kinds of

3231:

applies when stimuli are presented one after another.

2537:

refers to cognitive processes specialized in handling

1815:

include the extent to which sensory qualities such as

10530:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

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2023; 7(2): 167; doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2302167.

6203:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 78, 80. 5967: 5635: 5450: 5444:"Brain Areas Critical To Human Time Sense Identified" 4420:"The structure and precision of retinal spike trains" 3736: 1796:

has progressed by combining a variety of techniques.

1770:) with restorative and selective mechanisms, such as 7514: 7512: 7023:"Illusory Conjunctions in the Perception of Objects" 6646:

Consciousness in Action, S. L. Hurley, illustrated,

6237:

Banerjee JC (1994). "Gestalt Theory of Perception".

5961: 4885:. trendcentral.com. 23 February 2010. Archived from 4833: 4171: 4087: 2382:

Smell is the process of absorbing molecules through

2308:

Traditionally, there have been four primary tastes:

1891:. This raw pattern of neural activity is called the 1742:

Perception is not only the passive receipt of these

76:

from single or multi-view depth maps or silhouettes.

6828: 5919:"Interoception, contemplative practice, and health" 5129:

The Neurophysiological Bases of Auditory Perception

5122: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4659:"Identifying objects by touch: An "expert system."" 4417: 4367:Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P (2021). 2390:. These molecules diffuse through a thick layer of 2164:, while frequencies below audio are referred to as 2053:

intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

7560: 7558: 7556: 7554: 6794:The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? 6266:(4th ed.). Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. p. 144. 6005: 6003: 5395: 4793: 4218:"Perception, Attribution, and, Judgment of Others" 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3969: 2992:from the physical world to the realm of the mind. 7509: 7369: 6831:"Perception as a closed-loop convergence process" 6670:Exeter: Imprint Academic; Wright. Edmond (2005). 5968:Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE (March 1990). 5123:Watkins AJ, Raimond A, Makin SJ (23 March 2010). 12277: 6241:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 107–108. 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 5638:"Bidirectional Modulation of Recognition Memory" 5599:"Recognizing: the judgement of prior occurrence" 4919: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4585:D'Ambrose C, Choudhary R (2003). Elert G (ed.). 4177: 4038: 4036: 4034: 3537:The Interactive Activation and Competition Model 2672:appear to have a strong modulatory influence on 7597: 7551: 7020: 6413:Social cognition: understanding self and others 6239:Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms 6100:Elsevier's dictionary of psychological theories 6000: 5974:. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 177–183. 4697: 4317: 4010: 3525: 3464: 1777:Perception depends on complex functions of the 7773: 7472: 7470: 6931: 6374:The psychology of judgment and decision making 6324: 6322: 6090: 5803: 5536: 5396:Rao SM, Mayer AR, Harrington DL (March 2001). 5200: 2284:of substances, including, but not limited to, 1956:Saks and John's three components to perception 39:"Percept" redirects here. For other uses, see 11047: 10711: 9735: 9087: 8052: 6403: 6042: 4842: 4604: 4096: 4031: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3431: 2646:. One particular component of the brain, the 2394:; come into contact with one of thousands of 1661: 1193: 663: 11061: 10460:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 7946:The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception 7911:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7518: 7200:Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6366: 6364: 4930: 4849:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 39–40. 4657:Klatzky RL, Lederman SJ, Metzger VA (1985). 4527: 4470: 4418:Berry MJ, Warland DK, Meister M (May 1997). 4360: 4178:Willis WD, Coggeshall RE (31 January 2004). 4103:. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 33–37. 2356:. All basic tastes are classified as either 2336:of food in the mouth. Other factors include 2181:, which collect and filter sound waves; the 1811:, in terms of the information they process. 7939:The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems 7726: 7571:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–27. 7467: 7277: 7244: 7211: 6934:"A Feature-Integration Theory of Attention" 6824: 6822: 6814:Information theory of decisions and actions 6702: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6672:Narrative, Perception, Language, and Faith, 6538:Vision and Brain: How we perceive the world 6319: 6280: 6009: 5116: 4796:The senses considered as perceptual systems 4411: 4278: 4134: 4132: 3584:, and whether it takes place in peripheral 3127:that are far apart as two separate objects. 2618:is perceived and experienced. Although the 2574:(BOLD) contrast imaging, identified during 2386:, which are absorbed by humans through the 1746:, but it is also shaped by the recipient's 11054: 11040: 10718: 10704: 9742: 9728: 9094: 9080: 8059: 8045: 7642: 7603: 7564: 7182:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6566: 6442: 6129: 6096: 5809: 4084:. Elemente der Psychophysik. Leipzig 1860. 3990: 3363: 2960:information. A sensory system consists of 1869: 1668: 1654: 1551:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery 1200: 1186: 670: 656: 8029:Articles and topics related to Perception 7998:Examples of well-known optical illusions. 7450: 7440: 7399: 7389: 7295: 7262: 7229: 6992: 6902: 6858: 6848: 6505: 6409: 6361: 6055: 5944: 5934: 5710: 5661: 5581: 5550: 5511: 5484: 5474: 5346: 5174:"Primacy of Multimodal Speech Perception" 5171: 5041: 4909:"#8 Food Trend for 2010: I Want My Umami" 4674: 4561: 4551: 4533: 4510: 4453: 4443: 4394: 4384: 4343: 4318:Gollisch T, Meister M (28 January 2010). 4281:"Exemplar-based model of social judgment" 4042: 3418: 3396:Building and maintaining sense organs is 2799:, sexual stimulation is strongly tied to 2589: 2348:, which is detected through a variety of 2003: 1566:Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery 7820: 7519:Coon D, Mitterer JO (29 December 2008). 7169:http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1682 7119:The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. 7070: 6819: 6786: 6681: 6607:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 6597: 6236: 5389: 5090: 4261:Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2013. "Perception." 4129: 3967: 3552: 3260:Perception as direct perception (Gibson) 3062: 2433: 2083: 2030: 1920:Bruner's model of the perceptual process 1794:psychology's understanding of perception 63: 47: 7976:Several different aspects on perception 7879:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7853:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7846: 7827:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6806: 6741: 6587:from the original on 25 September 2015. 6328: 6286: 6016:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 43–46. 5857: 5596: 5007: 3938: 3936: 3557: 3311: 2811:found in erogenous zones of the body.) 2600: 2185:, which transforms the sound pressure ( 14: 12278: 7986:Comprehensive set of optical illusions 7525:. Cengage Learning. pp. 171–172. 7476: 7422: 6744:"The reflex arc concept in psychology" 6735: 6553:". In: Alva Noë/Evan Thompson (Eds.), 6448: 6332:Contrast in judgments of mental health 6261: 6135: 5733: 5243: 4843:DeVere R, Calvert M (31 August 2010). 4791: 4097:DeVere R, Calvert M (31 August 2010). 4049:. Cengage Learning. pp. 123–124. 3595:show that specific practices (such as 2026: 60:can be perceived in more than one way. 11272:Somatosensory system (sense of touch) 11035: 10699: 9723: 9075: 8891:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics 8040: 8027: 7872: 7643:Stanek K, Ones D (20 November 2023). 7604:Block JR, Yuker HE (1 October 2002). 7370:Fiori F, David N, Aglioti SM (2014). 7066: 7064: 7016: 7014: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6803:nature reviews neuroscience 11:127-38 6540:", Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 155-178. 6370: 6139:Visual perception: essential readings 5905:Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 5463:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 5180:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. 4615: 3286:approach was introduced by professor 3071: 2795:. Distinct from the general sense of 2769: 2576:functional magnetic resonance imaging 2260:extended physiological proprioception 27:Interpretation of sensory information 11257:Vestibular system (sense of balance) 10725: 8991:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 8911:The World as Will and Representation 7624:from the original on 9 November 2011 7585:from the original on 9 November 2011 7565:Hardy M, Heyes S (2 December 1999). 7539:from the original on 9 November 2011 7497:from the original on 9 November 2011 7331:from the original on 2 February 2016 7132:Becoming Human: A Theory of Ontogeny 6551:A Theory of Direct Visual Perception 6469:from the original on 9 November 2011 6430:from the original on 9 November 2011 6391:from the original on 9 November 2011 6349:from the original on 9 November 2011 6307:from the original on 9 November 2011 6178:, 5th ed., New York: Worth, p. 281. 6156:from the original on 9 November 2011 6117:from the original on 9 November 2011 6078:from the original on 9 November 2011 6030:from the original on 9 November 2011 5988:from the original on 9 November 2011 5377:. p. Introduction to Psychology 5153:from the original on 9 November 2011 5097:How Does Scent Drive Human Behavior? 5064: 4979:Andrew J. Rosenthal. Springer, 1999. 4951:from the original on 9 November 2011 4911:. foodchannel.com. 6 December 2009. 4863:from the original on 9 November 2011 4846:Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders 4638:from the original on 9 November 2011 4246: 4198:from the original on 9 November 2011 4117:from the original on 9 November 2011 4100:Navigating Smell and Taste Disorders 3933: 3891:, the Buddhist concept of perception 3630:Effect of motivation and expectation 8018:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8007:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5835:The Secret Advantage Of Being Short 4063:from the original on 2 January 2017 3479:. Cognitive psychologist professor 3290:, who rejected the assumption of a 3206: 2324:. The recognition and awareness of 24: 12316:Concepts in the philosophy of mind 11252:Auditory system (sense of hearing) 7877:, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), 7825:, in Zalta EN, Nodelman U (eds.), 7310: 7212:Val Danilov I (17 February 2023). 7061: 7011: 6986: 6887: 6636:from the original on 13 June 2013. 6557:, Cambridge, MIT Press, pp. 77–89. 5113:. Psychology Press, 2nd ed., p. 20 5109:E. R. Smith, D. M. Mackie (2000). 5071:American Psychological Association 4982: 4915:from the original on 11 July 2011. 4587:"Frequency range of human hearing" 3854:Neural correlates of consciousness 3060:as a notable example from hearing. 2825:Other senses enable perception of 2622:is not associated with a specific 25: 12327: 11267:Gustatory system (sense of taste) 11262:Olfactory system (sense of smell) 7967: 7483:. Cengage Learning. p. 193. 7480:Psychology: Themes and Variations 6570:Phenomenology of the Human Person 6293:. Psychology Press. p. 219. 6264:Psychology: themes and variations 6010:Sonderegger T (16 October 1998). 5516:. Basic Books. pp. 117–118. 5178:The Handbook of Speech Perception 4267:https://explorable.com/perception 4140:Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science 2584:transcranial magnetic stimulation 2280:) is the ability to perceive the 1866:is strongly influenced by smell. 1586:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 1286:Neuropsychological rehabilitation 1167:Social and political philosophers 11519:Infrared sensing in vampire bats 10678: 9101: 9054: 9044: 9043: 7982:Theories of Richard. L. Gregory. 7866: 7840: 7814: 7767: 7720: 7694: 7671: 7636: 7416: 7363: 7304: 7271: 7238: 6978:on 5 September 2008 – via 6874: 6650:, 2002, 0674007964, pp. 430–432. 6056:Goldstein EB (15 October 2009). 3758: 3746: 3542:Recognition-By-Components Theory 3267:of perception assume there is a 1634: 1622: 1610: 1222: 711: 697: 637: 95: 11247:Visual system (sense of vision) 8841:Meditations on First Philosophy 8066: 7948:. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 7901: 7429:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7377:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7205: 7191: 7174: 7157: 7141: 7124: 7111: 6925: 6659:Glasersfeld, Ernst von (1995), 6653: 6640: 6591: 6560: 6543: 6530: 6481: 6416:. Guilford Press. p. 421. 6377:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 38–41. 6255: 6230: 6221: 6188: 6168: 6142:. Psychology Press. p. 7. 5910: 5897: 5851: 5828: 5778: 5753: 5727: 5678: 5629: 5590: 5575: 5530: 5505: 5436: 5363: 5314: 5288: 5237: 5194: 5176:. In Pisoni D, Remez R (eds.). 5165: 5103: 5084: 5058: 5001: 4963: 4937:. Academic Press. p. 825. 4901: 4875: 4814: 4785: 4691: 4650: 4578: 4311: 4272: 4255: 4210: 3332:, held by such philosophers as 2814: 2544: 2234:. It involves a combination of 1813:Perceptual issues in philosophy 9749: 9518:Analytic–synthetic distinction 8002:The Epistemology of Perception 7733:Canadian Journal of Psychology 7297:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304192 7264:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2304185 7231:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2301156 7186:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp 7021:Treisman A, Schmidt H (1982). 6449:Popper AN (30 November 2010). 5654:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2278-15.2015 5339:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1130-15.2016 5172:Rosenblum LD (15 April 2008). 4663:Perception & Psychophysics 4145: 4075: 3961: 2722: 13: 1: 12301:Neuropsychological assessment 11389:Auditory perception (hearing) 7780:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7477:Weiten W (17 December 2008). 6932:Treisman A, Gelade G (1980). 6598:Richards RJ (December 1976). 6227:Goldstein (2009). pp. 105–107 6197:"Gestalt Grouping Principles" 4931:Siegel GJ, Albers RW (2006). 4043:Bernstein DA (5 March 2010). 3921: 3705: 3104:organized into six categories 3090:) are a set of principles in 2941: 2861:, and sensations felt in the 2614:refers to how the passage of 2129:) is the ability to perceive 2063:, which send a signal to the 1774:, that influence perception. 1576:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure 1571:Mini–mental state examination 1281:Neuropsychological assessment 380:Industrial and organizational 12035:Olfactory reference syndrome 11812:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 10880:Perception as interpretation 10590:Aestheticization of politics 9026:Philosophy of space and time 7610:. Robson. pp. 173–174. 7423:Snyder J (31 October 2015). 7134:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7089:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90006-8 7039:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90006-8 6953:10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5 6829:Ahissar E., Assa E. (2016). 6507:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.11.012 6290:The dictionary of psychology 5266:10.1126/science.167.3917.392 5215:10.1016/j.heares.2007.01.014 5127:. In Lopez-Poveda EA (ed.). 5008:Brookes J (13 August 2010). 4821:Human biology (Page 201/464) 4800:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 4712:10.1016/0010-0285(87)90008-9 4616:Moore BC (15 October 2009). 4336:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.009 4279:Smith ER, Zárate MA (1992). 3926: 3779:Alice in Wonderland syndrome 3622:exteroceptive, visual cues. 3526:Other theories of perception 3465:Shared Intentionality theory 3223:Simultaneous contrast effect 3031: 2932:Gestalt School of Psychology 2906:European peacock butterflies 2904:. For example, the wings of 2572:blood oxygen level-dependent 2442:reveals no clear boundaries. 1541:Benton Visual Retention Test 535:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 12234:Sensory processing disorder 11404:Gustation (taste or flavor) 11394:Equilibrioception (balance) 9563:Internalism and externalism 8901:The Phenomenology of Spirit 7649:. University of Minnesota. 7107:– via Science Direct. 7057:– via Science Direct. 5734:Themes UF (29 March 2017). 5642:The Journal of Neuroscience 5091:Bergland C (29 June 2015). 3732: 3457:spatial locations (see the 3384:to humans use eyesight for 3368:Many philosophers, such as 3254: 3026: 2791:, possibly even leading to 2485:, and mood of the speaker. 2340:, which is detected by the 1596:Wisconsin Card Sorting Task 1546:Continuous Performance Task 34:Perception (disambiguation) 10: 12332: 12188:Supernumerary phantom limb 11524:Infrared sensing in snakes 11384:Visual perception (vision) 7896: 7774:O'Regan JK, Noë A (2001). 6812:Tishby, N. and D. Polani, 6549:Gibson, James J. (2002): " 6064:. Sage. pp. 309–313. 6062:Encyclopedia of Perception 5971:Introduction to psychology 5615:10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.252 5561:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.480 4624:. Sage. pp. 136–137. 4622:Encyclopedia of Perception 4534:Kim AE, Gilley PM (2013). 4503:10.1038/s41598-019-51756-y 4153:"Sensation and Perception" 3774:Action-specific perception 3709: 3671:reversed the color of the 3633: 3561: 3468: 3438:Feature integration theory 3435: 3432:Feature integration theory 3374:evolutionary psychologists 3210: 3075: 3035: 2945: 2872: 2818: 2796: 2773: 2686: 2604: 2548: 2527: 2450: 2417: 2375: 2269: 2243:experienced during touch. 2223: 2043: 1923: 1834:has demonstrated that the 38: 31: 12251: 12196: 12165: 12134: 12086: 12053: 12005: 11967: 11939:Microwave auditory effect 11899: 11797: 11790: 11763: 11740: 11712: 11671: 11613: 11602: 11570: 11547: 11494: 11485: 11438: 11376: 11333: 11280: 11237: 11194: 11185: 11176: 11124: 11106:Transduction (physiology) 11086: 11073: 10958: 10925: 10833: 10731: 10658: 10582: 10431: 10204: 9911: 9823: 9757: 9689: 9638: 9487: 9394:Evolutionary epistemology 9364: 9109: 9039: 8963: 8762: 8502: 8230: 8074: 8034: 7792:10.1017/S0140525X01000115 7681:, 18, pp. 206-223. 1949. 6536:Stone, James V. (2012): " 6455:. Springer. p. 150. 6103:. Elsevier. p. 126. 6060:. In Goldstein EB (ed.). 5539:The American Psychologist 5131:. Springer. p. 440. 4620:. In Goldstein EB (ed.). 4386:10.3389/fneur.2021.661938 3271:. This is the claim that 2682: 2650:, is responsible for the 2568:anterior cingulate cortex 2520:had even been disturbed. 2446: 2413: 2276:Taste (formally known as 2039: 1556:Hayling and Brixton tests 1251:Cognitive neuropsychology 914:Middle Eastern philosophy 310:Applied behavior analysis 11944:Music-specific disorders 11300:Vestibulocochlear (VIII) 9666:Philosophy of perception 9469:Representational realism 9439:Naturalized epistemology 9016:Philosophy of psychology 8951:Simulacra and Simulation 7688:15 February 2006 at the 7442:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00594 7391:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00734 7136:Harvard University Press 6995:Sensation and Perception 6732:, Chapter 4, pp. 81–101. 6648:Harvard University Press 6201:Sensation and Perception 5936:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763 5476:10.3389/fnint.2013.00075 5371:"Multi-Modal Perception" 5067:"Scents and sensibility" 5065:Weir K (February 2011). 4994:28 November 2011 at the 4553:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00045 4424:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 4297:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.3 4265:Retrieved 8 March 2020 ( 4046:Essentials of Psychology 4007:Goldstein (2009) pp. 5–7 3869:Philosophy of perception 3844:Multisensory integration 3712:Philosophy of perception 3488:, and neurobiology. The 3088:Gestalt laws of grouping 2934:, with an emphasis on a 2523: 2460:is the process by which 2371: 2265: 2219: 2209:for further processing. 2079: 1246:Clinical neuropsychology 74:reconstructing 3D shapes 41:Percept (disambiguation) 12296:Experimental psychology 11924:Auditory verbal agnosia 11778:Juxtacapillary receptor 11001:Relational frame theory 10976:Higher nervous activity 10610:Evolutionary aesthetics 10560:The Aesthetic Dimension 9646:Outline of epistemology 9479:Transcendental idealism 8881:Critique of Pure Reason 7922:Flanagan, J. R., & 6174:Gray, Peter O. (2006): 5923:Frontiers in Psychology 4445:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5411 4184:. Springer. p. 1. 3839:Model-dependent realism 3655:Sets can be created by 3364:Evolutionary psychology 3269:poverty of the stimulus 2922:laws in psychology are 2648:suprachiasmatic nucleus 2199:primary auditory cortex 1870:Process and terminology 1790:experimental psychology 500:Behavioral neuroscience 157:Behavioral neuroscience 11919:Auditory hallucination 11529:Surface wave detection 11134:Multimodal integration 10971:Experiential avoidance 10540:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 10490:Lectures on Aesthetics 9593:Problem of other minds 8472:Type–token distinction 8300:Hypostatic abstraction 8082:Abstract object theory 7974:Theories of Perception 7944:Gibson, J. J. (1987). 7937:Gibson, J. J. (1966). 7679:Journal of Personality 7655:10.24926/9781946135988 7278:Val Danilov I (2023). 7245:Val Danilov I (2023). 7130:Tomasello, M. (2019). 7117:Tomasello, M. (1999). 6097:Roeckelein JE (2006). 5810:Wettlaufer AK (2003). 5296:"Somatosensory Cortex" 5034:10.1098/rsta.2010.0117 4975:2 January 2017 at the 4826:2 January 2017 at the 4082:Gustav Theodor Fechner 3425:closed-loop perception 3419:Closed-loop perception 3347:social constructionist 3084:principles of grouping 3078:Principles of grouping 3068: 2881:. Others, who are not 2839:position of body parts 2670:central nervous system 2595:Multi-modal perception 2590:Multi-modal perception 2443: 2119: 2036: 2012:multistable perception 2004:Multistable perception 1926:Social identity theory 1842:testing, analogous to 1689: 1428:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 1291:Traumatic brain injury 1256:Cognitive neuroscience 1137:Aesthetic philosophers 550:Psychology of religion 490:Behavioral engineering 176:Cognitive neuroscience 142:Affective neuroscience 77: 61: 12178:Phantom limb syndrome 12126:Tactile hallucination 11315:Glossopharyngeal (IX) 11116:Active sensory system 10986:Ironic process theory 10751:Cognitive flexibility 10685:Philosophy portal 9671:Philosophy of science 9651:Faith and rationality 9533:Descriptive knowledge 9404:Feminist epistemology 9344:Nicholas Wolterstorff 9061:Philosophy portal 8941:Being and Nothingness 8357:Mental representation 7930:, 412(6845):389–91. ( 7851:, in Zalta EN (ed.), 7167:284(1863), 20171682. 6993:Goldstein EB (2010). 6903:Goldstein EB (2015). 6799:8 August 2017 at the 6567:Sokolowski R (2008). 6410:Moskowitz GB (2005). 5846:All Things Considered 5814:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 3895:Shared intentionality 3646:perceptual expectancy 3553:Effects on perception 3520:Shared intentionality 3515:Shared intentionality 3502:Shared intentionality 3490:Shared intentionality 3477:Shared intentionality 3471:Shared intentionality 3451:illusory conjunctions 3334:Ernst von Glasersfeld 3318:perception-in-action, 3096:Gestalt psychologists 3066: 2666:dopaminergic pathways 2437: 2197:these are led to the 2087: 2034: 1792:in the 19th century, 1629:Philosophy portal 1617:Psychology portal 1591:Wechsler Memory Scale 1561:Lexical Decision Task 718:Philosophy portal 644:Psychology portal 67: 51: 12311:Sources of knowledge 11987:Labyrinthine fistula 11954:Spatial hearing loss 11653:Campaniform sensilla 11368:Somatosensory cortex 10630:Philosophy of design 10510:In Praise of Shadows 10500:The Critic as Artist 9603:Procedural knowledge 9588:Problem of induction 8986:Feminist metaphysics 7907:Arnheim, R. (1969). 7568:Beginning Psychology 7077:Cognitive Psychology 7027:Cognitive Psychology 6941:Cognitive Psychology 6911:. pp. 109–112. 6752:Psychological Review 5903:Kolb & Whishaw: 5844:by Robert Krulwich. 5736:"Sensory Corpuscles" 5603:Psychological Review 5582:Metzinger T (2003). 5512:Metzinger T (2009). 4700:Cognitive Psychology 4591:The Physics Factbook 4285:Psychological Review 3976:. Worth Publishers. 3910:Transsaccadic memory 3558:Effect of experience 3312:Perception-in-action 3121:all else being equal 3094:, first proposed by 3058:phonemic restoration 3043:Perceptual constancy 3038:Subjective constancy 3017:somatosensory system 2851:abdominal distension 2829:(vestibular sense); 2805:physical stimulation 2709:the Libet experiment 2601:Time (chronoception) 2557:somatosensory cortex 2342:olfactory epithelium 1805:Sensory neuroscience 1788:. Since the rise of 1162:Philosophers of mind 32:For other uses, see 11773:Nociceptin receptor 11643:Merkel nerve ending 11628:Mechanotransduction 11016:Thought suppression 10640:Philosophy of music 10615:Mathematical beauty 9681:Virtue epistemology 9676:Social epistemology 9656:Formal epistemology 9543:Epistemic injustice 9538:Exploratory thought 9339:Ludwig Wittgenstein 8831:Daneshnameh-ye Alai 8342:Linguistic modality 7941:, Houghton Mifflin. 7821:Hatfield G (2023), 7727:O'Regan JK (1992). 7702:"Predictive Coding" 7184:47(6), 1291-1294., 7071:Treisman A (1977). 6850:10.7554/eLife.12830 6792:Friston, K. (2010) 6782:on 6 November 2018. 6329:Kushner LH (2008). 6287:Corsini RJ (2002). 5848:, NPR. 18 May 2009. 5840:21 May 2009 at the 5402:Nature Neuroscience 5258:1970Sci...167..392W 5137:2010nbap.book.....L 5026:2010RSPTA.368.3491B 5020:(1924): 3491–3502. 4755:2001Natur.412..445R 4495:2019NatSR...915110T 4436:1997PNAS...94.5411B 4234:on 25 February 2021 3968:Schacter D (2011). 3564:Perceptual learning 3386:collision avoidance 3330:constructivist view 3297:ambient optic array 3292:poverty of stimulus 3228:successive contrast 3179:: the principle of 3154:: the principle of 3133:: the principle of 3113:: the principle of 3054:roughness constancy 2065:retina bipolar cell 2027:Types of perception 1914:stimulus modalities 1641:Medicine portal 1333:Executive functions 1172:Women in philosophy 902:Indigenous American 685:Part of a series on 495:Behavioral genetics 410:Occupational health 152:Behavioral genetics 83:Part of a series on 12135:Nociception (pain) 11727:Olfactory receptor 11679:Photoreceptor cell 11633:Lamellar corpuscle 11557:Photomorphogenesis 11419:nociception (pain) 11111:Sensory processing 10635:Philosophy of film 10625:Patterns in nature 10595:Applied aesthetics 10570:Why Beauty Matters 10356:Life imitating art 10217:Art for art's sake 9334:Timothy Williamson 9124:Augustine of Hippo 9021:Philosophy of self 9011:Philosophy of mind 8275:Embodied cognition 8187:Scientific realism 7847:Downing L (2021), 7708:on 5 December 2013 6676:Palgrave Macmillan 5703:10.1002/hipo.22615 5093:"Psychology Today" 4676:10.3758/BF03211351 3864:Perceptual paradox 3794:Embodied cognition 3699:Embodied cognition 3390:Neuropsychologists 3354:General Tau Theory 3284:perceptual ecology 3265:Cognitive theories 3249:neuronal synchrony 3165:Good Continuation: 3072:Grouping (Gestalt) 3069: 2781:Sexual stimulation 2776:Sexual stimulation 2770:Sexual stimulation 2761:Recent studies on 2749:(specifically the 2728:Recognition memory 2674:mental chronometry 2444: 2300:gustatory calyculi 2253:active exploration 2187:impedance matching 2120: 2037: 1969:motivational state 1909:sensory modalities 1851:perceptual systems 1764:object recognition 1353:Motor coordination 865:Eastern philosophy 612:Schools of thought 450:Sport and exercise 296:Applied psychology 78: 62: 12291:Cognitive science 12273: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12252:Biases and errors 12247: 12246: 12183:Somatoparaphrenia 12152:Pain dissociation 11997:Ménière's disease 11929:Cortical deafness 11807:Visual impairment 11786: 11785: 11648:Bulbous corpuscle 11638:Tactile corpuscle 11606:sensory receptors 11598: 11597: 11481: 11480: 11434: 11433: 11399:Olfaction (smell) 11353:Vestibular cortex 11335:Cerebral cortices 11172: 11171: 11159:Motion perception 11029: 11028: 10788:Critical thinking 10756:Cognitive liberty 10693: 10692: 10645:Psychology of art 10520:Art as Experience 9717: 9716: 9583:Privileged access 9219:Søren Kierkegaard 9069: 9068: 8248:Category of being 8217:Truthmaker theory 7996:Optical Illusions 7980:Richard L Gregory 7917:978-0-520-24226-5 7849:"George Berkeley" 7664:978-1-946135-98-8 7617:978-1-86105-586-6 7578:978-0-19-832821-6 7532:978-0-495-59911-1 7490:978-0-495-60197-5 7004:978-0-495-60149-4 6918:978-1-285-76388-0 6730:978-0-13-111529-3 6580:978-0-521-71766-3 6462:978-1-4419-6113-6 6423:978-1-59385-085-2 6384:978-0-07-050477-6 6342:978-0-549-91314-6 6300:978-1-58391-328-4 6273:978-0-534-34014-8 6262:Weiten W (1998). 6248:978-81-85880-28-0 6210:978-0-87893-938-1 6184:978-0-7167-0617-5 6149:978-0-86377-598-7 6136:Yantis S (2001). 6110:978-0-444-51750-0 6071:978-1-4129-4081-8 6023:978-0-8220-5327-9 5981:978-0-15-543689-3 5869:(10): 1265–1267. 5821:978-90-420-1035-2 5790:sensoryhealth.org 5765:sensoryhealth.org 5697:(11): 1393–1413. 5523:978-0-465-04567-9 5302:. 31 October 2019 5252:(3917): 392–393. 5187:978-0-470-75677-5 5146:978-1-4419-5685-9 5111:Social Psychology 4944:978-0-12-088397-4 4856:978-1-932603-96-5 4807:978-0-313-23961-8 4792:Gibson J (1966). 4749:(6845): 445–448. 4631:978-1-4129-4081-8 4225:Pearson Education 4191:978-0-306-48033-1 4110:978-1-932603-96-5 4056:978-0-495-90693-3 3983:978-1-4292-3719-2 3948:sensoryhealth.org 3900:Simulated reality 3685:predictive coding 3568:With experience, 3481:Michael Tomasello 3189:The principle of 3170:good continuation 3167:the principle of 2978:somatic sensation 2962:sensory receptors 2801:hormonal activity 2751:perirhinal cortex 2580:prefrontal cortex 2535:Facial perception 2458:Speech perception 2453:Speech perception 2425:Social perception 2420:Social perception 2232:haptic perception 2226:Haptic perception 2056:the optic nerve. 2046:Visual perception 1893:proximal stimulus 1678: 1677: 1510:("H.M.", patient) 1503:Hans-Lukas Teuber 1423:Elkhonon Goldberg 1210: 1209: 1018: 1017: 680: 679: 577:Counseling topics 520:Consumer behavior 261:Psycholinguistics 147:Affective science 16:(Redirected from 12323: 11914:Auditory agnosia 11846:Optic neuropathy 11795: 11794: 11663:Stretch receptor 11611: 11610: 11509:Magnetoreception 11504:Electroreception 11492: 11491: 11414:mechanoreception 11363:Gustatory cortex 11358:Olfactory cortex 11192: 11191: 11183: 11182: 11101:Sensory receptor 11084: 11083: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11033: 11032: 10726:Mental processes 10720: 10713: 10706: 10697: 10696: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10575: 10565: 10555: 10545: 10535: 10525: 10515: 10505: 10495: 10485: 10475: 10465: 10455: 10445: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9721: 9720: 9661:Metaepistemology 9639:Related articles 9613:Regress argument 9548:Epistemic virtue 9299:Bertrand Russell 9274:Duncan Pritchard 9234:Hilary Kornblith 9149:Laurence BonJour 9096: 9089: 9082: 9073: 9072: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9047: 9046: 8956: 8946: 8936: 8926: 8916: 8906: 8896: 8886: 8876: 8866: 8856: 8846: 8836: 8826: 8816: 8806: 8796: 8786: 8776: 8452:Substantial form 8264:Cogito, ergo sum 8207:Substance theory 8061: 8054: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8025: 8024: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7873:Rohlf M (2023), 7870: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7844: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7823:"René Descartes" 7818: 7812: 7811: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7745:10.1037/h0084327 7724: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7704:. Archived from 7698: 7692: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7562: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7454: 7444: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7393: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7330: 7319: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7284:OBM Neurobiology 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7251:OBM Neurobiology 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7218:OBM Neurobiology 7209: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7178: 7172: 7161: 7155: 7149:OBM Neurobiology 7145: 7139: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7068: 7059: 7058: 7018: 7009: 7008: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6971:. Archived from 6938: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6909:Cengage Learning 6907:. Stamford, CT: 6900: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6862: 6852: 6826: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6775:. Archived from 6765:10.1037/h0070405 6748: 6742:Dewey J (1896). 6739: 6733: 6718: 6679: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6604: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6564: 6558: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6509: 6500:(6): 1073–1083. 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6452:Music Perception 6446: 6440: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6371:Plous S (1993). 6368: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6217:on 23 July 2011. 6213:. 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Archived from 4222: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4155:. Archived from 4149: 4143: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4094: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4040: 4029: 4026:Gregory, Richard 4023: 4008: 4005: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3940: 3814:Experience model 3799:Change blindness 3763: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3742: 3636:Set (psychology) 3546:Irving Biederman 3486:psychophysiology 3378:depth perception 3207:Contrast effects 2891:ambiguous images 2883:picture thinkers 2678:interval timing. 2652:circadian rhythm 2498:word recognition 2429:social cognition 2384:olfactory organs 2350:mechanoreceptors 2195:auditory pathway 2113: Purple is 2112: 2102: 2092: 2070:action potential 1832:ambiguous images 1670: 1663: 1656: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1535: 1519: 1511: 1418:Norman Geschwind 1398:Arthur L. Benton 1387: 1338:Natural language 1307: 1235: 1226: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1195: 1188: 907:Aztec philosophy 786:Ancient Egyptian 768: 767: 720: 716: 715: 714: 701: 682: 681: 672: 665: 658: 642: 641: 640: 607:Research methods 266:Psychophysiology 128:Basic psychology 99: 80: 79: 21: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12306:Sensory systems 12276: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12268: 12263: 12243: 12192: 12161: 12130: 12082: 12049: 12001: 11963: 11895: 11886:Stereoblindness 11827:Color blindness 11782: 11759: 11736: 11708: 11667: 11615:Mechanoreceptor 11604: 11594: 11590:Machine hearing 11585:Computer vision 11580:Robotic sensing 11566: 11543: 11477: 11430: 11372: 11348:Auditory cortex 11329: 11276: 11239:Sensory systems 11233: 11168: 11120: 11078: 11076: 11069: 11060: 11030: 11025: 10954: 10921: 10829: 10808:Problem solving 10793:Decision-making 10727: 10724: 10694: 10689: 10679: 10677: 10654: 10578: 10573: 10563: 10553: 10550:Critical Essays 10543: 10533: 10523: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10453: 10443: 10427: 10200: 10114:Ortega y Gasset 9907: 9819: 9753: 9748: 9718: 9713: 9685: 9634: 9553:Gettier problem 9483: 9414:Foundationalism 9360: 9309:Wilfrid Sellars 9264:Alvin Plantinga 9144:George Berkeley 9111:Epistemologists 9105: 9100: 9070: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9035: 8959: 8954: 8944: 8934: 8924: 8914: 8904: 8894: 8884: 8874: 8864: 8854: 8844: 8834: 8824: 8814: 8804: 8801:De rerum natura 8794: 8784: 8774: 8758: 8498: 8402:Physical object 8238:Abstract object 8226: 8212:Theory of forms 8147:Meaning of life 8070: 8065: 8030: 8015:Article in the 8004:Article in the 7988:, presented by 7970: 7924:Lederman, S. J. 7909:Visual Thinking 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7884: 7882: 7875:"Immanuel Kant" 7871: 7867: 7858: 7856: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7830: 7819: 7815: 7772: 7768: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7690:Wayback Machine 7676: 7672: 7665: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7579: 7563: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7517: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7491: 7475: 7468: 7421: 7417: 7368: 7364: 7352: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7276: 7272: 7243: 7239: 7210: 7206: 7202:13(8), 841-849. 7196: 7192: 7179: 7175: 7162: 7158: 7146: 7142: 7129: 7125: 7116: 7112: 7069: 7062: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6991: 6987: 6975: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6901: 6888: 6827: 6820: 6811: 6807: 6801:Wayback Machine 6791: 6787: 6779: 6746: 6740: 6736: 6719: 6682: 6658: 6654: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6619:10.2307/2107193 6602: 6596: 6592: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6548: 6544: 6535: 6531: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6431: 6424: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6385: 6369: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6343: 6327: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6211: 6193: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6150: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6118: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6072: 6054: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6024: 6008: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5898: 5856: 5852: 5842:Wayback Machine 5833: 5829: 5822: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5786:"Your 8 Senses" 5784: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5761:"Your 8 Senses" 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5732: 5728: 5683: 5679: 5634: 5630: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5552:10.1.1.188.8271 5535: 5531: 5524: 5510: 5506: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5333:(21): 5850–60. 5319: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5242: 5238: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5147: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5059: 5006: 5002: 4996:Wayback Machine 4987: 4983: 4977:Wayback Machine 4968: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4945: 4929: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4857: 4841: 4834: 4828:Wayback Machine 4819: 4815: 4808: 4790: 4786: 4739: 4735: 4696: 4692: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4632: 4614: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4579: 4532: 4528: 4475: 4471: 4416: 4412: 4365: 4361: 4316: 4312: 4277: 4273: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4192: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4111: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4057: 4041: 4032: 4024: 4011: 4006: 3991: 3984: 3966: 3962: 3952: 3950: 3944:"Your 8 Senses" 3942: 3941: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3789:Binding Problem 3769: 3759: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3735: 3722:George Berkeley 3714: 3708: 3638: 3632: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3528: 3511:binding problem 3473: 3467: 3459:binding problem 3440: 3434: 3421: 3366: 3360:in perception. 3314: 3288:James J. Gibson 3262: 3257: 3215: 3213:Contrast effect 3209: 3080: 3074: 3049:color constancy 3040: 3034: 3029: 3013:auditory system 2997:receptive field 2966:neural pathways 2950: 2944: 2900:and biological 2875: 2859:urinary bladder 2823: 2817: 2778: 2772: 2725: 2694:Sense of agency 2691: 2689:Sense of agency 2685: 2676:, particularly 2636:cerebral cortex 2632:neuroscientists 2609: 2607:time perception 2603: 2592: 2563:Affective touch 2553: 2547: 2532: 2530:Face perception 2526: 2462:spoken language 2455: 2449: 2422: 2416: 2380: 2374: 2354:thermoreceptors 2330:Western cuisine 2274: 2268: 2228: 2222: 2207:cerebral cortex 2175:auditory system 2118: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2093: Brown is 2090: 2082: 2048: 2042: 2029: 2006: 1973:emotional state 1958: 1928: 1922: 1872: 1809:computationally 1727:is mediated by 1674: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1509: 1508:Henry Molaison 1498:Roger W. Sperry 1493:Mark Rosenzweig 1478:Karl H. Pribram 1468:Alexander Luria 1438:Kenneth Heilman 1408:Antonio Damasio 1388: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1368:Problem solving 1328:Decision making 1308: 1305:Brain functions 1303: 1296: 1295: 1276:Neurophysiology 1236: 1233: 1216:Neuropsychology 1206: 1177: 1176: 1142:Epistemologists 1132: 1131: 1120: 1119: 1056: 1032: 1031: 1020: 1019: 765: 764: 753: 712: 710: 709: 676: 638: 636: 629: 628: 627: 626: 602:Psychotherapies 570: 560: 559: 480: 472: 471: 470: 469: 298: 288: 287: 286: 285: 248:Neuropsychology 130: 70:Computer vision 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12329: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12271: 12270: 12265: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12248: 12245: 12244: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12200: 12198: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12169: 12167: 12166:Proprioception 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12138: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12059: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12011: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11973: 11971: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11905: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11775: 11769: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11744: 11742:Thermoreceptor 11738: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11722:Taste receptor 11718: 11716: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11617: 11608: 11600: 11599: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11568: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11559: 11553: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11489: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11448:Proprioception 11444: 11442: 11436: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11427: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11378: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11339: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11320:Trigeminal (V) 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11243: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11200: 11198: 11196:Sensory organs 11189: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11092: 11090: 11081: 11071: 11070: 11059: 11058: 11051: 11044: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10996:Mental fatigue 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10922: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10913: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10769: 10768: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10700: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10659: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10620:Neuroesthetics 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10600:Arts criticism 10597: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10566: 10556: 10546: 10536: 10526: 10516: 10506: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10470:On the Sublime 10466: 10456: 10446: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10341: 10336: 10334:Interpretation 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10234: 10229: 10227:Artistic merit 10224: 10219: 10214: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9876:Psychoanalysis 9873: 9868: 9863: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9747: 9746: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9642: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9502: 9493: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9379:Constructivism 9376: 9370: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Baruch Spinoza 9326: 9324:P. F. Strawson 9321: 9316: 9314:Susanna Siegel 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9289:W. V. O. Quine 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9189:Nelson Goodman 9186: 9181: 9179:Edmund Gettier 9176: 9171: 9166: 9164:René Descartes 9161: 9156: 9154:Gilles Deleuze 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:William Alston 9126: 9121: 9119:Thomas Aquinas 9115: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9099: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9051: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8964:Related topics 8961: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8947: 8937: 8931:Being and Time 8927: 8917: 8907: 8897: 8887: 8877: 8867: 8857: 8847: 8837: 8827: 8817: 8807: 8797: 8787: 8777: 8766: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8504:Metaphysicians 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8260: 8258:Causal closure 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8132:Libertarianism 8129: 8124: 8119: 8117:Existentialism 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8041: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8022: 8021: 8010: 7999: 7993: 7983: 7977: 7969: 7968:External links 7966: 7965: 7964: 7956: 7942: 7935: 7920: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7865: 7839: 7813: 7786:(5): 939–973. 7766: 7739:(3): 461–488. 7719: 7693: 7670: 7663: 7635: 7616: 7596: 7577: 7550: 7531: 7508: 7489: 7466: 7415: 7362: 7303: 7270: 7237: 7204: 7190: 7188:. 2011.04.012. 7173: 7156: 7140: 7123: 7110: 7083:(1): 107–141. 7060: 7033:(1): 107–141. 7010: 7003: 6985: 6980:Science Direct 6924: 6917: 6886: 6818: 6805: 6785: 6759:(4): 359–370. 6734: 6680: 6652: 6639: 6613:(2): 218–233. 6590: 6579: 6559: 6542: 6529: 6480: 6461: 6441: 6422: 6402: 6383: 6360: 6341: 6318: 6299: 6279: 6272: 6254: 6247: 6229: 6220: 6209: 6187: 6167: 6148: 6128: 6109: 6089: 6070: 6041: 6022: 5999: 5980: 5960: 5909: 5896: 5850: 5827: 5820: 5802: 5777: 5752: 5726: 5677: 5628: 5609:(3): 252–271. 5589: 5586:. p. 508. 5574: 5529: 5522: 5514:The Ego Tunnel 5504: 5449: 5435: 5388: 5375:Lumen Waymaker 5362: 5313: 5287: 5236: 5193: 5186: 5164: 5145: 5115: 5102: 5083: 5057: 5000: 4981: 4962: 4943: 4918: 4900: 4874: 4855: 4832: 4813: 4806: 4784: 4733: 4706:(3): 342–368. 4690: 4669:(4): 299–302. 4649: 4630: 4603: 4577: 4526: 4469: 4430:(10): 5411–6. 4410: 4359: 4330:(2): 150–164. 4310: 4271: 4254: 4245: 4209: 4190: 4170: 4159:on 10 May 2011 4144: 4128: 4109: 4086: 4074: 4055: 4030: 4009: 3989: 3982: 3960: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3915:Visual routine 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3874:Proprioception 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3804:Cognitive bias 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3755: 3734: 3731: 3718:Rene Descartes 3710:Main article: 3707: 3704: 3642:perceptual set 3634:Main article: 3631: 3628: 3614:proprioception 3562:Main article: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3507:Intentionality 3498:Intentionality 3494:Intentionality 3469:Main article: 3466: 3463: 3436:Main article: 3433: 3430: 3423:The theory of 3420: 3417: 3365: 3362: 3313: 3310: 3304:perception is 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3211:Main article: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3187: 3174: 3162: 3149: 3142:visual texture 3128: 3076:Main article: 3073: 3070: 3036:Main article: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 2954:sensory system 2948:Sensory system 2946:Main article: 2943: 2940: 2874: 2871: 2853:, fullness of 2819:Main article: 2816: 2813: 2789:sexual arousal 2774:Main article: 2771: 2768: 2724: 2721: 2687:Main article: 2684: 2681: 2626:, the work of 2624:sensory system 2605:Main article: 2602: 2599: 2591: 2588: 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2528:Main article: 2525: 2522: 2451:Main article: 2448: 2445: 2418:Main article: 2415: 2412: 2376:Main article: 2373: 2370: 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2240:proprioception 2224:Main article: 2221: 2218: 2109: 2099: 2089: 2081: 2078: 2044:Main article: 2041: 2038: 2035:Cerebrum lobes 2028: 2025: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1990: 1980: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1921: 1918: 1871: 1868: 1801:quantitatively 1779:nervous system 1737:pressure waves 1729:odor molecules 1705:sensory system 1701:nervous system 1676: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1631: 1619: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1463:Rodolfo Llinás 1460: 1458:Benjamin Libet 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1433:Donald O. Hebb 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1237: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1219: 1218: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Metaphysicians 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1085:Metaphilosophy 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 970: 969: 963: 962: 961: 960: 959: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 923: 922: 921: 911: 910: 909: 899: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 862: 861: 860: 855: 850: 837: 836: 830: 829: 828: 827: 826: 825: 820: 810: 805: 800: 795: 794: 793: 788: 775: 774: 766: 760: 759: 758: 755: 754: 752: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 687: 686: 678: 677: 675: 674: 667: 660: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 631: 630: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 572: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 300: 299: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Cross-cultural 190: 185: 184: 183: 173: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 133: 132: 131: 126: 125: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 109: 101: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12328: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12224:Hallucination 12222: 12220: 12219:Derealization 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:Asomatognosia 12171: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12111:Hyperesthesia 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12096:Astereognosis 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11992:Labyrinthitis 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11966: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11898: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11739: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11717: 11715: 11714:Chemoreceptor 11711: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11672:Photoreceptor 11670: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11658:Slit sensilla 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11484: 11474: 11473:Visceral pain 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11425: 11424:thermoception 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11343:Visual cortex 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11305:Olfactory (I) 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11287:spinal nerves 11284: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11144:Consciousness 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11057: 11052: 11050: 11045: 11043: 11038: 11037: 11034: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10957: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10935:Consolidation 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10783:Consciousness 10781: 10779: 10778:Comprehension 10776: 10774: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10721: 10716: 10714: 10709: 10707: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10686: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10651: 10650:Theory of art 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10572: 10571: 10567: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10537: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10521: 10517: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10501: 10497: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10482: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10447: 10442: 10441: 10440:Hippias Major 10437: 10436: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10299:Entertainment 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10222:Art manifesto 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10212:Appropriation 10210: 10209: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10104:Merleau-Ponty 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9919:Abhinavagupta 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9871:Postmodernism 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9740: 9738: 9733: 9731: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9568:Justification 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9503: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9444:Phenomenalism 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9434:Naïve realism 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9384:Contextualism 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9349:Vienna Circle 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9284:Hilary Putnam 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9259:Robert Nozick 9257: 9255: 9254:John McDowell 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9214:Immanuel Kant 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9184:Alvin Goldman 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9097: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9074: 9062: 9052: 9050: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9006:Phenomenology 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763:Notable works 8761: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8167:Phenomenalism 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087:Action theory 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8069: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8033: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8008: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7954:0-89859-959-8 7951: 7947: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7538: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7515: 7513: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7481: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7346: 7327: 7323: 7322:Elsevier Inc. 7316: 7315: 7307: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7137: 7133: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7015: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6947:(1): 97–136. 6946: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6884: 6882: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6825: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6789: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6722:Prentice Hall 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6677: 6674:Basingstoke: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6468: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6445: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6365: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335:. p. 1. 6334: 6333: 6325: 6323: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6132: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6015: 6014: 6006: 6004: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5875:10.1068/p7119 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5741: 5740:Abdominal Key 5737: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5545:(7): 480–92. 5544: 5540: 5533: 5525: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5414:10.1038/85191 5411: 5408:(3): 317–23. 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5087: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4839: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4809: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540:Front Psychol 4537: 4530: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4091: 4083: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3964: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3834:Introspection 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Generic views 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809:Cultural bias 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3730: 3727: 3726:Immanuel Kant 3723: 3719: 3713: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3669:playing cards 3665: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3644:(also called 3643: 3637: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3443:Anne Treisman 3439: 3429: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3412:prosopagnosia 3406: 3402: 3399: 3398:metabolically 3394: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382:fiddler crabs 3379: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3240:Wilhelm Wundt 3237: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119:states that, 3118: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3039: 3024: 3022: 3021:interoception 3018: 3014: 3010: 3009:visual system 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2928:Fechner's law 2925: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747:temporal lobe 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2698:schizophrenia 2695: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2644:basal ganglia 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:psychologists 2625: 2621: 2620:sense of time 2617: 2613: 2612:Chronoception 2608: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2558: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2488: 2487:Reverberation 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2344:of the nose; 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236:somatosensory 2233: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2203:temporal lobe 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2177:includes the 2176: 2171: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2133:by detecting 2132: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2106: 2103: Red is 2096: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2047: 2033: 2024: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2013: 1998: 1997:environmental 1994: 1993:The Situation 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:The Perceiver 1963: 1962: 1961: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932:Jerome Bruner 1930:Psychologist 1927: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1883:distal object 1880: 1878: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1798:Psychophysics 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715:striking the 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1632: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1473:Brenda Milner 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1393:Alan Baddeley 1391: 1390: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1323:Consciousness 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1241:Brain regions 1239: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1100:Phenomenology 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 968: 965: 964: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 924: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 866: 863: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 840: 839: 838: 835: 832: 831: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 792: 791:Ancient Greek 789: 787: 784: 783: 782: 779: 778: 777: 776: 773: 770: 769: 763: 757: 756: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 719: 708: 707: 705: 704: 700: 696: 695: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 673: 668: 666: 661: 659: 654: 653: 651: 650: 645: 635: 634: 633: 632: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Psychologists 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Organizations 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 569: 564: 563: 556: 555:Psychometrics 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Consciousness 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 476: 475: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435:Psychotherapy 433: 431: 430:Psychometrics 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 297: 292: 291: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 203:Developmental 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 129: 124: 123: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102: 98: 94: 93: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 75: 71: 66: 59: 55: 50: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 12157:Phantom pain 12142:Hyperalgesia 12116:Hypoesthesia 11934:Hearing loss 11755:TRP channels 11732:Osmoreceptor 11699:Photopigment 11623:Baroreceptor 11562:Gravitropism 11534:Frog hearing 11514:Echolocation 11310:Facial (VII) 11125: 11066: 10834: 10568: 10558: 10548: 10518: 10508: 10488: 10478: 10468: 10458: 10448: 10438: 10385: 10370: 10361:Magnificence 10343: 10193: 10159:Schopenhauer 9994:Coomaraswamy 9912:Philosophers 9900: 9831:Aestheticism 9627: 9597: 9528:Common sense 9506:A posteriori 9505: 9497: 9459:Reductionism 9353: 9304:Gilbert Ryle 9174:Fred Dretske 9159:Keith DeRose 9103:Epistemology 8981:Epistemology 8949: 8939: 8929: 8919: 8909: 8899: 8889: 8879: 8869: 8859: 8849: 8839: 8829: 8819: 8809: 8799: 8791:Nyāya Sūtras 8789: 8779: 8769: 8751: 8667:Wittgenstein 8612:Schopenhauer 8491: 8482:Unobservable 8396: 8332:Intelligence 8262: 8202:Subjectivism 8197:Spiritualism 8112:Essentialism 8092:Anti-realism 8016: 8005: 7990:Michael Bach 7945: 7938: 7927: 7908: 7902:Bibliography 7883:, retrieved 7878: 7868: 7857:, 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Retrieved 4229:the original 4224: 4212: 4200:. Retrieved 4180: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4157:the original 4147: 4139: 4119:. Retrieved 4099: 4077: 4065:. Retrieved 4045: 3971: 3963: 3951:. Retrieved 3947: 3715: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3678:Philosopher 3677: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3624: 3612: 3567: 3474: 3455: 3447: 3441: 3422: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3367: 3357: 3351: 3337: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3281: 3277:mental model 3263: 3245:firing rates 3233: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3202: 3190: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3151: 3134: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3053: 3047: 3042: 3041: 2994: 2953: 2951: 2920:quantitative 2917: 2914: 2895: 2876: 2833:, including 2831:acceleration 2827:body balance 2824: 2815:Other senses 2779: 2760: 2755:Firing rates 2744: 2736:recollection 2735: 2731: 2726: 2713: 2705:pathological 2703:Even in non- 2702: 2693: 2692: 2664:One or more 2663: 2655: 2610: 2593: 2570:. Increased 2561: 2556: 2554: 2545:Social touch 2534: 2533: 2502: 2491: 2472: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2423: 2404:subconscious 2400: 2381: 2363: 2357: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2277: 2275: 2257: 2252: 2245: 2231: 2229: 2214:superimposed 2211: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2126: 2121: 2074: 2058: 2049: 2017: 2010: 2007: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1964: 1959: 1929: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888:transduction 1886: 1882: 1875: 1873: 1860:sensory maps 1848: 1825: 1776: 1741: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1488:Oliver Sacks 1453:Muriel Lezak 1448:Edith Kaplan 1413:Phineas Gage 1357: 1271:Neuroanatomy 1129:Philosophers 1037:Epistemology 858:South Africa 813:Contemporary 762:Philosophies 540:Intelligence 271:Quantitative 238:Mathematical 233:Intelligence 223:Experimental 218:Evolutionary 208:Differential 45: 29: 12239:Synesthesia 12147:Hypoalgesia 12121:Paresthesia 12106:Formication 12101:CMT disease 12068:Hypergeusia 11891:Visual snow 11866:Photophobia 11861:Papilledema 11851:Oscillopsia 11837:Hemeralopia 11704:Aureochrome 11539:Toad vision 11463:Suffocation 11377:Perceptions 10825:Prospection 10798:Imagination 10761:Forecasting 10741:Association 10454:(c. 335 BC) 10444:(c. 390 BC) 10423:Work of art 10376:Picturesque 10232:Avant-garde 10189:Winckelmann 10064:Kierkegaard 9989:Collingwood 9959:Baudrillard 9886:Romanticism 9856:Historicism 9790:Mathematics 9608:Proposition 9578:Objectivity 9464:Reliabilism 9454:Rationalism 9399:Fallibilism 9374:Coherentism 9319:Ernest Sosa 9294:Thomas Reid 9279:James Pryor 9249:G. E. Moore 9239:David Lewis 9229:Saul Kripke 9224:Peter Klein 9204:Susan Haack 9134:Robert Audi 8811:Metaphysics 8795:(c. 200 BC) 8785:(c. 350 BC) 8775:(c. 350 BC) 8662:Collingwood 8567:Malebranche 8315:Information 8243:Anima mundi 8222:Type theory 8177:Physicalism 8142:Materialism 8097:Determinism 8068:Metaphysics 7885:11 November 7859:11 November 7833:11 November 7712:24 February 7353:|work= 7290:(4): 1–17. 7257:(4): 1–17. 6058:"Constancy" 5691:Hippocampus 5076:11 December 4291:(1): 3–21. 4263:Explorable. 3829:Ideasthesia 3601:mindfulness 3370:Jerry Fodor 3341:desired or 3323:invariants, 3182:common fate 3177:Common Fate 3146:resemblance 2990:transducers 2924:Weber's law 2887:esemplastic 2843:suffocation 2732:familiarity 2723:Familiarity 2539:human faces 2440:spectrogram 2408:instinctive 2201:within the 2189:); and the 2151:frequencies 1856:modular way 1819:, smell or 1756:expectation 1581:Stroop Test 1483:Pasko Rakic 1443:Eric Kandel 1266:Human brain 1052:Metaphysics 967:By religion 823:Continental 803:Renaissance 582:Disciplines 455:Suicidology 350:Educational 305:Anomalistic 281:Theoretical 256:Personality 188:Comparative 171:Cognitivism 162:Behaviorism 54:Necker cube 12286:Perception 12280:Categories 12259:Pareidolia 12214:Allochiria 12197:Multimodal 12078:Parageusia 12073:Hypogeusia 12045:Phantosmia 12025:Hyperosmia 11969:Vestibular 11949:Palinopsia 11909:Amblyaudia 11856:Palinopsia 11841:Nyctalopia 11765:Nociceptor 11572:Artificial 11295:Optic (II) 11126:Perception 11075:Processes 11067:perception 11006:Mental set 10885:Peripheral 10835:Perception 10818:strategies 10393:Recreation 10371:Perception 10264:Creativity 9964:Baumgarten 9954:Baudelaire 9836:Classicism 9751:Aesthetics 9709:Discussion 9699:Task Force 9618:Simplicity 9598:Perception 9474:Skepticism 9449:Positivism 9424:Infinitism 9389:Empiricism 9244:John Locke 9209:David Hume 9199:Anil Gupta 9194:Paul Grice 9169:John Dewey 9139:A. J. Ayer 8871:Monadology 8805:(c. 80 BC) 8512:Parmenides 8397:Perception 8295:Experience 8182:Relativism 8157:Naturalism 8107:Enactivism 7311:Sumner M. 7224:(1): 156. 6843:: e12830. 6176:Psychology 6013:Psychology 5863:Perception 5859:Bedford FL 5327:J Neurosci 4618:"Audition" 4596:22 January 4379:: 661938. 3972:Psychology 3922:References 3905:Simulation 3859:Pareidolia 3765:Psychology 3753:Philosophy 3706:Philosophy 3693:processes) 3680:Andy Clark 3657:motivation 3648:or simply 3609:meditation 3532:Enactivism 3273:sensations 3236:John Locke 3136:similarity 3131:Similarity 3092:psychology 2942:Physiology 2938:approach. 2898:camouflage 2879:mind's eye 2847:gag reflex 2809:corpuscles 2640:cerebellum 2505:morphology 2359:appetitive 2314:bitterness 2295:taste buds 2246:Professor 2183:middle ear 2179:outer ears 2167:infrasonic 2161:ultrasonic 2135:vibrations 2105:middle ear 2020:Rubin vase 1983:The Target 1977:experience 1975:, and (3) 1924:See also: 1840:hypothesis 1683:(from 1681:Perception 1403:David Bohm 1358:Perception 1060:Aesthetics 749:Categories 691:Philosophy 510:Competence 375:Humanistic 355:Ergonomics 340:Counseling 315:Assessment 252:Perception 213:Ecological 89:Psychology 58:Rubin vase 12055:Gustatory 12007:Olfactory 11871:Photopsia 11817:Amaurosis 11791:Disorders 11684:Cone cell 11603:Types of 11214:Inner ear 11149:Cognition 11139:Awareness 11088:Sensation 11063:Sensation 10981:Intention 10966:Attention 10900:Harmonics 10853:RGB model 10803:Intuition 10773:Foresight 10766:affective 10746:Awareness 10733:Cognition 10398:Reverence 10304:Eroticism 10274:Depiction 10247:Masculine 10149:Santayana 10109:Nietzsche 10054:Hutcheson 10044:Heidegger 10029:Greenberg 9984:Coleridge 9949:Balthasar 9934:Aristotle 9896:Theosophy 9891:Symbolism 9866:Modernism 9851:Formalism 9573:Knowledge 9558:Induction 9508:knowledge 9500:knowledge 9031:Teleology 8996:Mereology 8976:Cosmology 8835:(c. 1000) 8732:Plantinga 8722:Armstrong 8672:Heidegger 8647:Whitehead 8632:Nietzsche 8552:Descartes 8522:Aristotle 8477:Universal 8407:Principle 8377:Necessity 8337:Intention 8290:Existence 8253:Causality 8192:Solipsism 8122:Free will 7800:0140-525X 7753:0008-4255 7355:ignored ( 7345:cite book 6881:CC BY 4.0 5547:CiteSeerX 4305:0033-295X 3927:Citations 3849:Near sets 3784:Apophenia 3590:Empirical 3570:organisms 3338:invariant 3192:good form 3186:obscured. 3116:proximity 3111:Proximity 3032:Constancy 2986:olfaction 2980:(touch), 2657:ultradian 2513:semantics 2511:, and/or 2467:phonetics 2378:Olfaction 2322:saltiness 2310:sweetness 2292:, called 2278:gustation 2191:inner ear 2115:inner ear 2095:outer ear 1828:illusions 1786:awareness 1783:conscious 1772:attention 1768:knowledge 1760:attention 1735:involves 1711:involves 1691:perceptio 1518:(patient) 1318:Attention 1152:Logicians 1147:Ethicists 1105:Political 1065:Education 986:Christian 981:Confucian 880:Indonesia 834:By region 772:By period 505:Cognition 420:Political 330:Community 167:Cognitive 117:Subfields 12040:Parosmia 12030:Hyposmia 12020:Dysosmia 11959:Tinnitus 11901:Auditory 11876:Polyopia 11832:Diplopia 11689:Rod cell 11487:Nonhuman 11440:Internal 11281:Sensory 11187:External 11096:Stimulus 11079:concepts 11021:Volition 11011:Thinking 10991:Learning 10940:Encoding 10673:Category 10605:Axiology 10474:(c. 500) 10464:(c. 100) 10339:Judgment 10294:Emotions 10289:Elegance 10269:Cuteness 10242:Feminine 10205:Concepts 10174:Tanizaki 10154:Schiller 10139:Richards 10129:Rancière 10099:Maritain 10034:Hanslick 9974:Benjamin 9846:Feminism 9815:Theology 9795:Medieval 9785:Japanese 9780:Internet 9694:Category 9513:Analysis 9498:A priori 9489:Concepts 9429:Innatism 9366:Theories 9049:Category 8971:Axiology 8825:(c. 270) 8753:more ... 8707:Anscombe 8702:Strawson 8697:Davidson 8592:Berkeley 8532:Plotinus 8493:more ... 8432:Relation 8412:Property 8387:Ontology 8310:Identity 8231:Concepts 8162:Nihilism 8127:Idealism 8075:Theories 7808:12239892 7686:Archived 7683:Yorku.ca 7628:24 March 7622:Archived 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4354:20152123 4202:25 March 4196:Archived 4163:24 March 4121:26 March 4115:Archived 4067:25 March 4061:Archived 3733:See also 3691:learning 3593:research 3582:learning 3578:Research 3576:sphere. 3301:paradigm 3255:Theories 3100:perceive 3027:Features 2936:holistic 2910:eyespots 2785:stimulus 2517:phonemes 2494:audition 2365:aversive 2318:sourness 2127:audition 1879:stimulus 1748:learning 1363:Planning 1343:Learning 1261:Dementia 1110:Religion 1095:Ontology 1075:Language 1029:Branches 976:Buddhist 931:American 853:Ethiopia 818:Analytic 798:Medieval 739:Glossary 724:Contents 617:Timeline 530:Feelings 525:Emotions 485:Behavior 479:Concepts 440:Religion 425:Positive 415:Pastoral 400:Military 365:Forensic 360:Feminist 345:Critical 335:Consumer 325:Coaching 320:Clinical 198:Cultural 137:Abnormal 12209:Agnosia 12088:Tactile 12063:Ageusia 12015:Anosmia 11977:Vertigo 11881:Scotoma 11822:Anopsia 11283:cranial 11154:Feeling 10945:Storage 10813:methods 10668:Outline 10583:Related 10450:Poetics 10418:Tragedy 10408:Sublime 10381:Quality 10366:Mimesis 10324:Harmony 10309:Fashion 10284:Ecstasy 10279:Disgust 10195:more... 10164:Scruton 10089:Lyotard 10024:Goodman 10004:Deleuze 9939:Aquinas 9929:Alberti 9902:more... 9881:Realism 9861:Marxism 9841:Fascism 9824:Schools 9810:Science 9765:Ancient 9629:more... 9409:Fideism 9355:more... 8821:Enneads 8815:(c. 50) 8781:Timaeus 8771:Sophist 8717:Dummett 8712:Deleuze 8652:Russell 8642:Bergson 8637:Meinong 8617:Bolzano 8577:Leibniz 8557:Spinoza 8542:Aquinas 8527:Proclus 8457:Thought 8447:Subject 8427:Reality 8422:Quality 8392:Pattern 8352:Meaning 8327:Insight 8285:Essence 8270:Concept 8172:Realism 8137:Liberty 8102:Dualism 7897:Sources 7761:1486554 7452:4628108 7435:: 594. 7401:4166896 7384:: 734. 7097:7053925 7047:7053925 6961:7351125 6860:4913359 6627:2107193 5946:4460802 5929:: 763. 5891:9546850 5745:13 July 5712:5082501 5663:4588607 5623:2166238 5486:3813949 5430:3570715 5381:8 March 5348:4879201 5306:8 March 5274:5409744 5254:Bibcode 5246:Science 5133:Bibcode 5043:2944383 5022:Bibcode 4779:4413295 4751:Bibcode 4728:3157751 4720:3608405 4685:4034346 4563:3600774 4512:6806000 4491:Bibcode 4483:Sci Rep 4464:9144251 4432:Bibcode 4396:8175861 4345:3717333 4238:8 March 3819:Feeling 3739:Portals 3605:Tai Chi 3586:sensory 3358:percept 3157:closure 3152:Closure 3125:stimuli 2974:hearing 2958:sensory 2902:mimicry 2873:Reality 2835:gravity 2783:is any 2763:lesions 2740:deja vu 2668:in the 2410:level. 2346:texture 2148:audible 2137:(i.e., 2123:Hearing 1951:target. 1947:target. 1897:percept 1844:science 1744:signals 1733:hearing 1719:of the 1697:sensory 1373:Thought 1313:Arousal 1115:Science 1070:History 996:Islamic 956:Russian 951:Italian 936:British 926:Western 919:Iranian 895:Vietnam 870:Chinese 843:African 781:Ancient 744:History 729:Outline 592:Outline 465:Traffic 460:Systems 395:Medical 228:Gestalt 112:History 107:Outline 18:Percept 11799:Visual 11750:Cilium 11496:Animal 11468:Nausea 11458:Thirst 11453:Hunger 11325:Spinal 11164:Qualia 10950:Recall 10927:Memory 10917:Visual 10910:Speech 10890:Social 10870:Haptic 10843:Amodal 10574:(2009) 10564:(1977) 10554:(1946) 10544:(1939) 10534:(1935) 10524:(1934) 10514:(1933) 10504:(1891) 10494:(1835) 10484:(1757) 10351:Kitsch 10329:Humour 10259:Comedy 10237:Beauty 10179:Vasari 10169:Tagore 10144:Ruskin 10084:Lukács 10074:Langer 10019:Goethe 9944:Balázs 9924:Adorno 9805:Nature 9770:Africa 9523:Belief 9419:Holism 8955:(1981) 8945:(1943) 8935:(1927) 8925:(1846) 8915:(1818) 8905:(1807) 8895:(1783) 8885:(1781) 8875:(1714) 8865:(1710) 8855:(1677) 8851:Ethics 8845:(1641) 8747:Parfit 8737:Kripke 8727:Putnam 8687:Sartre 8677:Carnap 8627:Peirce 8572:Newton 8547:Suárez 8537:Scotus 8417:Qualia 8382:Object 8372:Nature 8367:Motion 8347:Matter 8280:Entity 8152:Monism 7952: 7928:Nature 7915: 7806: 7798: 7759: 7751: 7661: 7614: 7575: 7529: 7487: 7459: 7449: 7408: 7398: 7335:3 June 7103: 7095: 7053: 7045: 7001: 6969:353246 6967: 6959: 6915: 6867: 6857: 6771: 6728: 6625: 6577: 6522: 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