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general affirmation of the centrality of the person for philosophical thought. Personalism posits ultimate reality and value in personhood – human as well as (at least for most personalists) divine. It emphasizes the significance, uniqueness and inviolability of the person, as well as the person's essentially relational or social dimension. The title "personalism" can therefore legitimately be applied to any school of thought that focuses on the centrality of persons and their unique status among beings in general, and personalists normally acknowledge the indirect contributions of a wide range of thinkers throughout the history of philosophy who did not regard themselves as personalists. Personalists believe that the person should be the ontological and epistemological starting point of philosophical reflection. Many are concerned to investigate the experience, the status, and the
1591:) and empirical findings of developmental, social and personality psychology it addresses the issue of the development of personhood in community. Each person does not only reach a certain position within community but also forms an individual personality over his or her life span. In doing so, they determine a relationship to their selves and to other people. The development of personality appears as a way to take responsibility in community. Communities are thought of as by nature are infinitely diverse associations, which are not characterised by fixed values, but rather by the fact that they constantly communicate about values as they constantly arise due to actual praxis. On the basis of discourse ethics (
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1559:. Howison created a radically democratic notion of personal idealism that extended all the way to God, who was no more the ultimate monarch, no longer the only ruler and creator of the universe, but the ultimate democrat in eternal relation to other eternal persons. Howison found few disciples among the religious, for whom his thought was heretical; the non-religious, on the other hand, considered his proposals too religious; only
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1543:. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the moral freedom experienced by persons. To deny the freedom to pursue the ideals of truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Thus, even the personalistic idealism of Borden Parker Bowne and
1751:"Start your work from where you live, with the small concrete needs right around you. Help ease tension in your workplace. Help feed the person right in front of you. Personalism holds that we each have a deep personal obligation to live simply, to look after the needs of our brothers and sisters, and to share in the happiness and misery they are suffering."
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It is perhaps more proper to speak of personalism as a "current" or a broader "worldview", since it represents more than one school or one doctrine while at the same time the most important forms of personalism do display some central and essential commonalities. Most important of the latter is the
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could write that there are at least "a dozen personalist doctrines, which at times have nothing more in common than the word 'person.'" Moreover, because of their emphasis on the subjectivity of the person, some of the more important exponents of personalism have not undertaken systematic treatises
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As a spiritual being, the human creature is defined through interpersonal relations. The more authentically he or she lives these relations, the more his or her own personal identity matures. It is not by isolation that man establishes his worth, but by placing himself in relation with others and
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which would describe persons as mere particles of matter. For example, against the argument that persons are insignificant specks of dust in the vast universe, Bowne would say that it is impossible for the entire universe to exist apart from a person to experience it. Ontologically speaking, the
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explicitly sought to support personalist movement by developing its theoretical foundation and expanding it with a new personalist social ethic. However, he later had significant disagreements with
Mounier and criticized other personalist writers for insufficient conceptual clarity. Ricœur also
1611:, though not formally considered a personalist, made an important contribution to the personalist cause by declaring that a person is not to be valued merely as a means to the ends of other people, but that he possesses dignity (an absolute inner worth) and is to be valued as an end in himself.
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This norm, in its negative aspect, states that the person is the kind of good which does not admit of use and cannot be treated as an object of use and as such the means to an end. In its positive form the personalistic norm confirms this: the person is a good towards which the only proper and
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Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a philosophical and theological movement. Many philosophical schools have at their core one particular thinker or even one central work which serves as a canonical touchstone. Personalism is a more
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disagreed with the other personalists in asserting the significance of justice as a value in its own right and gave this primary in the public sphere, whereas
Mounier characterized all relationships including public and political ones in terms of love and friendship.
1683:, for instance, was largely drawn from a personalist perspective. His writings as Roman pontiff, of course, influenced a generation of Catholic theologians since who have taken up personalist perspectives on the theology of the family and social order.
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Gourlay, Thomas V. (9 February 2018). "Book Review: Dietrich von
Hildebrand, Liturgy and PersonalityLiturgy and Personality. By von HildebrandDietrich. Steubenville, OH: Hildebrand Press, 2016. Pp. 160. US$ 17.99. ISBN 9781939773005".
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formulated what has come to be considered the key expression of this personalism: "man is the only creature on earth that God willed for its own sake and he cannot fully find himself except through a sincere gift of himself".
1675:), a philosophical work suffused with personalism. Though he remained well within the traditional stream of Catholic social and individual morality, his explanation of the origins of moral norms, as expressed in his
3038:" I rather say, we need from now on a personal education (not the impressing of convictions). If one wants to call again those who follow this principle -ists, then, in my opinion, one may call them personalists."
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Thus, according to
Williams, one ought to keep in mind that although there may be dozens of theorists and social activists in the West adhering to the rubric "personalism," their particular foci may, in fact, be
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This formula for self-fulfillment offers a key for overcoming the dichotomy frequently felt between personal "realization" and the needs or demands of social life. Personalism also implies inter-personalism, as
2354:, no. 24. This apparently paradoxical idea - if you seek your life selfishly, you will lose it; if you are generous in giving it, you will find it - is rooted in the gospel: cf. Mt. 16:25; Mk 8:35; Lk 17:33.
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and the realistic personal theism of Thomas
Aquinas are inadequate, for they make finite persons dependent for their existence upon an infinite Person and support this view by an unintelligible doctrine of
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This brand of personalism has come to be known as "Thomistic" because of its efforts to square modern notions regarding the person with the teachings of Thomas
Aquinas. Wojtyła was influenced by the
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Geiselhart, Klaus (2020). "Truth and academia in times of fake news, alternative facts and filter bubbles: A pragmatist notion of critique as mediation". In Wills, Jane; Lake, Robert W. (eds.).
1599:) and the methodology of critical mediation, critical personalism in given social contexts reflects on communication practices and the societal conditions for personality development.
1483:, three 'persons', although it is important to note that the nonstandard meaning of the word 'person' in this theological context is significantly different from Bowne's usage).
1466:. Bowne emphasized the person as the fundamental category for explaining reality and asserted that only persons are real. He stood in opposition to certain forms of
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person is "larger" than the universe because the universe is but one small aspect of the person who experiences it. Personalism affirms the existence of the
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see Doran, Kevin P. Solidarity: A Synthesis of
Personalism and Communalism in the Thought of Karol Wojtyła/John Paul II. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.
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Foret, FranÇois (22 August 2011). "Theories of
European integration and religion: A critical assessment". In Foret, François; Itçaina, Xabier (eds.).
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Doran, K. (1996). Solidarity: a synthesis of personalism and communalism in the thought of Karol
Wojtyla/John Paul II (Vol. 190). Peter Lang Pub Inc.
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Cooper, J. W. (1995). Body, soul, and life everlasting: biblical anthropology and the monism-dualism debate. Vancouver: Regent
College Bookstore.
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was a major second-generation advocate of Boston personalism who sought to apply the philosophy to social problems of his time.
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diffused and eclectic movement and has no such common reference point. It is, in point of fact, more proper to speak of many
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with Christopher Closeup (1971) and Hubert Jessup/WCVB-TV Boston (1974) where she discusses her personalist views
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A first principle of Christian personalism is that persons are not to be used, but to be respected and loved. In
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of the human being as person, and regard this as the starting-point for all subsequent philosophical analysis.
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1618:, has been posited as a main proponent of personalism by John Crosby of Franciscan University in his book
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Kitzinger, Denis (2011). "Towards a Model of Transnational Agency: the Case of Dietrich von Hildebrand".
1646:. It also gave him a metaphysical basis for his belief that all human personality has dignity and worth.
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260:. Mounier's personalism had an important influence in France, including in political movements, such as
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Burrow, R. (1999). Afrikan American Contributions to Personalism. Encounter-Indianapolis-, 60, 145–168.
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Deweer, Dries (2013). "Ricœur and the Pertinence of a Political Education: On Crisis and Commitment".
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135:) in print in 1799. One can trace the concept back to earlier thinkers in various parts of the world.
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106:. Personalism exists in many different versions, and this makes it somewhat difficult to define as a
3353:. Department of Philosophy, University of Central Florida, includes link to personalism bibliography
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2018:
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At the Center of the Human Drama: The Philosophical Anthropology of Karol Wojtyła/Pope John Paul II
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The Limits of Evolution and Other Essays Illustrating the Metaphysical Theory of Personal Idealism
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Lawler, R. D. (1982). The Christian Personalism of Pope John Paul II (Vol. 1). Franciscan Pr.
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which sought to render ethical and theological discourse meaningless and dismiss talk of God
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200:(1874–1948) was a Russian religious and political philosopher who emphasized human freedom,
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Critical personalism is a German development. Based on humanistic considerations (e.g.
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Burrow, Rufus Jr. (1993). "Francis John McConnell and personalistic social ethics".
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2979:"X CONGRESSO da TSD - Trabalhadores Social Democratas (Social Democratic Workers)"
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De Tavernier, Johan (30 September 2009). "The Historical Roots of Personalism".
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The Boston Personalist Tradition in Philosophy, Social Ethics, and Theology
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2768:. Maryland Public Television. March 6, 2020. (Personalism: minute 13:15+).
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Research Howison, George Holmes (1834-1916) - Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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1721: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2063:, a journal dedicated to personalism from about 1920 to 1979, now the
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for use as an instrument of control for the presidency of his brother
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2634:. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. p. 280.
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Who Is My Neighbor? Personalism and the Foundations of Human Rights
1622:. Crosby notes Newman's personal approach to faith, as outlined in
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The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam
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is an intellectual stance that emphasizes the importance of human
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The power of pragmatism: Knowledge production and social inquiry
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Schmiesing, Kevin (December 2000). "A History of Personalism".
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2380:. Library of theological ethics. Westminster John Knox Press.
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A Christian Humanism: Karol Wojtyla's Existential Personalism
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The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
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The Personal Idealism of Howison was explained in his book
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Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2008). "Reply to Phillip Ferreira".
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and the human personality without indulging in excessive
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was greatly influenced by personalism in his studies at
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Georgia Harkness's Distinctive Personalistic Synthesis
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Georgia Harkness: The Remaking of a Liberal Theologian
2150:(1799), Hrsg. v. Andreas Arndt. Meiner, Hamburg 2004,
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2261:"Existentialism: A Personalist Philosophy of History"
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is real and that God is a person (or as in Christian
3341:
Personalism: a critical introduction By Rufus Burrow
1988:
1667:. Before his election to the Roman papacy, he wrote
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was also influenced by the personalism advocated by
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Personalism flourished in the early 20th century at
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2419:
2815:. Manchester University Press, 2020, pages 51-152
2601:. Manchester University Press. pp. 139–156.
2566:McLachlan, James (2006). "George Holmes Howison:
2341:Personalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
2228:Williams, Thomas D.; Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2020).
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244:. Personalism was seen as an alternative to both
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27:Philosophical and theological school of thought
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1571:seem to resemble Howison's personal idealism.
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2765:Revolution of the Heart: The Dorthy Day Story
2217:https://philpeople.org/profiles/jan-bengtsson
1587:) receptions of communitarian theories (e.g.
1486:Bowne also held that persons have value (see
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3232:Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2013). "Personalism".
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1520:was a major Boston personalist theologian.
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2984:(in Portuguese). p. 7. Archived from
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1628:as a main source of Newman's personalism.
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184:, and even diverge at material junctures.
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3178:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297191.001.0001
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3048:Gronbacher, Gregory M. A. (Spring 1998).
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2565:
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2425:
1737:Learn how and when to remove this message
1527:
270:(Young Republic League) founded in 1912.
3295:
3121:
2890:"The Witness of Dietrich von Hildebrand"
2827:The Family & the New Totalitarianism
1583:), African Theories on Personhood (e.g.
1386:(later Pope John Paul II). In his work,
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240:'s direction, it criticized the use of
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3234:Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions
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2853:Politics of Religion in Western Europe
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3357:Personalism Magazine (Lublin, Poland)
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2572:The Journal of Speculative Philosophy
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2007:Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party
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3302:Catholic University of America Press
3035:The False Principle of Our Education
2403:Personalism: a Critical Introduction
2307:
2121:
1719:adding citations to reliable sources
1690:
1614:Catholic philosopher and theologian
1535:taught a metaphysical theory called
3333:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3050:"The need for economic personalism"
2888:Crosby, John F. (1 November 2006).
2238:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2177:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2133:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1978:Karol Wojtyła aka Pope John Paul II
211:
146:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
24:
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2744:Dorothy Day interviews on YouTube:
236:, which exists to this day. Under
30:For the type of dictatorship, see
25:
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3320:
3054:Journal of Markets & Morality
2259:Richardson, David Bonner (1968).
2158:In the original German language:
2099:President of the European Council
1905:Michael O'Brien (Canadian author)
4614:The Closing of the American Mind
4534:Civilization and Its Discontents
4514:A Vindication of Natural Society
3346:Emmanuel Mounier and Personalism
2945:The International History Review
2535:from the original on 2012-10-02.
2405:. St. Louis, MO: Chalice Press.
2310:"What Is Thomistic Personalism?"
2265:Berdyaev's Philosophy of History
1991:
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1475:. Most personalists assert that
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2444:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2334:
2301:
2087:
2065:Pacific Philosophical Quarterly
1706:needs additional citations for
242:torture during the Algerian War
32:Dictatorship § Personalist
3242:10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_1689
2656:"My Pilgrimage to Nonviolence"
2298:(Ignatius Press, 1993), pg. 41
2289:
2252:
2221:
2210:
2196:
2182:
2165:
2140:
2115:
198:Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev
193:Nikolai Alexandrovich Berdyaev
162:than one personalism. In 1947
13:
1:
4504:Oration on the Dignity of Man
3382:A Presentation of Personalism
3013:. Knopf Canada. p. 147.
2896:. No. 168. pp. 7–9.
2703:Wojtyla, Karol (1979-02-28).
2451:Carpenter, Dianne E. (1988).
2315:. Alpha Omega. Archived from
2108:
1378:Following on the writings of
4574:The Society of the Spectacle
3351:Personalism: A Brief Account
3296:Williams, Thomas D. (2005).
3170:The Worldview of Personalism
3168:Bengtsson, Jan Olof (2006).
3122:Woznicki, Andrew N. (1980).
3086:Schmitz, Kenneth L. (1993).
2957:10.1080/07075332.2011.620740
2426:Deats, P.; Robb, C. (1986).
1671:(sometimes mistranslated as
267:Ligue de la jeune République
218:Non-conformists of the 1930s
7:
3009:John English (2006-10-06).
2829:. Divine Providence Press.
2430:. Mercer University Press.
2273:10.1007/978-94-011-8870-8_3
1984:
187:
138:
10:
4804:
3092:. CUA Press. p. 35f.
2093:Herman Van Rompuy, former
1934:Prime Minister of Portugal
1910:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
1371:
369:Principle of Double Effect
215:
40:
29:
4752:
4656:
4644:Intellectuals and Society
4594:The Culture of Narcissism
4485:
4153:
3945:
3894:
3823:
3737:
3730:
3670:
3432:
2825:O'Brien, Michael (2019).
2095:Prime Minister of Belgium
2013:party founded and led by
1603:Antecedents and influence
1397:adequate attitude is love
4634:The Malaise of Modernity
4584:The History of Sexuality
3683:Catholic social teaching
2922:10.1177/0012580618758961
2570:and Personal Idealism".
2146:F. D. E. Schleiermacher
2080:
2049:atheistic existentialism
1963:Prime Minister of Canada
1930:Francisco de Sá Carneiro
1661:Christian existentialist
1500:philosophical naturalism
1374:Phenomenological Thomism
116:Friedrich Schleiermacher
4714:Philosophy of education
3276:10.2143/ep.16.3.2042719
3126:. Mariel Publications.
2502:"George Holmes Howison"
2296:Love and Responsibility
1973:Dietrich von Hildebrand
1563:'s idealist atheism or
1458:in a movement known as
1389:Love and Responsibility
485:Theological determinism
226:In France, philosopher
3653:
3607:
3593:
3369:History of Personalism
3236:. pp. 1626–1634.
2240:(Spring 2020 ed.)
1815:Ralph Tyler Flewelling
1753:
1632:Martin Luther King Jr.
1541:California personalism
1528:California personalism
1522:Francis John McConnell
1447:
1423:Second Vatican Council
1399:
1321:Catholicism portal
673:Gregory (of Nazianzus)
537:Christian Neoplatonism
177:
132:
4719:Philosophy of history
4709:Philosophy of culture
4604:A Conflict of Visions
2865:10.4324/9780203803851
2678:Archivio di Filosofia
2630:Crosby, John (2003).
2035:Francisco Rolão Preto
2026:on Jewish personalism
1880:Walter George Muelder
1820:George Holmes Howison
1763:The Road to Character
1749:
1533:George Holmes Howison
1442:
1394:
1333:Philosophy portal
216:Further information:
155:
4724:Political philosophy
4524:Democracy in America
3377:Economic Personalism
3264:Ethical Perspectives
3011:Citizen of the World
2308:Williams, Thomas D.
2122:Williams, Thomas D.
1715:improve this article
1687:Notable personalists
1679:on economics and on
1575:Critical personalism
569:Second scholasticism
274:Catholic personalism
118:first used the term
47:Theistic Personalism
4783:Conceptions of self
4564:One-Dimensional Man
3375:- also articles on
2910:The Downside Review
2401:Burrow, R. (1999).
2364:Caritas in veritate
2267:. pp. 90–137.
2030:Existential Thomism
2009:(Can Lao Party), a
1900:Madame Ngô Đình Nhu
1800:Bernard Charbonneau
1795:Borden Parker Bowne
1464:Borden Parker Bowne
1437:Caritas in Veritate
1403:ethical personalism
399:Liberation Theology
300:Catholic philosophy
238:Jean-Marie Domenach
4684:Cultural pessimism
4679:Cultural criticism
3578:National character
3387:2012-03-06 at the
3362:2010-06-20 at the
2800:Vietnam: A History
2749:2012-12-11 at the
2632:Personalist Papers
2376:Miles, R. (2010).
2171:Thomas O. Buford,
2054:Speculative theism
2040:Juan Manuel Burgos
1954:Gustav Teichmüller
1925:Denis de Rougemont
1875:J. M. E. McTaggart
1790:Edgar S. Brightman
1620:Personalist Papers
1561:J. M. E. McTaggart
1545:Edgar S. Brightman
1462:led by theologian
1460:Boston personalism
1450:Boston personalism
678:Gregory (of Nyssa)
406:Christian Humanism
252:, which respected
167:of their theories.
4765:
4764:
4481:
4480:
3626:Spontaneous order
3616:Social alienation
3465:Cultural heritage
3426:Social philosophy
3311:978-0-8132-1391-0
3251:978-1-4020-8264-1
3187:978-0-19-929719-1
3099:978-0-8132-0780-3
3020:978-0-676-97521-5
2874:978-0-203-80385-1
2811:Nguyen, Duy Lap.
2798:Karnow, Stanley,
2714:978-90-277-0985-1
2705:The Acting Person
2641:978-0-8132-1317-0
2608:978-1-5261-3494-3
2580:Project MUSE
2476:Methodist History
2437:978-0-86554-177-1
2412:978-0-8272-3055-2
2387:978-0-664-22667-1
2282:978-94-011-8210-2
2160:der Personalismus
2148:Über die Religion
1999:Philosophy portal
1944:F. C. S. Schiller
1920:Herman Van Rompuy
1915:Charles Renouvier
1830:Albert C. Knudson
1747:
1746:
1739:
1673:The Acting Person
1665:Søren Kierkegaard
1657:Pope John Paul II
1636:Boston University
1625:Grammar of Assent
1616:John Henry Newman
1550:creatio ex nihilo
1537:personal idealism
1456:Boston University
1370:
1369:
1303:
1302:
1188:Garrigou-Lagrange
497:Divine Attributes
16:(Redirected from
4795:
4729:Social criticism
4649:
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3717:Frankfurt School
3695:Communitarianism
3658:
3612:
3598:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3391:by Bogumił Gacka
3337:
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3209:10.2307/20708936
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2778:Kolko, Gabriel,
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2504:. Archived from
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2322:on 25 April 2013
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2206:. 4 August 2010.
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2011:South Vietnamese
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1504:social Darwinism
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708:John of Damascus
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446:Moderate realism
354:Cardinal virtues
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3455:Cosmopolitanism
3428:
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3389:Wayback Machine
3373:Acton Institute
3364:Wayback Machine
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1407:phenomenologist
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905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
593:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
561:
556:
551:
546:
545:
544:
542:Friends of God
534:
529:
524:
523:
522:
515:Augustinianism
511:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
494:
493:
492:
487:
480:Predestination
477:
472:
467:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
416:Works of mercy
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
327:
303:
302:
296:
295:
287:
286:
275:
272:
222:Alexandre Marc
213:
210:
194:
191:
189:
186:
151:Weltanschauung
140:
137:
89:
82:
81:
75:
68:
67:
63:George Howison
61:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4800:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:Social theory
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Radhakrishnan
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:20th and 21st
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3946:18th and 19th
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3328:"Personalism"
3325:
3324:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:The Pluralist
3193:
3189:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3150:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2991:on 2004-10-21
2987:
2980:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:. Routledge.
2855:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2836:9780991583263
2832:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2788:1-56584-218-9
2785:
2782:pages 83-84,
2781:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2733:0-8204-3071-4
2730:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2508:on 2012-07-07
2507:
2503:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2337:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:"Personalism"
2224:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2156:3-7873-1690-6
2153:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2124:"Personalism"
2118:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Individualism
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Ngô Đình Diệm
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:William Stern
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Ngô Đình Diệm
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:Edvard Kocbek
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Bogumil Gacka
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Jacques Ellul
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1741:
1738:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:This section
1702:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1609:Immanuel Kant
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:Karol Wojtyła
1381:
1375:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Chateaubriand
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
938:
937:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Gundissalinus
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
748:
747:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
618:
617:
612:
607:
606:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
584:
582:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:Scholasticism
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:Ressourcement
552:
550:
547:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
516:
513:
512:
506:
505:
498:
495:
491:
490:Compatibilism
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Conceptualism
434:
433:
430:
425:
424:
417:
414:
412:
411:Virtue ethics
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
343:
342:
338:
334:
330:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
289:
288:
284:
280:
279:
271:
269:
268:
263:
262:Marc Sangnier
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
229:
223:
219:
209:
207:
203:
199:
185:
183:
176:
174:
168:
165:
161:
154:
152:
148:
147:
136:
134:
133:Personalismus
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:philosophical
105:
101:
92:
78:
64:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4642:
4632:
4622:
4612:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4532:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4492:
3912:Guicciardini
3895:Early modern
3731:Philosophers
3721:
3705:Conservatism
3700:Confucianism
3688:Distributism
3621:Social norms
3609:Sittlichkeit
3595:Ressentiment
3541:Institutions
3519:Human nature
3331:
3297:
3267:
3263:
3233:
3203:(2): 47–61.
3200:
3196:
3169:
3149:
3140:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3088:
3081:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3029:
3010:
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2986:the original
2973:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2894:First Things
2893:
2883:
2852:
2845:
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2707:. Springer.
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2506:the original
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2015:Ngô Đình Nhu
1895:Ngô Đình Nhu
1870:Peter Maurin
1785:Martin Buber
1762:
1757:David Brooks
1754:
1750:
1733:
1724:
1713:Please help
1708:verification
1705:
1672:
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1663:philosopher
1655:
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1630:
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1607:Philosopher
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1492:value theory
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1434:stresses in
1432:Benedict XVI
1428:
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1387:
1377:
1233:John Paul II
1158:Benedict XVI
1131:Contemporary
611:Philosophers
532:Cartesianism
475:Quinque Viae
265:
258:collectivism
254:human rights
231:
225:
202:subjectivity
196:
178:
169:
160:personalisms
159:
156:
153:", arguing:
144:
142:
119:
99:
98:
91:John Paul II
36:Personalismo
4699:Historicism
4528:(1835–1840)
4494:De Officiis
4218:de Beauvoir
4188:Baudrillard
4140:Vivekananda
4130:Tocqueville
4045:Kierkegaard
3861:Ibn Khaldun
3831:Alpharabius
3722:Personalism
3631:Stewardship
3588:Reification
3583:Natural law
3504:Familialism
3470:Culturalism
3060:(1): 1–35.
2173:Personalism
1968:Max Stirner
1885:A. J. Muste
1850:Edwin Lewis
1840:Milan Komar
1805:Dorothy Day
1677:encyclicals
1650:Paul Ricœur
1502:(including
1468:materialism
1410:Max Scheler
1380:Dorothy Day
1048:Malebranche
908:Roscellinus
853:Grosseteste
813:Bonaventure
633:Athenagoras
429:Metaphysics
389:Personalism
384:Natural law
379:Probabilism
120:personalism
112:theological
100:Personalism
77:Max Scheler
18:Personalist
4788:Personhood
4772:Categories
4704:Humanities
4664:Agnotology
4323:Kołakowski
3886:Ibn Tufayl
3866:Maimonides
3810:Thucydides
3805:Tertullian
3760:Lactantius
3655:Volksgeist
3636:Traditions
3450:Convention
3073:1438897603
3066:A186469651
2995:2008-01-07
2512:2012-08-17
2488:10516/5872
2461:2144/38009
2455:(Thesis).
2109:References
1508:positivism
1405:of German
1228:Hildebrand
1168:Chesterton
1033:La Mennais
963:Bellarmine
958:Azpilcueta
903:Paschasius
783:Autrecourt
738:Tertullian
698:Chrysostom
638:Athanasius
520:Victorines
451:Nominalism
359:Just price
246:liberalism
206:creativity
182:asymptotic
114:movement.
45: and
41:See also:
4744:Sociology
4694:Historism
4403:Santayana
4373:Oakeshott
4343:MacIntyre
4328:Kropotkin
4303:Heidegger
4156:centuries
4070:Nietzsche
4035:Jefferson
4020:Helvétius
3985:Condorcet
3948:centuries
3932:Montaigne
3755:Confucius
3745:Augustine
3662:Worldview
3556:Modernity
3529:Formation
3225:254491996
3132:567903880
2965:144076453
2930:149688189
2551:ignored (
2541:cite book
2045:Christian
1727:June 2018
1445:with God.
1248:MacIntyre
1208:Gutiérrez
1178:Copleston
1148:Balthasar
1003:Descartes
863:Hildegard
848:Gregory I
823:Catherine
773:Alexander
723:Dionysius
643:Augustine
596:Salamanca
470:Haecceity
374:Casuistry
125:‹See Tfd›
43:Personism
4757:Category
4669:Axiology
4657:See also
4448:Voegelin
4438:Spengler
4413:Shariati
4368:Nussbaum
4353:Maritain
4313:Irigaray
4293:Habermas
4258:Foucault
4243:Durkheim
4145:Voltaire
4110:de Staël
4085:Rousseau
4010:Franklin
3871:Muhammad
3856:Gelasius
3841:Avempace
3824:Medieval
3800:Polybius
3795:Plutarch
3561:Morality
3536:Ideology
3524:Identity
3433:Concepts
3385:Archived
3360:Archived
3217:20708936
3069:ProQuest
2747:Archived
2690:24488484
2533:Archived
2244:3 August
1985:See also
1593:Habermas
1581:Spaemann
1512:a priori
1488:axiology
1263:Maritain
1238:Lonergan
1218:Guardini
1143:Anscombe
1118:Caramuel
1028:Krasicki
1023:Kołłątaj
978:Brentano
838:Eriugena
803:Berengar
751:Medieval
703:Climacus
683:Irenaeus
653:Boethius
648:Benedict
591:Analytic
559:Occamism
549:Molinism
527:Llullism
456:Quiddity
364:Just war
292:a series
290:Part of
188:Variants
139:Overview
4498:(44 BC)
4428:Sombart
4423:Skinner
4408:Scruton
4388:Polanyi
4363:Niebuhr
4348:Marcuse
4283:Gramsci
4278:Gentile
4238:Du Bois
4228:Deleuze
4198:Benoist
4168:Agamben
4125:Thoreau
4115:Stirner
4105:Spencer
4055:Le Play
4005:Fourier
3990:Emerson
3975:Carlyle
3960:Bentham
3937:Müntzer
3907:Erasmus
3881:Plethon
3876:Photios
3836:Aquinas
3770:Mencius
3738:Ancient
3671:Schools
3551:Loyalty
3509:History
3497:Counter
3492:Culture
3460:Customs
3289:1851661
2326:20 June
2236:(ed.).
2130:(ed.).
1766:. 2015.
1273:Mounier
1268:McLuhan
1223:Haldane
1163:Blondel
1113:Vitoria
1088:Rosmini
1063:Mercado
1058:Meinong
1053:Mariana
1043:Maistre
1038:Liguori
1018:Gracián
1013:Fénelon
1008:Erasmus
988:Cajetan
973:Bossuet
948:Arnauld
928:Thierry
883:Lombard
873:Isidore
833:Eckhart
818:Buridan
808:Bernard
788:Aquinas
758:Abelard
718:Maximus
693:Cassian
663:Cyprian
658:Clement
628:Ambrose
621:Ancient
586:Thomism
581:Scotism
509:Schools
460:essence
441:Realism
329:Aquinas
250:Marxism
173:dignity
104:persons
4689:Ethics
4648:(2010)
4638:(1991)
4628:(1990)
4618:(1987)
4608:(1987)
4598:(1979)
4588:(1976)
4578:(1967)
4568:(1964)
4558:(1949)
4548:(1935)
4538:(1930)
4518:(1756)
4508:(1486)
4453:Walzer
4443:Taylor
4433:Sowell
4418:Simmel
4383:Pareto
4378:Ortega
4288:Guénon
4273:Gehlen
4268:Gandhi
4223:Debord
4208:Butler
4203:Berlin
4193:Bauman
4183:Badiou
4173:Arendt
4163:Adorno
4095:Ruskin
4050:Le Bon
4025:Herder
4000:Fichte
3995:Engels
3965:Bonald
3955:Arnold
3927:Milton
3922:Luther
3902:Calvin
3780:Origen
3750:Cicero
3710:Social
3646:Family
3641:Values
3602:Rights
3566:Public
3514:Honour
3445:Anomie
3440:Agency
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1421:, the
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1283:Rahner
1278:Pieper
1258:Marion
1253:Marcel
1213:Dávila
1203:Girard
1198:Gilson
1183:Finnis
1173:Congar
1153:Barron
1103:Suárez
1083:Pascal
1078:Newman
1068:Molina
998:Cortés
983:Botero
968:Bonald
941:Modern
923:Symeon
913:Scotus
898:Oresme
893:Ockham
888:Martin
778:Anselm
768:Alcuin
763:Albert
728:Origen
713:Justin
688:Jerome
464:nature
347:Ethics
337:Ockham
335:, and
333:Scotus
320:
312:
233:Esprit
129:German
34:, and
4486:Works
4473:Žižek
4458:Weber
4398:Röpke
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4338:Lasch
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4233:Dewey
4213:Camus
4120:Taine
4100:Smith
4090:Royce
4080:Renan
4015:Hegel
3980:Comte
3970:Burke
3917:Locke
3851:Dante
3846:Bruni
3815:Xunzi
3790:Plato
3785:Philo
3765:Laozi
3573:Mores
3485:Multi
3475:Inter
3221:S2CID
3213:JSTOR
2989:(PDF)
2982:(PDF)
2961:S2CID
2926:S2CID
2857:(PDF)
2686:JSTOR
2613:JSTOR
2482:(2).
2366:, #53
2320:(PDF)
2313:(PDF)
2232:. In
2126:. In
2081:Notes
1642:as a
1288:Stein
1243:Lubac
1193:Geach
1138:Adler
1093:Sales
953:Ávila
918:Siger
878:Llull
843:Giles
793:Bacon
668:Cyril
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4463:Weil
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4065:Mill
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3480:Mono
3306:ISBN
3285:SSRN
3246:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3128:OCLC
3094:ISBN
3062:Gale
3015:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2831:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2729:ISBN
2709:ISBN
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2603:ISBN
2553:help
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2328:2014
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2246:2020
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