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into details, and to devote much time and assiduous effort to the task of assessing Force's library. The committee spent at least two to three hours per day, for a two month period, in the examination of every document, manuscript, book, map, etc, that passed through their hands. To help simplify matters the contents of the Force library were categorized into seven basic classes. The committee found Force's archival collection to be encompassing in many respects: "The plan of this work embraced nothing less than a complete publication of all the more important original State papers, letters, narratives, and other documents relating to the settlement and history of the United States, from the discovery of
America. His library embraces an immense collection of the early American voyages, in Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, and English, while in books and pamphlets relating to the politics and government of the American colonies, it stands unrivaled in this country."
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306:, and Peter Force, at age twenty-five, followed and also became a resident and a printer in that city. Soon he formed a partnership with Davis working as the foreman and public printer in the congressional printing plant, which at the time was quite small, having only four single-pull, wooden hand presses, which were sufficient to do all the work of the Government in 1816. In that same year he joined the Columbia Typographical Society and in 1826 became its first "free member". When Davis withdrew from the partnership Force formed other partnerships, of which he was the master mind.
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the officials upon whom the law imposed the necessity of giving a viable review never managed to read the manuscripts, and the prospective publication of the work came to a standstill while Force was still eager to continue, and had many important documents and manuscripts yet to be printed. Futilely Force continued his efforts to prevail upon complacent and uninterested officers to reverse the action of their predecessors, and finally, and reluctantly, relinquished his cherished project, which he had earnestly pursued for more than 30 years.
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then?" Force was relentless in his efforts to acquire complete and unbroken collections of all the
Washington newspapers he could lay his hands on. After some thirty years he had amassed a collection which nearly filled the basement in his home. Into his elder years Force often visited the War Department, approaching various Army officers he knew in his quest for archival material. His collection of the printed "Army orders" from the War Department was considered "a miracle of completeness".
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the colonial and revolutionary eras and proved to be a valuable scholarly resource. Many large research libraries in the United States and around the world hold Force's nine volume published works in their collections, however, it remains a relatively underused source of information. Scholars, historians, and students alike have found the massive work difficult to navigate using Force's complicated and varied index for the wide assortment of materials. In 2001 Northern
318:. On November 7, 1836, the National Typographical Convention assembled in Washington, and appointed a committee of three "to wait upon Mr. Force, Mayor of this city (a member of the Columbia Typographical Society), to tender to him the good wishes of the convention, and to invite him to honor it with his presence ...and welcomed in an ardent manner by an address from the president, and by congratulations of the members of the convention individually."
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431:. On June 9 of that year the Typographical Society expressed their gratitude for Force's safe arrival from a mission "fraught with the safety, honor and welfare of our country," and invited him to visit its chambers so that his fellow-members could express their thanks and congratulations for his diplomatic efforts in convincing the governments and people of Europe of the Union Government's ability to defeat the Confederacy.
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592:. Claimed by some historians to be of exceeding interest, many of them are the actual work of officers in the American and British armies. The collection of some 300 hand-drawn maps covers the entire United States from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Among the manuscript items in Force's library are 48 folio volumes containing historical autographs of great rarity. In 1867
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494:. Unlike Sparks, Force rarely added editorial notes and was content to let the raw documents speak for themselves. Force methodologically followed his primary rule that no manuscript should be altered, which is what set him apart from some of the editors of his day. Nothing was to be added and nothing substituted. Conversely, when Sparks edited the
354:, the official directory of the U.S. government. In 1827 Force was given the job of printing a 109-page supplement to the Catalogue of the Library of Congress at his printing shop in Washington on the corner of Eleventh Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. The supplement included an author index and titles contained in supplements of 1820 and 1825.
347:, and which also drew to its columns from some widely known contributors, including John Quincy Adams himself. At the same time the journal tried to remain neutral in politics. The journal became a daily newspaper in 1824 and continued in this capacity until 1831. In 1830, however, Force gave up his position as the newspaper's editor.
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review the proposal. Force was on the committee that passed that resolution in 1856. The committee stated, "There is not in the United States nor on this continent a single collection of geographical materials which is even tolerably complete." Many original and rare maps from the Force library were provided to this department.
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tireless search for rare volumes. On one such occasion he was a bidder against the
Library of Congress for a sizable and valuable library of bound pamphlets, the property of an early collector, who had consigned them to an auction house in Philadelphia. On another occasion while in Boston Force acquired from an
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American archives: consisting of a collection of authentick records, state papers, debates, and letters and other notices of publick affairs, the whole forming a documentary history of the origin and progress of the North
American colonies; of the causes and accomplishment of the American revolution;
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the only collection of Boston
Revolutionary newspapers which were offered for sale in the last twenty-five years. He was soon reproached by some visitors from New England and admonished for depriving New England of its archival treasure. He rebuffed them replying, "Why didn't you buy them yourselves,
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During his years of pursuing and buying archival material Force carried off prizes at auctions which the other competitors were not knowledgeable of. Force traveled about the eastern seaboard of the United States "ransacking" the book-shops and attending book auctions from Boston to
Charleston in his
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In 1833 he was awarded a contract with the
Federal Government for the preparation, printing and publication of his massive compilation of archival material. It extended to nine volumes, which had been carefully arranged with great care and consummate skill, but after the delivery of the ninth volume
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In
November 1861, Force was sent to Europe at the recommendation of influential friends in President Lincoln's administration in a diplomatic effort to appeal to the political circles in Paris and London concerning their precarious relations with the Union and the Confederacy. Force was accompanied
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In 1867 the
Library of Congress and a joint Committee of Congress was formed for the purpose of examining the extensive assortment of archival material in the Peter Force library. Because of its enormous size, totaling approximately 150,000 items, it was necessary for the committee to enter closely
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Up until the early 1850s, the
Library of Congress lacked a geographical department and an adequate collection of maps for an institution of its size and station. Lieutenant Edward B. Hunt of the U.S. Army formulated a plan and proposed a resolution for such a department and appointed a committee to
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In 1812 Force became a member of the New York Typographical Society, which was the city's printer trade union at the time. He was initiated at its general meeting on February 1, 1812. He was elected a director on December 5, 1812, and at age twenty-two was chosen president on July 3, 1813, with his
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It wasn't until the late twentieth century was the value of Force's collection of documents, manuscripts, books and other archival material finally recognized by much of the historical community. Force's vast collection of archives possessed the only surviving copies of many important documents of
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with the hopes of inducing the respective governments to refrain from giving aid to the Confederacy. Force established healthy permanent relations with the various British and French statesmen. Upon returning to America in early June 1862, he received from the Corporation of New York the honor of
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Early in his career in Washington Force attracted the attention of distinguished statesmen, and he was a leading character in the city throughout his life. Four years after arriving in Washington he founded and published an annual devoted to recording the facts of early American history, with its
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for a large sum. Force founded a political journal and other publications and was president of a premier national science society, and the Typographical Society which was largely charged with the task of communicating political affairs to the general public. Force served on the committee that
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that stands 16 feet high and rests on top of a square base. A relief is carved into the obelisk of a bookshelf filled with books. The District opened the Peter Force School in 1879 on the south side of Massachusetts Avenue between 17th and 18th Streets. It was razed in 1962.
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Force began his varied career as a journeyman printer working for William A. Davis in New York City, and performed so well he was soon made the director of the office at age sixteen. In 1815, Force's employer secured a contract for the printing of Congress, and moved to
498:, as an admirer of his hero, Sparks would often correct Washington's mistakes in grammar and would sometimes alter the meaning of a statement so as to make it conform to what he felt was in Washington's mind. This was a practice Force abhorred and would never tolerate.
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Sung, Carolyn Hoover. "Peter Force: Washington Printer and Creator of the American Archives." unpublished PhD dissertation George Washington U. 1985. 338 pp. DAI 1986 47(3): 1036-1037-A. DA8529622 Fulltext: in ProQuest Dissertations &
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Other committee members included: Prof. A. D. Bache, Gen. Joseph G. Totten, U. S. Army, Col. J. J. Abert, U. S. Army, Lieut. M. F. Maury, U. S. Navy, Lieut. C. H. Davis, U. S. Navy, Peter Force, Prof. A. Guyot, Lieut. B. B. Hunt, U. S.
230:. He is mostly noted for editing and publishing a massive collection of historical documents, books and maps in several volumes involving the American colonies and the American Revolution which was ultimately purchased by the
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was, in civilian life, also an archivist and publisher, and offered to hide and store Force's large library of Americana over the concern of a possible Confederate attack on the capitol, but Force declined his offer.
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Force maintained his ardent pursuit of collecting books, newspapers, manuscripts and other documents up until the week before he died, on January 23, 1868, at the age of 77. He is buried alongside his wife in
275:, where he was schooled in the printing trade. Force married Hannah Evans; together they had ten children, including sons William Quereau Force (1820–1880), Charles Force (no DOB available) and
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edited an eight-page report of the Committee's findings and assessments. In 1875, Peter Force's son, William Q. Force, donated various personal papers he had discovered to the Library of Congress.
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During his lifetime he amassed an invaluable and vast collection of books, manuscripts, original maps and other archival material from statesmen, and American and British military officers of the
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Tracts and other papers relating principally to the origin, settlement, and progress of the colonies in North America : from the discovery of the country to the year 1776. Volumes
389:. During the seventh year of his residency in Washington he was elected to the City Council, then to the Board of Aldermen, and was chosen president by both bodies. He was elected
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939:; or books printed during the infancy of the art. 6. Manuscripts and autographs. 7. MS. materials for the American Archives, or Documentary History of America.
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Archivial categories: 1. Printed books relating to America. 2. Early American newspapers. 3. Pamphlets relating to America. 4. Maps. 5.
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369:, in Washington in 1836. On August 22, 1822, Force was granted US Patent 3573X for a method of color printing. He also founded, published, and wrote in the
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who arrived on America's shores in the 17th century. His father's participation in the war largely inspired Peter's interest in history. Force grew up in
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Among the items in Force's collection, and considered the most valuable, are a series of original military maps and plans in manuscript, from the
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Force, Manning Ferguson (Summer 2007). "From Atlanta to Savannah: The Civil War Journal of Manning F. Force, November 15,1864-January 3, 1865".
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Force's methods as an archivist and publisher of source materials was different in various ways from that of some of his contemporaries like
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wide scope of official and statistical information. From 1820 to 1836, with a three-year interval involved in politics, he published the
1918:
283:. Force was not considered a jovial man, but rather quiet and reserved, yet had an amiable personality that attracted people to him.
218:. Force's collection is considered to be among the most extensive. Force served in the Washington militia as a lieutenant during the
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in 1836 and again 1838 without opposition, but when he ran again in 1848 he was defeated by a wide margin, all as a member of the
343:, with moderate-conservative views about public concerns and issues, which became the official newspaper during the presidency of
1908:
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1923:
339:, a statistical annual, which lasted 16 years, ending in 1836. From November 12, 1823, to February 2, 1830, Force published the
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548:. Force's lifelong desire to contribute to the Library of Congress finally came to fruition in 1867 when through an act of
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rose through successive ranks to become a major-general in the Militia of the District of Columbia. He was present at the
1898:
263:, the son of William Force and Sarah Ferguson. William was a soldier in the Revolutionary War and a descendant of French
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Ainsworth Rand Spofford, 1825-1908 : a memorial meeting at the Library of Congress on Thursday, November 12, 1908
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Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America
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1828:"Peter Force Library, Manuscripts and maps relating to American history, early American imprints, and incunabula"
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was not what it was claimed to be. Subsequently he published the declaration of independence, or Notes on
206: (November 26, 1790 – January 23, 1868) was an American politician, newspaper editor, printer,
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525:, published at intervals from 1837 to 1853, was a collection of the most important documents of the
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Force's greatest achievement came as a collector and editor of historical documents. He published
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it purchased his collection of original documents for $ 100,000, augmenting the expansion of the
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New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and Its Predecessors, Issue 6
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and of the Constitution of government for the United States, to the final ratification thereof.
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Joint Committee on the Library concerning the Historical library of Peter Force, Esq., 1867
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Joint Committee on the Library concerning the Historical library of Peter Force, Esq., 1867
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Joint Committee on the Library concerning the Historical library of Peter Force, Esq., 1867
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volumes were planned but only the first 9 volumes were published between 1837 and 1853.
1798:. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture. 2016
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Painting of Peter Force by the Swiss artist Charles Fenderich done between c. 1835–1847
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1776:"The Force School: Alma Mater to Presidents' Son, a Count, and a World-Famous Aviator"
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Smithsonian American Art Museum, Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture, 2016
825:- archivist who did extensive work editing and publishing papers of George Washington
521:(4 vol Washington, 1836–1846), which comprised rare pamphlets. His nine volume
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Joint Committee on the Library concerning the Historical Library of Peter Force, esq
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American Archives: Table of Contents, 2001, Northern Illinois University Library
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Spofford wrote a biography, published 1898, of Peter Force. See Bibliography.
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Prepared and published under authority of an act of Congress. Volumes
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Force was the first historical scholar to discover that the so-called
279:(1824–1899), who was a noted Major General from Ohio during the
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Clarke was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1822 and 1841.
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During the 1820s, Force was a member of the prestigious society,
210:, and early American historian. He was twice elected the twelfth
1737:. District of Columbia Library Association by the Webster Press.
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Harlow, Ralph V. (1964) . Malone, Dumas; Johnson, Allen (eds.).
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and his army were getting dangerously close to Washington D.C.
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to the presidency in 1824, he served locally as councilman and
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From 1820 until 1828 Force compiled, printed and published the
1609:
Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas
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Peter Force, book cover, 1886, Origin, Settlement and Progress
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454:. During that war Peter and his son corresponded frequently.
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and served as the president. In 1820 he began publishing the
1761:. William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. 2014
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to stabilize diplomatic relations with France and England.
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and their presentation in a free-use World Wide Web site.
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Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences
239:. During the international political unrest caused by the
1857:
in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the
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and rose to the rank of Sergeant and then to Lieutenant.
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2. Collection of works by Peter Force at the Hathi Trust
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1. Collection of works by Peter Force at the Hathi Trust
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in Washington D.C. Force's grave marker was designed by
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The Life and Labors of Peter Force, Mayor of Washington
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History of the Library of Congress. Volume I, 1800-1864
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington
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The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy
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Kaplan, Louis (July 1944). "Peter Force, collector".
1830:. Library of Congress: Manuscript Reading Room. 2010
819:– archivist of Washington and early American history
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William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan
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History of the American Declaration of Independence
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373:(1823–1830) and would later donate a stone to the
271:, Ulster County, New York, and afterward moved to
1480:Committee of Columbia Historical Society (1899).
316:National Calendar and Annals of the United States
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1759:"Peter Force papers (1774-1868, bulk 1820-1867)"
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1297:Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3, 1964
1110:Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3, 1964
1095:Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3, 1964
604:Libraries and Professor Allan Kulikoff from the
357:During his lifetime he was also a member of the
1633:. Washington : Government Printing Office.
1549:(3). The University of Chicago Press: 234–238.
840:Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America
504:Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence of 1775
399:National Institute for the Promotion of Science
1456:Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture
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1223:American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
1000:Peter Force library, Library of Congress, 2016
560:, who directed the Library from 1865 to 1897.
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1016:Library of Congress Reading Room, Essay, 2010
235:approved the Geographical Department for the
16:American politician and historian (1790–1868)
1714:Northern Illinois University, Essay (2016).
1683:"Catalog: Peter Force papers and collection"
1595:Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3:
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1914:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
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1514:(2). Georgia Historical Society: 185–205.
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864:William became an editor and clerk in the
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55:12th Mayor of the City of Washington, D.C.
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1439:InTowner Publishing Corp., April 12, 2014
1405:Northern Illinois University, Essay, 2016
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401:. Force was also elected a member of the
1731:Librarian of Congress presiding (1909).
1486:. Columbia Historical Society. pp.
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544:and Force were co-publishers of Force's
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397:. Thereafter he became president of the
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287:re-election following in 1814 and 1815.
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1044:Peter Force: Library of Congress, Essay
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67:June 13, 1836 – June 8th, 1840
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1743:"American Archives: Table of Contents"
222:. Politically, he was a member of the
1929:Historians of the American Revolution
1904:Librarians at the Library of Congress
1774:Hansen, Stephen A. (April 12, 2014).
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610:National Endowment for the Humanities
1745:. Northern Illinois University. 2001
831:– prominent early American archivist
612:to fund the digitization of Force's
1699:"Peter Force papers and collection"
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1501:. Washington D.C. Printing Office.
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243:, Force was sent to Europe by the
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1919:19th-century American politicians
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1627:Johnston, William Dawson (1904).
1027:Columbia Historical Society, 1899
847:, writer, historian and librarian
810:- historian and archivist of the
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1612:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1508:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
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1495:Force, Peter, ed. (1837–1853).
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363:United States Naval Observatory
1909:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery
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1718:. Northern Illinois University
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486:Peter Force in his elder years
377:. After vigorously supporting
255:Peter Force was born near the
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1924:Archives in the United States
1864:Peter Force Online Books Page
1796:"Force Memorial, (sculpture)"
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1814:. Library of Congress. 2016
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1701:. Library of Congress. 2020
1685:. Library of Congress. 2020
1638:Stevens, George A. (1913).
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1450:Michael Richman (c. 1968).
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812:Papers of George Washington
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668:American Archives 1774-1776
556:conducted by its librarian
496:Papers of George Washington
367:American Historical Society
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1945:
1899:Mayors of Washington, D.C.
1855:The Peter Force Collection
1662:. Washington, The Society.
1606:Hennessy, John J. (1999).
608:received a grant from the
590:American Revolutionary War
459:Northern Virginia campaign
452:Sherman's March to the Sea
191:Peter Force Collection in
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1498:American Archives, Vol.1
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1320:Matthew St. Clair Clarke
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808:John Clement Fitzpatrick
660:Frontside is inscribed:
542:Matthew St. Clair Clarke
448:William Tecumseh Sherman
212:Mayor of Washington D.C.
1667:—— (1867).
1601:. New York, Scribner's.
866:Smithsonian Institution
664:Born November 26, 1790
558:Ainsworth Rand Spofford
359:Smithsonian Institution
193:The Library of Congress
1673:. Library of Congress.
1261:Force, Manning, 2007
666:Died January 23, 1868
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566:antiquarian bookseller
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296:New York State Militia
294:, Force served in the
245:Lincoln Administration
90:William Winston Seaton
1812:"Peter Force Library"
1458:. American Art Museum
606:University of Georgia
594:Ainsworth R. Spofford
586:French and Indian War
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845:James Kendall Hosmer
829:Howard Henry Peckham
823:William Wright Abbot
800:United States portal
696:Wife of Peter Force
1859:Library of Congress
1850:Peter Force Library
1716:"American Archives"
817:Worthington C. Ford
700:Died March 20, 1857
698:Born April 2, 1798
627:Rock Creek Cemetery
602:Illinois University
554:Library of Congress
529:, 1774–1776.
527:American Revolution
444:Battle of Vicksburg
429:Freedom of the City
391:mayor of Washington
375:Washington Monument
326:Peter Force in 1815
237:Library of Congress
232:Library of Congress
226:, and supporter of
216:American Revolution
141:Rock Creek Cemetery
37:Peter Force in 1858
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436:American Civil War
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281:American Civil War
241:American Civil War
78:William A. Bradley
1619:978-0-8061-3187-0
614:American Archives
546:American Archives
523:American Archives
467:Charles B. Norton
446:and served under
420:Archbishop Hughes
379:John Quincy Adams
352:Biennial Register
345:John Quincy Adams
337:National Calendar
312:National Calendar
228:John Quincy Adams
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115:November 26, 1790
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1800:. Retrieved
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1784:. Retrieved
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1763:. Retrieved
1749:February 12,
1747:. Retrieved
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1722:February 26,
1720:. Retrieved
1705:February 28,
1703:. Retrieved
1689:February 26,
1687:. Retrieved
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1579:cite journal
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1462:December 19,
1460:. Retrieved
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85:Succeeded by
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18:
1894:1868 deaths
1889:1790 births
1648:Google link
1597:Peter Force
1172:, pp. 96–97
1155:, pp. 94–97
835:Antiquarian
457:During the
434:During the
292:War of 1812
290:During the
220:War of 1812
204:Peter Force
73:Preceded by
25:Peter Force
1883:Categories
947:References
937:Incunabula
637:. It is a
620:Final days
395:Whig Party
261:New Jersey
224:Whig Party
162:Occupation
156:Whig Party
111:1790-11-26
1571:143955262
1395:, pp. 5–6
1383:, pp. 3–4
1356:, pp. 5–6
964:, pp. 4–5
633:sculptor
478:Historian
413:Civil War
405:in 1851.
269:New Paltz
265:Huguenots
208:archivist
188:Known for
180:historian
177:archivist
63:In office
1834:March 4,
1818:March 4,
1802:June 11,
1656:(1898).
1520:40584997
1299:, p. 513
1287:, p. 236
1275:, p. 240
1263:, p. 185
1213:, p. 517
1143:, p. 234
1112:, p. 512
758:See also
588:and the
550:Congress
387:alderman
383:election
361:and the
174:reporter
1563:4303248
1344:, p. 94
1251:, p. 99
1201:, p. 96
1124:, p. 95
694:Hannah
642:obelisk
450:during
168:Printer
1678:Theses
1616:
1569:
1561:
1518:
1418:, p. 5
1371:, p. 3
1189:, p. 3
1064:, p. 2
639:marble
631:German
171:editor
147:, U.S.
120:, U.S.
1567:S2CID
1559:JSTOR
1516:JSTOR
1490:–233.
908:Army.
852:Notes
538:folio
1836:2020
1820:2020
1804:2012
1788:2020
1767:2020
1751:2016
1724:2020
1707:2020
1691:2020
1614:ISBN
1585:link
1534:link
1464:2010
422:and
125:Died
105:Born
1551:doi
1488:219
418:by
259:in
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1778:.
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