1424:
believed that the kings came into power not because of great leadership duties, but because of hereditary succession. Below the king was the
Lawagetas, believed to be the leader of the army, based on Homer's works. The Lawagetas are thought to have gotten their power by owning the most land. Other opinions think Lawagetas were a sort of prince, having no military power. Under the Lawagetas are numerous craftsmen employed by the Lawagetas. Other groups commonly mentioned in landholding texts are the Telestas. Some think the Telestas are religious officials while others believe they were given land in return for services. Under the Telestas is believed to be the Hequetia, who are believed to be either military workers or warriors or companions of the king. Under the Hequetia are the general laborers which includes artisans, farmers, fisherman, and more. At the bottom of the social hierarchy slaves, which are commonly believed to be women. Even when women were not slaves it is believed they were never able to hold substantial roles of power in the civilizations. The particular positions held and responsibilities performed within Mycenae's social structure are not well understood.
2730:
6349:
796:, which relies on categorisation of stratified material objects, mainly pottery, within an agreed historical framework. Mycenae developed into a major power during LHI (c. 1550 – c. 1450 BC) and is believed to have become the main centre of Aegean civilisation through the fifteenth century to the extent that the two hundred years from c. 1400 BC to c. 1200 BC (encompassing LHIIIA and LHIIIB) are known as the Mycenaean Age. The Minoan hegemony ended c. 1450 and there is evidence that Knossos was occupied by Mycenaeans until it too was destroyed c. 1370 BC. From then on, Mycenaean expansion throughout the Aegean was unhindered until the massive disruption of society in the first half of the twelfth century (LHIIIC), which ended Mycenaean civilisation and culminated in the destruction of Mycenae itself c. 1150 BC.
2402:
2356:
64:
2551:
6325:
2221:
6333:
5961:
851:
589:
95:
6341:
918:
88:
927:
1452:, which could plausibly be ruled by a member of Mycenae's ruling dynasty. Certain archaeological features in the palatial centers like the architectural uniformity, the uniformity of the administrative system, the uniformity in pottery, the imperial language and some large scale projects (drainage systems, harbours, roads etc.) indicate that large parts of Greece may have fallen under the sway of a single king, with various degrees of control over local vassals: a situation not dissimilar from the contemporary
1007:
5969:
5953:
688:
781:
995:
1257:("lāwāgetas"), literally translated as "the leader of the people", and sometimes interpreted as a given kingdom's military leader, though this is not confirmed by the inscriptions. Alternatively, he may have been the crown prince or, if one follows the argument of a single Mycenaean state, a local king who was a vassal to the overarching wanax / Great King. Below these two elevated persons, Linear B texts situate the
5977:
2352:. The latter was chosen at first. At this moment nature intervened and the sun appeared to reverse direction by setting in the east. Atreus argued that because the sun had reversed its path, the election of Thyestes should be reversed. The argument was heeded, and Atreus became king. His first move was to pursue Thyestes and all his family – that is, his own kin – but Thyestes managed to escape from Mycenae.
5753:
2709:, believed to be the site of ancient Troy. Following his work at Hisarlik, Schliemann began excavations at Mycenae in 1876. His goal was to find the grave of Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and leader of the Greek army in the Trojan War as described in Homer's Iliad. Schliemann uncovered a royal cemetery containing six shaft graves, known as Grave Circle A. Among his findings at Grave Circle A was a gold
2577:, who believed he visited the site in 1447/1448, had actually seen the nearby fort of Katsingri. Similarly, modern scholarship has disproved the claims of two sixteenth-century travellers to have visited the site: André de Monceaux, who claimed to have visited the site in 1669, and the French military officer Nicola Mirabel, who believed that he had done so in 1691.
1179:), often translated in English as "lord". Some inscriptions with a list of offerings indicate that the king was probably divine, but the term "for the king" is usually accompanied by another name. It is possible that a priest-king system was adopted from the East and the title probably indicates that his right to rule was given by the god. The term
808:, named for its enclosing wall, contained ten cist graves in Middle Helladic style and several shaft graves, sunk more deeply, with interments resting in cists. Richer grave goods mark the burials as possibly regal. Mounds over the top contained broken drinking vessels and bones from a repast, testifying to a more than ordinary farewell.
2605:, and identified the tomb now known as the 'Treasury of Atreus', even conjecturing that it was the tomb of a king of Mycenae. During the 18th century, Mycenae was visited only infrequently by tourists, such as the Frenchman Claude-Louis Fourmont, who visited Mycenae in 1729–1730 and drew parts of the walls and gates. From 1796, however,
2328:. Heracles had been a Perseid. After his death, Eurystheus determined to annihilate these rivals for the throne of Mycenae, but they took refuge in Athens, and in the course of war, Eurystheus and all his sons were killed. The Perseid dynasty came to an end and the people of Mycenae placed Eurystheus's maternal uncle,
2721:
excavation of Grave Circle A has come under question, with some critics claiming that
Schliemann smuggled additional artifacts into Mycenae and then falsely claimed to have discovered them. Modern evidence suggests that Schliemann's findings at Grave Circle A were genuine, but significantly predate the Trojan War.
1872:; several of the stories of Trojan heroes involve tragic human sacrifice. In the far past, even human beings might be offered to placate inscrutable gods, especially in times of guilty fear. Later sacrifice became a feast at which oxen were slaughtered. Men kept the meat, and gave the gods the bones wrapped in fat.
976:, *Mukana, have corroboration from the inscription at Kom al-Hetan - but Amenhotep's reign is thought to align with late LHIIIA:1. It is likely that Amenhotep's herald presented the scarab to an earlier generation, which then found the resources to rebuild the citadel as Cyclopean and then, to move the scarab here.
1603:. Mycenaean religion was almost certainly polytheistic, and the Mycenaeans were actively syncretistic, adding foreign deities to their pantheon of deities with ease. The Mycenaeans probably entered Greece with a pantheon of deities headed by some ruling sky-deity, which linguists speculate might have been called
1075:
partly rebuilt after this destruction, though it was no longer the centre of a centralised literate bureacuracy. Pottery finds suggest that
Postpalatial Mycenae eventually regained some of its wealth, before burning once again. After this period, the site remained sparsely populated until the Hellenistic era.
3845:: "Also she bore the Destinies and ruthless avenging Fates, Clotho and Lachesis and Atropos, who give men at their birth both evil and good to have, and they pursue the transgressions of men and of gods: and these goddesses never cease from their dread anger until they punish the sinner with a sore penalty."
3216:
is of the type made famous by the Lion Gate at
Mycenae, a single upright pillar, flanked by a pair of guardian animals. Sometimes the same arrangement is preserved, but the anthropomorphic figure of a god or goddess takes the place of a pillar" (illustrations from Nilsson). More recent discussions of
708:
site, was built on a hill 900 feet (274 metres) above sea level, some 19 kilometres (12 miles) inland from the Gulf of
Argolis. Situated in the north-east corner of the Argive plain, it easily overlooked the whole area and was ideally positioned to be a centre of power, especially as it commanded all
1777:
The
Mycenaeans adopted probably from the east a priest-king system and the belief of a ruling deity in the hands of a theocratic society. At the end of the second millennium BC, when the Mycenaean palaces collapsed, it seems that Greek thought was gradually released from the idea that each man was a
2566:
The site of
Mycenae appears to have been abandoned after its short-lived Hellenistic resettlement. By the time of Pausanias' visit in the second century CE, he described the site as a 'ruin', though noted that parts of the walls and the Lion Gate could still be seen. Grave Circle A, meanwhile,
532:
are examples of the noteworthy architecture found in
Mycenae and Tiryns. The structures and layouts of these discoveries exemplify the creative talent of the time. Greek architecture and urban planning have been significantly influenced by the Mycenaean civilization. Mycenae and Tiryns, which stand
2720:
Schliemann's discoveries at
Mycenae have come under controversy. Schliemann's archaeological work in general is controversial, with some calling Schliemann "the father of scientific archaeology" and others criticizing Schliemann's destructive methods of excavation. The authenticity of Schliemann's
2467:
Legend tells us that the long and arduous Trojan War, although nominally a Greek victory, brought anarchy, piracy, and ruin; already before the Greek fleet set sail for Troy, the conflict had divided the gods as well, and this contributed to curses and acts of vengeance following many of the Greek
1423:
Archaeological evidence supports the idea that the social hierarchy of
Mycenae was a monarchy. The difference in the grave goods shows how the society was clearly separated by class. The king or the wanax was at the top of the hierarchy, who lived in the palaces and made laws for the people. It is
1130:
The Ministry of Culture, Education, and Religious Affairs is currently in charge of the site. In 1999, a scientific committee for Mycenae was created and numerous projects for the preservation, improvement, and stabilization of both archaeological sites have been completed by this scientific body.
2704:
was particularly invested in the site of Mycenae. Schliemann was obsessed with the epic poetry of Homer and believed Homer's stories were based in historical truth. In the later part of his life, he dedicated himself to excavating historical sites relevant to the Homeric epics. Schliemann's first
1712:
warns: "To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer." He suggests that useful parallels will be found in the relations between Hellenistic and Archaic Greek culture and religion, or between Roman and
1036:
Somewhat later, toward the end of LHIIIB around 1200 BC, another, final extension to the citadel was undertaken. The wall was extended again on the northeast, with a sally port and also a secret passage through and under the wall, of corbelled construction, leading downwards by some 99 steps to a
1017:
The pottery phases on which the relative dating scheme is based (EH, MH, LH, etc.) do not allow very precise dating, even augmented by the few existing C-14 dates due to the tolerance inherent in these. The sequence of further construction at Mycenae is approximately as follows. In the middle of
877:
Burial in tholoi is seen as replacing burial in shaft graves. The care taken to preserve the shaft graves testifies that they were by then part of the royal heritage, the tombs of the ancestral heroes. Being more visible, all the tholoi had been plundered either in antiquity or in later historic
1797:
is an ordered system. The Greek divinities live with Zeus at the helm and each is concerned with a recognizable sphere. However, certain elements in some Greek cults indicate the survival of some older cults from a less rationalized world: old cults of the dead, agrarian magic, exorcism of evil
1074:
Mycenae was among the numerous Aegean sites destroyed as part of the Bronze Age Collapse around 1200 BC. The causes of these destructions are unknown, but proposed explanations include enemy attack, internal strife, and natural disasters such as earthquakes. Unlike many other sites, Mycenae was
898:. Within these walls, much of which can still be seen, successive monumental palaces were built. The final palace, remains of which are currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae, dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed but they had been cleared away or built over.
1401:), but Palmer believes that it was an organization of "bronze smiths". The land was held by the wanax, by the damos, and by individual land owners. It seems that people lived in small family groups or clans around the main citadel. Occupying a lower rung of the social ladder were the slaves,
574:
The Greek Antiquities Law No 3028/2002, on the ‘Conservation of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General’, governs the preservation and protection of the sites. Ministerial Decree No 2160 of 1964 created and safeguarded the limits of Mycenae in addition to the sites themselves. The
1863:
certainly involved offerings and sacrifices to the deities, and some have speculated that their ceremonies involved human sacrifice based on textual evidence and bones found outside tombs. In the Homeric poems, there seems to be a lingering cultural memory of human sacrifice in King
3241:, p. 35: "The Lion Gate provides further testimony to the power of the Pelopids, for Mylonas appears to have shown conclusively that it dates from c. 1250. With the stretch of Cyclopean wall enclosing Grave Circle A it represents the climax of military and monumental construction."
1029:
One of the few groups of excavated houses in the city outside the walls lies beyond Grave Circle B and belongs to the same period. The House of Shields, the House of the Oil Merchant, the House of the Sphinxes, and the West House. These may have been both residences and workshops.
905:, or throne room, with a raised central hearth under an opening in the roof, which was supported by four columns in a square around the hearth. A throne was placed against the center of a wall to the side of the hearth, allowing an unobstructed view of the ruler from the entrance.
1444:, located in the region of Boeotia, belonged to the state of nearby Orchomenos. The palace of Mycenae probably ruled over a territory two to three times the size of the other palatial states in Bronze Age Greece. Its territory would have also included adjacent centers, including
1127:, for example, visited the site and briefly described the prominent fortifications and the Lion Gate, still visible in his time, the second century AD. Pausanias also describes being led to the site by shepherds, showing that the surrounding area was never completely abandoned.
1026:, through which passed a stepped ramp leading past circle A and up to the palace. The Lion Gate was constructed in the form of a "Relieving Triangle" in order to support the weight of the stones. An undecorated postern gate also was constructed through the north wall.
1289:, "companions" or "followers") were a group of nobles (aristocrats), who followed the king in peace and war. It seems that they were representatives of the king among military groups and religious personnel. There is also at least one instance of a person,
1427:
According to the traditional view, Mycenae or any other palatial center of mainland Greece was not an empire, and the mainland consisted of independent city-states. This view has in recent years, however, been challenged by various specialists, such as
1840:, where the departed could have a different but happier existence. Later, the Greeks believed that there could live in human form only heroes and the beloved of the gods. The souls of the rest would drift unconsciously in the gloomy space of
1879:
civilization and the end of the Greek Dark Ages, the original Mycenaean religion persisted and adapted until it finally emerged in the stories of human devotion, apostasy, and divine capriciousness that exists in the two great epic poems of
579:
and the wider surroundings are also covered by the extension of protection conferred by this ministerial decree. Ministerial Decrees No 102098/4753 of 1956 and 12613/696 of 1991 both provide protection for the Tiryns archaeological site.
1831:
A secondary level of importance was the cult of the heroes, which seems to have started in the Mycenaean era. These were great men of the past who were exalted to honor after death, because of what they had done. According to an old
749:, which were found at a later date, although Circle B are the earlier graves, dated c. 1650 BC to c. 1550 BC and entirely within MHIII. Circle A is dated to the sixteenth century BC, including the transition from Middle to
2770:
from 1958 to 1969, especially on the west slope of the citadel. The ASA continued excavation work on the site with efforts led by Ioannis Papadimitriou and Nicolas Verdelis in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well as by
2753:
and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory. Afterwards, Tsountas and the ASA gave permission to the British School of Archaeology (BSA) to excavate; the BSA conducted excavations from 1920 to 1955 under the supervision of
713:. Besides its strong defensive and strategic position, it had good farmland and an adequate water supply. There are only faint traces of Neolithic settlement on the site although it was continuously occupied from the
4961:
2567:
was already buried in prehistoric times, and is unlikely to have been visible to Pausanias. The site may still have been visible in the 5th century CE, when it was correctly located on the Roman map known as the
533:
as the pinnacle of the early phases of Greek civilisation, provided unique witness to political, social and economic growth during the Mycenaean civilization. The accomplishments of the Mycenaean civilisation in
2650:
to clear the Treasury of Atreus, from which he removed fragments of pottery vases, ornamental stonework and a marble vase, as well as parts of its sculptural decoration. In June 1810, Veli Pasha, the Ottoman
2837:
It is sometimes claimed that Sligo directed or co-directed the removals himself; this is likely to be erroneous, as Sligo arrived in Argolis only after the excavation and his letters make no mention of
2665:'s later publication of his own excavations at Mycenae, he discovered 'bones covered with gold', as well as gemstones and other gold and silver objects. Veli Pasha removed four large fragments of the
2542:. They claimed the right of the Perseids to inherit the various kingdoms of the Peloponnese and cast lots for the dominion of them, thus leaving the Atreids as the final rulers of Legendary Mycenae.
3792:) and another element meaning "earth" (δᾶ (da), Doric for γῆ (gē)), producing something like lord or spouse of Da, i.e. of the earth. His name may also be interpreted as "lord of the waters" (from
2617:' normally took place in Italy, to find alternative destinations, and members of the society began to include Mycenae on their itineraries: seeing it, in the words of Cathy Gere, as 'the ultimate
1044:
Already in LHIIIA:1, Egypt knew *Mukana by name as a capital city on the level of Thebes and Knossos. During LHIIIB, Mycenae's political, military and economic influence likely extended as far as
2775:
from 1957 up until 1985. In 1985, excavation work was directed by Spyros Iakovidis who, as of 2009, is still overseeing the ASA's research mission in both fieldwork and publication preparation.
1828:
style. It seems that the blood of a bull was used for the regeneration of the reappearing dead. Probably most of these cults existed in the Mycenaean period and survived by immemorial practice.
2717:". Modern archeological evidence has proven his claims of discovering Agamemnon's remains were most likely false, as the mask is dated more than 300 years before the events of the Trojan War.
2634:
of the nearby village of Karvati, who took from it a bronze lamp. By this period, more of Mycenae's monuments were visible and known to European visitors. In 1802, the British aristocrat
983:, the Tomb of Clytemnestra and the Tomb of the Genii, are dated to LHIIIB by a sherd under the threshold of the Treasury of Atreus, the largest of the nine tombs. Like the Treasury of
483:
The first correct identification of Mycenae in modern literature was in 1700, during a survey conducted by the Venetian engineer Francesco Vandeyk on behalf of Francesco Grimani, the
764:
in the area of the ancient cemetery. An EH–MH settlement was discovered near a fresh-water well on top of the Kalkani hill south-west of the acropolis. The first burials in pits or
760:
at a low depth in the sixth shaft grave in Circle A. Further EH and MH material was found beneath the walls and floors of the palace, on the summit of the acropolis and outside the
2496:, son of Aegistheus, but not for long. Recovering, Orestes returned to Mycenae with Electra to kill Aletes and took the throne. This story is told in numerous plays, including the
571:
monitors the two archaeological sites. To maintain the quality and conditions of the Mycenaean and Tiryn sites, archaeological study is conducted methodically and systematically.
3986:, VIII.95–7: "Man's life is a day. What is he, what is he not? A shadow in a dream is man, but when God sheds a brightness, shining light is on earth and life is sweet as honey."
1778:
servant to the gods, and sought a "moral purpose". It is possible that this procedure started before the end of the Mycenaean age, but the idea is almost absent or vague in the
819:, included six more shaft graves, with nine female, eight male, and two juvenile interments. Grave goods were more costly than in Circle B. The presence of engraved and inlaid
3823:, 1971, p. 205) holds that such eastern material is more likely to be lingering traces from the Mycenaean tradition than the result of Oriental contacts in Hesiod's own time.
2606:
4969:
5436:
2255:. Having killed his grandfather by accident, Perseus could not, or would not, inherit the throne of Argos. Instead he arranged an exchange of realms with his cousin,
5198:
Shelton, Kim S. (2010). "Living and Dying in and Around Middle Helladic Mycenae". In Philippa-Touchais, Anna; Touchais, Gilles; Voutsaki, Sofia; et al. (eds.).
3217:
its symbolism can be found in James C. Wright, "The Spatial Configuration of Belief: The Archaeology of Mycenaean Religion" in S.E. Alcock and Robin Osborne (eds.),
2492:
to slay Clytemnestra and Aegistheus. He then fled to Athens to evade justice and a matricide, and became insane for a time. Meanwhile, the throne of Mycenae went to
2729:
1700:
survived and were tutelary goddesses, the guardians of the palaces and the cities. In general, later Greek religion distinguishes between two types of deities: the
6258:
5795:
1754:
whose existence was bound to the trees and the waters, and in gods with human forms and the heads or tails of animals who stood for primitive bodily instincts. In
1022:
wall was extended on the west slope to include Grave Circle A. The main entrance through the circuit wall was made grand by the best known feature of Mycenae, the
2075:; both Thyestes and Aegisthus are removed from power and exiled after Menelaus becomes king of Sparta and invades to place his brother Agamemnon to the throne.
6396:
5830:
5656:
Mycenaeans and Minoans: Aegean Prehistory in the Light of the Linear B Tablets. Part I: Pylos and the World of the Tablets. Part II: Knossos and Aegean History
3413:, p. 142: "The dedications continue at the Shrine by the Bridge into the fifth century, probably beyond the disablement of the walls by the Argives in 468 BC."
1204:"), which was later used in Greece for "king", was apparently used for the "chief" of any group of people, or for a provincial official. (Homer mentions many
1790:
and in the genealogical trees of the gods, and he introduces the idea of the existence of something else behind the gods, which was more powerful than they.
4879:"Late second–early first millennium BC abrupt climate changes in coastal Syria and their possible significance for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean"
6528:
6348:
6192:
2916:, p. 220: "Growth was concentrated at places like Knossos (population 30,000 in 1360 BC)... Mycenae by 1350 BC had a population as large as Knossos"
513:, because of its historical importance as the center of the Mycenaean civilization, its outstanding architecture and its testimony to the development of
991:
the tomb had been looted of its contents and its nature as funerary monument had been forgotten. The structure bore the traditional name of "Treasury".
6467:
2745:, another member of the ASA, cleared a significant portion of the citadel during his excavations of the site beginning in 1884 and ending in 1902. The
1844:. Gods and men had common origins, but there was an enormous gap between the immortal gods and mortal men. However, certain elements indicate that the
1528:
deities, but also of gods and goddesses who appear under different names with similar functions in East and West. Many of these names appearing in the
563:
A stringent legal framework was established to safeguard the integrity of the Mycenae and Tiryns sites against vandalism and other forms of damage and
1758:
were depicted animal-headed gods, indicating that in the remote past the gods were conceived as animals and birds, in a surrounding of animal-headed
1131:
The committee also sought to improve visitor access to the monuments at the locations by laying out walkways and establishing information stations.
979:
Wace's second group of tholoi are dated between LHIIA and LHIIIB: Kato Phournos, Panagia Tholos, and the Lion Tomb. The final group, Group III: the
2877:
2638:
visited Mycenae looking for antiquities that might be taken back to Britain. While he had originally sought to remove the sculpted relief of the
1437:
5299:
5190:
2828:
Christos Tsountas, in 1897, wrote that Veli Pasha had 'rifled' the tomb in 1808: it is not known whether he is referring to the same incident.
953:
The room was accessed from a courtyard with a columned portico. A grand staircase led from a terrace below to the courtyard on the acropolis.
792:
In the absence of documents and objects that can be precisely dated, events at Mycenae can be dated only relatively within the constraints of
2591:
In 1700, the Venetian engineer Francesco Vandeyk made the first known correct identification of Mycenae of modern times while surveying the
1245:
on the shield of Achilles is called "royal"). In classical times the word has a religious connotation . Other important landowners were the
6513:
6498:
6251:
5788:
5525:
4877:
Kaniewski, David; Paulissen, Etienne; van Campo, Élise; Weiss, Harvey; Otto, Thierry; Bretschneider, Joachim; van Lerberghe, Karel (2010).
3221:, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 37–78. Here Wright suggests that the pillar represents the palace which in turn represents the state.
2426:. Agamemnon conducted a 10-year war against Troy to get her back for his brother. Because of lack of wind, the warships could not sail to
3073:
3069:
894:
because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as the
127:
5768:
3065:
1083:
A temple dedicated to Hera was built on the summit of the Mycenaean citadel during the Archaic Period. A Mycenaean contingent fought at
6503:
5892:
5885:
4413:
3047:
2573:, but the location seems to have been forgotten during the medieval period: it was generally misplaced on fifteenth-century maps, and
2480:
in order to gain favorable winds to Troy. Clytemnestra was aided in her crime by Aegistheus, her lover, who reigned subsequently, but
6493:
4005:
2945:
2799:
1374:
was a collective body of men, representing the local district and that it had certain power in public affairs. It is suggested that
5550:
1762:. Later the gods were revealed in human forms with an animal as a companion or symbol. Some of the old gods survived in the cult of
870:
tombs of Mycenae into three groups of three, each based on architecture. His earliest – the Cyclopean Tomb, Epano Phournos, and the
2804:
972:, was placed in the Room of the Idols alongside at least one statue of either LHIIIA:2 or B:1 type. Amenhotep III's relations with
6533:
6244:
5927:
5906:
5781:
901:
The construction of palaces at that time with a similar architecture was general throughout southern Greece. They all featured a
568:
2737:
Since Schliemann's day, more scientific excavations have taken place at Mycenae, mainly by Greek archaeologists but also by the
2286:, a grandson of Perseus, but he killed his uncle by accident with a club in an unruly cattle incident and had to go into exile.
6207:
5804:
3785:) in Linear B tablets. There is a theory linking his name with elements meaning "husband" or "lord" (Greek πόσις (posis), from
768:
graves manifest in MHII (c. 1800 BC) on the west slope of the acropolis, which was at least partially enclosed by the earliest
299:
5734:
5674:
5623:
5493:
5394:
5271:
5207:
5150:
5127:
5106:
5085:
5032:
5011:
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4867:
4811:
4760:
4739:
4715:
4694:
4640:
4568:
4545:
4519:
4498:
4472:
4438:
1571:). Certain religious beliefs were mixed with the beliefs of the local populations as it appears in the old cults of isolated
1456:
world, although the archaeological evidence remains ambiguous. A loose confederacy of city-states under the king of Mycenae,
1033:
The largest stones including the lintels and gate jambs weighed well over 20 tonnes; some may have been close to 100 tonnes.
2859:
1716:
The pantheon also included deities representing the powers of nature and wildlife, who appear with similar functions in the
847:
and practical. The chemical compositions of the silver objects indicate that the silver was sourced from several locations.
5456:
3967:
3878:
3842:
3263:
6523:
5913:
5200:
MESOHELLADIKA: The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age (Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique: Supplément, Volume 52)
3716:
myth it is abandoned by his mother, and then brought up by the powers of nature. Similar myths are found in the cults of
3526:
329:
2209:
as their ancestral lands; they divided his territories amongst themselves and brought the end of the Mycenaean Kingdom.
5987:
5763:
3367:
3331:
2670:
2472:
returned to Mycenae and was greeted royally with a red carpet rolled out for him. Shortly thereafter, he was slain by
6538:
5899:
5697:
5591:
5514:
5350:
5055:
4779:
4619:
2398:, whom Menelaus and Agamemnon married, respectively. Agamemnon inherited Mycenae and Menelaus became king of Sparta.
1440:. Kelder pointed out that a number of palaces and fortifications appear to be part of a wider kingdom. For instance,
372:
4264:
2681:
1563:
There are several reasonable guesses that can be made, however. It seems that originally the Mycenaeans, like many
1677:
and associated them with their sky-god. Many of them were absorbed by more powerful divinities, and some like the
87:
6508:
5223:
2635:
2601:
of the Venetian armies occupying the region. Vandeyk partially dismantled the debris that was then obscuring the
17:
1782:
poems, where the interference of the gods is not related to the rightness or wrongness of men's actions. Later,
1293:
at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as being probably a king.
4827:
3860:, Volume I, p. 368: "Moira is not a god, because otherwise the will of the god would be predestinated. Compare
2317:, killed Sthenelus, Eurystheus became noted for his enmity to Heracles and for his ruthless persecution of the
1875:
Beyond this speculation we can go no further. Somewhere in the shades of the centuries between the fall of the
1813:
indicates that life-blood of animals was needed to renew that of men. A similar belief may be guessed from the
1750:
whose task was to protect the olive-trees is a civic Artemis. The powers of animal nature fostered a belief in
1041:
carved out of rock 15 m below the surface. It was fed by a tunnel from a spring on more distant higher ground.
750:
725:(MH, c. 2000–c. 1550 BC) periods. EN Rainbow Ware constitutes the earliest ceramic evidence discovered so far.
4372:
Beaudouin, Mondry (1880). "Fragments d'une description de l'Argolide faite en 1700 par un ingénieur italien".
722:
5934:
5572:
4237:
3287:
2746:
2464:). The deities, having been satisfied by such a sacrifice, made the winds blow and the Greek fleet departed.
718:
2282:, another Perseid, who assaulted Mycenae, lost, and retreated with the cattle. The cattle were recovered by
1583:
appears usually as a horse, representing the river spirit of the underworld, as usually happens in northern
1344:) was an official appointment but his duties are not very clear. The communal land was held at the hands of
5850:
5843:
3208:
An older view that it represents a goddess, now generally discounted, is to be found in W.K.C. Guthrie, in
2784:
1803:
1688:
survived in Greek folklore together with the cult of the "divine child", who was probably the precursor of
1608:
1497:, but it is not known to what extent Greek religious belief is Mycenaean, nor how much is a product of the
4278:
2401:
2355:
3543:
2451:
1296:
From the existing evidence, it seems that the kingdom was further subdivided into sixteen districts. The
737:
prevailed from c. 1600 BC, the first evidence of this coming from the shaft graves discovered in 1876 by
2661:, excavated the tomb, clearing most of the entrance, and entered the chamber with ladders; according to
6518:
5878:
5871:
5666:
Well Built Mycenae (Volume 13): The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959-1969
3538:
2192:
1964:
1514:
4651:
2263:, Megapenthes taking Argos. After that, he founded Mycenae and ruled the kingdoms jointly from there.
6386:
6036:
2493:
1848:
probably believed in a future existence. Two well-preserved bodies were found in Shaft Grave VI, and
1479:
887:
840:
564:
525:
3490:"A Great King at Mycenae. An Argument for the wanax as Great King and the lawagetas as vassal ruler"
452:
In the second millennium BC, Mycenae was one of the major centres of Greek civilisation, a military
6543:
6199:
6001:
5757:
5633:
Piccardi, Luigi (2024). "Fault-related sanctuaries of Mycenae (Greece): The Shaft Grave Circle A".
2794:
2738:
2586:
2523:
2508:
2501:
2180:
1817:
1755:
1572:
382:
277:
203:
2157:
who flees; Orestes returns several years later with troops and kills Aletes and takes the throne.
1662:
1359:
6370:
6365:
6186:
6145:
6138:
4594:(1975). "The End of Myceanean Civilization and the Dark Ages: The Archaeological Background". In
3572:
2763:
1624:
816:
805:
746:
742:
325:
319:
63:
5533:
4611:
2550:
2382:, the son of Thyestes, killed Atreus and restored Thyestes to the throne. With the help of King
1704:, or sky, deities (including Zeus), who are now commonly known in some form or another; and the
753:(LHIA; c. 1550 – c. 1500 BC). The contents of Circle B are less wealthy than those of Circle A.
6548:
6211:
5864:
3995:
2935:
2220:
2019:; final king of the Perseid dynasty when he and his sons are all killed during his war against
1124:
613:
608:
inherited by later Greek speakers. Legend has it that the name was connected to the Greek word
538:
492:
392:
3639:, "IV: The Homeric Description of Mycenaean Greece", pp. 118–177 (see especially pp. 122–123).
3359:
3323:
1420:). These are recorded in the texts as working either for the palace or for specific deities.
6432:
6029:
5836:
5707:
5566:
4394:
4246:
4000:
3314:
Dickinson, Oliver (2012). "The Collapse At The End of the Bronze Age". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
2940:
2789:
2755:
2610:
2267:
1944:
1270:
757:
484:
2293:, third in the dynasty, a son of Perseus. He set the stage for future greatness by marrying
1742:
tablets). He may have functioned as a pre-Hellenic chthonic Zeus, the lord or spouse of the
6324:
6311:
6131:
4890:
4663:
4330:"Mycenae – Beyond the Walls of Agamemnon: Excavation of the Mycenae Lower Town (2007–2011)"
3922:
3514:
3160:
2689:
2569:
1564:
1163:. The wanax had the supreme authority and was represented by a number of officials. In the
1112:
988:
940:
488:
5960:
4652:"The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age collapse and the Greek dark ages"
2733:
Figurine, known as the "Ivory Triad", found by Alan Wace on the citadel of Mycenae in 1939
541:
and technology, which inspired European cultures, are also on display at both locations.
8:
6427:
6072:
6022:
4725:
4424:
2701:
2662:
2481:
2456:
1940:
1908:
1853:
1833:
1821:
1798:
spirits, peculiar sacrifices, and animal-headed gods. In the Homeric poems, the avenging
1647:
1636:
1525:
1069:
832:
793:
738:
734:
605:
506:
414:
236:
4894:
4667:
4580:"Neglecting Nature: World Accumulation and Core-Periphery Relations, 2500 BC to AD 1990"
2390:, the Atreids drove Thyestes again into exile. Tyndareus had two ill-starred daughters,
1738:
is the lord of the sea, and therefore of storms and earthquakes, (the "Earth shaker" in
850:
6401:
6306:
6124:
5920:
5723:
5686:
5612:
5482:
5423:
5369:
5327:
5293:
5248:
5240:
5184:
5044:
4986:
4906:
4846:
4841:
4822:
4604:
4591:
3401:, Chapter 8: Earthquake Storms and the Catastrophic End of the Bronze Age, pp. 224–245.
3179:
2625:
2244:
1921:; Legendary founder of Mycenae and the Perseid dynasty; considered one of the greatest
1918:
1759:
1096:
999:
984:
980:
944:
831:
and their families were buried here. Some art objects obtained from the graves are the
733:
The population had grown considerably by the Middle Helladic. As elsewhere, a dominant
710:
629:
521:
438:
588:
6457:
6437:
6422:
6301:
6216:
6117:
6015:
5730:
5693:
5670:
5619:
5587:
5510:
5489:
5427:
5390:
5346:
5281:
5267:
5252:
5203:
5167:
5146:
5141:
The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World: The Great Monuments and How They Were Built
5139:
5123:
5102:
5081:
5051:
5028:
5007:
4946:
4863:
4807:
4790:
4775:
4756:
4735:
4711:
4690:
4636:
4615:
4579:
4564:
4541:
4515:
4494:
4468:
4434:
4405:
4293:
3363:
3327:
3183:
2772:
2750:
2742:
2714:
2677:
2419:
2176:
2153:; assumes the throne at a young age after his parents are killed by his half-brother
2140:
1717:
1639:; we still encounter this word in the etymologies of the words "deity" and "divine".
1510:
1019:
957:
871:
836:
714:
469:
183:
73:
35:
4910:
2344:
that they should choose a new king from among the Pelopids. The two contenders were
2324:
This is the first we hear in legend of those noted sons, who became a symbol of the
6488:
6462:
6225:
6077:
6008:
5857:
5642:
5448:
5413:
5406:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion"
5232:
5000:
4898:
4836:
4671:
4595:
4534:
4450:"Images and Perceptions of the Lion Gate Relief at Mycenae during the 19th Century"
4381:
4221:
3355:
3319:
3169:
3156:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion"
2574:
1876:
1794:
1701:
1678:
1521:
1490:
1486:
917:
820:
473:
343:
193:
6332:
5452:
5383:
4327:
1955:, who assaulted Mycenae, lost, and stole the cattle; the cattle were recovered by
1852:
believed that an embalming preceded the burial. In the shaft graves discovered by
6452:
6236:
6158:
6087:
5812:
5773:
5711:
5664:
5581:
5504:
5340:
5261:
5161:
5117:
5096:
5075:
5022:
4940:
4801:
4750:
4729:
4705:
4684:
4630:
4556:
4509:
4462:
4428:
4329:
4250:
4235:
Gunderman, Richard (9 April 2021). "Heinrich Schliemann. archeological pioneer".
3713:
3712:, Volume I, pp. 315–319. The child dies every year in order to be reborn. In the
3548:
2767:
1959:, but he accidentally killed Electryon with a club in an unruly cattle incident.
1849:
1845:
1825:
1814:
1502:
1498:
1209:
1057:
926:
828:
628:
connected the name to the nymph Mycene, the daughter of the river god Inachos of
549:
480:
and lower town had a population of 30,000 and an area of 32 hectares (79 acres).
418:
31:
30:
This article is about the ancient Greek city. For the town of ancient Crete, see
4902:
1006:
6173:
5968:
4486:
2749:
is currently excavating the Mycenae Lower Town (as of 2011), with support from
2666:
2595:(known to the Venetians as the 'Morea') under the orders of Francesco Grimani,
2430:. In order to please the gods so that they might make the winds start to blow,
1709:
1650:
1595:
are closely related with springs and animals, and especially with Poseidon and
1139:
It appears that the Mycenaean state was ruled by kings identified by the title
601:
553:
514:
5586:. Sydney: Sydney University Press for Australian Humanities Research Council.
4675:
2305:, the most powerful state of the region and the times. With her he had a son,
2041:
for the throne and persecuted him after winning; was killed by Thyestes's son
6482:
6447:
6340:
6044:
5286:
The Mycenaean Age: A Study of the Monuments and Culture of Pre-Homeric Greece
4529:
4409:
3534:
2759:
2391:
2179:; he spends his reign building a larger state in the Peloponnese; he dies in
1743:
1722:
1685:
1433:
1429:
969:
965:
936:
687:
624:) of the sheath of his sword or after a mushroom he had plucked on the site.
534:
142:
129:
2476:, who hated him bitterly for having ordered the sacrifice of their daughter
2201:; final king the Atreid dynasty; he was killed in the final battle with the
6275:
6221:
6054:
5318:
Vermeule, Emily Townsend (March 1960). "The Fall of the Mycenaean Empire".
3725:
3669:
3213:
2872:
2630:
2597:
2539:
2473:
2395:
2302:
2274:, became the second of the dynasty, but the succession was disputed by the
2175:; takes the throne after returning to Mycenae and killing his half-brother
2172:
2150:
2124:
2098:
1986:
1116:
1092:
867:
769:
756:
Pottery material spanning the entire Early Helladic was discovered 1877 by
660:
446:
5952:
4385:
1273:
suggests that the "telestai were the men of telos- the fief holders". The
1002:
or lionesses flank the central column, whose significance is much debated.
5825:
3129:
2618:
2592:
2555:
2535:
2318:
2256:
2206:
2202:
2016:
1731:
1670:
1290:
1108:
1099:
captured Mycenae, expelled the inhabitants and razed the fortifications.
1084:
780:
668:
664:
426:
5373:
5331:
5308:
4990:
4850:
3212:(1975) Volume I, Part II, p. 864: "A frequent design on engraved Cretan
1661:). At some point in their cultural history, the Mycenaeans adopted some
994:
6417:
4920:"The Kingdom of Mycenae: A Great Kingdom in the Late Bronze Age Aegean"
4599:
4557:"Changing Social Relations in the Mediterranean Copper and Bronze Ages"
4482:
3782:
3717:
2710:
2614:
2306:
2283:
2094:
2034:
2002:
1974:
1956:
1922:
1632:
1592:
1553:
1494:
1242:
453:
5663:
Taylour, Lord William; French, Elizabeth Bayard; Wardle, K.A. (2007).
5244:
1856:, the corpses were lightly exposed to fire in order to preserve them.
6442:
6391:
6110:
6095:
5646:
5418:
5405:
4049:
3174:
3155:
3001:
2975:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2685:
2676:
In 1834, the site was surveyed and mapped by French troops. In 1841,
2639:
2602:
2531:
2522:
Orestes then built a larger state in the Peloponnese, but he died in
2477:
2469:
2461:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2290:
2279:
2271:
2168:
2146:
2120:
2110:
2102:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2042:
2008:
1970:
1952:
1934:
1869:
1865:
1787:
1771:
1457:
1023:
1011:
891:
863:
827:, with spear points and arrowheads, leaves little doubt that warrior
785:
761:
705:
692:
576:
496:
289:
69:
5218:
4449:
4010:
449:
and built upon a hill rising 900 feet (274 metres) above sea level.
5942:
5236:
4878:
4190:
3837:
3741:
3562:, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Administrative System, pp. 69–83.
2923:, p. 94: "...Thebes at 50 hectares, Mycenae at 32 hectares..."
2706:
2642:, it proved too large to lift or transport, and so Elgin asked the
2559:
2497:
2375:
2349:
2310:
2240:
2116:
2068:
2050:
2038:
2012:
1994:
1926:
1914:
1860:
1807:
1763:
1739:
1735:
1705:
1689:
1674:
1580:
1557:
1541:
1529:
1453:
1201:
1152:
895:
557:
465:
461:
4919:
3489:
2951:
2248:
6153:
6049:
5976:
5820:
3918:
3861:
3778:
3737:
3733:
3721:
2982:. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
2647:
2643:
2489:
2439:
2325:
2294:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2198:
2162:
2154:
2132:
2128:
1978:
1837:
1810:
1779:
1727:
1681:
1596:
1588:
1568:
1567:, considered divine any object that inherited an internal power (
1506:
1505:
detected only few authentic Mycenaean beliefs in the 8th-century
1449:
1234:
1156:
1120:
1088:
1038:
902:
633:
617:
477:
442:
422:
114:
5368:(3/4). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 262–266.
4876:
4823:"Mycenae: Past Achievements, Present Tasks and Future Prospects"
3386:
2766:. After Wace died in 1957, excavation work was finished by Lord
2438:. According to some versions of the legend, the hunting goddess
2037:
and founder of the Atreid dynasty; competed against his brother
1977:
after taking power; expands prestige of his kingdom by marrying
881:
6163:
6104:
6064:
5995:
5752:
4454:
The Representation of Ancient Architecture in the XIXth Century
3979:
3832:
3729:
2485:
2387:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2314:
2298:
2275:
2260:
2090:
2086:
2072:
2056:
2028:
2020:
1990:
1982:
1948:
1799:
1783:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1693:
1666:
1628:
1584:
1576:
1549:
1545:
1445:
1053:
906:
844:
824:
529:
510:
503:
434:
430:
248:
5021:
Moore, Dudley; Rowlands, Edward; Karadimas, Nektarios (2014).
4800:
Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).
2724:
858:
433:. It is located about 120 kilometres (75 miles) south-west of
364:
358:
6181:
4755:. Vol. 1. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3527:
3130:"Applying the Revised Chronology: Later Use of Grave Circles"
3060:
2658:
2653:
2527:
2184:
1881:
1841:
1600:
1466:
1461:
1415:
1409:
1396:
1391:
1365:
1357:
1228:
1195:
1174:
1164:
1160:
1049:
1045:
890:
and other surrounding hills were rebuilt in a style known as
809:
654:
647:
641:
625:
545:
457:
400:
5618:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
5561:(16): 1–16. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007.
5484:
Climates of Hunger: Mankind and the World's Changing Weather
5101:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
4584:
World-System History: The Social Science of Long-Term Change
4563:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77–101.
2309:, the fourth and last of the Perseid dynasty. When a son of
1513:
suggested that the Mycenaean religion was the mother of the
799:
4962:"The Grave Circles at Mycenae and the Early Indo-Europeans"
4393:
Beckman, Gary M.; Bryce, Trevor R.; Cline, Eric H. (2012).
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4279:"Schliemann's Controversy | Unearthing the Bronze Age"
3350:
French, Elizabeth (2012). "Mycenae". In Cline, Eric (ed.).
2443:
2427:
2423:
2252:
1697:
1654:
1643:
1612:
1537:
1533:
1169:
961:
765:
502:
In 1999 the archeological site of Mycenae was added to the
349:
5404:
Wood, Jonathan; Hsu, Yi-Ting; Bell, Carol (30 June 2021).
4799:
3765:
1989:, the most powerful state of the region; he was killed by
1532:
inscriptions can be found later in classical Greece, like
5077:
Apocalypse: Earthquakes, Archaeology and the Wrath of God
4168:
4166:
3793:
3786:
2624:
In the early 19th century, local tradition held that the
2235:
Classical Greek myths assert that Mycenae was founded by
1887:
1441:
1406:
1192:
5389:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, Incorporated.
4772:
The Tomb of Agamemnon: Mycenae and the Search for a Hero
4328:
Dickinson Excavation Project and Archaeological Survey.
4300:
4202:
4151:
2580:
1111:
period, when it could boast a theatre (located over the
4139:
4039:
4037:
3288:"Lesson 28: Narrative – Aegean Prehistoric Archaeology"
2695:
2669:
beside the doorway, some of which he gave as a gift to
1560:, but the etymology is the only evidence of the cults.
445:. The site is 19 kilometres (12 miles) inland from the
5831:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
5027:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
5020:
4196:
4163:
4055:
4022:
4016:
2962:
1320:
was the "deputy". It is possible that these represent
620:, who was said to have named it either after the cap (
5202:. Athens: École française d'Athènes. pp. 57–65.
5069:(in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag.
4977:
Loughlin, Thomas (2021). "The Marquess and Mycenae".
4395:"Writings from the Ancient World: The Ahhiyawa Texts"
4178:
4117:
4115:
4066:
4064:
1806:
acting in parallel with the gods. Later, the cult of
1379:
1345:
1329:
1309:
1297:
1274:
1258:
1246:
1216:
1180:
1140:
476:
in reference to Mycenae. At its peak in 1350 BC, the
373:
361:
355:
4127:
4088:
4034:
2534:, the last of the Atreid dynasty, was killed by the
556:
are also visible at Mycenae and Tiryn, preserved on
5662:
5360:West, Martin L. (2001). "Atreus and Attarissiyas".
5263:
Gods, Heroes and Tyrants: Greek Chronology in Chaos
5024:
In Search of Agamemnon: Early Travellers to Mycenae
4586:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 216–234.
4467:. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
2105:whom both plot and kill Agamemnon upon his return.
1115:). The site was subsequently abandoned, and by the
352:
346:
6266:
5803:
5722:
5685:
5611:
5481:
5382:
5138:
5122:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
5043:
4999:
4752:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
4610:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
4603:
4533:
4112:
4100:
4076:
4061:
2673:, who visited him shortly after the excavations.
2340:The people of Mycenae had received advice from an
1836:belief, beyond the sea there was an island called
1237:"), a word that survived in classical Greece (the
4942:Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life
4806:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4392:
3689:
3687:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3309:
3307:
1215:The land possessed by the king is usually called
6480:
4966:Research Reports of Ikutoku Technical University
4792:Das Homerische Epos aus den Denkmälern Erläutert
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
2545:
2123:and rules Mycenae for 7 years; he and his lover
1078:
741:. Schliemann's shaft graves came to be known as
4357:Η 'Δωρική Εισβολή' και τα Αρχαιολογικά Ευρήματα
5488:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
4828:Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
3917:, p. 141. Elysion may be affiliated with
3777:Poseidon is pairing with the "Two Goddesses" (
3684:
3456:
3345:
3343:
3304:
3109:
3107:
3105:
728:
472:from about 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is called
6252:
5789:
5532:. Washington State University. Archived from
5159:
5080:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5050:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4945:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4860:Archaic Greece: The City-States c. 700–500 BC
4540:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3914:
3902:
3890:
3853:
3851:
3672:. Northridge, CA: California State University
3642:
3504:
3428:
3354:. Oxford University Press. pp. 676–678.
3318:. Oxford University Press. pp. 486–489.
882:Late Helladic III (LHIII; c. 1400–c. 1050 BC)
854:Museum replicas of Mycenaean swords and cups.
5720:
5713:Mycenae: An Archaeological History and Guide
5692:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
5669:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips.
5479:
4559:. In Blake, Emma; Knapp, A. Bernard (eds.).
3352:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
3316:The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean
3002:"Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns"
2976:"Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns"
2878:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
2484:, her son by Agamemnon, was smuggled out to
2442:replaced her at the very last moment with a
2131:who is forced to flee and is pursued by the
616:ascribes the name to the legendary founder,
6529:Tourist attractions in Peloponnese (region)
5403:
4561:The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory
4404:. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
3340:
3153:
3102:
2725:Excavations since Schliemann (1876–present)
2405:The Murder of Agamemnon, Illustration from
1925:and slayer of monsters before the times of
1308:was the "governor of the district" and the
859:Late Helladic II (LHII; c. 1450–c. 1400 BC)
6259:
6245:
5796:
5782:
5380:
5306:
5298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5174:
4590:
4481:
4354:
4157:
3950:
3938:
3848:
3125:
3096:
2897:
2488:. He returned as an adult with his sister
2015:for his father's death, he persecutes the
1730:, may be identified as the Minoan goddess
1102:
956:In the temple built within the citadel, a
659:(Μυκῆναι), was the result of a well-known
544:These sites are strongly connected to the
5506:Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages
5417:
5313:. Shulamit V. Kogan & Ruth V. Sharon.
4840:
4820:
4710:. Partille, Sweden: Paul Aströms Förlag.
4507:
4493:(4th ed.). London: MacMillan Press.
4447:
4371:
4234:
4208:
3313:
3230:
3173:
3154:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021).
2800:Gold Grave Goods at Grave Circles A and B
1896:
1134:
800:Late Helladic I (LHI; c. 1550–c. 1450 BC)
456:which dominated much of southern Greece,
5764:Dickinson College Excavations at Mycenae
5683:
5658:(2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber.
5632:
5480:Bryson, Reid; Murray, Thomas J. (1977).
5317:
5280:
4976:
4628:
4528:
4172:
4145:
3766:Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012
3655:
3559:
3553:
3510:
3441:
3030:
2805:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
2728:
2688:and made a tentative exploration of the
2549:
2400:
2354:
2219:
1370:), or "plot holders". It seems that the
1119:period in Greece its ruins had become a
1005:
993:
849:
779:
686:
587:
441:; and 48 kilometres (30 miles) south of
5614:The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology
5609:
5600:
5579:
5434:
5259:
5197:
5064:
5041:
4938:
4857:
4748:
4689:. New York, NY: New York Review Books.
4602:; Hammond, N.G.L.; et al. (eds.).
4554:
4460:
4315:
4028:
3857:
3816:
3753:
3709:
3705:
3693:
3624:
3475:
3360:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0050
3324:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199873609.013.0036
3116:, "Mycenae – Argolid (A:5)", pp. 51–52.
3084:
2920:
1720:region. The "Mistress of the Animals" (
1635:". In Latin he becomes "Deus Pater" or
1520:From the history traced by Nilsson and
886:At a conventional date of 1350 BC, the
330:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
6481:
6208:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
5653:
5635:Geological Society of America Bulletin
5548:
5523:
5502:
5338:
5136:
4959:
4917:
4788:
4724:
4703:
4682:
4423:
4291:
4043:
3934:
3812:
3612:
3487:
3422:
3410:
3349:
3250:
3234:
3196:
3141:
3113:
3014:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2119:; returns to the throne after killing
1888:Mycenae in Greek mythology and legends
1820:(1400 BC), which combines features of
1786:uses a lot of eastern material in his
1524:, the Mycenaean pantheon consisted of
1123:attraction. The ancient travel writer
1107:Mycenae was briefly reoccupied in the
6240:
5777:
5725:Cities of Legend: The Mycenaean World
5216:
5115:
4649:
4464:Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical
4374:Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique
4133:
4094:
3821:Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient
3382:
2968:
2587:Treasury of Atreus § Excavations
2581:Early archaeological work (1700–1876)
2517:
2045:to restore his father to the throne.
1947:; his succession was disputed by the
1587:folklore. The precursor goddesses of
909:adorned the plaster walls and floor.
717:(EN, c. 5000–c. 4000 BC) through the
6164:Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae
5721:Wardle, K.A.; Wardle, Diana (1997).
5706:
5359:
5345:. Wales: University of Wales Press.
5163:Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta
5094:
5067:Geschichte der Griechischen Religion
4997:
4769:
4606:The Cambridge Ancient History II (2)
4577:
4197:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014
4184:
4121:
4106:
4082:
4070:
4056:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014
4017:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014
3668:Paul, Adams John (10 January 2010).
3667:
3636:
3238:
3090:
2963:Moore, Rowlands & Karadimas 2014
2913:
2815:
2696:Schliemann's excavations (1874–1876)
2127:are killed by the son of Agamemnon,
1611:. In Greek, this deity would become
1010:Cyclopean masonry, rear side of the
247:Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and
6514:Populated places in ancient Argolis
6499:Buildings and structures in Argolis
5729:. London: Bristol Classical Press.
5583:Mycenae's Last Century of Greatness
5073:
4795:(in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner.
4707:The Twilight of the Early Helladics
3398:
2884:
1892:
1478:For a more comprehensive list, see
1052:in the western Peloponnese, and to
437:; 11 kilometres (7 miles) north of
24:
6347:
6339:
6331:
6323:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5472:
4842:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2005.tb00259.x
4514:. London and New York: Routledge.
2671:Howe Browne, 2nd Marquess of Sligo
2215:
2093:; commanded the Greeks during the
1708:deities, or deities of the earth.
1095:. In 468 BC, however, troops from
1018:LHIIIB, around 1250 BC or so, the
939:, outside the citadel of Mycenae:
804:Outside the partial circuit wall,
775:
671:, which shifted some instances of
499:to identify the ruins of Mycenae.
34:. For the hamlet in New York, see
25:
6560:
6504:Former populated places in Greece
5900:Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos
5769:Mycenae: Research and Publication
5745:
5610:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1972) .
5580:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1968).
5437:"Archaeological Atlas of Mycenae"
5119:Völker und Sprachen Altanatoliens
5042:Mylonas, George Emmanuel (1966).
4656:Journal of Archaeological Science
4265:"Heinrich Schliemann and Mycenae"
2407:Stories from the Greek Tragedians
2364:Stories from the Greek Tragedians
2335:
1575:, which survived up to classical
695:outside the walls of the citadel.
6494:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age
5751:
5551:"Bronze Age Highways at Mycenae"
5065:Nilsson, Martin Persson (1967).
4629:Dietrich, Bernard Clive (1973).
4582:. In Denemark, Robert A. (ed.).
4430:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
4419:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2980:UNESCO World Heritage Convention
2682:Archaeological Society of Athens
2413:
2370:In legend, Atreus had two sons,
1356:(literally, "people", cf. Attic
925:
916:
699:
645:the name of the city is spelled
509:, along with the nearby site of
342:
93:
86:
62:
5509:. London: Chatto & Windus.
5381:Wunderlich, Hans Georg (1974).
5266:. New York: Algora Publishing.
5224:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
5219:"Lord Elgin and His Collection"
4803:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
4402:Writings from the Ancient World
4347:
4321:
4285:
4271:
4257:
4228:
4214:
3989:
3973:
3956:
3944:
3928:
3908:
3896:
3884:
3867:
3826:
3806:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3699:
3661:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3565:
3520:
3481:
3447:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3376:
3280:
3256:
3244:
3224:
3202:
3190:
3147:
3135:
3119:
3078:
3052:
3036:
3024:
2831:
2822:
2636:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
2321:, the descendants of Heracles.
888:fortifications on the acropolis
94:
6534:World Heritage Sites in Greece
6268:Archaeological site of Mycenae
5805:World Heritage Sites in Greece
5716:. New York: Biblio and Tannen.
5006:. New York: Harper & Row.
4749:Gagarin, Michael, ed. (2010).
4294:"Behind the Mask of Agamemnon"
3008:
2994:
2929:
2903:
2866:
2852:
2762:. In 1951, workers discovered
2684:, cleared the approach to the
2628:had been once explored by the
2558:from Mycenae, with writing in
2247:, son of Acrisius's daughter,
1868:'s sacrifice of his daughter,
569:Ministry of Culture and Sports
13:
1:
6411:Archaeologists and excavators
5453:10.17104/0017-1417_2010_7_623
5307:Velikovsky, Immanuel (1999).
5175:Schliemann, Heinrich (1878).
5160:Schachermeyer, Fritz (1964).
5145:. London: Thames and Hudson.
5098:History and the Homeric Iliad
5046:Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age
4635:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
4632:The Origins of Greek Religion
4355:Andronikos, Manolis (1954).
4238:Indianapolis Business Journal
3264:"Mycenae, Citadel (Building)"
3210:The Cambridge Ancient History
2860:"Mycenae, Citadel (Building)"
2747:Athens Archaeological Society
2546:Modern history and excavation
2063:; exiled the sons of Atreus,
2059:; ruled jointly with his son
2023:for housing the Heracleidae.
1269:("telestai"), the officials.
1079:Archaic and classical periods
745:to distinguish them from the
721:(EH, c. 3200–c. 2000 BC) and
567:to the remains. The Hellenic
27:Archaeological site in Greece
5851:Church of the Acheiropoietos
5654:Palmer, Leonard R. (1965) .
5260:Sweeney, Emmet John (2009).
5137:Scarre, Christopher (1999).
5095:Page, Denys Lionel (1976) .
4968:(A-7): 59–70. Archived from
4821:Iakovidis, Spyridon (2005).
4731:Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital
4433:. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
3953:, pp. 216–218, 221–222.
2845:
2810:
2785:List of ancient Greek cities
2607:Napoleon's invasion of Italy
2332:, a Pelopid, on the throne.
2270:and had many sons. His son,
1416:
1397:
1366:
998:The Lion Gate (detail); two
655:
648:
583:
7:
5893:Church of the Holy Apostles
5886:Church of Saint Panteleimon
5605:. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon.
5601:Mylonas, George E. (1983).
4903:10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.010
4456:. Cogitata. pp. 49–66.
4425:Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul
2778:
2705:excavation was the site of
2680:, working on behalf of the
1907:
1473:
1378:had a council of elders, a
729:Early and Middle Bronze Age
604:but rather one of the many
10:
6565:
6524:Mycenaean sites in Argolis
5879:Church of Panagia Chalkeon
5530:Barbarians and Bureaucrats
4998:Luce, John Victor (1975).
4918:Kelder, Jorrit M. (2010).
4704:Forsén, Jeannette (1992).
4650:Drake, Brandon L. (2012).
4508:Castleden, Rodney (2005).
3573:"Mycenaean Greece-Society"
3528:
2609:encouraged members of the
2584:
1802:was probably originally a
1631:, this sky-deity becomes "
1477:
1410:
1392:
1380:
1358:
1346:
1330:
1310:
1298:
1275:
1259:
1247:
1229:
1217:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1141:
1067:
1063:
682:
653:(Μυκήνη). The later form,
612:(μύκης, "mushroom"). Thus
515:Ancient Greek civilization
401:
396:
386:
237:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:
6410:
6387:Fortifications of Mycenae
6379:
6358:
6321:
6274:
6172:
6086:
6063:
5986:
5949:
5907:Church of Saint Catherine
5858:Church of Saint Demetrios
5811:
5571:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5503:Finley, Moses I. (1970).
4789:Helbig, Wolfgang (1884).
4774:. London: Profile Books.
4683:Finley, Moses I. (1954).
4676:10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.029
4461:Burkert, Walter (1987) .
4448:Blakolmer, Fritz (2010).
3819:, p. 38; M.L. West (
3768:, "Artemis", pp. 175–176.
2205:who sought to retake the
1480:List of Mycenaean deities
309:
305:
295:
285:
270:
262:
254:
243:
234:
230:
222:
214:
209:
199:
189:
179:
171:
166:
158:
121:
110:
81:
61:
46:
6539:Late Bronze Age collapse
6002:Temple of Athena Pronaia
5928:Church of Prophet Elijah
5688:Greece in the Bronze Age
5684:Vermeule, Emily (1964).
5524:Hooker, Richard (1996).
5342:Hesiod and the Near East
5002:Homer and the Heroic Age
4726:French, Elizabeth Bayard
4555:Chapman, Robert (2005).
4356:
3696:, Volume I, pp. 479–480.
2795:Fortification of Mycenae
2739:British School at Athens
2713:that he labeled as "The
2434:sacrificed his daughter
2418:Soon, Helen eloped with
1818:Hagia Triada sarcophagus
1653:, who is represented by
1167:poems, the word form is
300:Europe and North America
204:Late Bronze Age collapse
6187:Medieval City of Rhodes
4862:. London: Ernest Benn.
4452:. In F. Buscemi (ed.).
3544:A Greek–English Lexicon
3488:Kelder, Jorrit (2008).
3425:, pp. 19, 146–150.
2538:on their return to the
2446:on the altar, and took
2409:by Alfred Church, 1897.
2366:by Alfred Church, 1897.
2360:The Return of Agamemnon
1657:, in a "holy wedding" (
1489:religion survived into
1103:Revival and abandonment
947:, inside view (right) .
943:, outside view (left),
812:surmounted the mounds.
464:and parts of southwest
6509:Locations in the Iliad
6352:
6344:
6336:
6328:
6212:Cave of the Apocalypse
5980:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5872:Church of Hagia Sophia
5708:Wace, Alan John Bayard
5549:Jansen, Anton (1997).
5435:Younger, John (2010).
5339:Walcot, Peter (1966).
5310:The Dark Age of Greece
5116:Popko, Maciej (2008).
4960:Komita, Nobuo (1982).
4939:Kerényi, Karl (1976).
4858:Jeffrey, L.H. (1976).
4578:Chew, Sing C. (2000).
3740:), and in the cult of
3670:"Mycenaean Divinities"
3385:, pp. 1862–1870;
3097:Bury & Meiggs 1975
2898:Bury & Meiggs 1975
2734:
2563:
2468:heroes. After the war
2410:
2367:
2232:
1135:Political organization
1014:
1003:
874:– are dated to LHIIA.
855:
789:
696:
593:
592:A view of the citadel.
495:'s description of the
318:This article contains
6433:Panagiotis Stamatakis
6351:
6343:
6335:
6327:
6193:Grand Master's Palace
6030:Stoa of the Athenians
5979:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5914:Church of the Saviour
5179:(in German). Leipzig.
4686:The World of Odysseus
4386:10.3406/bch.1880.4318
4292:Harrington, Spencer.
4001:Description of Greece
3535:Liddell, Henry George
3387:Kaniewski et al. 2010
3268:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3044:Description of Greece
2941:Description of Greece
2756:Alan John Bayard Wace
2732:
2611:Society of Dilettanti
2553:
2404:
2358:
2297:, a daughter of King
2259:, and became king of
2223:
1981:, a daughter of King
1642:Later in some cults,
1493:in their pantheon of
1271:Leonard Robert Palmer
1009:
997:
968:, who was married to
853:
783:
758:Panagiotis Stamatakis
690:
606:pre-Greek place names
600:is thought not to be
591:
485:Provveditore Generale
143:37.73028°N 22.75750°E
6312:Tomb of Clytemnestra
6132:Tomb of Clytemnestra
5760:at Wikimedia Commons
5603:Mycenae Rich in Gold
5410:Internet Archaeology
5217:Smith, A.H. (1916).
4770:Gere, Cathy (2006).
4222:"Agamemnon (Person)"
3923:Eleusinian Mysteries
3864:in Muslim religion."
3708:, pp. 110–114;
3161:Internet Archaeology
2912:For population, see
2690:Tomb of Clytemnestra
2667:semi-engaged columns
2570:Tabula Peutingeriana
2362:, Illustration from
2101:becomes lovers with
2011:; resentful towards
1903:Notable information
1679:vegetation goddesses
1599:, who was the first
1432:and, most recently,
1113:Tomb of Clytemnestra
941:tomb of Clytemnestra
815:A walled enclosure,
489:Kingdom of the Morea
6428:Heinrich Schliemann
6073:Acropolis of Athens
5526:"Mycenean Religion"
5385:The Secret of Crete
4979:Archaeology Ireland
4972:on 26 January 2022.
4895:2010QuRes..74..207K
4883:Quaternary Research
4668:2012JArSc..39.1862D
4536:The Mycenaean World
4491:A History of Greece
3627:, Volume I, p. 339.
3478:, pp. 206–208.
3389:, pp. 207–215.
3292:sites.dartmouth.edu
3128:, Edwin M. Schorr,
2702:Heinrich Schliemann
2663:Heinrich Schliemann
2457:Iphigenia in Tauris
2289:The throne went to
2239:, grandson of king
1969:Younger brother of
1854:Heinrich Schliemann
1822:Minoan civilization
1646:is united with the
1070:Bronze Age collapse
833:Silver Siege Rhyton
794:Helladic chronology
739:Heinrich Schliemann
709:easy routes to the
520:The Lion Gate, the
507:World Heritage List
415:archaeological site
139: /
102:Shown within Greece
43:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6307:Treasury of Atreus
6125:Treasury of Atreus
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5921:Vlatades Monastery
5641:(3–4): 1205–1220.
5536:on 1 February 2014
5282:Tsountas, Christos
5074:Nur, Amos (2008).
4734:. Stroud: Tempus.
3921:, the city of the
3915:Schachermeyer 1964
3903:Schachermeyer 1964
3891:Schachermeyer 1964
3233:, pp. 95–96;
2790:Boar's tusk helmet
2735:
2700:The archaeologist
2626:Treasury of Atreus
2564:
2518:End of the Atreids
2411:
2368:
2233:
2033:Maternal uncle of
1713:Etruscan culture.
1579:. In these cults,
1460:, is mentioned by
1015:
1004:
981:Treasury of Atreus
945:Treasury of Atreus
856:
790:
711:Isthmus of Corinth
697:
594:
522:Treasury of Atreus
320:special characters
286:Reference no.
266:i, ii, iii, iv, vi
148:37.73028; 22.75750
41:
6519:Mycenaean palaces
6476:
6475:
6438:Christos Tsountas
6423:Kyriakos Pittakis
6316:Tomb of the Genii
6302:Tomb of Aegisthus
6234:
6233:
6217:Nea Moni of Chios
6202:
6195:
6148:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6118:Tomb of Aegisthus
6113:
6055:Old Town of Corfu
6039:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6016:Athenian Treasury
6011:
6004:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5865:Latomou Monastery
5860:
5853:
5846:
5839:
5756:Media related to
5736:978-1-85-399355-8
5676:978-1-84-217295-7
5625:978-0-52-002163-1
5495:978-0-29-907373-2
5396:978-0-02-631600-2
5273:978-0-87586-683-3
5209:978-2-86958-210-1
5168:Kohlhammer Verlag
5152:978-0-50-005096-5
5129:978-3-447-05708-0
5108:978-0-52-003246-0
5087:978-0-69-101602-3
5034:978-1-4438-5776-5
5013:978-0-06-012722-0
4952:978-0-69-102915-3
4869:978-0-510-03271-5
4813:978-0-19-954556-8
4762:978-0-19-517072-6
4741:978-0-7524-1951-0
4717:978-91-7081-031-2
4696:978-1-59-017017-5
4642:978-3-11-003982-5
4570:978-1-40-513724-9
4547:978-0-521-29037-1
4521:978-0-415-36336-5
4500:978-0-333-15492-2
4474:978-1-11-872499-6
4440:978-9-00-417418-4
4318:, pp. 24–26.
4187:, pp. 57–58.
3658:, pp. 65–66.
3603:Kelder 2010 p.119
3453:Dietrich p.65–66"
3444:, pp. 70–77.
3144:, pp. 59–60.
2816:Explanatory notes
2751:Dickinson College
2743:Christos Tsountas
2715:Mask of Agamemnon
2678:Kyriakos Pittakis
2348:and his brother,
2213:
2212:
1913:Grandson of King
1795:Olympian Pantheon
1151:("wanax") in the
872:Tomb of Aegisthus
866:divided the nine
843:and weapons both
837:Mask of Agamemnon
550:earliest examples
326:rendering support
313:
312:
281:
218:Francesco Grimani
74:Cyclopean masonry
36:Mycenae, New York
16:(Redirected from
6556:
6468:Spyros Iakovidis
6463:Elizabeth French
6261:
6254:
6247:
6238:
6237:
6226:Heraion of Samos
6198:
6191:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6078:Daphni Monastery
6037:Temple of Apollo
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5755:
5740:
5728:
5717:
5703:
5691:
5680:
5659:
5650:
5647:10.1130/B36785.1
5629:
5617:
5606:
5597:
5576:
5570:
5562:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5520:
5499:
5487:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5455:. Archived from
5431:
5421:
5419:10.11141/ia.56.9
5400:
5388:
5377:
5356:
5335:
5314:
5303:
5297:
5289:
5277:
5256:
5213:
5194:
5188:
5180:
5171:
5156:
5144:
5133:
5112:
5091:
5070:
5061:
5049:
5038:
5017:
5005:
4994:
4973:
4956:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4914:
4873:
4854:
4844:
4817:
4796:
4785:
4766:
4745:
4721:
4700:
4679:
4662:(6): 1862–1870.
4646:
4625:
4609:
4587:
4574:
4551:
4539:
4525:
4504:
4478:
4457:
4444:
4420:
4418:
4399:
4389:
4368:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4298:
4297:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4212:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3977:
3971:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3932:
3926:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3875:Prometheus Bound
3871:
3865:
3855:
3846:
3830:
3824:
3815:, p. 85f.;
3810:
3804:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3594:Kelder2010 p,.97
3592:
3586:
3585:Kelder 2010 p.34
3583:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3551:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3228:
3222:
3219:Placing the Gods
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3175:10.11141/ia.56.9
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3056:
3050:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2949:
2933:
2927:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2856:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2575:Cyriac of Ancona
2266:Perseus married
1897:
1893:Kings of Mycenae
1774:(the goat-god).
1726:), later called
1491:classical Greece
1419:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1199:
1198:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1155:inscriptions at
1146:
1145:
1144:
929:
920:
751:Late Helladic IA
735:Cretan influence
658:
651:
526:walls of Mycenae
468:. The period of
425:, north-eastern
404:
403:
398:
390:
389:
377:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
275:
194:Mycenaean Greece
154:
153:
151:
150:
149:
144:
140:
137:
136:
135:
132:
97:
96:
90:
66:
50:
44:
40:
21:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6544:Former kingdoms
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6453:William Taylour
6406:
6375:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6319:
6270:
6265:
6235:
6230:
6168:
6082:
6059:
5982:
5974:
5966:
5958:
5947:
5807:
5802:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5700:
5677:
5626:
5594:
5564:
5563:
5555:Classical Views
5539:
5537:
5517:
5496:
5475:
5473:Further reading
5470:
5462:
5460:
5397:
5353:
5291:
5290:
5274:
5210:
5182:
5181:
5153:
5130:
5109:
5088:
5058:
5035:
5014:
4953:
4929:
4927:
4870:
4814:
4782:
4763:
4742:
4718:
4697:
4643:
4622:
4596:Edwards, I.E.S.
4571:
4548:
4522:
4501:
4487:Meiggs, Russell
4475:
4441:
4416:
4397:
4358:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4171:
4164:
4158:Schliemann 1878
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4062:
4058:, pp. 3–4.
4054:
4050:
4042:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
3994:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3961:
3957:
3951:Wunderlich 1974
3949:
3945:
3939:Wunderlich 1974
3933:
3929:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3868:
3856:
3849:
3831:
3827:
3811:
3807:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3554:
3549:Perseus Project
3525:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3486:
3482:
3474:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3312:
3305:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3152:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3126:Velikovsky 1999
3124:
3120:
3112:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3057:
3053:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2952:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2885:
2871:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2781:
2768:William Taylour
2727:
2698:
2589:
2583:
2548:
2530:bite. His son,
2520:
2416:
2378:, the Atreids.
2338:
2218:
2216:Perseid dynasty
1895:
1890:
1850:Wolfgang Helbig
1665:goddesses like
1503:Moses I. Finley
1499:Greek Dark Ages
1483:
1476:
1381:
1347:
1331:
1311:
1299:
1276:
1260:
1248:
1218:
1182:
1142:
1137:
1105:
1081:
1072:
1066:
951:
950:
949:
948:
932:
931:
930:
922:
921:
884:
861:
802:
788:, or high city.
778:
776:Late Bronze Age
747:Circle B graves
731:
723:Middle Helladic
715:Early Neolithic
702:
685:
586:
491:. Vandeyk used
387:
383:Mycenaean Greek
375:
345:
341:
335:
334:
333:
324:Without proper
239:
147:
145:
141:
138:
133:
130:
128:
126:
125:
106:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
77:
72:and example of
57:
55:
53:
51:
48:
39:
32:Mycenae (Crete)
28:
23:
22:
18:Perseid dynasty
15:
12:
11:
5:
6562:
6552:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6458:George Mylonas
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6371:Grave Circle B
6368:
6366:Grave Circle A
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6289:Epano Phournos
6287:
6283:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6264:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6219:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:Fortifications
6196:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6174:Aegean Islands
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:Grave Circle B
6142:
6139:Grave Circle A
6135:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:Byzantine Bath
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5828:
5823:
5817:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5747:
5746:External links
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5718:
5704:
5698:
5681:
5675:
5660:
5651:
5630:
5624:
5607:
5598:
5592:
5577:
5546:
5521:
5515:
5500:
5494:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:
5432:
5401:
5395:
5378:
5357:
5351:
5336:
5315:
5304:
5278:
5272:
5257:
5237:10.2307/625773
5214:
5208:
5195:
5172:
5157:
5151:
5134:
5128:
5113:
5107:
5092:
5086:
5071:
5062:
5056:
5039:
5033:
5018:
5012:
4995:
4974:
4957:
4951:
4936:
4926:. Bethesda, MD
4915:
4889:(2): 207–215.
4874:
4868:
4855:
4818:
4812:
4797:
4786:
4780:
4767:
4761:
4746:
4740:
4722:
4716:
4701:
4695:
4680:
4647:
4641:
4626:
4620:
4592:Desborough, V.
4588:
4575:
4569:
4552:
4546:
4530:Chadwick, John
4526:
4520:
4511:The Mycenaeans
4505:
4499:
4479:
4473:
4458:
4445:
4439:
4421:
4390:
4369:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4320:
4299:
4284:
4270:
4256:
4227:
4213:
4211:, p. 163.
4209:Iakovidis 2005
4201:
4189:
4177:
4162:
4150:
4148:, p. 131.
4138:
4136:, p. 214.
4126:
4111:
4099:
4097:, p. 216.
4087:
4075:
4060:
4048:
4033:
4031:, p. 624.
4021:
4009:
3988:
3972:
3955:
3943:
3941:, p. 221.
3937:, p. 53;
3927:
3907:
3905:, p. 241.
3895:
3893:, p. 128.
3883:
3866:
3847:
3825:
3805:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3698:
3683:
3660:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3615:, p. 124.
3605:
3596:
3587:
3578:
3564:
3552:
3519:
3503:
3480:
3455:
3446:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3375:
3369:978-0199873609
3368:
3339:
3333:978-0199873609
3332:
3303:
3279:
3255:
3243:
3231:Castleden 2005
3223:
3201:
3189:
3146:
3134:
3118:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3051:
3035:
3023:
3007:
2993:
2967:
2950:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2919:For area, see
2917:
2909:
2902:
2883:
2865:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2773:George Mylonas
2764:Grave Circle B
2758:, assisted by
2726:
2723:
2697:
2694:
2582:
2579:
2547:
2544:
2519:
2516:
2415:
2412:
2337:
2336:Atreid dynasty
2334:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1710:Walter Burkert
1565:Indo-Europeans
1515:Greek religion
1475:
1472:
1318:po-ro-ko-re-te
1136:
1133:
1104:
1101:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1062:
934:
933:
924:
923:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
883:
880:
860:
857:
817:Grave Circle A
806:Grave Circle B
801:
798:
784:View from the
777:
774:
730:
727:
719:Early Helladic
701:
698:
684:
681:
585:
582:
554:Greek language
328:, you may see
316:
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
282:
272:
268:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
252:
251:
245:
241:
240:
235:
232:
231:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
215:Archaeologists
212:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
123:
119:
118:
112:
108:
107:
101:
92:
91:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
67:
59:
58:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6561:
6550:
6549:Argos-Mykines
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6448:Winifred Lamb
6446:
6444:
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6359:Grave circles
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5516:9780701114367
5512:
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5459:on 2023-01-03
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5166:. Stuttgart:
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4240:
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4231:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4175:, p. 47.
4174:
4173:Loughlin 2021
4169:
4167:
4160:, p. 49.
4159:
4154:
4147:
4146:Tsountas 1897
4142:
4135:
4130:
4124:, p. 53.
4123:
4118:
4116:
4109:, p. 51.
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4085:, p. 50.
4084:
4079:
4073:, p. 48.
4072:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4046:, p. 19.
4045:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4025:
4019:, p. 28.
4018:
4013:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3968:Lines 535–544
3965:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3879:Lines 515–518
3876:
3870:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3844:
3843:Lines 216–224
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3756:, p. 21.
3755:
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3656:Dietrich 1973
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3560:Chadwick 1976
3556:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3539:Scott, Robert
3536:
3532:
3523:
3516:
3512:
3511:Chadwick 1976
3507:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3450:
3443:
3442:Chadwick 1976
3438:
3436:
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3419:
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3407:
3400:
3395:
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3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3199:, p. 56.
3198:
3193:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3087:, p. 58.
3086:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3032:
3031:Chadwick 1976
3027:
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3016:
3011:
3003:
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2782:
2776:
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2765:
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2760:Winifred Lamb
2757:
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2414:Homeric Poems
2408:
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2040:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1993:, the son of
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
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1873:
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1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Earth goddess
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1723:Potnia Theron
1719:
1718:Mediterranean
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:Great Goddess
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:). Among the
1626:
1625:ancient Greek
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Indo-European
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
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1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Greek deities
1492:
1488:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Reinhard Jung
1435:
1434:Birgitta Eder
1431:
1430:Jorrit Kelder
1425:
1421:
1418:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1343:
1339:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1307:
1294:
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1288:
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1272:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1001:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
970:Amenhotep III
967:
963:
959:
954:
946:
942:
938:
928:
919:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
879:
875:
873:
869:
865:
852:
848:
846:
842:
841:Cup of Nestor
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
787:
782:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
700:Neolithic Age
694:
689:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
652:
650:
644:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
590:
581:
578:
572:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
470:Greek history
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
394:
393:Ancient Greek
384:
380:
379:
369:
339:
331:
327:
323:
321:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
279:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
244:Official name
242:
238:
233:
229:
226:Partly buried
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
202:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
152:
124:
120:
116:
113:
109:
89:
80:
75:
71:
65:
60:
45:
37:
33:
19:
6276:
6267:
6222:Pythagoreion
6100:
5724:
5712:
5687:
5665:
5655:
5638:
5634:
5613:
5602:
5582:
5567:cite journal
5558:
5554:
5538:. Retrieved
5534:the original
5529:
5505:
5483:
5461:. Retrieved
5457:the original
5444:
5440:
5409:
5384:
5365:
5361:
5341:
5326:(1): 66–76.
5323:
5319:
5309:
5285:
5262:
5228:
5222:
5199:
5176:
5162:
5140:
5118:
5097:
5076:
5066:
5045:
5023:
5001:
4985:(1): 44–48.
4982:
4978:
4970:the original
4965:
4941:
4928:. Retrieved
4923:
4886:
4882:
4859:
4832:
4826:
4802:
4791:
4771:
4751:
4730:
4706:
4685:
4659:
4655:
4631:
4605:
4583:
4560:
4535:
4510:
4490:
4463:
4453:
4429:
4401:
4377:
4373:
4364:
4363:(in Greek).
4360:
4348:Bibliography
4333:. Retrieved
4323:
4316:Gagarin 2010
4287:
4273:
4259:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4216:
4204:
4199:, p. 1.
4192:
4180:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4051:
4029:Younger 2010
4024:
4012:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3963:
3958:
3946:
3930:
3910:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3869:
3858:Nilsson 1967
3836:
3828:
3820:
3817:Jeffrey 1976
3808:
3800:
3799:and Sanskr.
3796:
3789:
3773:
3761:
3754:Burkert 1987
3749:
3726:Erichthonios
3710:Nilsson 1967
3706:Kerényi 1976
3701:
3694:Nilsson 1967
3674:. Retrieved
3663:
3632:
3625:Nilsson 1967
3620:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3581:
3567:
3555:
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3506:
3497:
3493:
3483:
3476:Mylonas 1966
3449:
3418:
3406:
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3351:
3315:
3295:. Retrieved
3291:
3282:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3246:
3226:
3218:
3209:
3204:
3192:
3165:
3159:
3149:
3137:
3121:
3099:, p. 22
3092:
3085:Shelton 2010
3080:
3059:
3054:
3043:
3038:
3033:, p. 1.
3026:
3018:
3010:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2965:, p. 4.
2939:
2931:
2921:Chapman 2005
2905:
2900:, p. 20
2876:
2868:
2854:
2833:
2824:
2736:
2719:
2699:
2675:
2652:
2629:
2623:
2598:Provveditore
2596:
2590:
2568:
2565:
2540:Peloponnesus
2521:
2510:
2503:
2474:Clytemnestra
2466:
2455:
2417:
2406:
2396:Clytemnestra
2369:
2363:
2359:
2339:
2323:
2288:
2265:
2251:and the god
2234:
2173:Clytemnestra
2151:Clytemnestra
2125:Clytemnestra
2099:Clytemnestra
1874:
1858:
1830:
1792:
1776:
1721:
1715:
1659:hieros gamos
1658:
1641:
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1616:
1615:(pronounced
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1562:
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1485:Much of the
1484:
1465:
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1238:
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1129:
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1093:Persian Wars
1082:
1073:
1043:
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1028:
1016:
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973:
955:
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935:Examples of
900:
885:
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862:
814:
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770:circuit wall
755:
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704:Mycenae, an
703:
691:The Tomb of
676:
672:
661:sound change
646:
640:
638:
621:
609:
597:
595:
573:
562:
543:
539:architecture
519:
501:
482:
451:
447:Saronic Gulf
410:
406:
337:
336:
317:
175:1350-1200 BC
6397:Cult Center
5826:Mount Athos
5447:: 623–653.
5320:Archaeology
5231:: 163–372.
4835:: 163–171.
4483:Bury, J. B.
4380:: 206–210.
4044:French 2002
3984:Pythionikos
3935:Helbig 1884
3873:Aeschylus.
3813:Walcot 1966
3803:: "water").
3613:Finley 1954
3423:French 2002
3411:French 2002
3251:Scarre 1999
3235:French 2002
3197:French 2002
3142:Komita 1982
3114:Forsén 1992
3042:Pausanias.
3015:Beekes 2009
2986:27 November
2593:Peloponnese
2556:clay tablet
2536:Heracleidae
2509:Euripides'
2502:Sophocles'
2319:Heracleidae
2257:Megapenthes
2207:Peloponnese
2203:Heracleidae
2097:; his wife
2055:Brother of
2017:Heracleidae
1734:/Dictynna.
1732:Britomartis
1671:Britomartis
1509:world, but
1388:ke-ro-si-ja
1338:da-mo-ko-ro
1291:Enkhelyawon
1255:ra-wa-ke-ta
1109:Hellenistic
1091:during the
1085:Thermopylae
974:m-w-k-i-n-u
565:disturbance
548:epics. The
427:Peloponnese
146: /
122:Coordinates
6483:Categories
6418:Veli Pasha
5837:City Walls
5540:25 January
5463:2023-01-02
4600:Gadd, C.J.
4367:: 221–240.
4335:25 January
4251:2513612526
4245:(7): 13A.
4134:Smith 1916
4095:Smith 1916
3783:Persephone
3718:Hyakinthos
3676:24 January
3383:Drake 2012
3297:2022-09-15
3273:2018-07-07
2711:death mask
2615:Grand Tour
2585:See also:
2307:Eurystheus
2284:Amphitryon
2095:Trojan War
2035:Eurystheus
2003:Eurystheus
1975:Amphitryon
1957:Amphitryon
1859:Mycenaean
1846:Mycenaeans
1633:Dyaus Pita
1593:Persephone
1554:Eileithyia
1501:or later.
1376:qa-si-re-u
1326:prokoreter
1312:𐀡𐀫𐀒𐀩𐀮
1243:Hephaestus
1241:placed by
1189:qa-si-re-u
1068:See also:
989:Orchomenus
962:Queen Tiye
829:chieftains
454:stronghold
271:Designated
210:Site notes
184:Bronze Age
162:Settlement
134:22°45′27″E
131:37°43′49″N
76:at Mycenae
6443:Alan Wace
6392:Lion Gate
6286:Cyclopean
6111:Lion Gate
6096:Epidaurus
6023:Gymnasium
5710:(1964) .
5428:236973111
5294:cite book
5288:. London.
5253:163053341
5185:cite book
4924:CDL Press
4410:1570-7008
4361:Hellenika
4185:Gere 2006
4122:Gere 2006
4107:Gere 2006
4083:Gere 2006
4071:Gere 2006
3996:Pausanias
3637:Page 1976
3515:pp. 71–72
3494:Palamedes
3239:Luce 1975
3184:236973111
3021:"Ἀθήνη").
3017:, p. 29 (
2936:Pausanias
2914:Chew 2000
2873:"Mycenae"
2846:Citations
2811:Footnotes
2686:Lion Gate
2640:Lion Gate
2613:, whose '
2603:Lion Gate
2532:Tisamenus
2478:Iphigenia
2470:Agamemnon
2462:Euripides
2448:Iphigenia
2436:Iphigenia
2432:Agamemnon
2384:Tyndareus
2380:Aegisthus
2372:Agamemnon
2291:Sthenelus
2280:Pterelaos
2272:Electryon
2268:Andromeda
2193:Tisamenus
2169:Agamemnon
2147:Aegisthus
2121:Agamemnon
2111:Aegisthus
2103:Aegisthus
2081:Agamemnon
2065:Agamemnon
2061:Aegisthus
2043:Aegisthus
2009:Sthenelus
1973:; exiles
1971:Electryon
1965:Sthenelus
1953:Pterelaos
1945:Andromeda
1935:Electryon
1877:Mycenaean
1870:Iphigenia
1866:Agamemnon
1826:Mycenaean
1815:Mycenaean
1788:cosmology
1607:in early
1487:Mycenaean
1458:Agamemnon
1390:, (later
1342:damokoros
1125:Pausanias
1024:Lion Gate
1020:Cyclopean
1012:Lion Gate
892:Cyclopean
864:Alan Wace
786:acropolis
762:Lion Gate
706:acropolis
693:Aegisthus
614:Pausanias
596:The name
584:Etymology
577:acropolis
560:tablets.
497:Lion Gate
493:Pausanias
474:Mycenaean
223:Condition
70:Lion Gate
6210:and the
5943:Philippi
5374:40267129
5332:41663738
5284:(1897).
4991:27075191
4930:18 March
4911:29084902
4851:43646724
4728:(2002).
4532:(1976).
4489:(1975).
4427:(2009).
4414:Archived
4247:ProQuest
3964:Theogony
3962:Hesiod.
3838:Theogony
3742:Dionysos
3399:Nur 2008
2779:See also
2707:Hisarlik
2619:Romantic
2560:Linear B
2498:Oresteia
2376:Menelaus
2350:Thyestes
2311:Heracles
2276:Taphians
2241:Acrisius
2117:Thyestes
2069:Menelaus
2051:Thyestes
2039:Thyestes
2013:Heracles
1995:Heracles
1949:Taphians
1927:Heracles
1915:Acrisius
1861:religion
1808:Dionysos
1764:Dionysos
1740:Linear B
1736:Poseidon
1706:chthonic
1702:Olympian
1690:Dionysos
1675:Diktynna
1585:European
1581:Poseidon
1558:Dionysos
1542:Poseidon
1530:Linear B
1474:Religion
1450:Nauplion
1398:gerousia
1393:γερουσία
1382:𐀐𐀫𐀯𐀊
1332:𐀅𐀗𐀒𐀫
1306:ko-re-te
1267:te-re-ta
1249:𐀨𐀷𐀐𐀲
1225:te-me-no
1206:basilees
1202:basileús
1197:βασιλεύς
1183:𐀣𐀯𐀩𐀄
1153:Linear B
1149:wa-na-ka
896:Cyclopes
743:Circle A
656:Mykē̂nai
636:2.120).
558:Linear B
524:and the
466:Anatolia
462:Cyclades
413:) is an
407:Mykē̂nai
388:𐀘𐀏𐀙𐀂
263:Criteria
258:Cultural
190:Cultures
117:, Greece
111:Location
49:𐀘𐀏𐀙𐀂
6489:Mycenae
6402:Megaron
6380:Citadel
6298:Panagia
6159:Olympia
6154:Mystras
6101:Mycenae
6050:Meteora
5988:Central
5844:Rotunda
5758:Mycenae
4891:Bibcode
4664:Bibcode
4612:658–677
3919:Eleusis
3779:Demeter
3738:Eleusis
3734:Ploutos
3722:Amyklai
3547:at the
3058:Homer.
2657:of the
2648:Nafplio
2644:voivode
2621:ruin.'
2526:from a
2524:Arcadia
2511:Electra
2504:Electra
2490:Electra
2482:Orestes
2440:Artemis
2326:Dorians
2295:Nicippe
2237:Perseus
2229:Pompeii
2227:, from
2225:Perseus
2199:Orestes
2197:Son of
2183:from a
2181:Arcadia
2167:Son of
2163:Orestes
2155:Orestes
2145:Son of
2133:Erinyes
2129:Orestes
2115:Son of
2085:Son of
2007:Son of
1979:Nicippe
1941:Perseus
1939:Son of
1909:Perseus
1838:Elysion
1811:Zagreus
1780:Homeric
1760:daemons
1756:Arcadia
1728:Artemis
1682:Ariadne
1637:Jupiter
1597:Artemis
1589:Demeter
1573:Arcadia
1522:Guthrie
1511:Nilsson
1507:Homeric
1454:Hittite
1403:do-e-ro
1322:koreter
1287:ekwetai
1283:e-qe-ta
1239:temenos
1235:témenos
1230:τέμενος
1165:Homeric
1157:Knossos
1121:tourist
1089:Plataea
1064:Decline
1039:cistern
907:Frescos
903:megaron
878:times.
825:daggers
683:History
639:In the
634:Odyssey
618:Perseus
598:Mukanai
552:of the
546:Homeric
487:of the
478:citadel
443:Corinth
423:Argolis
419:Mykines
397:Μυκῆναι
338:Mycenae
278:session
180:Periods
172:Founded
167:History
115:Argolis
56:Μυκήνες
52:Μυκῆναι
42:Mycenae
6277:Tholos
6105:Tiryns
6065:Attica
6009:Tholos
5996:Delphi
5733:
5696:
5673:
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3980:Pindar
3862:Kismet
3833:Hesiod
3797:*potis
3790:*pótis
3730:Athens
3714:Minoan
3529:δοῦλος
3366:
3330:
3182:
3048:2.16.3
2946:2.16.5
2944:
2507:, and
2494:Aletes
2486:Phocis
2452:Tauris
2388:Sparta
2346:Atreus
2342:oracle
2330:Atreus
2315:Hyllus
2299:Pelops
2278:under
2261:Tiryns
2187:bite.
2177:Aletes
2141:Aletes
2091:Aerope
2087:Atreus
2073:Sparta
2057:Atreus
2029:Atreus
2021:Athens
1991:Hyllus
1983:Pelops
1951:under
1923:heroes
1834:Minoan
1804:daemon
1784:Hesiod
1770:) and
1768:Satyrs
1752:nymphs
1748:Athena
1694:Athena
1667:Aphaea
1663:Minoan
1648:Aegean
1629:Hindus
1605:*Dyeus
1577:Greece
1550:Hermes
1546:Athena
1526:Minoan
1446:Tiryns
1417:doúlos
1411:δοῦλος
1328:. The
1300:𐀒𐀩𐀮
1277:𐀁𐀤𐀲
1261:𐀳𐀩𐀲
1219:𐀳𐀕𐀜
1210:Ithaca
1143:𐀷𐀙𐀏
1058:Thebes
1054:Athens
985:Minyas
958:scarab
937:tholos
868:tholos
845:votive
839:, the
835:, the
821:swords
810:Stelae
649:Mykḗnē
530:Tiryns
511:Tiryns
504:UNESCO
460:, the
435:Athens
431:Greece
411:Mykḗnē
402:Μυκήνη
296:Region
276:(23rd
249:Tiryns
200:Events
54:Μυκήνη
6279:tombs
6182:Delos
6088:South
5821:Aigai
5813:North
5424:S2CID
5370:JSTOR
5328:JSTOR
5249:S2CID
5241:JSTOR
4987:JSTOR
4907:S2CID
4847:JSTOR
4417:(PDF)
4398:(PDF)
3801:daFon
3180:S2CID
3168:(9).
3074:11.46
3070:7.180
3061:Iliad
2659:Morea
2654:Pasha
2528:snake
2454:(see
2420:Paris
2392:Helen
2249:Danaë
2245:Argos
2185:snake
1919:Argos
1882:Homer
1842:Hades
1686:Helen
1601:nymph
1569:anima
1467:Iliad
1462:Homer
1372:da-mo
1367:dễmos
1360:δῆμος
1354:da-mo
1161:Pylos
1117:Roman
1097:Argos
1050:Pylos
1046:Crete
1000:lions
966:Egypt
669:Ionic
665:Attic
642:Iliad
630:Argos
626:Homer
622:mykēs
610:mykēs
602:Greek
458:Crete
439:Argos
417:near
274:1999
6292:Lion
6224:and
6103:and
5731:ISBN
5694:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5620:ISBN
5588:ISBN
5573:link
5542:2014
5511:ISBN
5490:ISBN
5391:ISBN
5347:ISBN
5300:link
5268:ISBN
5204:ISBN
5191:link
5147:ISBN
5124:ISBN
5103:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5052:ISBN
5029:ISBN
5008:ISBN
4947:ISBN
4932:2015
4864:ISBN
4808:ISBN
4776:ISBN
4757:ISBN
4736:ISBN
4712:ISBN
4691:ISBN
4637:ISBN
4616:ISBN
4565:ISBN
4542:ISBN
4516:ISBN
4495:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4435:ISBN
4406:ISSN
4337:2014
3781:and
3678:2014
3364:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3214:gems
3066:4.52
3019:s.v.
2988:2022
2631:agha
2444:deer
2428:Troy
2424:Troy
2394:and
2374:and
2303:Elis
2253:Zeus
2171:and
2149:and
2089:and
2067:and
1987:Elis
1943:and
1900:King
1824:and
1800:Fate
1793:The
1698:Hera
1696:and
1684:and
1655:Hera
1644:Zeus
1621:Dias
1617:Zeus
1613:Zeus
1591:and
1556:and
1538:Hera
1534:Zeus
1448:and
1436:and
1348:𐀅𐀗
1324:and
1176:ἄναξ
1170:anax
1159:and
1087:and
1056:and
823:and
766:cist
528:and
378:-nee
255:Type
159:Type
68:The
5643:doi
5639:136
5559:XLI
5449:doi
5414:doi
5233:doi
4899:doi
4837:doi
4672:doi
4382:doi
3794:PIE
3787:PIE
3732:),
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3356:doi
3320:doi
3170:doi
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